170:
411:
31:
135:
The oligosaccharide groups on gangliosides extend well beyond the surfaces of the cell membranes, and act as distinguishing surface markers that can serve as specific determinants in cellular recognition and cell-to-cell communication. These carbohydrate head groups also act as specific receptors for
126:
Gangliosides are present and concentrated on cell surfaces, with the two hydrocarbon chains of the ceramide moiety embedded in the plasma membrane and the oligosaccharides located on the extracellular surface, where they present points of recognition for extracellular molecules or surfaces of
387:
Gangliosides are continuously synthesized and degraded in cells. They are degraded to ceramides by sequential removal of sugar units in the oligosaccharide group, catalyzed by a set of highly specific
157:. It has been found that tumor formation can induce the synthesis of a new complement of ganglioside, and very low concentrations of a specific ganglioside can induce differentiation of
709:
1167:
391:
enzymes. Mutations in genes coding for these enzymes leads to the accumulation of partially broken down gangliosides in lysosomes, which results in a group of diseases called
884:
645:"Anti-ganglioside antibody induction by swine (A/NJ/1976/H1N1) and other influenza vaccines: insights into vaccine-associated Guillain–Barré syndrome"
906:
1142:
153:
The functions of gangliosides as specific determinants suggest its important role in the growth and differentiation of tissues as well as in
694:
Ribeiro-Resende, VT; Ribeiro-GuimarĂŁes, ML; Lemes, RM; Nascimento, IC; Alves, L; Mendez-Otero, R; Pessolani, MC; Lara, FA (29 Oct 2010).
627:
594:
1324:
495:
700:
477:, where inadequate ganglioside expression in mediobasal hypothalamic neurons deregulates neuronal leptin and insulin signaling.
444:
879:
758:
Nordström V.; Willershäuser M.; Herzer S.; Rozman J.; von Bohlen und
Halbach O.; Meldner S.; et al. (March 12, 2013).
1195:
760:"Neuronal Expression of Glucosylceramide Synthase in Central Nervous System Regulates Body Weight and Energy Homeostasis"
874:
899:
92:
of the brain. More than 60 gangliosides are known, which differ from each other mainly in the position and number of
69:. NeuNAc, an acetylated derivative of the carbohydrate sialic acid, makes the head groups of gangliosides anionic at
643:
Nachamkin I; Shadomy, SV; Moran, AP; Cox, N; Fitzgerald, C; Ung, H; Corcoran, AT; Iskander, JK; et al. (2008).
1172:
1135:
811:"Fasting-Induced Lipolysis and Hypothalamic Insulin Signaling Are Regulated by Neuronal Glucosylceramide Synthase"
868:
118:. Natural and semisynthetic gangliosides are considered possible therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
127:
neighboring cells. They are found predominantly in the nervous system where they constitute 6% of all lipids.
1200:
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93:
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696:"Involvement of 9-O-Acetyl GD3 ganglioside in Mycobacterium leprae infection of Schwann cells"
676:
623:
590:
548:
43:
336:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)aXNeu5Ac9Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)]bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
1334:
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809:
Herzer, Silke; Meldner, Sascha; Gröne, Hermann-Josef; Nordström, Viola (2015-10-01).
503:
147:
560:
407:
in the nervous system swell enormously, disturbing the normal functions of neurons.
1354:
1151:
927:
695:
158:
140:
776:
1339:
1210:
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951:
85:
66:
55:
519:"Exogenous gangliosides, neuronal plasticity and repair, and the neurotrophins"
410:
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923:
534:
448:
115:
108:
74:
30:
839:
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1024:
718:
441:
exploits certain gangliosides to enter and infect the cells expressing them.
430:
351:= aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
326:= aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
17:
847:
795:
737:
680:
552:
271:= N-Acetyl-D-galactose-beta-1,4--Galactose-beta-1,4-glucose-alpha-ceramide
114:
Recently, gangliosides have been found to be highly important molecules in
1364:
1089:
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464:
388:
143:
89:
47:
671:
474:
469:
459:
454:
830:
661:
644:
1329:
1263:
919:
409:
261:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-?)bDGalNAc(1-?)bDGalNAc(1-?)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
168:
29:
403:
produced, causing GM2 to accumulate in lysosomes. Ultimately the
331:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
316:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
311:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
296:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
1124:
1120:
888:
1013:
1008:
998:
447:, which has been linked to the production of anti-ganglioside
346:= aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGal(1-4)bDGlc(1-1)Cer
215:
195:
185:
496:"Gangliosides, structure, occurrence, biology and analysis"
70:
399:
arises as a genetic defect which leads to no functional
710:
American
Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
286:= bDGalp(1-3)bDGalpNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
1168:
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
502:. The American Oil Chemists' Society. Archived from
426:
Gangliosides are also involved in several diseases:
341:= bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
321:= bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
301:= aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
276:= aNeu5Ac(2-8)aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
1317:
1209:
1186:
1158:
1102:
1079:
1060:
1041:
1022:
988:
977:
942:
616:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 4th edition
366:aNeu5Ac9Ac = N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid
281:= bDGalp(1-3)bDGalNAcbDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
875:Overview of gangliosides at lipidlibrary.co.uk
1136:
900:
378:Cer = ceramide (general N-acylated sphingoid)
146:and certain bacterial protein toxins such as
8:
579:"Biosynthesis of Macromolecular Precursors"
372:bDGalpNAc = N-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose
1143:
1129:
1121:
985:
907:
893:
885:
880:Overview of gangliosides at cyberlipid.org
306:= bDGalpNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
291:= bDGalpNAc(1-4)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
84:was first applied by the German scientist
867:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
829:
785:
775:
727:
717:
670:
660:
542:
610:David L. Nelson; Michael M. Cox (2005).
572:
570:
363:aNeu5Ac = N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid
266:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-4)bDGlcp(1-1)Cer
487:
107:events, and appears to concentrate in
88:in 1942 to lipids newly isolated from
254:Structures of the common gangliosides
7:
25:
73:7, which distinguishes them from
618:. W H Freeman & Co. p.
585:. W H Freeman & Co. p.
414:A summary showing the causes of
99:. It is a component of the cell
701:Journal of Biological Chemistry
369:bDGalp = beta-D-galactopyranose
356:= aNeu5Ac(2-3)bDGalp(1-1)Cer
1:
375:bDGlcp = beta-D-glucopyranose
777:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001506
42:is a molecule composed of a
34:Structure of GM1 ganglioside
173:Structures of GM1, GM2, GM3
27:Class of chemical compounds
1407:
1196:Epidermal transglutaminase
1173:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
535:10.1007/s00018-005-5188-y
395:. For example, the fatal
1350:Filaggrin (Citrullinate)
869:Medical Subject Headings
1201:Tissue transglutaminase
1110:Sphingosine-1-phosphate
936:metabolic intermediates
719:10.1074/jbc.M110.147272
445:Guillain–Barré syndrome
1325:Acetylcholine receptor
1178:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
577:Lubert Stryer (1975).
423:
174:
161:neuronal tumor cells.
65:, NANA) linked on the
63:-acetylneuraminic acid
35:
1360:Sp100 nuclear antigen
1033:Globotriaosylceramide
413:
172:
33:
517:Mocchetti I (2005).
103:that modulates cell
165:Common gangliosides
105:signal transduction
54:) with one or more
1071:Galactocerebroside
957:Galactocerebroside
932:glycosphingolipids
529:(19–20): 2283–94.
424:
227:Three NANAs ("T")
175:
36:
1378:
1377:
1118:
1117:
1098:
1097:
831:10.2337/db14-1726
824:(10): 3363–3376.
523:Cell Mol Life Sci
397:Tay–Sachs disease
242:Four NANAs ("Q")
44:glycosphingolipid
16:(Redirected from
1398:
1335:Apolipoprotein H
1188:Transglutaminase
1145:
1138:
1131:
1122:
1052:Glucocerebroside
986:
969:Lactosylceramide
962:Glucocerebroside
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416:sphingolipidosis
401:hexosaminidase A
202:Two NANAs ("D")
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916:Glycoconjugates
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770:(3): e1001506.
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712:: 34086–34096.
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52:oligosaccharide
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859:External links
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662:10.1086/589624
649:J. Infect. Dis
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506:on 2009-12-17.
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435:haemagglutinin
420:gangliosidosis
405:ganglion cells
393:gangliosidosis
384:
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289:asialo-GM2,GA2
284:asialo-GM1,GA1
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1370:Topoisomerase
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1160:Dehydrogenase
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655:(2): 226–33.
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629:9780716743392
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596:0-7167-0174-X
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500:Lipid Library
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148:cholera toxin
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32:
19:
1355:Gangliosides
1211:Nucleoporins
1152:Autoantigens
990:
978:
865:Gangliosides
821:
817:
804:
767:
764:PLOS Biology
763:
753:
741:. Retrieved
705:
699:
689:
652:
648:
638:
615:
605:
583:Biochemsitry
582:
526:
522:
512:
504:the original
499:
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425:
418:, including
386:
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152:
141:glycoprotein
134:
125:
113:
81:
79:
60:
56:sialic acids
39:
37:
18:Gangliosides
1391:Glycolipids
1340:Cardiolipin
1082:sphingosine
991:ganglioside
979:Ganglioside
952:Cerebroside
924:glycolipids
672:10379/13073
433:, in which
269:GM2,GM2a(?)
109:lipid rafts
86:Ernst Klenk
82:ganglioside
67:sugar chain
40:ganglioside
1345:Centromere
482:References
449:antibodies
116:immunology
75:globosides
1063:sulfatide
1025:globoside
840:0012-1797
431:Influenza
389:lysosomal
383:Pathology
138:pituitary
80:The name
1385:Category
1365:Thrombin
1090:Ceramide
944:Ceramide
848:26038579
818:Diabetes
796:23554574
743:15 April
738:20739294
681:18522505
612:"Lipids"
561:28652906
553:16158191
544:11139125
465:Botulism
334:OAc-GT1b
329:GT1,GT1b
314:GD1alpha
279:GM1,GM1a
159:cultured
144:hormones
136:certain
131:Function
122:Location
97:residues
48:ceramide
982:pathway
787:3595213
729:2962507
475:Obesity
470:Leprosy
460:Tetanus
455:Cholera
274:GM2b(?)
1309:NUP214
1304:NUP205
1299:NUP210
1294:NUP188
1289:NUP160
1284:NUP155
1279:NUP153
1274:NUP133
1269:NUP107
934:, and
922:, and
920:lipids
871:(MeSH)
846:
838:
794:
784:
736:
726:
708:(44).
679:
626:
593:
559:
551:
541:
359:where
182:("M")
58:(e.g.
1330:Actin
1318:Other
1264:NUP98
1259:NUP93
1254:NUP88
1249:NUP85
1244:NUP62
1239:NUP54
1234:NUP50
1229:NUP43
1224:NUP37
1219:NUP35
1103:Other
1061:From
1042:From
1023:From
989:From
814:(PDF)
557:S2CID
259:GM2-1
930:and
844:PMID
836:ISSN
792:PMID
745:2016
734:PMID
677:PMID
624:ISBN
591:ISBN
549:PMID
354:GGal
349:GQ1b
339:GT1c
324:GT1a
319:GD1b
309:GD1a
294:GM1b
231:GT1b
211:GD1b
206:GD1a
180:NANA
178:One
94:NANA
50:and
1080:To
1014:GD2
1009:GM3
1004:GM2
999:GM1
826:doi
782:PMC
772:doi
724:PMC
714:doi
706:285
667:hdl
657:doi
653:198
620:357
587:486
539:PMC
531:doi
437:of
344:GT3
304:GD2
299:GD3
264:GM3
246:GQ1
236:GT3
221:GD3
216:GD2
196:GM3
191:GM2
186:GM1
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926::
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581:.
569:^
555:.
547:.
537:.
527:62
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521:.
498:.
150:.
111:.
77:.
71:pH
38:A
1144:e
1137:t
1130:v
908:e
901:t
894:v
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61:N
46:(
20:)
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