146:
213:
1062:
recognized as the main coastal port of the early first millennium. At some point in the mid to late first millennium AD, the center of lapidary workshops appears to have moved from Ujjain to
Limudra, and the main port shifted to Khambhat. Exactly when this shift took place and why it occurred is unclear. What is interesting, however, is that throughout the first millennium AD there was a clear and close spatial association between 1) source areas, 2) production centers, and 3) ports connected to the Indian Ocean."
49:
323:
194:, which was a treatise on precious stones that details their appearance, formation, and properties - particularly in terms of the powers believed to be held by some stones - as believed in medieval Europe. The beliefs about the powers of stones included their ability to prevent harm, heal ailments, or offer health benefits.
57:
227:. As people created tools from stone, they realized that some geological materials were harder than others. The next earliest documented examples of what could be considered lapidary arts came in the form of drilling stone and rock. The earliest roots of drilling rocks date back to approximately one million years ago.
410:
requires the use of diamond tools because of the extreme hardness of diamonds. The cutting, grinding, and polishing operations are usually lubricated with water, oil, or other liquids. Beyond these broader categories, there are other specialized forms of lapidary techniques, such as casting, carving,
1061:
both refer to the jewels made in Ujjain. The evidence from excavations at Ujjain itself, as well as that from surrounding villages, supports this identification. These workshops fed the main market for international trade at the city port of Baruch, at the mouth of the
Narmada, which has long been
382:
is a commonly used tool in lapidary to help measure a minerals hardness. A minerals hardness is measured by seeing how easily scratched it is, and what other minerals on the Mohs
Hardness scale can scratch it. This tool is helpful in indicating what different lapidary methods should be used on the
530:
The initial shaping and facet placement may be done using laps with grits of 220, 600, 1200. The polishing step, however, requires grits of a much higher grade, such as 8,000, 14,000, 50,000 and even 100,000. This grit is also embedded into a metal lap, but sometimes applied manually to the lap
271:
treatises on lapidary arts. They discuss sources of gems and diamonds, their origins, qualities, testing, cutting and polishing, and making jewelry from them. Several other
Sanskrit texts on gems and lapidary arts have been dated to post-10th century, suggesting a continuous lapidary practice.
456:
Faceting requires equipment allowing for very precise adjustment of angle and location around the gemstone for facet-placement, a process sometimes referred to as indexing. The design may be computer-generated or left up to the skill and expertise of the individual cutting the gemstone.
644:
approved respirator with replaceable cartridges and dust filters; using a local exhaust ventilation system or working outside; using proper lubricants; wearing protective clothing; showering and shampooing immediately afterward; and using a wet mop to clean the workshop.
662:, at the beginning of February each year. The event began with the Tucson Gem and Mineral Society Show and has now grown to include dozens of other independent shows. In 2012, this concurrent group of shows constituted the largest gem and mineral event in the world.
519:), or diamond dust in successively decreasing particle sizes until a polish is achieved. In older systems, the grinding and polishing powders were applied separately to the grinding or buffing wheel. Often, the final polish will use a different medium such as
593:, which developed in the late-18th century in Naples and Rome, is sometimes covered under the umbrella term of lapidary work. In this technique, minute slivers of glass are assembled to create still life, cityscape views, and other images. In
353:
Removing cut stone and placing it in lapidary stick. A gemcutter then selects the shaping wheel and applies abrasive compound. They hold a lapidary stick against the revolving shaping wheel and lapidary disk to further shape stone and grind
495:, and indeed most gemstones - are instead shaped and polished in much the same manner. They are usually left up to the skill and expertise of the individual cutting the gemstone and to similar equipment such as the lapping equipment.
434:, a precision metal plate embedded with grit similar to the more familiar embedding of grit on paper the lap is of high precision particularly for flatness and turned by a motor. The grit material is normally diamond and sometimes
657:
throughout the world. In
Australia, there are numerous gem shows, including an annual gem show called the GEMBOREE, which is a nationwide lapidary competition. There is a collection of gem and mineral shows held in
460:
During the process of grinding, faceting, and lapping, the gemstone is usually affixed ("dopped") to a rod (frequently referred to as a "dop" or "dopstick") made of wood, or perhaps brass or steel, with
357:
Depositing stone within a barrel with both water and a grinding/polishing medium and either vibrating or rotating said barrel using friction to grind and polish the stones over time.
641:
613:
Stones can contain asbestos, silica, lead, talc, and other hazardous ingredients. The dust produced by lapidary techniques on such stones can cause health issues if inhaled.
360:
Examining stone for accuracy of cut, using a magnifying glass. A gemcutter polishes stone, using felt or canvas-covered polishing wheel, and polishing compounds, such as
287:
had innovated their own techniques for lapidary before the 10th century, as evidenced by excavations and Indian and non-Indian texts dated to that period.
2213:
279:, archaeological evidence suggests that trade in lapidary products between Africa and India was established in the 1st millennium CE. People of the
426:
or similar tool to simply break off pieces that were usable as single gemstones, the actual shaping and polishing of a gemstone is a grinding or
217:
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1083:
996:
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936:
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1456:
1053:, L’Afrique Orientale et l’océan Indien: connexions, réseaux d'échanges et globalization, Journal: Afriques, Volume 6 (June 2015), Quote: "
1210:
797:
584:
1156:
346:
Positioning rough stone in a holder, and holding the stone against the edge of a revolving saw or lapidary slitter impregnated with
2795:
402:
stones is done with a diamond-edged saw. For softer materials, a medium other than diamond can be used, such as silicon carbide,
418:
While the gemstone in the rough state may be trimmed to remove undesirable material or to separate it on a cleavage line with a
473:
then needs to be constantly applied to prevent softening of the cement. Diamonds, however, are held mechanically, or with low-
399:
882:
Cocca, Enzo; Mutri, Guiseppina (2013). "The lithic assemblages: production, use and discard". In Garcea, Elena A. A. (ed.).
2206:
145:
886:. Journal of African Archaeology Monograph Series 9. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag. pp. 129–166.
375:. A gemcutter may cut and polish diamonds for industrial purposes, and be designated as an Industrial-Diamond Polisher.
137:
has sometimes been applied to collectors of and dealers in gems, or to anyone who is knowledgeable in precious stones.
823:
2996:
2237:
3001:
1667:
31:
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2199:
1503:
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307:
122:
is a person who specializes in cutting diamonds, but in older contexts the term refers to artists who produced
1099:
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2134:
1508:
1227:
1203:
294:. The lapidary products were used as status symbols, for offerings, and during burials. They were made from
503:
Most modern lapidary work is done using motorized equipment. Polishing is done with resin- or metal-bonded
622:
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276:
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469:. The dopstick can be hand-held or inserted into the indexing equipment for more precise faceting. A
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by the early 1st millennium CE. The surviving manuscripts of the 3rd century
Buddhist text
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Gobero: The No-Return
Frontier Archaeology and Landscape at the Sahara-Sahelian Borderland
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2012:
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617:, which is common in colorful minerals such as turquoise and malachite, can damage the
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314:
lapidarists used string saws and drills made of reed and bone as their lapidary tools.
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Rossol, Monona (2001). "Chapter 23: Sculpture, Lapidary, and
Modeling Materials".
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111:. A lapidarist uses the lapidary techniques of cutting, grinding, and polishing.
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in
Florence is completely veneered with inlaid hard stones. The specialty of
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by Buddha Bhatta, and several Hindu texts of mid-1st millennium CE such as
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17:
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and gemstones into a marble matrix. This technique is known in
English as
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India in Africa: Trade goods and connections of the late first millennium
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754:. Vol. X, Jerusalem–MacFerrin. New York: Appleton. pp. 310–311.
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The early Egyptians developed cutting and jewelry fashioning methods for
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577:, where the technique was developed in the 16th century, it is called
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1039:(in Sanskrit and French). Champion. pp. xiv–xv with footnotes.
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saw, accurately described as cutting and once done by the use of a
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2019:
2002:
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Archaeology of Ancient Mexico and Central America: An Encyclopedia
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342:. Among a modern gemcutter's work are the following activities:
299:
2195:
1192:
174:
163:, meaning "stone". In the 14th century, the term evolved from
126:; engraved gems such as jade carvings, a branch of miniature
1188:
223:
The earliest known lapidary work likely occurred during the
750:
Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1860). "Lapidary".
487:
Cabochons - smooth-shaped gemstones without facets such as
169:, meaning 'stonecutter' or 'working with stone', into the
245:
The art of lapidary was relatively well-developed in the
179:, meaning 'one skilled in working with precious stones'.
640:
For lapidary work, safety precautions include wearing a
438:
for their hardness. Only diamond is hard enough on the
107:
designs. A person who practices lapidary is known as a
198:
appeared as an English adjective in the 18th century.
642:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
909:
International Gem Society, Retrieved January 7, 2015
776:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p. ix.
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430:process. This grinding and sanding is done using a
330:There are three broad categories of lapidary arts:
290:Lapidary was also a significant tradition in early
1124:"Mohs Hardness Scale (U.S. National Park Service)"
1049:Jason D. Hawkes and Stephanie Wynne-Jones (2015),
920:
907:The full and complete history of the lapidary arts
822:. Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed.
769:
539:Another specialized form of lapidary work is the
927:. Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. p.
919:Kraus, Pansy D. (1987). "History of Lapidary".
601:carving has been continuous since at least the
37:"Gem drill" redirects here. For the episode of
629:, and the dust from these rocks can result in
262:
256:
250:
2207:
1204:
1149:The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide
1018:(in Sanskrit and French). Champion. pp.
578:
8:
837:
835:
833:
665:In the United States, societies include the
283:region of India and those near the coast of
1072:Susan Toby Evans; David L. Webster (2013).
164:
158:
74:
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2200:
2192:
1581:
1390:
1211:
1197:
1189:
1100:"Lapidary Fundamentals: Gemstone Tumbling"
1170:
1168:
804:. Oxford University Press. Archived from
115:requires specialized carving techniques.
745:
743:
763:
761:
739:
625:systems. The most common minerals are
218:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
216:Lapidary tool kit from around 900 AD,
1078:. Taylor & Francis. p. 400.
7:
958:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 121.
798:"Oxford Dictionaries: Definition of
149:A 17th century English lapidary text
768:Kraus, Pansy D. (1987). "Preface".
1055:The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
955:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
153:The etymological root of the word
25:
1022:–139, see other chapters as well.
2796:Bronze and brass ornamental work
979:Mohsen Manutchehr-Danai (2009).
858:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
826:from the original on 3 May 2007.
597:, lapidary work specializing in
27:Shaping of gemstones for jewelry
983:Dictionary of Gems and Gemology
861:. Routledge. pp. 990–991.
442:to shape and polish a diamond.
326:A jewellery worker in Sri Lanka
952:Sures Chandra Banerji (1989).
275:According to Jason Hawkes and
190:, the term is also used for a
91:into decorative items such as
1:
845:, Online Etymology Dictionary
79:) is the practice of shaping
52:Examples of lapidary products
987:. Berlin: Springer. p.
585:Medici Chapel at San Lorenzo
371:Possibly using a mechanical
752:The New American Cyclopædia
350:dust to cut and slit stone.
263:
257:
251:
3018:
855:William W. Kibler (1995).
449:
391:
205:
36:
29:
2233:
2148:
1104:International Gem Society
130:or ornament in gemstone.
32:Lapidary (disambiguation)
923:Introduction To Lapidary
772:Introduction To Lapidary
2931:Painting in Hälsingland
1713:Nickel silver (alpacca)
841:Douglas Harper (2014),
175:
133:By extension, the term
1036:Les lapidaires indiens
1015:Les lapidaires indiens
633:. Fossil rocks can be
579:
406:, emery, or corundum.
327:
220:
165:
159:
150:
118:In modern contexts, a
75:
64:
53:
2054:Other natural objects
808:on 22 September 2012.
392:Further information:
325:
277:Stephanie Wynne-Jones
215:
206:Further information:
148:
59:
51:
2951:Pressed flower craft
1529:Wire wrapped jewelry
1509:Repoussé and chasing
1033:Louis Finot (1896).
1012:Louis Finot (1896).
667:American Gem Society
557:that are used, like
373:facet-cutting device
30:For other uses, see
2368:Spinning (textiles)
2286:Friendship bracelet
2071:Ebonite (vulcanite)
1057:, and the Sanskrit
649:Societies and clubs
380:Mohs Hardness Scale
247:Indian subcontinent
1416:Jewellery designer
1151:. Allworth Press.
531:during polishing.
328:
221:
157:is the Latin word
151:
124:hardstone carvings
65:
54:
2997:Hardstone carving
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2983:
2874:Hardstone carving
2822:Balloon modelling
2336:Ribbon embroidery
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2188:
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2105:
1976:Organic gemstones
1573:
1572:
1085:978-1-136-80185-3
998:978-3-540-72795-8
965:978-81-208-0063-2
938:978-0-8019-7266-9
893:978-3-937248-34-9
868:978-0-8240-4444-2
783:978-0-8019-7266-9
580:opere di commessi
482:thermal adhesives
113:Hardstone carving
16:(Redirected from
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3002:Jewellery making
2956:Qing handicrafts
2761:Chemical milling
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1633:Britannia silver
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1182:. June 22, 2018.
1176:"Dangerous Dust"
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465:, a specialized
452:Faceting machine
336:cabochon cutting
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660:Tucson, Arizona
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513:aluminium oxide
511:(carborundum),
509:silicon carbide
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478:tin-lead solder
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408:Diamond cutting
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2152:Related topics
2149:
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1180:Rock & Gem
1164:
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731:
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686:
681:
674:
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655:lapidary clubs
650:
647:
610:
607:
536:
533:
500:
497:
463:dopping cement
450:Main article:
447:
444:
420:diamond bladed
389:
386:
385:
384:
376:
369:
358:
355:
351:
319:
316:
252:Rathanpariksha
203:
200:
142:
139:
60:Gemcutting in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3014:
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2998:
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2857:Faux painting
2855:
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2852:Engraved gems
2850:
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2738:Stained glass
2736:
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2726:
2724:
2723:Glass etching
2721:
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2259:
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2256:Banner-making
2254:
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2249:
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2239:
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2232:
2228:
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2217:
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2198:
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2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
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2159:
2157:
2156:Body piercing
2154:
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2150:
2147:
2141:
2138:
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2133:
2130:
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2119:
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2045:Tortoiseshell
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2018:
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1401:Bench jeweler
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1389:
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1377:
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1200:
1195:
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1160:
1158:9781581159929
1154:
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1140:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:Mricchakatika
1056:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
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985:
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948:
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934:
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878:
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864:
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821:
815:
812:
807:
803:
801:
793:
790:
785:
779:
774:
773:
764:
762:
758:
753:
746:
744:
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734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
648:
646:
643:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
608:
606:
604:
603:Shang dynasty
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
542:
534:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
498:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
476:
475:melting point
472:
468:
464:
458:
453:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
411:jewelry, and
409:
405:
401:
395:
394:Diamond blade
387:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
349:
345:
344:
343:
341:
337:
333:
324:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
270:
265:
259:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
219:
214:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
192:lapidary text
189:
185:
180:
177:
172:
167:
161:
156:
147:
140:
138:
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:engraved gems
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
63:
58:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2914:Glass mosaic
2888:
2832:Bone carving
2632:Wood carving
2627:Wood burning
2602:Chip carving
2559:Scrapbooking
2544:Papier-mâché
2510:Papercutting
2463:Iris folding
2451:Photomontage
2446:Papier collé
2411:Altered book
2271:Cross-stitch
2181:Wearable art
2176:Phaleristics
2171:Metalworking
2076:Gutta-percha
1852:Lapis lazuli
1638:Colored gold
1519:Stonesetting
1420:
1179:
1148:
1142:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1035:
1028:
1014:
1007:
982:
974:
954:
947:
922:
914:
902:
883:
877:
857:
850:
814:
806:the original
799:
792:
771:
751:
664:
652:
639:
612:
590:micromosaics
588:
548:
538:
529:
502:
486:
459:
455:
417:
397:
329:
289:
274:
244:
232:lapis lazuli
229:
222:
208:Engraved gem
195:
186:, and later
181:
154:
152:
134:
132:
119:
117:
108:
67:
66:
38:
2941:Pietra dura
2904:Micromosaic
2837:Doll making
2791:Silversmith
2708:Cameo glass
2665:Earthenware
2637:Woodturning
2549:Pop-up book
2534:Papermaking
2421:Calligraphy
2416:Bookbinding
2346:Rug hooking
2316:Needlepoint
2296:Lace-making
2261:Canvas work
2118:Art jewelry
1942:Tiger's eye
1847:Labradorite
1797:Chrysocolla
1792:Chrysoberyl
1708:Mokume-gane
1685:Base metals
1457:centrifugal
1426:Silversmith
1301:Ferronnière
1251:Belt buckle
1246:Belly chain
1128:www.nps.gov
802:in English"
684:Diamantaire
635:radioactive
550:pietra dura
398:Cutting of
308:greenstones
292:Mesoamerica
285:East Africa
258:Agni Purana
99:(including
18:Gem-cutting
2991:Categories
2976:Wall decal
2899:Miniatures
2817:Assemblage
2685:Terracotta
2660:Bone china
2539:Paper toys
2505:Papercraft
2431:Cast paper
2426:Cardmaking
2373:String art
2363:Shoemaking
2351:Rug making
2321:Needlework
2276:Embroidery
2266:Crocheting
2227:handicraft
1952:Tourmaline
1897:Prasiolite
1772:Aventurine
1643:Crown gold
1545:Draw plate
1494:Metal clay
1431:Watchmaker
1421:Lapidarist
1406:Clockmaker
1281:Collar pin
1276:Chatelaine
1133:2022-02-22
1109:2022-02-22
820:"lapidary"
735:References
704:Handicraft
653:There are
555:hardstones
553:, for the
440:Mohs scale
318:Techniques
264:Agastimata
171:Old French
166:lapidarius
109:lapidarist
76:lapidarius
70:(from the
2971:Taxidermy
2961:Scrimshaw
2936:Pargeting
2862:Grotesque
2842:Dollhouse
2786:Goldsmith
2781:Jewellery
2771:Engraving
2728:Glassware
2713:Chip work
2680:Stoneware
2670:Porcelain
2622:Marquetry
2597:Carpentry
2592:Cabinetry
2569:Wallpaper
2495:Embossing
2488:Moneygami
2441:Decoupage
2326:Patchwork
2311:Millinery
2098:Toadstone
2035:Operculum
1962:Variscite
1957:Turquoise
1937:Tanzanite
1872:Moonstone
1867:Marcasite
1862:Malachite
1787:Carnelian
1762:Amazonite
1749:gemstones
1723:Pinchbeck
1668:Argentium
1658:Shibuichi
1599:Palladium
1578:Materials
1514:Soldering
1504:Polishing
1479:Engraving
1474:Enameling
1440:Processes
1411:Goldsmith
1346:Tie chain
1321:Neck ring
1311:Lapel pin
1220:Jewellery
729:Sandpaper
631:silicosis
627:silicates
619:endocrine
567:carnelian
521:tin oxide
499:Polishing
493:turquoise
383:material.
304:turquoise
236:turquoise
225:Stone Age
176:lapidaire
141:Etymology
128:sculpture
120:gemcutter
93:cabochons
89:gemstones
43:Gem Drill
2926:Ornament
2889:Lapidary
2884:Lath art
2867:Gargoyle
2827:Beadwork
2801:Ironwork
2617:Intarsia
2612:Fretwork
2607:Ébéniste
2587:Bentwood
2564:Stamping
2554:Quilling
2500:Marbling
2483:Kirigami
2473:Kamikiri
2378:Tapestry
2331:Quilting
2291:Knitting
2166:Gemology
2140:Fineness
2131:(purity)
2066:Bog-wood
2013:Precious
1993:Ammolite
1932:Sunstone
1922:Sodalite
1917:Sapphire
1877:Obsidian
1817:Fluorite
1807:Diopside
1767:Amethyst
1747:Mineral
1738:Tungsten
1733:Titanium
1648:Electrum
1604:Platinum
1489:Kazaziye
1484:Filigree
1462:lost-wax
1361:Toe ring
1351:Tie clip
1326:Pectoral
1316:Necklace
1291:Cufflink
1266:Bracelet
1261:Bolo tie
1241:Barrette
843:Lapidary
824:Archived
800:lapidary
699:Gemstone
673:See also
571:Florence
541:inlaying
535:Inlaying
517:corundum
446:Faceting
436:corundum
340:faceting
332:tumbling
269:Sanskrit
240:amethyst
196:Lapidary
155:lapidary
135:lapidary
85:minerals
68:Lapidary
62:Thailand
2921:Netsuke
2776:Etching
2756:Andiron
2675:Pottery
2655:Azulejo
2647:Ceramic
2515:Chinese
2478:Origami
2468:Jianzhi
2436:Collage
2393:Weaving
2388:Tie-dye
2383:Tatting
2306:Macrame
2281:Felting
2248:Textile
2238:History
2161:Fashion
2135:Finding
1983:Abalone
1892:Peridot
1857:Larimar
1842:Kyanite
1827:Howlite
1812:Emerald
1802:Diamond
1675:Tumbaga
1653:ShakudĹŤ
1609:Rhodium
1560:Mandrel
1499:Plating
1452:Casting
1447:Carving
1356:Tie pin
1331:Pendant
1306:Genital
1296:Earring
714:Lapping
689:Diamond
471:coolant
428:sanding
413:mosaics
388:Cutting
362:tripoli
354:facets.
348:diamond
202:History
188:English
105:faceted
103:), and
2909:Mosaic
2766:Enamel
2733:Mirror
2525:Slavic
2520:Jewish
2358:Sewing
2341:Carpet
2125:(mass)
2061:Bezoar
1967:Zircon
1927:Spinel
1902:Quartz
1837:Jasper
1822:Garnet
1718:Pewter
1703:Copper
1698:Bronze
1625:alloys
1614:Silver
1565:Pliers
1555:Hammer
1467:vacuum
1394:People
1387:Making
1371:pocket
1271:Brooch
1236:Anklet
1155:
1082:
995:
962:
935:
890:
865:
780:
609:Safety
583:. The
575:Naples
563:jasper
545:marble
424:chisel
404:garnet
400:harder
338:, and
306:, and
281:Deccan
267:, are
238:, and
184:French
101:cameos
41:, see
2810:Other
2748:Metal
2700:Glass
2458:Decal
2403:Paper
2301:Lucet
2129:Carat
2123:Carat
2111:Terms
2086:Shell
2040:Pearl
2030:Nacre
2020:Ivory
2008:Black
2003:Coral
1998:Copal
1988:Amber
1947:Topaz
1906:smoky
1777:Beryl
1757:Agate
1693:Brass
1538:Tools
1376:strap
1366:Watch
1341:Tiara
1286:Crown
1256:Bindi
1228:Forms
719:Pearl
679:Amber
595:China
569:. In
505:emery
312:Aztec
296:shell
173:word
160:lapis
87:, or
81:stone
72:Latin
2879:Inro
2690:Tile
2579:Wood
2225:and
2081:Hair
1912:Ruby
1887:Opal
1882:Onyx
1832:Jade
1594:Gold
1550:File
1336:Ring
1153:ISBN
1080:ISBN
993:ISBN
960:ISBN
933:ISBN
888:ISBN
863:ISBN
778:ISBN
724:Ruby
709:Jade
621:and
599:jade
573:and
565:and
559:onyx
489:jade
378:The
300:jade
261:and
2025:Jet
1781:red
543:of
523:or
491:or
432:lap
364:or
182:In
2993::
1178:.
1167:^
1126:.
1102:.
1020:77
991:.
989:10
931:.
832:^
760:^
742:^
669:.
637:.
605:.
561:,
527:.
507:,
484:.
415:.
334:,
310:.
302:,
298:,
242:.
234:,
95:,
83:,
2215:e
2208:t
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1779:(
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1161:.
1136:.
1112:.
1088:.
1001:.
968:.
941:.
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896:.
871:.
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515:(
368:.
45:.
34:.
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