83:
204:
337:
58:
472:
213:
31:
307:
between the different island populations, owing to frequent migration between islands. This has not entirely prevented the formation of subspecies however, as environmental factors such as wind currents, distance between islands, and even ocean currents affect where birds travel. Yet their impressive
463:
Galápagos, is extremely tame. When the
British sailors first arrived, these doves showed no fear, coming in flocks, which made them easy hunting targets. The doves would even sit on the heads and shoulders of the sailors. However, the birds eventually adapted by learning to avoid human interaction.
347:
The Galápagos dove grows 18–23 cm (7.1–9.1 in) long and weighs in at 67–92 g (2.4–3.2 oz). The long black bill is slightly curved downwards. The feet and legs are reddish with some purple. A boldly marked bird, the Galápagos dove has dark reddish-brown upperparts, a pinkish neck
462:
Galápagos doves present an example of how a species adapts when mankind interacts with the species and its environment. The 1685 Galapagos Island expedition by the
British privateers is where the first interaction of Galápagos doves and humans took place. The Galápagos dove, like many animals in
394:
The long downward curved beaks on the Galápagos dove helps it feed mostly on seeds and fruits from the ground. Very reluctant to fly, it will only do so as a last resort. Galápagos doves spend most of their time on the ground searching for food, mainly feeding off seeds, caterpillars, and
478:
In the mid to late 1600s, Galápagos doves began to be hunted by sailors. Extensive human depredations continued at least into the 1960s, but the doves are now most threatened by feral cats. Other threats are diseases, pollution, and habitat degradation.
577:
348:
and breast, a buff-coloured belly, and brown wings, streaked with white and black. The skin around the eye is deep blue with a black border. The eye itself is brown. An iridescent path is found on the side of the neck. The
356:
are black with a white stripe in the middle running down the length; this makes the wings appear streaked. The underparts of the wings are grey to blue. The central tail feathers are brown and the outers are grey.
381:
When their nests are in danger, the doves will pretend to be hurt or injured and lure the predator away from its nest. Most Galápagos dove nest are built on the ground, often under lava overhangs, or in old
404:
On islands where bees are absent, the
Opuntia cacti have evolved softer spines. This may allow birds, including the dove, better access to the flowers, with bird activity serving to pollinate the flowers.
316:. It is also possible that the dove's omnivorous diet has prevented greater specialization. The presence of humans may be prompting population genetic changes to the populations on
408:
The doves mostly crush seeds before eating them, but ingest some seeds whole, some of which survive digestion – making the bird a source of plant distribution in the
Galapagos.
1129:
386:
nests in the cacti. A typical clutch consists of two eggs. Breeding begins three to five weeks after the beginning of the wet season, with up to three clutches a year.
987:
1119:
1026:
446:
is also a threat. Introduced diseases may also spread from the
Galapagos dove to other species in the archipelago ecosystem, such as lice which can spread to
948:
1000:
360:
Females are quite similar to the males, but are smaller – as is the size of their iridescent patch. They also have darker back, wings, and tail.
647:
246:. It is fairly common and is found in a wide range of open and semi-open habitats, especially in the arid lowlands of the archipelago.
961:
416:
As an island endemic species, Galapagos doves are at high risk from introduced diseases and predators. Introduced diseases include
1134:
321:
761:
1005:
886:
1031:
684:
825:
852:
82:
1039:
966:
383:
317:
1044:
873:
787:
891:
312:(which has significant variations in size by island), or the intense speciation found in the less mobile
1078:
451:
177:
523:
935:
865:
834:
418:
308:
flight ability has ensured that the species remains fairly homogenous across the islands, unlike the
243:
553:
313:
47:
707:
609:
442:
77:
1083:
437:
341:
38:
992:
1065:
1018:
909:
839:
767:
757:
655:
601:
349:
1124:
1070:
699:
593:
518:
336:
878:
203:
1052:
62:
500:
727:"NATIVE AND INTRODUCED BIRDS OF GALAPAGOS AS DISPERSERS OF NATIVE AND INTRODUCED PLANTS"
303:
Despite the geographic isolation of the bird on different islands, there is significant
1096:
447:
309:
1113:
1013:
627:
509:
273:
269:
154:
67:
613:
914:
471:
432:
353:
288:
901:
552:
Baptista, Luis F.; Trail, Pepper W.; Horblit, H. M.; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020-03-04).
212:
974:
819:
277:
272:
subspecies. Found on the major islands of the
Galapagos, with the exception of
1091:
750:
576:
Santiago-Alarcon, Diego; Tanksley, Susan M.; Parker, Patricia G. (June 2006).
427:
263:
235:
193:
144:
134:
810:
605:
771:
423:
304:
94:
30:
1057:
804:
114:
953:
860:
711:
397:
239:
847:
597:
325:
104:
979:
927:
781:
756:(Rev. and expanded ed.). Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
703:
726:
582:) populations: Issues in conservation for the Galapagos bird fauna"
922:
578:"Morphological variation and genetic structure of Galapagos Dove (
470:
335:
211:
648:"Galapagos dove videos, photos and facts - Zenaida galapagoensis"
368:
They inhabit rocky lowlands, scattered trees, bushes, and cacti.
940:
231:
124:
785:
494:
492:
628:"Galapagos Dove Bird - Facts, Information & Pictures"
450:
when the doves are preyed upon. The lice then serve as
436:
malaria (which was found in more than 85% of birds on
685:"Breeding and feeding ecology of the Galápagos Dove"
794:
749:
524:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22690758A157400314.en
683:Grant, P.R.; Thalia Grant, K. (November 1979).
8:
297:Found only on Darwin Island and Wolf Island.
782:
202:
56:
29:
20:
522:
725:Guerrero, Ana Mireya; Tye, Alan (2011).
554:"Galapagos Dove (Zenaida galapagoensis)"
488:
1130:Endemic birds of the Galápagos Islands
1120:IUCN Red List near threatened species
7:
967:galapagos-dove-zenaida-galapagoensis
678:
676:
674:
672:
571:
569:
567:
547:
545:
543:
541:
510:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
259:Zenaida galapagoensis galapagoensis
752:Galápagos : A Natural History
293:– Slightly larger and darker than
14:
586:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
216:Galapagos dove on Genovesa Island
81:
499:BirdLife International (2020).
1:
324:, which has led to decreased
748:Jackson, Michael H. (1993).
284:Zenaida galapagoensis exsul
1151:
616:– via ResearchGate.
517:: e.T22690758A157400314.
401:cactus flowers and pulp.
201:
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
458:Relationship with humans
430:from the mainland), and
364:Distribution and habitat
250:Taxonomy and systematics
1135:Birds described in 1839
731:Ornitologia Neotropical
475:
344:
254:Two subspecies exist:
217:
1097:Zenaida-galapagoensis
1079:Paleobiology Database
853:zenaida-galapagoensis
840:Zenaida_galapagoensis
826:Zenaida galapagoensis
796:Zenaida galapagoensis
580:Zenaida galapogoensis
503:Zenaida galapagoensis
474:
422:(perhaps spread from
339:
227:Zenaida galapagoensis
215:
187:Zenaida galapagoensis
169:Z. galapagoensis
419:Trichomonas gallinae
377:Breeding and nesting
372:Behavior and ecology
318:San Cristóbal Island
295:Z. g. galapagoensis.
48:Conservation status
558:Birds of the World
476:
443:Chlamydia psittaci
345:
340:Galapagos dove on
230:) is a species of
218:
1107:
1106:
1066:Open Tree of Life
788:Taxon identifiers
350:scapular feathers
322:Santa Cruz Island
292:
267:
244:Galápagos Islands
210:
209:
71:
1142:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1009:
1008:
996:
995:
983:
982:
970:
969:
957:
956:
944:
943:
931:
930:
918:
917:
905:
904:
895:
894:
882:
881:
869:
868:
866:E0DFC281A90C93D8
856:
855:
843:
842:
830:
829:
828:
815:
814:
813:
783:
776:
775:
755:
745:
739:
738:
722:
716:
715:
689:
680:
667:
666:
664:
663:
654:. Archived from
644:
638:
637:
635:
634:
624:
618:
617:
598:10.1676/05-010.1
573:
562:
561:
549:
536:
535:
533:
531:
526:
496:
314:Darwin's finches
286:
261:
206:
189:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1077:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1053:Observation.org
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
978:
973:
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
934:
926:
921:
913:
908:
900:
898:
890:
885:
877:
872:
864:
859:
851:
846:
838:
833:
824:
823:
818:
809:
808:
803:
790:
780:
779:
764:
747:
746:
742:
724:
723:
719:
704:10.2307/1366966
687:
682:
681:
670:
661:
659:
646:
645:
641:
632:
630:
626:
625:
621:
575:
574:
565:
551:
550:
539:
529:
527:
498:
497:
490:
485:
469:
460:
452:disease vectors
448:Galapagos hawks
438:Española Island
414:
392:
379:
374:
366:
342:Española Island
334:
252:
197:
191:
185:
172:
80:
72:
63:Near Threatened
61:
57:
50:
24:Galápagos dove
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1148:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1088:
1075:
1062:
1049:
1036:
1023:
1010:
997:
984:
971:
958:
945:
932:
919:
906:
896:
883:
870:
857:
844:
831:
816:
800:
798:
792:
791:
786:
778:
777:
762:
740:
717:
698:(4): 397–403.
668:
639:
619:
592:(2): 194–207.
563:
537:
487:
486:
484:
481:
468:
465:
459:
456:
413:
410:
391:
388:
378:
375:
373:
370:
365:
362:
333:
330:
310:Galapagos hawk
301:
300:
281:
251:
248:
234:in the family
222:Galápagos dove
208:
207:
199:
198:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
959:
955:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
924:
920:
916:
911:
907:
903:
897:
893:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
854:
849:
845:
841:
836:
832:
827:
821:
817:
812:
806:
802:
801:
799:
797:
793:
789:
784:
773:
769:
765:
759:
754:
753:
744:
741:
737:(2): 207–217.
736:
732:
728:
721:
718:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
686:
679:
677:
675:
673:
669:
658:on 2016-08-02
657:
653:
649:
643:
640:
629:
623:
620:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
581:
572:
570:
568:
564:
559:
555:
548:
546:
544:
542:
538:
525:
520:
516:
512:
511:
506:
504:
495:
493:
489:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
420:
411:
409:
406:
402:
400:
399:
389:
387:
385:
376:
371:
369:
363:
361:
358:
355:
351:
343:
338:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
299:
296:
290:
285:
282:
279:
275:
274:Darwin Island
271:
265:
260:
257:
256:
255:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
223:
214:
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:
182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:Columbiformes
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
795:
751:
743:
734:
730:
720:
695:
691:
660:. Retrieved
656:the original
651:
642:
631:. Retrieved
622:
589:
585:
579:
557:
528:. Retrieved
514:
508:
502:
477:
461:
441:
433:Haemoproteus
431:
417:
415:
407:
403:
396:
393:
380:
367:
359:
354:wing-coverts
346:
302:
298:
294:
283:
258:
253:
226:
225:
221:
219:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
41:, Galápagos
18:
1040:Neotropical
975:iNaturalist
820:Wikispecies
530:16 November
428:Eared doves
384:mockingbird
332:Description
328:diversity.
278:Wolf Island
1114:Categories
1092:Xeno-canto
763:0585182272
662:2016-07-21
633:2016-07-21
483:References
424:Rock doves
236:Columbidae
145:Columbidae
606:1559-4491
305:gene flow
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1019:22690758
993:10761831
879:22690758
874:BirdLife
805:Wikidata
772:45729870
614:35184302
412:Survival
352:and the
270:nominate
238:. It is
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
39:Española
1125:Zenaida
1045:galdov1
954:2495376
941:1049711
928:galdov1
902:galdov1
861:Avibase
811:Q254276
712:1366966
398:Opuntia
390:Feeding
326:allelic
291:, 1931)
266:, 1839)
242:to the
240:endemic
156:Zenaida
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1084:371371
1071:329066
1032:115708
1006:177130
892:113954
848:ARKive
770:
760:
710:
692:Condor
652:ARKive
612:
604:
467:Status
289:Swarth
268:– the
196:, 1841
1058:72494
988:IRMNG
923:eBird
915:5D2BX
899:BOW:
708:JSTOR
688:(PDF)
610:S2CID
264:Gould
194:Gould
1027:NCBI
1014:IUCN
1001:ITIS
980:3451
949:GBIF
887:BOLD
768:OCLC
758:ISBN
602:ISSN
532:2021
515:2020
320:and
276:and
232:bird
220:The
125:Aves
962:IBC
936:EoL
910:CoL
835:ADW
700:doi
594:doi
590:118
519:doi
440:).
426:or
1116::
1094::
1081::
1068::
1055::
1042::
1029::
1016::
1003::
990::
977::
964::
951::
938::
925::
912::
889::
876::
863::
850::
837::
822::
807::
766:.
735:22
733:.
729:.
706:.
696:81
694:.
690:.
671:^
650:.
608:.
600:.
588:.
584:.
566:^
556:.
540:^
513:.
507:.
491:^
454:.
774:.
714:.
702::
665:.
636:.
596::
560:.
534:.
521::
505:"
501:"
287:(
280:.
262:(
224:(
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
