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608:, the base of a topical medication is often as important as the medication itself. It is extremely important to receive a medication in the correct base, before applying to the skin. A pharmacist should not substitute an ointment for a cream, or vice versa, as the potency of the medication can change. Some physicians use a thick ointment to replace the waterproof barrier of the inflamed skin in the treatment of eczema, and a cream might not accomplish the same clinical intention.
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589:, even though the active ingredient is the same. No comparative potency labeling exists to ensure equal efficacy between brands of topical steroids (percentage of oil vs water dramatically affect the potency of topical steroid). Studies have confirmed that the potency of some topical steroid products may differ according to manufacturer or brand. An example of this is the case of brand name
43:
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1112:. People found that applying medicines on the body surfaces is beneficial in many aspects. Skin medicines can give faster onset and local effect on our body as the surface cream can bypass first pass metabolism such as hepatic and intestinal metabolism. Apart from the absorption, dermal drugs effectively prevent oral delivery limitations such as
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Topical solutions can be marketed as drops, rinses, or sprays, are generally of low viscosity, and often use alcohol or water in the base. These are usually a powder dissolved in alcohol, water, and sometimes oil; although a solution that uses alcohol as a base ingredient, as in topical steroids, can
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is a homogeneous, viscous, semi-solid preparation; most commonly a greasy, thick water-in-oil emulsion (80% oil, 20% water) having a high viscosity, that is intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes. Ointments have a water number that defines the maximum amount of water that
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Topical corticosteroid foams are suitable for treating a range of skin conditions that respond to corticosteroids. These foams are typically simple to apply, which can lead to better patient compliance and, in turn, improve treatment results for those who favor a more convenient and cleaner topical
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Aluminium acetate topical solution: This is colorless, with a faint acetous odour and sweetish taste. It is applied topically as an astringent after dilution with 10-40 parts of water. This is used in many types of dermatologic creams, lotions, and pastes. Commercial premeasured and packed tablets
1026:
Povidone iodine topical solution: This is a chemical complex of iodine with polyvinylpyrrolidone. The agent is a polymer with an average molecular weight of 40,000. The povidone iodine contains 10% available iodine, slowly released when applied to skin. This preparation is employed topically as a
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can be a very precise time released method of delivering a drug. Cutting a patch in half might affect the dose delivered. The release of the active component from a transdermal delivery system (patch) may be controlled by diffusion through the adhesive which covers the whole patch, by diffusion
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The manufacturer of each topical product has total control over the content of the base of a medication. Although containing the same active ingredients, one manufacturer's cream might be more acidic than the next, which could cause skin irritation or change its absorption rate. For example, a
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Ointments are usually very moisturizing, and good for dry skin. They have a low risk of sensitization due to having few ingredients beyond the base oil or fat, and low irritation risk. There is typically little variability between brands of drugs. They are often disliked by patients due to
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and sometimes use alcohol as a solvent for the active ingredient; some gels liquefy at body temperature. Gel tends to be cellulose cut with alcohol or acetone. Gels tend to be self-drying, tend to have greatly variable ingredients between brands, and carry a significant risk of inducing
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and poor appliances due to unpalatable tastes of the drugs . Topical application is an easy way for patients to tackle skin infections in a painless and non-invasive way. From a patient perspective, applying drugs on skin also provides stable dosage in blood so as to give the optimal
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are advised to change places for each application to avoid continuous irritation of the skin. Also, since the drug needs to penetrate the skin, some drugs may not be able to pass through the skin. Some drugs are then “wasted” and the bioavailability of the drug will decrease.
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There are many general classes, with no clear dividing line among similar formulations. As a result, what the manufacturer's marketing department chooses to list on the label of a topical medication might be completely different from what the form would normally be called.
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hypersensitivity due to fragrances and preservatives. Gel is useful for hairy areas and body folds. In applying gel one should avoid fissures in the skin, due to the stinging effect of the alcohol base. Gel enjoys a high rate of acceptance due to its cosmetic elegance.
633:
outer layer of skin wall. Cream is thicker than lotion, and maintains its shape when removed from its container. It tends to be moderate in moisturizing tendency. For topical steroid products, oil-in-water emulsions are common. Creams have a significant risk of causing
301:, being convenient and easy to apply to a large area, being easy to terminate the medication and avoiding gastro-intestinal irritations. All these can increase the patient compliance. However, there are several disadvantages for this system – causing
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Skin penetration is the main challenge for any topical dosage form. The drug needs to penetrate the skin in order to get into the body to apply its function. The drug follows the Fick's first law of diffusion. One of the most common versions of
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through a membrane which may only have adhesive on the patch rim or drug release may be controlled by release from a polymer matrix. Cutting a patch might cause rapid dehydration of the base of the medicine and affect the rate of diffusion.
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potential to ensure that the topical application can be stable during storage and transport to maintain its efficacy. Another potential material is nanofiber-based dispersion to improve the adhesion of active ingredients on the skin.
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A shake lotion is a mixture that separates into two or three parts over time. Frequently, an oil mixed with a water-based solution needs to be shaken into suspension before use and includes the instructions: "Shake well before use".
451:(K) determines the activity of topical drugs. The ability of drug particles to go through the skin layer also affects the absorption of drugs. For transdermal activity, medicines with higher K value are harder to get rid of the
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The other factor concerns metabolism of medications on skin. When the percutaneous drug is applied on skin, it will be gradually absorbed down the skin. Normally, when the drugs are absorbed, they will be metabolised by various
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will be classified one or two strengths higher when moving from cream to ointment. As a rule of thumb, an ointment base is more occlusive and will drive the medication into the skin more rapidly than a solution or cream base.
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enhancement. Advanced
Emulgel technology is a breakthrough of painkilling topical drugs. It helps the gel to enter deeply down the skin layer to strengthen delivery of diclofenac to the point of pain so as to achieve better
1080:(BCS) for oral immediate release solid drug products which is very successful for decades. There are 3 aspects to assess and 4 classes in total. The 3 aspects include qualitative (Q1), quantitative (Q2) and similarity of
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is constant for all newly applied topical drugs and the temperature is constant (normal body temperature: 37 °C), the viscosity and radius of the drug determine the flux of diffusion. The higher the
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Medication may be placed in a solid form. Examples are deodorant, antiperspirants, astringents, and hemostatic agents. Some solids melt when they reach body temperature (e.g. rectal suppositories).
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is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect. By this definition, topical administration also includes
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in nature than solution. They are usually oil mixed with water, and more often than not have less alcohol than solution. Lotions can be drying if they contain a high amount of alcohol.
918:: In this finely subdivided insoluble medicaments are evenly distributed by grinding with a small amount of the base followed by dilution with gradually increasing amounts of the base.
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cause drying of the skin. There is significant variability among brands, and some solutions may cause irritation, depending on the preservative(s) and fragrances used in the base.
455:. The trapped molecules then cannot penetrate into the skin. This reduces the efficacy of the transdermal drugs. The drugs target cells underneath the skin or need to diffuse into
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A transdermal patch which delivers medication is applied to the skin. The patch is labelled with the time and date of administration as well as the administrator's initials.
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surgical scrub and non irritating antiseptic solution; its effectiveness is directly attributed to the presence and release of iodine from the complex. Commercial product:
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is too low, the therapeutic effect is impeded; if the concentration is too high, drug toxicity may happen to cause side effects or even do harm to our body. For the
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Florence, A. T., & Attwood, D. (2016). Physicochemical principles of pharmacy in manufacture, formulation and clinical use. London: (PhP) Pharmaceutical Press.
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of the drugs can affect this diffusion rate too. If the drug shows lower degree of ionization, it is less polar. Therefore, it can have a faster absorption rate.
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1462:. For example, this carrier can have a cooling, drying, emollient or protective action to suit the required conditions of the application site such as applying
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Ointments are formulated using hydrophobic, hydrophilic, or water-emulsifying bases to provide preparations that are immiscible, miscible, or emulsifiable with
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in our body and the amount will be lower. The exact amount delivered to the target action site determines the potency and bioavailability of the drugs. If the
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to exert their effect. Meanwhile, the size of particles affects this transdermal process. The smaller the drug molecules, the faster the rate of penetration.
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or for the application of active ingredients to the skin for protective, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes and where a degree of occlusion is desired.
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antifungal cream might irritate the skin less than an athlete foot formulation of miconazole cream. These variations can, on occasion, result in different
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In order to enhance drug penetration into the skin, scientists have several ways to achieve their purposes by using chemical, biochemical, physical and
337:
and dryness of the skin need to be considered. There are some novel topical drugs in the market which can utilise the system as much as possible.
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utilise it to deliver various drugs. This system usually provides a local effect on certain positions of the body. In ancient times, people used
191:, and ointments. Many topical medications are epicutaneous, meaning that they are applied directly to the skin. Topical medications may also be
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and have a high rate of acceptance by patients. There is a great variation in ingredients, composition, pH, and tolerance among generic brands.
321:. Since skin is the main medium of topical drug delivery system, its conditions determine the rate of skin penetration leading to affecting the
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1077:
1757:"Enhancing Permeation of Drug Molecules Across the Skin via Delivery in Nanocarriers: Novel Strategies for Effective Transdermal Applications"
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for hairy areas. Meanwhile, scientists need to match the type of preparation with the type of lesions. For example, they need to avoid oily
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is a skin preparation that has a high percentage of alcohol. It would normally be used as a drug vehicle if drying of the area is desired.
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60:
2432:"Topical drug delivery strategies for enhancing drug effectiveness by skin barriers, drug delivery systems and individualized dosing"
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corneum underneath the surface of skin. The skin surface integrity can also affect the permeability of drugs such as the density of
126:
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by tape. This greatly increases the potency and absorption of the topical steroid and is used to treat inflammatory skin diseases.
910:: In this method the ingredients are melted together in descending order of their melting points and stirred to ensure homogeneity.
107:
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Zhao, Lin; Chen, Jiamei; Bai, Bai; Song, Guili; Zhang, Jingwen; Yu, Han; Huang, Shiwei; Wang, Zhang; Lu, Guanghua (2024-01-16).
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absorption patterns. Apart from the place, age also affects the absorption as the skin structure changes with age. The lowered
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The first one is the effect of the drug vehicle. The medium to carry the topical drugs can affect the penetration of the drug
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cream in clinical studies have demonstrated significantly better vasoconstrictions than some forms of this drug produced by
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and range in consistency though the most popular dermal products are semisolid dosage forms to provide topical treatment.
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775:. The choice of a base depends upon the clinical indication for the ointment. The different types of ointment bases are:
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Some medications are applied as an ointment or gel, and reach the mucous membrane via vaporization. Examples are nasal
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Metal case for Cruz Roja ointment from Mexico (beginning of the 20th century) from the permanent collection of the
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Shah, Vinod P.; Yacobi, Avraham; Rădulescu, Flavian Ştefan; Miron, Dalia Simona; Lane, Majella E. (August 2015).
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The water number of an ointment is the maximum quantity of water that 100g of a base can contain at 20 °C.
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manufacturers. However, in a simple base like an ointment, much less variation between manufacturers is common.
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that is applied to a particular place on or in the body. Most often topical medication means application to
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857:. They can also be derived from hydrocarbon (fatty), absorption, water-removable, or water-soluble bases.
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The medicaments are dispersed in the base and are divided after penetrating the living cells of the skin.
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networks happen with ageing. These features alter the effectiveness of absorption of both hydrophilic and
379:. The degradation of drugs can be affected by the site of applications. Some studies discovered different
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A.E. Benson, Heather; E. Grice, Jeffrey; Mohammed, Yousuf; Namjoshi, Sarika; S. Roberts, Michael (2019).
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is either the pure drug by itself (talcum powder), or is made of the drug mixed in a carrier such as
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actively metabolized drugs can then maintain high concentration when being applied on skin. Despite
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combines three agents – oil, water, and powder. It is an ointment in which a powder is suspended.
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Topical drug absorption depends on two major factors – biological and physicochemical properties.
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There are many factors for drug developers to consider in developing new topical formulations.
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or unwanted side effects, patients can take off or wash out the medicines quickly to eliminate
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Singh Malik, D; Mital, N; Kaur, G (2016). "Topical drug delivery systems: a patent review".
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to provide topical therapeutic effects. As skin is one of the largest and most superficial
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1958:"A review of topical corticosteroid sprays for the treatment of inflammatory dermatoses"
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or corn cob powder (Zeosorb AF – miconazole powder). Can be used as an inhaled topical (
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to put on wounds for relieving the inflammatory effect or as pain relievers. The use of
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2268:"Povidone–iodine: use in hand disinfection, skin preparation and antiseptic irrigation"
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Citing: The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000
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is an emulsion of oil and water in approximately equal proportions. It penetrates the
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1613:"Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: From Simple Potions to Smart Technologies"
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embedded in a sponge has been used as a primitive contraception in some cultures.
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Ointments are used topically on a variety of body surfaces. These include the
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The site of putting the patches for topical drugs may get irritated and have
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1721:"Dermal absorption of pesticides – evaluation of variability and prevention"
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1100:, filed the first US patents describing transdermal delivery systems for
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A medication's potency often is changed with its base. For example, some
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2328:"A science based approach to topical drug classification system (TCS)"
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2010:
Maurya, Avanish; Gupta, Aditya; Maurya, Jayant Kumar (December 2023).
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Habet, Kyle A; Kolli, Sree S; Pona, Adrian; Feldman, Steven R (2019).
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application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is
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2103:"Ophthalmic drug dosage forms: characterisation and research methods"
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This localized system provides topical therapeutic effects via skin,
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Pastore, M. N.; Kalia, Y. N.; Horstmann, M.; Roberts, M. S. (2015).
2156:. Advances in Oto-rhino-laryngology. Vol. 79. pp. 114–20.
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can be typically seen with topical steroids marketed for the scalp.
199:, or applied to the surface of tissues other than the skin, such as
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delivery way, degradation of drugs in skin is very low compared to
289:, dusting powder and much more. There are many advantages for this
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which have become a popular means of administering some drugs for
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2199:(10th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 371.
1918:
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Yu, Yi-Qun; Yang, Xue; Wu, Xiao-Fang; Fan, Yi-Bin (2021-03-29).
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Cordran tape is an example of a topical steroid applied under
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placed in the ear, or medications applied to the surface of a
36:
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1586:. University of Maryland Medical System. 2009. Archived from
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2383:"Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology"
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by simply removing the patch to stop the delivery of drugs.
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Topical drug classification system (TCS) is proposed by the
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are similar to solution but are thicker and tend to be more
475:
sometimes states that both the application location and the
557:, which is recommended by mouth as a treatment for severe
2101:
Baranowski, P; Karolewicz, B; Gajda, M; Pluta, J (2014).
1566:
Dr. David
Edwards – Dentistry Microbiology Lecture series
175:
to treat ailments via a large range of classes including
2012:"A Review Method And Types Of Ointment In Cosmecuticals"
1068:
Graphical abstract of
Topical Drug Classification System
883:
Properties which affect choice of an ointment base are:
541:
If defined strictly as having local effect, the topical
435:. The metabolism of drugs is mainly by metabolic enzyme
375:
The first factor concerns body structure effects on the
2019:
International
Journal of Novel Research and Development
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or the larger the radius of the drug is, the lower the
317:
can pass through the skin, which limits the choice of
1897:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
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are thicker than liquids. Gels are often a semisolid
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and feel itchy. Hence, some topical drugs including
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Some examples of topical solutions are given below:
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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237:Topical drug delivery is a route of administering
549:of medications that are poorly absorbable by the
269:to beauty purposes. Nowadays, there are numerous
1662:"Topical Drug Delivery Systems: A Patent Review"
1332:{\displaystyle D={\frac {RT}{6\pi \eta rN_{A}}}}
1023:and powders are available for this preparation.
360:problems. Dermatological products have various
143:A medical professional administering nose drops
2036:"Doctor, why are you prescribing an ointment?"
1141:Disadvantages of topical drug delivery systems
30:"Topical" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1761:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
506:distribution. Such medications are generally
439:, and this enzyme is not active in skin. The
8:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1162:Challenges for designing topical dosage form
2266:Durani, Piyush; Leaper, David (June 2008).
1088:Advantages of topical drug delivery systems
771:The vehicle of an ointment is known as the
764:. An ointment may or may not be medicated.
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876:Absorption of medicament into blood stream
265:delivery system is much broader now, from
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127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1924:Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy.
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1060:Topical Drug Classification System (TCS)
368:Factor affecting topical drug absorption
1943:Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy
1660:Singh, D.; Mital, N.; Kaur, G. (2016).
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2332:International Journal of Pharmaceutics
1901:from the original on September 6, 2015
1078:Biopharmaceutics Classification System
974:Certain contraceptive methods rely on
553:. One poorly absorbable antibiotic is
273:that can be used topically, including
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2485:
2321:
2319:
2060:Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
2005:
2003:
2001:
1719:Holmgaard, R.; Nielsen, J.B. (2009).
1666:Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
1478:. Chemists also need to consider the
903:Methods of preparation of ointments:
356:. The most common usage is for local
7:
2193:Loyd Allen; Howard C. Ansel (2013).
1606:
1604:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
2889:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
1499:by modifying the above properties.
978:as a carrier of a liquid medicine.
725:they can contain. They are used as
689:Tube of factor 15 sun block lotion.
27:Medication applied to body surfaces
1846:thefreedictionary.com > topical
25:
1700:from the original on 15 June 2022
1629:10.2174/1567201816666190201143457
1216:{\displaystyle J=-D{dc \over dx}}
534:that may be applied topically is
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2857:
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2284:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2007.00405.x
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41:
2387:British Journal of Pharmacology
2358:from the original on 2022-09-28
2213:from the original on 2023-11-02
2047:American Academy of Dermatology
1876:from the original on 2017-07-30
1828:from the original on 2017-07-30
1737:from the original on 2022-06-16
949:powder used in nasal surgery).
899:Ease of application and removal
867:Release of medicament from base
52:needs additional citations for
1926:WB Saunders. 2001. pp 563–572.
873:Consistency of the preparation
471:The definition of the topical
1:
2657:Effervescent powder or tablet
2344:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.011
2154:Delivery of Topical Therapies
2152:Smith, KA; Rudmik, L (2016).
2072:10.1517/13543776.2016.1131267
1678:10.1517/13543776.2016.1131267
1169:Fick's first law of diffusion
3441:Patient-controlled analgesia
2746:Orally disintegrating tablet
467:Local versus systemic effect
313:may occur. Also, only small
2272:International Wound Journal
839:Water-soluble bases, e.g.,
817:Vegetable oil bases, e.g.,
714:Museo del Objeto del Objeto
636:immunological sensitization
524:hormone replacement therapy
3508:
2952:Relative analgesia machine
2449:10.3389/fphar.2023.1333986
2025:(12): 6 – via IJNRD.
1962:Dermatology Online Journal
1076:. It is designed from the
662:
568:Choice of base formulation
29:
3329:
2855:
2610:
2436:Frontiers in Pharmacology
2107:TheScientificWorldJournal
1774:10.3389/fbioe.2021.646554
1084:release (IVR) rate (Q3).
860:Evaluation of ointments:
799:Hydrocarbon bases, e.g.,
789:Emulsifying bases, e.g.,
514:. Specific types include
479:effect thereof is local.
453:lipid layer of skin cells
151:Instillation of eye drops
3477:Routes of administration
2541:Routes of administration
2247:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1274:Stokes–Einstein equation
1096:, through their founder
1092:In the early 1970s, the
779:Absorption bases, e.g.,
502:into the body to attain
32:Topical (disambiguation)
3067:Extra-amniotic infusion
2672:Molecular encapsulation
2604:Osmotic delivery system
2599:Time release technology
1545:Topical corticosteroids
581:vaginal formulation of
543:route of administration
473:route of administration
297:which can increase its
3370:Central nervous system
3158:
3096:
3024:Mucoadhesive microdisc
2989:
1432:concentration gradient
1414:
1333:
1260:concentration gradient
1217:
1069:
870:Medicament penetration
717:
690:
551:gastrointestinal tract
547:enteral administration
487:
152:
144:
3487:Drug delivery devices
3213:Transfersome vesicles
3157:
3095:
3072:Intravesical infusion
2988:
1617:Current Drug Delivery
1580:"Psoriasis-Treatment"
1415:
1413:{\displaystyle N_{A}}
1334:
1248:diffusion coefficient
1218:
1067:
1054:topical decongestants
711:
688:
560:Clostridium difficile
485:
449:partition coefficient
393:lipophilic substances
295:first pass metabolism
150:
142:
2899:Metered-dose inhaler
2884:Anesthetic vaporizer
2505:History of ointments
1397:
1284:
1271:is described by the
1178:
805:microcrystalline wax
530:. One example of an
526:, and prevention of
407:or disintegrated by
291:drug delivery system
76:"Topical medication"
61:improve this article
3472:Medical terminology
3324:Transdermal implant
3284:(into tissue/blood)
3061:Intrauterine device
2942:Anaesthetic machine
2937:Oxygen concentrator
2120:10.1155/2014/861904
1975:10.5070/d3258045123
1728:Pesticides Research
1497:therapeutic effects
1277:. The equation is:
1127:therapeutic effects
1098:Alejandro Zaffaroni
1056:and smelling salt.
1041:Transdermal patches
516:transdermal patches
510:chemicals, such as
447:enzyme action, the
3436:Nanocell injection
3159:
3097:
2990:
2844:Dry-powder inhaler
2243:"Aluminum Acetate"
2228:2021-11-04 at the
2041:2019-12-15 at the
1851:2010-12-05 at the
1540:Topical antibiotic
1535:Topical anesthetic
1410:
1329:
1213:
1070:
718:
691:
488:
305:and symptoms like
197:asthma medications
157:topical medication
153:
145:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3286:
3248:Transdermal spray
3243:Transdermal patch
3233:Medicated shampoo
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2947:Medical inhalants
2894:Medical inhalants
2822:Respiratory tract
2816:
2815:
2710:
2709:
2399:10.1111/bph.13059
2206:978-1-4511-8876-9
2171:978-3-318-05853-6
2162:10.1159/000445145
1584:Medical Reference
1456:active ingredient
1423:Avogadro constant
1327:
1211:
1155:smoking cessation
1036:Transdermal patch
587:clinical outcomes
545:can also include
267:smoking cessation
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3499:
3335:
3291:
3282:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2832:
2761:Sublingual drops
2734:
2622:
2616:
2572:
2558:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2492:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2451:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2393:(9): 2179–2209.
2378:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2122:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2055:
2049:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2016:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1910:
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1891:
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1736:
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1710:
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1707:
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1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1576:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1492:super saturation
1474:for acute weepy
1447:New developments
1443:of the drug is.
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
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1326:
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1302:
1294:
1270:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1151:nicotine patches
1094:Alza Corporation
1010:Topical solution
896:Irritant effects
893:Solvent property
738:mucous membranes
574:topical steroids
512:steroid hormones
490:In other cases,
323:pharmacokinetics
303:skin irritations
229:, "of a place".
173:mucous membranes
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Gel (medication)
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3431:Intraperitoneal
3403:musculoskeletal
3401:
3392:
3364:
3360:Intra-articular
3336:
3327:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3256:
3137:
3075:
3028:
2973:
2956:
2914:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2853:
2812:
2781:
2706:
2623:
2617:
2608:
2562:Digestive tract
2547:
2538:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2230:Wayback Machine
2216:
2214:
2207:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2172:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:Wayback Machine
2034:
2030:
2014:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1930:
1922:Wolverton, SE.
1921:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1853:Wayback Machine
1844:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1820:Merriam-Webster
1813:
1812:
1808:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:(124): 35–376.
1723:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1525:Finger tip unit
1515:
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1449:
1400:
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1394:
1382:
1370:
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1346:
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1281:
1268:
1254:
1242:
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1195:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1143:
1123:bioavailability
1090:
1062:
1050:
1038:
1012:
1000:
988:
972:
964:
955:
936:
925:
879:Irritant effect
855:skin secretions
795:emulsifying wax
706:
683:
667:
661:
648:
631:stratum corneum
623:
614:
570:
536:chloramphenicol
528:motion sickness
477:pharmacodynamic
469:
457:blood capillary
437:cytochrome P450
389:blood capillary
370:
299:bioavailability
235:
203:applied to the
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
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3390:
3385:
3380:
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3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Intracavernous
3346:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3328:
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3320:
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3273:
3268:
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3261:
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3210:
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3184:
3179:
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3164:
3152:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:Nutrient enema
3130:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3103:
3090:
3088:
3077:
3076:
3074:
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2555:
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2539:
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2536:
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2522:
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2507:
2500:
2499:External links
2497:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2422:
2368:
2338:(1–2): 21–25.
2315:
2278:(3): 376–387.
2258:
2233:
2205:
2185:
2170:
2144:
2093:
2066:(2): 213–228.
2050:
2028:
1997:
1948:
1941:Wolverton, S.
1928:
1912:
1886:
1870:dictionary.com
1857:
1838:
1806:
1747:
1711:
1672:(2): 213–228.
1652:
1623:(5): 440–460.
1600:
1570:
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1521:
1520:
1517:Medical portal
1504:
1501:
1448:
1445:
1441:diffusion flux
1428:
1427:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1391:of the solute.
1380:
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1356:
1340:
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1309:
1306:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1265:
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1240:
1236:diffusion flux
1224:
1223:
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1206:
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1198:
1192:
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1163:
1160:
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663:Main article:
660:
657:
647:
644:
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613:
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566:
468:
465:
401:hair follicles
387:and broadened
369:
366:
358:skin infection
234:
231:
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3424:
3422:
3421:Intramuscular
3419:
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3379:
3378:Intracerebral
3376:
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3198:Iontophoresis
3196:
3193:
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3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
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3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Topical cream
3165:
3163:
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3148:
3144:
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2932:Nasal cannula
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1129:. In case of
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1106:nitroglycerin
1103:
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890:Penetrability
889:
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863:
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861:
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851:
848:
843:200, 300, 400
842:
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832:
828:
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813:soft paraffin
810:
809:hard paraffin
806:
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773:ointment base
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520:birth control
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233:Justification
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165:body surfaces
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117:December 2008
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99:
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92:
88:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3492:Dosage forms
3426:Intraosseous
3416:Intracardiac
3355:Intravitreal
3317:Injector pen
3312:Subcutaneous
3283:
3253:Jet injector
3238:Dermal patch
3146:
3051:Vaginal ring
3019:Insufflation
2771:Effervescent
2545:dosage forms
2439:
2435:
2425:
2390:
2386:
2360:. Retrieved
2335:
2331:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:
2236:
2215:. Retrieved
2195:
2188:
2153:
2147:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2031:
2022:
2018:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1942:
1923:
1903:. Retrieved
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1841:
1830:. Retrieved
1818:
1809:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1727:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1669:
1665:
1655:
1620:
1616:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1583:
1574:
1489:
1453:
1450:
1429:
1421:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1352:gas constant
1350:
1341:
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1234:
1225:
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1144:
1091:
1071:
1051:
1039:
1017:
1013:
1001:
989:
973:
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956:
953:Shake lotion
937:
926:
913:
907:
902:
882:
864:Drug content
859:
852:
849:
846:
772:
770:
768:greasiness.
766:
746:eye ointment
745:
731:
721:
719:
692:
668:
665:Topical gels
649:
624:
615:
612:Formulations
603:
599:generic drug
579:
571:
559:
540:
491:
489:
470:
429:topical drug
417:
409:inflammation
405:sweat glands
381:Percutaneous
374:
371:
362:formulations
339:
271:dosage forms
263:topical drug
236:
226:
216:
193:inhalational
167:such as the
156:
154:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3411:Intravenous
3398:Circulatory
3383:Intrathecal
3307:Intradermal
3299:transdermal
3266:Parenterals
3172:Topical gel
3128:Murphy drip
3106:Suppository
2994:Nasal spray
2928:Oxygen mask
2777:Chewing gum
2716:Oral mucosa
1364:temperature
1102:scopolamine
980:Lemon juice
943:corn starch
915:Trituration
823:coconut oil
606:dermatology
508:hydrophobic
496:transdermal
413:dehydration
331:temperature
293:– avoiding
255:pharmacists
215:. The word
205:conjunctiva
3466:Categories
3271:Injections
3034:Urogenital
2970:Ophthalmic
2826:inhalation
2800:Toothpaste
2728:sublingual
2692:Suspension
2662:Herbal tea
2362:2022-09-28
2252:2024-08-10
2217:2020-05-09
2113:: 861904.
1895:"Vancocin"
1880:2017-07-30
1832:2017-07-30
1822:dictionary
1741:2022-09-28
1594:2012-05-02
1556:References
1480:irritation
1476:dermatitis
835:sesame oil
831:peanut oil
819:almond oil
727:emollients
593:cream and
583:miconazole
555:vancomycin
532:antibiotic
195:, such as
161:medication
87:newspapers
3482:Ointments
3276:infusions
3208:Liposomes
3004:Eye drops
2999:Ear drops
2910:Vaporizer
2905:Nebulizer
2795:Mouthwash
2724:sublabial
2647:Electuary
2637:Decoction
2458:1663-9812
2292:1742-4801
2241:PubChem.
1984:1087-2108
1866:"topical"
1815:"topical"
1783:2296-4185
1472:ointments
1437:viscosity
1430:Assuming
1376:viscosity
1311:η
1308:π
1188:−
1031:solution.
992:occlusion
887:Stability
841:macrogols
827:olive oil
791:cetrimide
698:emollient
352:to treat
315:particles
311:itchiness
209:ear drops
201:eye drops
3447:PIC line
3388:Epidural
3228:Lip balm
3203:Hydrogel
3194:solution
3177:Liniment
3162:Ointment
3121:Hydrogel
3116:Solution
3101:Ointment
3041:Ointment
3014:Hydrogel
3009:Ointment
2805:Ointment
2766:Lozenges
2756:Lollipop
2702:Tincture
2687:Solution
2667:Hydrogel
2652:Emulsion
2594:Pastille
2476:38293666
2467:10825035
2417:25560046
2356:Archived
2352:26070249
2310:18593388
2226:Archived
2211:Archived
2180:27466853
2139:24772038
2080:26651499
2039:Archived
1992:31553858
1899:Archived
1874:Archived
1849:Archived
1826:Archived
1801:33855015
1732:Archived
1704:27 March
1698:Archived
1686:26651499
1647:30714524
1530:Liniment
1503:See also
1460:efficacy
1135:toxicity
1131:overdose
1118:vomiting
1110:nicotine
1082:in vitro
1029:Betadine
1004:tincture
998:Tincture
801:ceresine
785:wool fat
736:and the
722:ointment
704:Ointment
674:emulsion
651:option.
591:Valisone
504:systemic
500:absorbed
461:Polarity
385:collagen
354:diseases
335:pH value
279:ointment
241:via the
3147:topical
3085:enteral
3046:Pessary
2876:Liquids
2849:Smoking
2787:Liquids
2682:Softgel
2629:Liquids
2589:Capsule
2566:enteral
2408:4403087
2301:7951395
2223:Alt URL
2130:3977496
1792:8039394
1638:6637104
1550:Unguent
1482:or any
1420:is the
1385:is the
1373:is the
1361:is the
1349:is the
1257:is the
1245:is the
1233:is the
947:cocaine
781:beeswax
740:of the
694:Lotions
638:due to
595:Kenalog
562:colitis
492:topical
421:enzymes
397:stratum
325:of the
287:patches
249:in the
227:topikos
224:τοπικός
217:topical
189:lotions
101:scholar
3342:Organs
3223:Lotion
3143:Dermal
3081:Rectal
3056:Douche
2836:Solids
2773:tablet
2738:Solids
2720:buccal
2677:Powder
2642:Elixir
2584:Tablet
2576:Solids
2474:
2464:
2456:
2415:
2405:
2350:
2308:
2298:
2290:
2203:
2178:
2168:
2137:
2127:
2088:536499
2086:
2078:
1990:
1982:
1905:Sep 4,
1799:
1789:
1781:
1694:536499
1692:
1684:
1645:
1635:
1468:lotion
1388:radius
1342:where
1226:where
1147:rashes
1114:nausea
976:sponge
970:Sponge
939:Powder
934:Powder
908:Fusion
833:, and
811:, and
760:, and
681:Lotion
445:CYP450
441:CYP450
350:vagina
329:. The
307:rashes
283:lotion
253:body,
247:organs
177:creams
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3218:Cream
3182:Paste
3111:Enema
3063:(IUD)
2979:nasal
2901:(MDI)
2809:Spray
2697:Syrup
2084:S2CID
2015:(PDF)
1968:(8).
1735:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1690:S2CID
1255:dc/dx
1048:Vapor
962:Solid
928:Paste
923:Paste
754:vulva
750:chest
627:cream
621:Cream
433:liver
395:into
377:drugs
319:drugs
275:cream
259:herbs
251:human
239:drugs
221:Greek
213:tooth
207:, or
181:foams
159:is a
108:JSTOR
94:books
3443:pump
3295:Skin
3192:DMSO
3187:Film
2975:otic
2930:and
2751:Film
2553:Oral
2472:PMID
2454:ISSN
2413:PMID
2348:PMID
2306:PMID
2288:ISSN
2201:ISBN
2176:PMID
2166:ISBN
2135:PMID
2111:2014
2076:PMID
1988:PMID
1980:ISSN
1907:2015
1797:PMID
1779:ISSN
1706:2021
1682:PMID
1643:PMID
1458:and
1267:For
1171:is:
1153:for
1125:and
1116:and
1108:and
986:Tape
793:and
783:and
762:nose
758:anus
744:(an
734:skin
670:Gels
653:Foam
646:Foam
348:and
346:nose
342:eyes
327:drug
309:and
243:skin
185:gels
169:skin
80:news
2920:Gas
2462:PMC
2444:doi
2403:PMC
2395:doi
2391:172
2340:doi
2336:491
2296:PMC
2280:doi
2158:doi
2125:PMC
2115:doi
2068:doi
1970:doi
1787:PMC
1769:doi
1674:doi
1633:PMC
1625:doi
1466:or
1464:gel
1074:FDA
748:),
742:eye
720:An
659:Gel
604:In
415:.
411:or
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