Garden roses - Knowledge (XXG)

982:(repeat blooming) with the old European lineages. Because remontancy is a recessive trait, the first generation of Asian and European crosses, i. e., hybrid Chinas, hybrid bourbons, and hybrid noisettes, were stubbornly non-remontant, but when these roses were re-crossed with themselves or with Chinas or teas, some of their offspring flowered more than once. The hybrid perpetuals thus were something of a miscellaneous, catch-all class derived to a great extent from the bourbons but with admixtures of Chinas, teas, damasks, gallicas, and to a lesser extent noisettes, albas, and even centifolias. They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates, and the hybrid perpetuals' very large blooms were well suited to the new phenomenon of competitive exhibitions. The "perpetual" in the name suggests their remontancy, but many varieties of this class only poorly exhibited the property; the tendency was for a massive vernal bloom followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumnal burst, or sometimes no re-flowering in that year. Due to a limited colour palette of white, pink, and red, and a lack of reliable remontancy, the hybrid perpetuals were finally overshadowed by their descendants, the hybrid teas. Examples include 875:, China in the early 19th-century, breeders went to work with them, especially in France, crossing them first with China roses and then with Bourbons and Noisettes. The Tea roses are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The colour range includes pastel shades of white, pink and (a novelty at the time) yellow to apricot. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. In a "typical" Tea, pointed buds produce high-centred blooms which unfurl in a spiral fashion, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip; the Teas are thus the originators of today's "classic" florists' rose form. According to rose historian Brent Dickerson, the Tea classification owes as much to marketing as to botany; 19th-century nurserymen would label their Asian-based cultivars as "Teas" if they possessed the desirable Tea flower form, and "Chinas" if they did not. Like the Chinas, the Teas are not hardy in colder climates. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet', 'Duchesse de Brabant', 'Mrs. Foley Hobbs'. 1457:, England, who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas. The idea was to create a new group of shrub roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic Gallica, Alba and Damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the modern expanded color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers. English roses are still actively developed, with new varieties released annually. The winter hardiness and disease resistance of the classic Old Garden roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 1123:, created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between both parents: hardier than the teas but less hardy than the hybrid perpetuals, and more ever-blooming than the hybrid perpetuals but less so than the teas. The flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, and each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom. The shrubs tend to be stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged, which today is often seen as a liability because it makes them more difficult to place in the garden or landscape. Hybrid teas became the single most popular garden rose of the 20th century; today, their reputation as high maintenance plants has led to a decline in popularity. The hybrid tea remains the standard rose of the floral industry, however, and is still favoured in formal situations. Examples: 224: 185: 819:, have been cultivated in East Asia for centuries. They have been cultivated in Western Europe since the late 18th century. They contribute much to the parentage of today's hybrid roses, and they brought a change to the form of the flowers then cultivated in Europe. Compared with the older rose classes known in Europe, the Chinese roses had less fragrant, smaller blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. However they could bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. The flowers of China roses were also notable for their tendency to "suntan," or darken over time unlike other blooms which tended to fade after opening. This made them highly desirable for hybridisation purposes in the early 19th century. According to 4229: 2254: 2361: 2349: 2333: 2309: 165: 1709:). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits; unlike Old European Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning back of any spent flowering stem in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and hence new flowers. 884: 403: 1359: 1311: 1028: 923: 84: 2297: 1183: 2242: 2226: 1202:, polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 19th century alongside the hybrid teas. They are short plants, some compact and others spreading in habit, producing tiny blooms (2.5 cm or 1 inch in diameter on average) in large sprays in the typical rose colours of white, pink, and red. Their popularity derived from their prolific blooming: from spring to autumn; a healthy polyantha shrub truly might be covered in flowers, making a strong colour impact in the landscape. 2321: 1336: 1244:, Latin for "many-flowering". Typical floribundas are stiff shrubs that are smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea, but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than those of hybrid teas but are produced in large sprays that give a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colours and often with the classic, hybrid tea-shaped blossom. Sometimes they differ from hybrid teas only in their 2214: 1347: 2269: 1327:

make excellent plants for containers, hanging baskets and window boxes. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but they grow poorly in the dry air and reduced light of average home and office conditions, and are best reserved for outdoor gardening. (Examples: 'Petite de Hollande' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), 'Cupcake' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming). Additional examples: Scentsational, Tropical Twist.

1579: 549: 2373: 2281: 1148: 607: 249: 2401: 2178: 1478: 2389: 2202: 1489: 1108: 4820: 1286:, which was introduced in 1954. Grandiflora roses are shrubs that are typically larger than both hybrid teas and floribundas and produce flowers that resemble those of hybrid teas and are borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to floribundas. Grandifloras were somewhat popular from circa 1954 into the 1980s, but today they are much less popular than both hybrid teas and floribundas. Examples include: 1240:

and hybrid tea, denominated 'Rödhätte'. This hybrid had some characteristics of both of its parental classes, and was denominated a "Hybrid Polyantha" or "Poulsen" rose. Further and similar introductions followed from Poulsen, these often bearing the family name, e. g., 'Else Poulsen' (1924). Because their hybrid characteristics separated them from polyanthas and hybrid teas, the new class eventually was named

2190: 827:' (1793), and the Tea roses 'Hume's Blush Tea-scented China' (1809) and 'Parks' Yellow Tea-scented China' (1824)—were brought to Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries; in fact there were rather more, at least five Chinas not counting the Teas having been imported. This brought about the creation of the first classes of repeat-flowering Old Garden Roses, and later the Modern Garden Roses. Examples: ' 444:'. For most of these, the plants found in cultivation are often selected clones that are propagated vegetatively. Wild roses are low-maintenance shrubs in comparison to other garden roses, and they usually tolerate poor soil and some shade. They generally have only one flush of blooms per year, described as being "non-remontant", unlike remontant, modern roses. Some species have colorful hips in autumn, e. g. 1416: 792: 960: 706:, related to damask roses. They are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. The centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below). Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'. 161:, though fewer than those in wild species, but some are thornless. It is often complained that modern varieties are deficient in scent from the flowers, and many are. An important development in recent decades has been extending the flowering season, in some cases to eight months in the right conditions, though the flower display still tends to be best in one or two "flushes", the first in late spring. 2413: 1653:

arching habit, and may additionally be placed in a mixed border or grown separately as specimens. Certain bush hybrids (and smaller shrubs) may also be grown as "standards", which are plants grafted high (typically 1 metre or more) on a rose rootstock, resulting in extra height which can make a dominant feature in a floral display. Climbing roses are usually trained to a suitable support.

31: 902:) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. They are believed to be the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island. They flower repeatedly on vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs with glossy foliage and purple-tinted canes. They were first Introduced in 1638: 381:

of pigments in the species. This gives us yellow, orange, pink, red, white and many combinations of these colours. However, they lack the blue pigment that would give a true purple or blue colour and until the 21st century all true blue flowers were created using some form of dye. Now, through genetic modification, a Japanese company succeeded in creating a

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climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations. For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i. e. "climbing." Most Climbing Roses grow 6–20 feet tall and exhibit repeat blooming.

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European Old Garden Roses, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damaged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas and floribundas is generally done in early spring.

1370:"Rambler Roses", although technically a separate class, are often included in Climbing Roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are usually distinguished from true climbers in two ways: a larger overall size (20–30 feet tall is common) and of a once-blooming habit. Climbing and Rambling Roses are not true vines such as 1015:(the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, repeat flowering and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent. The stems tend to be lax and arching, with limited thorns. Examples include 1519:, who led the rose-breeding program at the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa for nearly 25 years, developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers. Many of her roses also thrive in Finland, Russia, Iceland, Germany and Austria. Popular roses from the series include: 'Martin Frobisher', 594:. Gallicas are shrubs that rarely grow over 4 feet (1.25 m) tall and flower once in Summer. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, gallicas include cultivars with flowers in hues of red, maroon, and purplish crimson. Examples include 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', and 'Rosa Mundi' ( 1053:

and introduced into the West circa the 1880s, these vigorous roses are extremely hardy with excellent disease resistance. Most are extremely fragrant, remontant, and produce moderately double, flat flowers. The defining characteristic of a hybrid rugosa rose is its rugose, i. e., wrinkly foliage, but

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to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose existed in Europe for hundreds of years before this. Summer damasks bloom once in summer. Autumn or Four Seasons damasks bloom again later, albeit less exuberantly, and these

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says the description "patio roses" emerged after 1996. Some rose catalogues include older polyanthas that have stood the test of time (e.g., 'Nathalie Nypels', 'Baby Faurax') within their patio selection. Rose breeders, notably Chris Warner in the UK and the Danish firm of Poulson (under the name of

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Two main lines of roses were developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Québec). They are called the Explorer series and the Parkland series.

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This is not a precisely defined class of garden rose, but it is a description or grouping commonly used by rose reference books and catalogues. It encompasses some old single and repeat flowering cultivars, as well as modern roses that don't fit neatly into other categories. Many cultivars placed in

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Some rose breeders recognized potential in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses that bloomed with the profusion of polyanthas and possessed the floral beauty and breadth of coloration of hybrid teas. In 1907, the Danish breeder Dines Poulsen introduced the first cross of a polyantha

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This resulted in an entirely new colour range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolours, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. Originally considered a separate class, the Pernetianas or Hybrid Foetidas were officially merged into the Hybrid

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Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics. The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern

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Rose flowers have historically been cultivated in a diverse number of colours ranging in intensity and hue; they are also available in countless combinations of colours which result in multicoloured flowers. Breeders have been able to widen this range through all the options available with the range

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sprays may be necessary to prevent infection or reduce severity of attacks. Cultivation techniques may also be used, such as ensuring good air circulation around a plant. Stem cankers are best treated by pruning out infection as soon as it is noticed. Root diseases are not usually possible to treat

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This is the practice of removing any spent, faded, withered, or discoloured flowers. The purpose is to encourage the plant to focus its energy and resources on forming new shoots and blooms, rather than fruit production. Deadheading may also be performed for aesthetic purposes, if spent flowers are

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Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. Their pruning requirements are quite minimal because removal of branches will remove next year's flower buds. Hence

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In the garden, roses are grown as bushes, shrubs or climbers. "Bushes" are usually comparatively low growing, often quite upright in habit, with multiple stems emerging near ground level; they are often grown formally in beds with other roses. "Shrubs" are usually larger and have a more informal or

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Dwarf mutations of some Old Garden Roses—gallicas and centifolias—were known in Europe in the 17th century, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. Miniature forms of repeat-flowering China roses were also grown and bred in China, and are depicted in 18th-century Chinese

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Miniature roses are generally twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colors; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Owing to their small stature, they

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There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses. The latter two groups are usually subdivided further according to hybrid lineage, although due to the complex ancestry of most

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Roses are one of the most popular garden shrubs in the world with both indoor and outdoor appeal. They possess a number of general features that cause growers and gardeners to choose roses for their gardens. This includes the wide range of colours they are available in; the generally large size of

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worked for the US Department of Agriculture, focusing on crops, but also developing roses designed to thrive in the American climate. His introductions include 'American Pillar' and 'Dr W. Van Fleet'. After his death, his seedlings – including 'Mary Wallace', 'Breeze Hill' and 'Glenn Dale' – were

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Additionally, modern hybrids planted in cold winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12", about 30 cm in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, modern hybrids are typically not as cold hardy as

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This type of rose was developed mainly for mass amenity planting. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favour with many gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labour and chemical intensive plants susceptible to pest and disease problems.

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that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas. Most of these roses are thought to be Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named

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in 1817. The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Lamarque' (Noisette); 'Mme. Alfred

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or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, the plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with a suckering habit, with

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All aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing/arching" forms, whereby the canes of the shrubs grow to be much longer and more flexible than the normal "bush" forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit; for many Modern Roses, however,

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scent when rubbed. Moss roses are cherished for this trait, but as a group they have not contributed to the development of new rose classifications. Various hybrids with other roses have yielded different forms, such as the modern miniature creeping moss rose 'Red Moss Rambler' (Ralph S. Moore,

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origin are once-blooming woody shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and crimson-red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only from canes (stems) which formed in previous years. The introduction of

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There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.

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Since the 1970s many rose breeders have focused on developing compact roses (typically 1'–4' in height and spread) that are suitable for smaller gardens, terraces and containers. These combine characteristics of larger miniature roses and smaller floribundas—resulting in the rather loose

1861:) species; see list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses. Spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but if this is done care is needed to minimize the loss of beneficial insects; systemic insecticides have the advantage of only affecting insects which feed on the plants. 1007:, a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', an 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the foundation of the class. The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. 1902:(Empress Josephine) was the first great collector of roses in the modern Western world, and her horticulturalist André Dupont pioneered the development of new hybrids using controlled pollination at her Malmaison estate. She has been called the godmother of modern rosomaniacs. 536:. This group contains some of the oldest garden roses. The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring or early summer with scented blossoms of white or pale pink. They frequently have gray-green foliage and a vigorous or climbing habit of growth. Examples are 'Alba Semiplena', ' 332:, from about the 17th century. This was encouraged by the introduction of new species, and especially by the introduction of the China rose into Europe in the 19th century. An enormous range of roses has been bred since then. A major contributor in the early 19th century was 1002:

Although they arose too late to qualify technically as old garden roses, the hybrid musks are often informally classed with them, since their growth habits and care are much more like the old garden roses than modern roses. The hybrid musk group was mainly developed by Rev.

823:, China roses are the class upon which modern roses are built. Today's exhibition rose owes its form to the China genes, and the China roses also brought slender buds which unfurl when opening. Tradition holds that four "stud China" roses—'Slater's Crimson China' (1792), ' 934:), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in 1683:. Most garden roses prefer rich soil which is well-watered but well-drained, and perform best in well-lit positions which receive several hours of sun a day (although some climbers, some species and most Hybrid Musks will tolerate shade). Standard roses require staking. 1587:

So-called "landscape" roses (also known as "ground cover" roses) have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers colour, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most have the following characteristics:

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has contributed most to today's garden roses; it has been bred into garden varieties for about 1,000 years in China, and over 200 in Europe. Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.

2024:, Germany, is one of the most innovative rose breeders and growers, and responsible for the early flowering "Frühlings" series, the Kordesii Hybrids and many famous Hybrid Tea and Floribunda roses, including 'Crimson Glory' and 'Iceberg' ('Schneewittchen'). 747:

1990). Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Examples: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Mousseline', also known as 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).

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Most of the plants grown in these early gardens are likely to have been species collected from the wild. However, there were large numbers of selected varieties being grown from early times; for instance numerous selections or cultivars of the

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Courtyard Climbers) have also created patio climbers, small rambler style plants that flower top-to-toe and are suitable for confined areas. It is suggested patio style roses are protected during winter months due to the exposure environment.

1998:, UK is best known for 'Ena Harkness' (at one time reputed to be the best-selling red Hybrid Tea in the world and actually bred by amateur rosarian Albert Norman). Other famous introductions include 'Compassion' and 'Margaret Merril'. 1448:

Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. Development started in the 1960s by

153:. But there are many alternatives. Most of the wild parent species are single-flowered with flat blooms, flowering only once, and many are still grown in gardens. Most varieties produce a single flower on a stem, but 2110:

climate. Later introductions notable for their form and colour include 'Chinatown' (1963) and 'Ingrid Bergman' (1984). The nursery developed a number of successful ground cover (landscape) roses, including 'Kent'

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Roses in the Parkland series include 'Morden Centennial', 'Morden Sunrise, 'Winnipeg Parks' and 'Cuthbert Grant'. Two roses named after Canadian artists that have been added are 'Emily Carr' and 'Felix Leclerc'.

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Andre Dupont was a French horticulturalist who pioneered the creation of new rose cultivars through controlled pollination. He was employed by the Empress Josephine to use her collection of roses to create new

102:, a rounded plant from 2 foot up to about 7 foot tall, above which height roses generally fall into the "'climbing and rambling'" class, the latter spreading wider; support is needed for these. There are also 1702:

Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (which are descended from

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Polyantha roses are still popular and regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant, garden roses. The class of roses denominated "Multiflora Hybrids" are probably cognizable as polyanthas. Examples include

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rose hybrids, such distinctions can be imprecise. Growth habit and floral form are also used as means of classification. This is the most common method to classify roses as it reflects their growth habits.

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is a hugely influential American rose grower. The company's early success was 'Dorothy Perkins', but under Eugene Boerner the focus on developing Floribundas led to many All-America Rose Selection honours.

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introduced its first roses in 1886, focusing on breeding Hybrid Teas that could stand up to the Irish climate. Successes include 'Shot Silk' and 'Grandpa Dickson' and, more recently, 'Elina' and 'Tequila

489:) from East Asia around 1800 led to new classes of Old Garden Roses which bloom on new growth, often repeatedly from spring to fall. Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups. 262:. Cultivated since ancient times, until the 19th century it was the most important species of rose to be cultivated in Europe; most modern European rose cultivars have at least a small contribution from 2103:

was among the first rose breeders to focus on developing the new Hybrid Tea class. His introductions include 'Mme Caroline Testout' and 'Soleil d'Or'- forerunner of 20th-century yellow and orange roses.

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and amateur rosarian who set out to breed 'old fashioned' roses. The resulting hybrid musks include 'Felicia' and 'Penelope'. On his death, the nursery passed to his gardener J.A. Bentall, who produced

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of France (where it was introduced as 'Mme A. Meilland'); Conard-Pyle acted as Meilland's US agents, and the rose was renamed for the US market when it was introduced at the end of the Second World War.

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in 2004. Colours are bred through plant breeding programs which have existed for a long time. Roses are often bred for new and intriguing colour combinations which can fetch premium prices in market.

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has been produced, especially over the last two centuries, though roses have been known in the garden for millennia beforehand. While most garden roses are grown for their flowers, often in dedicated

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The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (

1695:, sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning. 783:

proportionately short flower stalks. The main flowering is in the summer, but intermittent flowers continue into the autumn. Examples: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambord'.

2066:-based breeder of more than 500 roses, is known as 'the father of Modern Miniatures' and was a hugely influential figure in the development of commercial approaches to rose hybridization. 770:. Recent DNA analysis however has demonstrated that the original Portland Rose has no Chinese ancestry, but has an autumn damask/gallica lineage. This group of roses was named after the 1279:, Latin for "large-flowered", are the class of roses created in the middle of the 20th century as back crosses of hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category, specifically, 4723: 2137:

is best known for reawakening interest in old garden roses, but also ensured commercial introductions in the wild rose style, including 'Bobbie James' and 'Souvenir de St Anne's'.

734:, the Provence or cabbage rose. Some with Damask roses as a parent may be derived from a separate mutation. Thickly growing or branched resin-bearing hairs, particularly on the 1190:

The name of this class literally means "many-flowered", from the Greek "poly" ("many") and "anthos" ("flower"). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species,

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was a prolific early rose hybridizer, responsible for many older roses still found in gardens today. 'Aimee Vibert' (1828), one of his Noisettes, was named for his daughter.

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Principal parties involved in the breeding of new varieties include: Werner Noak (Germany), Meidiland Roses (France), Boot & Co. (Netherlands), and William Radler (US).

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for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both

157:, introduced in the early 20th century, have a spray of several flowers, and are highly popular; they also have more continuous flowering. Most garden varieties still have 410:

Wild roses, also denominated "species roses", include the natural species and some of their immediate hybrid descendants. The wild roses commonly grown in gardens include

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with other species, these plants are extremely tolerant of cold weather, some down to −35C. All have repeat bloom. A wide diversity of forms and colours were achieved.

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from at least 500 BC, and the ancient Romans were extremely fond of them, putting rose petals in beds, and throwing them at festive occasions. They remained popular in

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other categories are simultaneously placed in this one. Roses classed as shrubs tend to be robust and of informal habit, making them recommended for use in a mixed

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art. Modern miniature roses largely derive from such miniature China roses, especially the cultivar 'Roulettii', a chance discovery found in a pot in Switzerland.

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developed roses that could survive Canada's short growing season and harsh winters. She developed the Explorer Rose Series named in honour of Canadian explorers.

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Note that the definition applies to the class, not the specific cultivar; Bourbon and Tea etc. roses introduced in the 21st century are still "Old" Garden Roses

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varieties, with the latter much more popular. The petals are typically of a single colour, although bi-colour, striped and blended varieties exist. The classic

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from about 50 million years ago, the relatively few species native to the Americas have made almost no contribution to the parentage of garden rose hybrids.

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Roses are relatively easy to grow compared to many large-flowered garden plants, with the main effort, apart from basic watering and feeding, going into the

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once infection has occurred; the most practical line of defence is to ensure that growing conditions maximise plant health and thereby prevent infection.

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flower shape, pointing up, tightly curled in the centre, with the outer petals spreading wide, is the most popular for gardens, and even more dominant in

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flower, larger than most flowers in temperate regions; the variety of size and shape; the wide variety of species and cultivars that freely hybridize.

4795: 2434: 340:. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by 2758:

Tan, Jiongrui; Wang, Jing; Luo, Le; Yu, Chao; Xu, Tingliang; Wu, Yuying; Cheng, Tangren; Wang, Jia; Pan, Huitang; Zhang, Qixiang (13 November 2017).

2320: 1399:'Kiftsgate', named after the house garden where Graham Stuart Thomas noticed it in 1951. The original plant is claimed to be the largest rose in the 2241: 130:. In terms of ancestry, roses are often divided into three main groups: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses, with many subdivisions of these. 4687: 4597: 2472:

Introduced in 1945 in France as 'Madame A. Meilland', and known in the UK and US as 'Peace', in Germany as 'Gloria Dei', and in Italy as 'Gioia'.

3286: 2709: 2268: 133:

Gardeners most value roses for their large and brightly coloured flowers, which exist in every colour in the white to yellow to red part of the

771: 4013: 2388: 2157:) is a California rose company that has focused on innovations in colour, form and vigour. Its roses include 'Night Time', 'Stainless Steel', 983: 3758: 3735: 3699: 2296: 1965:

put Spanish rose growing on the map and is best known for the shrub 'Nevada' and his work to improve the flower shape of miniature varieties.

4188: 3973: 2213: 888: 2097:

was a Lyon nurseryman whose notable roses include the Moss variety 'Louis Gimard' and the hybrid perpetual 'Baronne Adolphe de Rothschild'.

4018: 1382:

because they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own and must be manually trained and tied over structures, such as arbors and

501: 663:(repeat-flowering) Old European roses. Damask roses tend to have rangy to sprawling growth habits and strongly scented blooms. Examples: 60:

in private or public gardens. They are one of the most popular and widely cultivated groups of flowering plants, especially in temperate

4785: 4672: 4304: 2454: 1552: 4754: 4547: 3779: 2632: 2372: 2189: 1979:

amateur rose breeder who introduced around 140 new varieties, including 'Gruss an Teplitz'. He focused on winter hardiness and vigour.

1170:

Teas in 1930. The new colour range did much to increase hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colours came at a price:

4173: 2816: 3395: 3257: 3217: 2692: 2201: 2127:, Germany. Founded in 1906, it has introduced some 350 cultivars and is responsible for popular roses such as 'Super Star' (1960), 2034:, was responsible for 'Evelyn Fison', 'Dublin Bay' and also 'Regensberg', a pioneering 'handpainted' rose. Sam McGredy IV moved to 1699:

pruning is usually restricted to just removing weak and spent branches, plus light trimming (if necessary) to reduce overall size.

3938: 3028: 1350:

The "Peggy Martin Rose" survived 20 feet of salt water over the garden of Mrs. Peggy Martin, Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, after

1207: 4622: 4148: 3983: 2106:

Poulson, the Danish rose dynasty, was established in 1878 and originally focused on breeding roses hardy enough to withstand the

2004:

was Dean of Rochester Cathedral in the UK and the founder of the (Royal) National Rose Society. He organized the first specialty

1544: 1291: 4023: 441: 4780: 3830: 464:

An old garden rose is defined as any rose belonging to a class which existed before the introduction of the first modern rose,

3878: 126:

and cultivars closely related to them, plus cultivars that grow rather larger than most bush roses. Technically all roses are

4682: 4607: 3720: 1174:

also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning to its descendants.

756: 4228: 4153: 4138: 4078: 3988: 3953: 3012: 4083: 3154: 3129: 3078: 1054:

some hybrid rugosas lack this trait. These roses often set large hips. Examples include 'Hansa' and 'Roseraie de l'Häy'.

4692: 4592: 4582: 766:

were long thought to be the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, and to show the influence of

169: 158: 4158: 3923: 3883: 1930:. Known for her unusually colored and patterned rose varieties. Her work had a major influence on American hybridizer, 1896:

nursery and also introducing 70 new cultivars. He was also the author of several classic books on the subject of roses.

1532: 1299: 1280: 871:, a large Asian climbing rose with pale-yellow blossoms. Immediately upon their introduction to the Western World from 94:

The cultivars are classified in a number of different and overlapping ways, generally without much reference to strict

4749: 4728: 4572: 4395: 2714: 4183: 4178: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4033: 3978: 3943: 3913: 2158: 2128: 1899: 1536: 1458: 1287: 1166: 1136: 1132: 939: 1912:, is the UK's oldest firm of commercial rose growers. Notable introductions include 'Mrs B.R. Cant' and 'Just Joey'. 4627: 4329: 4213: 4163: 4143: 4103: 3893: 3868: 3437:

Brenner, Douglas, and Scanniello, Stephen (2009). A Rose by Any Name. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books.

2624: 1441: 1295: 1253: 4128: 1211: 118:

much closer to wild species; in "standard" shapes there is a single bare stem, with the graft at the top of that.

4805: 4707: 4423: 4388: 2400: 2045: 4677: 4218: 4208: 4043: 4008: 4003: 1540: 1524: 1466: 1265: 1257: 1128: 4667: 4552: 4366: 4662: 4193: 4133: 4073: 4048: 3928: 3898: 3797: 2412: 2088: 1016: 3194: 1822:

species are waterborne and therefore improving drainage and reducing waterlogging can help reduce infection.

4697: 4562: 3933: 3888: 3860: 2871: 2849: 2287: 1986: 1548: 1528: 337: 2595: 883: 4849: 4454: 4402: 4350: 2260: 1919: 824: 232: 193: 164: 4203: 4198: 4118: 4068: 4058: 3968: 3918: 2162: 2053: 1520: 1120: 465: 4854: 4790: 4479: 3411: 2845: 2760:"Genetic relationships and evolution of old Chinese garden roses based on SSRs and chromosome diversity" 1870: 1743: 907: 591: 333: 209: 4113: 3908: 1310: 1027: 922: 83: 2038:

in 1974 and focused on hybrid teas and Grandifloras, including 'Paddy Stephens' and 'Kathryn McGredy'.

1837:) take a heavy toll on rose flowers and foliage; rose blooms can also be destroyed by infestations of 1182: 4800: 4632: 4557: 4444: 4371: 4038: 3963: 3848: 3767: 3301: 2771: 2134: 2100: 2094: 2011: 1753: 1386:. Examples include 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler), and 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber). 1261: 1156: 911: 820: 725: 715: 693: 664: 424: 123: 1886:, UK, is the developer of "English roses", such as 'Constance Spry', 'Mary Rose' and 'Graham Thomas' 402: 4759: 4652: 4587: 4469: 4409: 4344: 3823: 3416: 2041: 1905: 1642: 1335: 650: 629: 345: 4108: 4028: 3948: 3104: 2719: 4657: 4612: 4529: 4519: 4484: 4168: 3750: 2444: 2147: 2021: 1462: 1119:

were initially created by hybridising hybrid perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 19th century.

537: 228: 189: 4319: 3998: 3873: 2232: 2049: 2017: 1941: 1346: 3463: 1813:

Fungal leaf diseases affect some cultivars and species more than others. On susceptible plants

1358: 548: 4647: 4494: 4464: 4324: 4279: 4243: 3993: 3775: 3754: 3731: 3716: 3708: 3695: 3391: 3253: 3213: 2970: 2797: 2688: 2628: 2545: 2449: 1879: 1668: 1450: 1351: 1223: 1071: 852: 676: 2052:('Peace'), and has continued to be at the forefront of rose breeding, with varieties such as 944: 208:

that most varieties need, and the training that many do. At least bush varieties are usually

4733: 4642: 4617: 4504: 4416: 4053: 2962: 2787: 2779: 2140: 2114: 2076: 2031: 2008:

in the UK and published books on rose cultivation, popularizing rose growing and exhibiting.

1982: 1972: 1875:

Some rose growers are known for their particular contributions to the field. These include:

1563: 1516: 1039:

likewise are not officially old garden roses, but tend to be included in them. Derived from

1004: 615: 276: 217: 177: 57: 50: 1147: 606: 248: 4567: 4499: 4248: 4063: 3016: 1937: 1830: 1578: 1198: 1116: 1102: 452: 430: 154: 146: 142: 134: 35: 3249: 3242: 2889: 1892:

was a specialist in classic and species roses, preserving many old and wild roses at his

2951:

Iwata, Hikaru; Kato, Tsuneo; Ohno, Susumu (2000). "Triparental origin of Damask roses".

2775: 1477: 4844: 4823: 4702: 4637: 4514: 3958: 3816: 3683: 3672: 3032: 2953: 2792: 2759: 2740: 2617: 2339: 2059: 1991: 1976: 1829:(greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. In areas where they are endemic 1769: 1705: 1625: 1567: 1509: 1493: 1400: 1192: 815: 804: 515: 320: 312: 304: 300: 292: 111: 3596: 2966: 1488: 1159:

initiated the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian briar rose (

1107: 283:

from before 1400 BC, and in Egyptian tomb paintings some centuries later; however the

4838: 4355: 4339: 4284: 3384: 1995: 1951: 968: 866: 510: 477: 418: 412: 296: 236: 197: 72:, some are also valued for other reasons, such as having ornamental fruit, providing 3688: 1415: 791: 141:

has yet to be bred, but there are a number of shades of purple. There are single or

4489: 4474: 2429: 2120: 1889: 1806: 1801: 1793: 1777: 1730: 1672: 1425: 1395: 1161: 1124: 959: 948: 644: 570: 526: 446: 436: 254: 107: 73: 590:

for its alleged medicinal properties, and became famous in English history as the

3009: 4539: 4459: 4264: 3903: 3180: 2600: 2154: 2107: 2035: 2027: 2001: 1931: 1915: 1850: 1724: 1503: 1041: 739: 703: 655: 532: 173: 69: 3644: 3158: 3133: 3082: 2783: 4602: 4524: 4361: 4294: 4123: 2063: 1883: 1454: 1315: 979: 899: 660: 280: 39: 30: 406:

The spring-flowering pimpinellifolia 'Rosa Altaica', underplanted with lamium

4509: 4449: 3527: 2439: 2083: 2005: 1962: 1854: 1814: 1761: 1680: 1661: 1390: 872: 828: 796: 724:

are based on one or more mutations, particularly one that appeared early on

382: 336:

of France who patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at

287:

only mentions the plant twice. They are known to have been grown in ancient

138: 115: 110:

roses, both up to about 15 inches tall. Most modern roses are propagated by

2974: 2801: 2741:"The History of Roses – Our Rose Garden – University of Illinois Extension" 17: 3060: 1637: 4775: 4334: 4289: 4274: 2379: 2124: 2080: 1945: 1927: 1923: 1676: 1657: 1492:'Thérèse Bugnet', a multi-species hybrid that is still widely available ( 1379: 1375: 1067: 621: 352: 341: 65: 994: 212:, although some varieties are left for their decorative (and medicinal) 2894: 2070: 1955: 1893: 1749: 1692: 1436: 1383: 1228: 1063: 971: 497: 363: 288: 259: 213: 205: 150: 98:

principles. Taking overall size and shape, the most common type is the

88: 61: 1615: 839: 1944:

to the US and established the marque Star Roses. 'Peace' was bred by

1838: 1785: 1646: 1562:

Other notable Canadian breeders include Frank Skinner, Percy Wright,

903: 743: 575: 329: 275:

Roses have been grown in Eurasia since ancient times; they appear in

95: 3803: 2183:

Striped Gallica 'Rosa Mundi', believed to date from the 12th century

1671:. Those based on warm climate Asian species do well in their native 654:. Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing damask roses from the 1734:

that are grown for their decorative hips should not be deadheaded.

1151:

Pernetiana rose 'Soleil d'Or', the first of its class (Pernet 1900)

1909: 1846: 1826: 1636: 1624:

classification "patio roses", called Minifloras in North America.

1614: 1577: 1487: 1476: 1435: 1414: 1404: 1357: 1345: 1334: 1309: 1227: 1181: 1146: 1106: 1050: 1046: 1026: 993: 958: 935: 921: 882: 838: 790: 775: 735: 605: 547: 496: 401: 362: 284: 247: 222: 183: 163: 127: 82: 77: 29: 1675:

environments. Certain species and cultivars can even flourish in

986:, 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Paul Neyron', and 'Reine des Violettes'. 3839: 1858: 1249: 579: 482: 53: 3812: 3798:

The practical book of outdoor rose growing for the home garden.

2890:"Blue rose development | Suntory Global Innovation Center" 2144:

introduced by the American Rose Society as 'dooryard climbers'.

914:' (the last example is often classified under climbing roses). 348:, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England. 1371: 216:. Roses are successfully grown in four continents, although a 122:

are a rather loose category that include some of the original

2937: 2394:

Yellow rose, showing stigmas (centre) and stamens with pollen

2073:

introduced the Flower Carpet (ground cover/landscape) series.

3792: 1248:. They are still planted in large bedding schemes in public 1115:

The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses,

1075:

after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.

831:

China', 'Mutabilis' (Butterfly Rose), 'Cramoisi Superieur'.

328:

The significant breeding of modern times started slowly in

2916:

Reader's Digest Encyclopaedia of Garden Plants and Flowers

2259:

Hybrid Tea 'Capristrano', (Theodore John Morris, 1949) in

1788:

diseases, the most commonly seen of which is stem canker (

861:) were Oriental cultivars thought to represent hybrids of 738:, are considered to resemble moss and give off a pleasant 1591:

Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 inches)

1582:'Avon', a ground cover rose introduced by Poulson in 1992 1342:'Zéphirine Drouhin', a climbing Bourbon rose (Bizot 1868) 315:

were in cultivation in China in the first millennium AD.

3808: 3656: 3632: 3620: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3499: 3487: 3354: 3342:

Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates

2048:(AKA House of Meilland), made its name and fortune with 1062:

This is a group of several dozen "found" roses grown in

440:

in varieties 'Austrian Copper', 'Persian Double', and '

4724:

Concours international de roses nouvelles de Bagatelle

2817:"Cuttings;When Malmaison Celebrated the Rose's Beauty" 1389:

One of the most vigorous of the Climbing Roses is the

1362:

A close view of a climbing rose with bright red blooms

926:

Noisette rose 'Desprez à fleurs jaunes' (Desprez 1830)

3747:

The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Roses

2581: 2579: 638:) originated in ancient times with a natural hybrid ( 3745:

Quest-Ritson, Charles; Quest-Ritson, Brigid (2003).

2596:"In pictures: Kew's Rose Garden in bloom | Kew" 1752:. The main fungal diseases affecting the leaves are 755:"Portland Rose" redirects here. For other uses, see 702:, a hybrid that appeared in the 17th century in the 468:, in 1867. Alternative terms for this group include 4768: 4742: 4716: 4538: 4437: 4380: 4312: 4303: 4257: 4236: 3859: 3510: 3508: 3445: 3443: 1679:climates, especially when grafted onto appropriate 1031:

Rugosa rose 'Blanc Double de Coubert' (Cochet 1893)

476:roses. In general, Old Garden roses of European or 3800:By Thomas, George Clifford, 1873–. Published 1914. 3687: 3383: 3241: 2616: 3325:Richer, C.; Arnold, N.P.; Davidson, C.G. (2000). 910:. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', ' 3528:"All-America Rose Selection – Wikimedia Commons" 3327:Winter-hardy roses: Explorer and Parkland series 1845:spp). Roses are also used as food plants by the 943:Carriere', 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See 4578:Fontvieille Park and Princess Grace Rose Garden 3726:Macaboy, Stirling (2007). Cairns, Tommy (ed.). 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 1619:Chris Warner's patio climber 'Open Arms' (1995) 2366:English Rose 'Benjamin Britten' (Austin, 2001) 2195:Tea Rose 'Duchesse de Brabant' (Bernède, 1857) 1641:Standard roses with winter protection against 1111:A 'Memoriam' hybrid tea rose (von Abrams 1962) 963:Hybrid perpetual rose 'La Reine' (Laffay 1844) 188:Rose Garden with variety of blooming roses at 87:The climber 'American Pillar', trained over a 3824: 3390:. Menlo Park, California: Sunset Publishing. 2326:Hybrid Tea 'Sunset Celebration' (Fryer, 1994) 1403:, and has climbed 50 feet high into a copper 998:Hybrid musk rose 'Moonlight' (Pemberton 1913) 318:Of the over 150 species of rose, the Chinese 8: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3079:"Brent Dickerson: The First Eighteen Chinas" 2687:. London, England: Frances Lincoln Limited. 2274:English Rose 'Constance Spry' (Austin, 1960) 574:, which is a native of central and southern 450:, or have colourful autumnal foliage, e. g. 106:, generally small bushes, and low sprawling 3285:Gamila Morcos; Jacqueline Girouard (1999). 3248:. Des Moines, IA: Meredith Books. pp. 2247:Hybrid Tea 'Lowell Thomas' (Mallerin, 1943) 586:, was grown in the Middle Ages in monastic 4309: 3831: 3817: 3809: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2710:"The History and Legacy of the China Rose" 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2490:Hessayon (1981), 61, and following section 2354:Hybrid Tea 'Cajun Sunrise' (Edwards, 2000) 1484:'Henry Hudson', one of the Explorer series 1011:, however, is known to be one parent, and 898:originated on the Île Bourbon (now called 552:Gallica rose 'Charles de Mills', ante 1790 4796:List of rose cultivars named after people 3679:, 1981, pbi Publications, ISBN 0903505142 3377: 3375: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2791: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 568:group is a very old class developed from 3366: 3272: 2207:Hybrid Musk 'Penelope' (Pemberton, 1924) 351:Although roses were found in modern-day 4688:The Gardens of the American Rose Center 4598:Heritage Rose District of New York City 3514: 3449: 2481:Hessayon (1981), 4, and under each type 2465: 2235:(syn. 'Mme A. Meilland', Meilland 1939) 2219:Hybrid Musk 'Ballerina' (Bentall, 1937) 2173: 1252:and suitable gardens. Examples include 843:Tea rose 'Mrs Dudley Cross' (Paul 1907) 291:. Records exist of them being grown in 3657:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3633:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3621:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3584:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3572:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3560:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3548:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3500:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3488:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 3355:Quest-Ritson & Quest-Ritson (2003) 2314:English Rose 'Heritage' (Austin, 1984) 2123:is a rose breeding company located at 1314:'Meillandine' (a miniature rose) in a 508:Literally "white roses", derived from 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3105:"Tender But Tough: The Old Tea Roses" 2870:Foreman, Amanda (February 13, 2021). 1825:The main pest affecting roses is the 1792:). Diseases of the root zone include 7: 3772:The English Garden: A Social History 3155:"A History of the Hybrid Perpetuals" 3103:Whitewall, Richard (27 April 2022). 2815:Scaniello, Stephen (31 March 1996). 1784:). Stems can be affected by several 1235:'Borussia', a modern floribunda rose 524:. The latter species is a hybrid of 4786:List of Award of Garden Merit roses 4673:Royal National Rose Society Gardens 3530:. Commons.wikimedia.org. 2011-12-11 3294:Cahiers franco-canadiens de l'ouest 3208:Roger Phillips; Martyn Rix (2004). 2455:List of Award of Garden Merit roses 434:("sweetbriar" or "eglantine"), and 180:, but at an altitude of 2200 metres 4755:World Federation of Rose Societies 4548:Alister Clark Memorial Rose Garden 3793:World Federation of Rose Societies 3212:. Pan Macmillan Ltd. p. 262. 3195:"The Great Roses: Queen Elizabeth" 2872:"How Roses Came to Mean True Love" 2685:The Graham Stuart Thomas Rose Book 1354:. It is a thornless climbing rose. 610:'Autumn Damask' ('Quatre Saisons') 25: 3382:Brenzel, Kathleen Norris (2001). 2435:Rose cultivars named after people 2131:(1963), and 'Black Magic' (1997). 1656:Roses are commonly propagated by 1214:, 'Pink Fairy', and 'Red Fairy'. 778:about 1775) a rose then known as 428:("Scots rose" or "burnet rose"), 4819: 4818: 4623:Nieuwesteeg Heritage Rose Garden 4227: 2556:. New England Wildflower Society 2411: 2399: 2387: 2371: 2359: 2347: 2331: 2319: 2307: 2302:Rose 'Katja', (Verschoren, 1970) 2295: 2279: 2267: 2252: 2240: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 1165:) with his 1900 introduction of 4781:American Garden Rose Selections 2338:Hybrid Tea 'Pride of England' ( 1507:or the native Canadian species 1501:Derived mostly from crosses of 967:The dominant class of roses in 889:Rosa 'Souvenir de la Malmaison' 584:R. gallica varietas officinalis 64:. An enormous number of garden 4683:San Jose Municipal Rose Garden 4608:International Rose Test Garden 3300:(1–2): 215–232. Archived from 3287:"Georges Bugnet, horticulteur" 2683:Thomas, Graham Stuart (2004). 2091:and the Polyantha 'The Fairy'. 757:Portland Rose (disambiguation) 596:R. gallica varietas versicolor 1: 3329:. Ottawa: Agriculture Canada. 2967:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00487-X 1804:wilt, and various species of 1748:Roses are subject to several 1722:unsightly. Any roses such as 1045:("Japanese rose"), native to 4693:Villa Ephrussi de Rothschild 4593:Government Rose Garden, Ooty 4583:Garden Society of Gothenburg 3468:Pacific Horticulture Society 1603:Minimal pruning requirements 951:articles on Noisette roses) 504:, an Alba rose (before 1400) 170:Government Rose Garden, Ooty 4750:Royal National Rose Society 4729:All-America Rose Selections 4573:Exposition Park Rose Garden 3210:The Ultimate Guide to Roses 3157:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 3132:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 3081:. Rdrop.com. Archived from 2998:The Ultimate Guide to Roses 2715:Quarryhill Botanical Garden 2020:, based in Sparrieshoop in 1600:Growing on their own roots. 1597:Disease and pest resistance 1139:(bi-colour cream and red). 799:,' one of the "stud Chinas" 582:. The "Apothecary's Rose", 4871: 3386:Sunset Western Garden Book 3344:. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. 3340:Pound, Richard W. (2005). 3000:, Macmillan, 2004, p. 226. 2996:Phillips, R. and Rix, M., 2784:10.1038/s41598-017-15815-6 2745:web.extension.illinois.edu 2625:Cambridge University Press 2418:Light orange coloured Rose 1868: 1790:Leptosphaeria coniothyrium 1741: 1419:The shrub rose 'Mollineux' 1221: 1100: 802: 795:'Parson's Pink China' or ' 754: 713: 674: 613: 4814: 4806:Roses in Portland, Oregon 4708:Zakir Hussain Rose Garden 4424:Xiphinema diversicaudatum 4225: 3846: 1465:, 'Mary Rose', 'Tamora', 4553:All-American Rose Garden 4367:Specific replant disease 4189:Souvenir de la Malmaison 3974:Diana, Princess of Wales 3730:. New York, NY: Abrams. 3715:, 2004, Pavilion Books, 3713:Plants in Garden History 2918:. 2nd ed., London, 1978. 2878:– via www.wsj.com. 2378:A bright yellow rose in 2290:(Swim & Weeks, 1968) 1900:Joséphine de Beauharnais 1574:Landscape (Ground Cover) 1553:'Captain Samuel Holland' 692:. They are derived from 486: 4698:White House Rose Garden 3412:"Peter Beales obituary" 2288:Hybrid Tea 'Angel Face' 1920:James Cocker & Sons 1058:Bermuda "Mystery" roses 514:and the closely allied 4403:Pratylenchus penetrans 4389:Helicotylenchus nannus 4351:Phragmidium mucronatum 3728:The Ultimate Rose Book 3647:, Retrieved 2011-12-16 3240:Cairns, Tommy (1999). 2938:"White Rose Symbolism" 2619:The Culture of Flowers 2535:Hessayon (1981), 89–94 2517:Hessayon (1981), 30–46 2046:Meilland International 1766:Phragmidium mucronatum 1649: 1620: 1583: 1497: 1485: 1445: 1432:English / David Austin 1420: 1363: 1355: 1343: 1319: 1246:cluster flowered habit 1236: 1187: 1152: 1112: 1032: 999: 964: 938:, who then introduced 927: 892: 844: 800: 671:Centifolia or Provence 611: 553: 505: 422:("Lady Banks' rose"), 407: 368: 367:An amber-coloured rose 267: 240: 233:San Marino, California 201: 194:San Marino, California 181: 91: 43: 4791:List of rose breeders 4480:Red Rose of Lancaster 3768:Quest-Ritson, Charles 3065:www.rosegathering.com 3015:July 5, 2008, at the 2846:London Gardens Online 2842:"Abney Park Cemetery" 2012:Jackson & Perkins 1871:List of rose breeders 1744:List of rose diseases 1667:Most roses thrive in 1640: 1618: 1581: 1545:'Alexander MacKenzie' 1491: 1480: 1439: 1418: 1361: 1349: 1338: 1331:Climbing and rambling 1313: 1292:'Tournament of Roses' 1231: 1208:Rosa 'Cécile Brünner' 1185: 1150: 1110: 1030: 997: 984:'Général Jacqueminot' 962: 925: 908:Henri Antoine Jacques 886: 842: 794: 609: 592:Red Rose of Lancaster 551: 500: 405: 366: 251: 226: 187: 167: 86: 33: 4801:Miracle of the roses 4633:Parnell Rose Gardens 4628:Parc de la Tête d'or 4563:Château de Bagatelle 4558:Berkeley Rose Garden 4445:Black rose symbolism 4019:Great Maiden's Blush 3684:Hessayon, D. G. 3109:Pacific Horticulture 2615:Goody, Jack (1993). 2585:Hessayon (1981), 110 2406:A Bright Yellow Rose 2135:Graham Stuart Thomas 2101:Joseph Pernet-Ducher 1940:introduced the rose 1865:Notable rose growers 1774:Sphaerotheca pannosa 1570:and Robert Erskine. 1517:Dr. Felicitas Svejda 1157:Joseph Pernet-Ducher 821:Graham Stuart Thomas 425:Rosa pimpinellifolia 4760:Portland Gold Award 4678:Różanka Rose Garden 4653:Rose Garden, Coburg 4588:Giardino delle Rose 4470:Kutno Rose Festival 4410:Pratylenchus vulnus 4237:Rose classification 4149:Princesse de Monaco 4079:Louis de Funès rose 4014:Général Jacqueminot 3984:Duchess of Cornwall 3804:The Rose Society UK 3417:The Daily Telegraph 3179:Filiberti, Daphne. 2876:Wall Street Journal 2776:2017NatSR...715437T 2499:Hessayon (1981), 60 2261:Bush's Pasture Park 2042:The Meilland family 1906:Cants of Colchester 1770:rose powdery mildew 1155:The French breeder 1088:Modern garden roses 825:Parsons' Pink China 774:who received (from 772:Duchess of Portland 651:Rosa fedtschenkoana 346:Abney Park Cemetery 4663:Rosendals Trädgård 4658:Rose trial grounds 4613:McGill Rose Garden 4530:White Rose of York 4520:Thousand-year Rose 4485:Rosalia (festival) 4174:Schoener's Nutkana 4169:Royal William rose 3751:Dorling Kindersley 3709:Hobhouse, Penelope 3601:Help me find roses 3597:"Felicitas Svejda" 3562:, pp. 51, 307 2764:Scientific Reports 2526:Hessayon (1981), 6 2508:Hessayon (1981), 5 2445:Rose trial grounds 2153:Weeks Roses (with 2148:Jean-Pierre Vibert 2022:Schleswig-Holstein 1882:nursery, based in 1782:Peronospora sparsa 1738:Pests and diseases 1669:temperate climates 1650: 1621: 1584: 1498: 1486: 1446: 1421: 1364: 1356: 1344: 1320: 1237: 1188: 1153: 1113: 1033: 1000: 965: 928: 893: 849:Tea-scented Chinas 845: 801: 684:are also known as 667:, 'Madame Hardy'. 612: 554: 538:White Rose of York 506: 408: 369: 268: 266:in their ancestry. 241: 229:Huntington Library 227:Blooming Roses at 202: 190:Huntington Library 182: 92: 56:that are grown as 49:are predominantly 44: 4832: 4831: 4717:Rose competitions 4668:Roseraie de L'Haÿ 4648:Rosarium Uetersen 4495:Rose Hall of Fame 4465:Gold-dipped roses 4433: 4432: 4396:Meloidogyne hapla 4372:Verticillium wilt 4280:Rose hip seed oil 4258:Uses and products 4154:Princess of Wales 4139:Precious Platinum 3989:Duke of Edinburgh 3954:Chrysler Imperial 3774:, 2003, Penguin, 3760:978-0-751-36976-2 3737:978-0-8109-9410-2 3701:978-0-90350-547-5 2450:Rose Hall of Fame 2095:Jean Pernet, père 2050:'Mme A. Meilland' 1987:Roseraie de L'Haÿ 1835:Popillia japonica 1758:Diplocarpon rosae 1533:'Charles Albanel' 1352:Hurricane Katrina 1300:'Queen Elizabeth' 1288:'Rock & Roll' 1284:'Queen Elizabeth' 1224:Floribunda (rose) 976:hybrid perpetuals 912:Zéphirine Drouhin 716:Rosa × centifolia 677:Rosa x centifolia 376:Colour of flowers 334:Empress Josephine 58:ornamental plants 16:(Redirected from 4862: 4822: 4821: 4769:Related articles 4734:Rose of the Year 4643:Rome Rose Garden 4618:Mottisfont Abbey 4505:Rose of the Year 4417:Tylenchorhynchus 4310: 4231: 4084:Margaret McGredy 4054:Julia Child rose 4024:Harison's Yellow 3833: 3826: 3819: 3810: 3764: 3741: 3705: 3694:. Expert Books. 3693: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3464:"Thomas Carruth" 3462:Grant, William. 3459: 3453: 3447: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3379: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3291: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3247: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3040: 3031:. Archived from 3029:"Rosa chinensis" 3025: 3019: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2979: 2978: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2857: 2848:. Archived from 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2718:. Archived from 2708:Higson, Howard. 2705: 2699: 2698: 2680: 2639: 2638: 2622: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2574: 2573:Hobhouse, 11, 22 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2415: 2403: 2391: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2299: 2283: 2271: 2256: 2244: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2180: 2159:'Fourth of July' 2141:Walter Van Fleet 2129:'Fragrant Cloud' 2115:Felicitas Svejda 2077:Joseph Pemberton 2069:Werner Noack of 2032:Northern Ireland 2002:S. Reynolds Hole 1983:Jules Gravereaux 1977:Austro-Hungarian 1973:Rudolf Geschwind 1831:Japanese beetles 1594:Repeat flowering 1564:Isabella Preston 1537:'William Baffin' 1459:'Charles Austin' 1186:'Cecile Brunner' 1137:'Double Delight' 1133:'Mister Lincoln' 1019:and 'Penelope'. 1005:Joseph Pemberton 955:Hybrid perpetual 940:'Blush Noisette' 682:Centifolia roses 616:Rosa x damascena 502:'Maiden's Blush' 460:Old garden roses 442:Harison's Yellow 342:Loddiges nursery 277:Minoan jewellery 218:tropical climate 178:Tropic of Cancer 155:floribunda roses 27:Ornamental roses 21: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4810: 4764: 4738: 4712: 4568:Europa-Rosarium 4534: 4500:Rose (heraldry) 4429: 4376: 4299: 4253: 4249:Hybrid tea rose 4232: 4223: 4159:Queen Elizabeth 4064:Heidi Klum rose 3924:Bridge of Sighs 3884:American Beauty 3879:Albéric Barbier 3855: 3842: 3837: 3789: 3784: 3761: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3702: 3690:The Rose Expert 3682: 3677:The Rose Expert 3673:Hessayon, D. G. 3668: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3367:Hessayon (2004) 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3323: 3312: 3304: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3273:Hessayon (2004) 3271: 3267: 3260: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3139: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3059: 3058: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3017:Wayback Machine 3008: 3004: 2995: 2982: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2903: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2723: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2682: 2681: 2642: 2635: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2407: 2404: 2395: 2392: 2383: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2355: 2352: 2343: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2303: 2300: 2291: 2284: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2257: 2248: 2245: 2236: 2229: 2220: 2217: 2208: 2205: 2196: 2193: 2184: 2181: 2172: 2018:W. Kordes' Sons 1954:, located near 1938:Conard-Pyle Co. 1873: 1867: 1754:rose black spot 1746: 1740: 1719: 1689: 1635: 1613: 1576: 1475: 1463:'Graham Thomas' 1442:'Abraham Darby' 1434: 1428:or as hedging. 1413: 1333: 1308: 1296:'Pink Flamingo' 1274: 1254:'Anne Harkness' 1226: 1220: 1199:Rosa multiflora 1180: 1145: 1105: 1103:Hybrid tea rose 1099: 1090: 1081: 1072:fungal diseases 1070:damage and the 1060: 1025: 1009:Rosa multiflora 992: 957: 920: 881: 837: 807: 789: 760: 753: 718: 712: 679: 673: 659:were the first 618: 604: 566:Rose of Provins 546: 495: 485:and Tea roses ( 462: 453:Rosa virginiana 431:Rosa rubiginosa 416:("musk rose"), 400: 391: 378: 361: 305:Chinese gardens 293:Chinese gardens 273: 246: 147:hybrid tea rose 143:double-flowered 135:colour spectrum 104:miniature roses 36:hybrid tea rose 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4837: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4826: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703:Wohl Rose Park 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4638:Peninsula Park 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4515:Rose symbolism 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4347: 4345:Powdery mildew 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4179:Silver Jubilee 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4099:Mrs Fred Danks 4096: 4094:Mister Lincoln 4091: 4089:Marilyn Monroe 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4034:Ingrid Bergman 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3979:Double Delight 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3959:Conquista rose 3956: 3951: 3946: 3944:Charles Austin 3941: 3939:Cécile Brünner 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3914:Blush Noisette 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3861:Rose cultivars 3857: 3856: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3787:External links 3785: 3783: 3782: 3780:978-0140295023 3765: 3759: 3742: 3736: 3723: 3706: 3700: 3680: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3649: 3645:fr:Tom Carruth 3637: 3625: 3613: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3519: 3515:Macaboy (2007) 3504: 3492: 3480: 3454: 3450:Macaboy (2007) 3439: 3430: 3403: 3396: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3332: 3310: 3307:on 2013-10-04. 3277: 3265: 3258: 3225: 3218: 3200: 3186: 3181:"Hybrid Musks" 3171: 3146: 3121: 3095: 3070: 3045: 3020: 3002: 2980: 2961:(1–2): 53–59. 2943: 2929: 2920: 2901: 2881: 2862: 2833: 2821:New York Times 2807: 2750: 2732: 2700: 2693: 2640: 2634:978-0521424844 2633: 2607: 2587: 2575: 2566: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2386: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2346: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2294: 2292: 2285: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2239: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2121:Mathias Tantau 2118: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2074: 2067: 2060:Ralph S. Moore 2057: 2044:, founders of 2039: 2025: 2015: 2009: 1999: 1992:Harkness Roses 1989: 1980: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1949: 1935: 1913: 1903: 1897: 1887: 1866: 1863: 1739: 1736: 1718: 1715: 1706:Rosa chinensis 1688: 1685: 1634: 1631: 1626:D. G. Hessayon 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1575: 1572: 1568:Georges Bugnet 1541:'Henry Kelsey' 1525:'Henry Hudson' 1510:Rosa arkansana 1474: 1473:Canadian Hardy 1471: 1467:'Wife of Bath' 1433: 1430: 1412: 1409: 1401:United Kingdom 1332: 1329: 1307: 1304: 1273: 1270: 1266:'Gene Boerner' 1258:'George Burns' 1222:Main article: 1219: 1216: 1193:Rosa chinensis 1179: 1176: 1144: 1141: 1129:'Garden Party' 1101:Main article: 1098: 1095: 1093:Garden Roses: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1077: 1059: 1056: 1037:hybrid rugosas 1024: 1021: 991: 988: 956: 953: 919: 916: 880: 877: 836: 833: 816:Rosa chinensis 805:Rosa chinensis 803:Main article: 788: 785: 768:Rosa chinensis 764:Portland roses 752: 749: 714:Main article: 711: 708: 690:Provence roses 675:Main article: 672: 669: 614:Main article: 603: 600: 562:Gallica Hybrid 545: 542: 494: 491: 461: 458: 399: 396: 390: 389:Classification 387: 377: 374: 360: 357: 321:Rosa chinensis 272: 269: 245: 242: 220:is not ideal. 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4867: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4850:Garden plants 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743:Organizations 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4425: 4421: 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3520: 3517:, p. 473 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3502:, p. 122 3501: 3496: 3493: 3490:, p. 120 3489: 3484: 3481: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3455: 3452:, p. 471 3451: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3397:0-376-03875-6 3393: 3388: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3259:0-89721-428-5 3255: 3251: 3246: 3245: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3219:1-4050-4920-0 3215: 3211: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3175: 3172: 3161:on 2010-01-23 3160: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3136:on 2009-12-02 3135: 3131: 3130:"China Roses" 3125: 3122: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3085:on 2009-08-20 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061:"China Roses" 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3035:on 2014-04-07 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3010:Rosarosam.com 3006: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2947: 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Retrieved 3600: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3532:. Retrieved 3522: 3495: 3483: 3471:. Retrieved 3467: 3457: 3433: 3422:. Retrieved 3420:. 2013-02-01 3415: 3406: 3385: 3369:, p. 44 3362: 3357:, p. 13 3350: 3341: 3335: 3326: 3302:the original 3297: 3293: 3280: 3275:, p. 72 3268: 3243: 3209: 3203: 3189: 3174: 3163:. Retrieved 3159:the original 3149: 3138:. Retrieved 3134:the original 3124: 3112:. Retrieved 3108: 3098: 3087:. Retrieved 3083:the original 3073: 3064: 3037:. Retrieved 3033:the original 3023: 3005: 2997: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2932: 2923: 2915: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2865: 2854:. Retrieved 2850:the original 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2820: 2810: 2770:(1): 15437. 2767: 2763: 2753: 2744: 2735: 2724:. Retrieved 2720:the original 2713: 2703: 2684: 2618: 2610: 2599: 2590: 2569: 2558:. Retrieved 2553: 2548:Rosa gallica 2547: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2430:Rose species 2108:Scandinavian 2056:and 'Swany'. 2054:'Bonica '82' 1890:Peter Beales 1880:David Austin 1874: 1843:Thysanoptera 1842: 1834: 1824: 1820:Phytophthora 1819: 1812: 1807:phytophthora 1805: 1802:verticillium 1797: 1794:honey fungus 1789: 1781: 1778:downy mildew 1773: 1765: 1757: 1747: 1731:Rosa moyesii 1729: 1723: 1720: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1673:sub-tropical 1666: 1655: 1651: 1622: 1606: 1585: 1561: 1557: 1551:(1986), and 1549:'John Davis' 1529:'John Cabot' 1515: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1481: 1451:David Austin 1447: 1440:Austin rose 1426:shrub border 1422: 1396:Rosa filipes 1394: 1388: 1369: 1365: 1339: 1325: 1321: 1281: 1277:Grandifloras 1276: 1275: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1212:'Perle d'Or' 1204: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1172:Rosa foetida 1171: 1162:Rosa foetida 1160: 1154: 1114: 1091: 1082: 1061: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1012: 1008: 1001: 975: 966: 931: 929: 895: 894: 867: 863:R. chinensis 862: 857: 853: 848: 846: 814: 810: 808: 779: 767: 763: 761: 730: 726: 721: 719: 698: 694: 689: 685: 681: 680: 649: 645:Rosa gallica 643: 639: 634: 630: 626:Damask roses 625: 619: 595: 587: 583: 578:and western 571:Rosa gallica 569: 565: 561: 557: 555: 531: 525: 520: 516: 509: 507: 473: 469: 463: 451: 447:Rosa moyesii 445: 437:Rosa foetida 435: 429: 423: 417: 411: 409: 392: 379: 370: 350: 327: 319: 317: 309: 274: 263: 255:Rosa gallica 253: 239:, April 2022 203: 200:, April 2022 132: 119: 108:ground cover 103: 99: 93: 74:ground cover 70:rose gardens 47:Garden roses 46: 45: 4460:Golden Rose 4320:Anthracnose 4265:Cut flowers 4194:Spice Twice 4134:Pink Wonder 4074:Line Renaud 4059:'Just Joey' 4049:Joanna Hill 3929:Buff Beauty 3904:Beirut Rose 3899:Arthur Bell 2601:Kew Gardens 2286:Floribunda 2231:Hybrid Tea 2163:'Hot Cocoa' 2155:Tom Carruth 2036:New Zealand 1932:Tom Carruth 1916:Anne Cocker 1851:Lepidoptera 1776:) and rose 1725:Rosa glauca 1717:Deadheading 1633:Cultivation 1521:'Jens Munk' 1504:Rosa rugosa 1272:Grandiflora 1121:'La France' 1117:hybrid teas 1042:Rosa rugosa 990:Hybrid musk 906:in 1820 by 868:R. gigantea 813:, based on 811:China roses 780:R. paestana 704:Netherlands 656:Middle East 511:R. arvensis 174:South India 120:Shrub roses 18:Garden rose 4839:Categories 4603:Hex Castle 4525:Tudor rose 4340:Grey mould 4325:Black spot 4295:Rose water 4244:Floribunda 4129:Perle d'Or 3934:Camp David 3889:Angel Face 3721:1862056609 3534:2011-12-16 3424:2013-02-25 3165:2009-12-07 3140:2009-12-07 3089:2009-12-07 3039:2010-11-17 2856:2012-01-01 2726:2020-06-06 2560:2018-10-07 2461:References 2064:California 1884:Shropshire 1869:See also: 1815:fungicidal 1798:Armillaria 1742:See also: 1681:rootstocks 1455:Shropshire 1316:terracotta 1242:Floribunda 1218:Floribunda 1143:Pernetiana 1135:(red) and 1127:(yellow), 1097:Hybrid tea 980:remontancy 731:centifolia 722:Moss roses 699:centifolia 620:Named for 527:R. gallica 398:Wild roses 313:China rose 264:R. gallica 210:deadheaded 137:. A truly 116:rootstocks 4510:Rose show 4450:Blue rose 4204:Sunsprite 4199:Sun Flare 4119:Old Blush 4069:La France 3969:De Rescht 3919:Bonica 82 2826:1 January 2554:Go Botany 2440:Rose show 2382:, Romania 2084:clergyman 2006:rose show 1963:Pedro Dot 1959:Sunrise'. 1855:butterfly 1762:rose rust 1662:rootstock 1391:Kiftsgate 1318:flowerpot 1306:Miniature 1262:'Iceberg' 1178:Polyantha 1131:(white), 969:Victorian 829:Old Blush 797:Old Blush 665:'Ispahan' 661:remontant 635:damascena 533:R. canina 493:Alba Rosa 487:see below 466:La France 383:blue rose 338:Malmaison 176:; in the 139:blue rose 100:bush rose 96:botanical 76:, or for 66:cultivars 4824:Category 4776:ADR rose 4313:Diseases 4290:Rose oil 4275:Rose hip 4114:Oklahoma 4029:'KORbin' 3909:Belmonte 3849:List of 3686:(2004). 3675:(1981), 3114:27 April 3013:Archived 2975:11163961 2802:29133839 2424:See also 2380:Radovanu 2340:Harkness 2125:Uetersen 2081:Anglican 1946:Meilland 1928:Scotland 1924:Aberdeen 1849:of some 1750:diseases 1677:tropical 1658:grafting 1643:freezing 1555:(1992). 1547:(1985), 1543:(1984), 1539:(1983), 1535:(1982), 1531:(1978), 1527:(1976), 1523:(1974), 1384:pergolas 1380:wisteria 1376:clematis 1068:nematode 918:Noisette 879:Bourbons 751:Portland 688:, or as 622:Damascus 588:herbaria 474:historic 470:heritage 359:Features 353:Colorado 214:rosehips 151:florists 62:climates 4438:Culture 4305:Threats 4039:Ispahan 3964:Cupcake 3853:species 3606:21 July 3473:20 July 2895:Suntory 2793:5684293 2772:Bibcode 2342:, 1998) 2233:'Peace' 2170:Gallery 2111:(1988). 2079:was an 2071:Germany 2028:McGredy 1975:was an 1956:Belfast 1942:'Peace' 1894:Norfolk 1800:spp.), 1693:pruning 1687:Pruning 1660:onto a 1125:'Peace' 1064:Bermuda 972:England 900:Réunion 858:odorata 558:Gallica 544:Gallica 301:Islamic 289:Babylon 281:frescos 271:Origins 260:Romania 244:History 206:pruning 124:species 112:budding 89:pergola 78:hedging 4330:Canker 4109:Nevada 3949:Chopin 3778: 3757: 3734: 3719: 3698: 3394: 3256: 3216: 2973: 2800: 2790: 2691: 2631: 2062:, the 1969:roses. 1847:larvae 1839:thrips 1786:canker 1647:Vienna 1494:Bugnet 1444:(1985) 1407:tree. 1393:Rose, 1378:, and 1298:, and 1264:, and 949:German 945:French 904:France 873:Canton 744:balsam 736:sepals 602:Damask 576:Europe 330:Europe 159:thorns 128:shrubs 51:hybrid 4845:Roses 4381:Pests 4124:Peace 3999:Elina 3874:Alain 3840:Roses 3305:(PDF) 3290:(PDF) 3244:Roses 2030:, of 1994:, in 1910:Essex 1908:, in 1827:aphid 1691:Rose 1611:Patio 1496:1950) 1411:Shrub 1405:beech 1250:parks 1051:Korea 1047:Japan 936:Paris 865:with 787:China 776:Italy 740:woods 564:, or 483:China 285:Bible 252:Wild 114:onto 54:roses 40:Peace 4356:rust 3994:Eden 3851:Rosa 3776:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3732:ISBN 3717:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3608:2022 3475:2022 3392:ISBN 3254:ISBN 3214:ISBN 3116:2022 2971:PMID 2954:Gene 2828:2016 2798:PMID 2689:ISBN 2629:ISBN 2161:and 1859:moth 1857:and 1482:Rosa 1340:Rosa 1282:Rosa 1233:Rosa 1196:and 1049:and 1035:The 947:and 854:Rosa 809:The 762:The 727:Rosa 720:The 710:Moss 695:Rosa 648:) × 631:Rosa 580:Asia 556:The 530:and 521:alba 472:and 344:for 303:and 295:and 279:and 168:The 34:The 3250:6–7 2963:doi 2959:259 2788:PMC 2780:doi 1918:of 1768:), 1760:), 1728:or 1453:of 1372:ivy 835:Tea 742:or 598:). 540:'. 258:in 231:in 192:in 172:in 38:, ' 4841:: 3770:, 3753:. 3749:. 3711:, 3599:. 3507:^ 3466:. 3442:^ 3414:. 3374:^ 3313:^ 3298:11 3296:. 3292:. 3252:. 3228:^ 3107:. 3063:. 3048:^ 2983:^ 2969:. 2957:. 2904:^ 2892:. 2874:. 2844:. 2819:. 2796:. 2786:. 2778:. 2766:. 2762:. 2743:. 2712:. 2643:^ 2627:. 2623:. 2598:. 2578:^ 2552:. 1926:, 1922:, 1810:. 1645:, 1566:, 1469:. 1461:, 1374:, 1302:. 1294:, 1290:, 1268:. 1260:, 1256:, 1210:, 974:, 856:× 729:× 697:× 642:× 633:× 624:, 560:, 519:× 517:R. 456:. 307:. 235:, 196:, 80:. 4358:) 4354:( 3832:e 3825:t 3818:v 3763:. 3740:. 3704:. 3610:. 3537:. 3477:. 3427:. 3400:. 3262:. 3222:. 3197:. 3183:. 3168:. 3143:. 3118:. 3092:. 3067:. 3042:. 2977:. 2965:: 2940:. 2898:. 2859:. 2830:. 2804:. 2782:: 2774:: 2768:7 2747:. 2729:. 2697:. 2637:. 2604:. 2563:. 2550:" 2546:" 2165:. 1934:. 1853:( 1841:( 1833:( 1796:( 1780:( 1772:( 1764:( 1756:( 851:( 759:. 628:( 42:' 20:)

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