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my face and yelled at me ... more than fear it made me sick, it smelled very bad, it was very unpleasant, I do not remember asking anything, just hit me like a crazy. He used to call me a bitch, a slut, he was very contemptuous of women, very macho, and he enjoyed imposing terror, I could see it in his eyes." She went on to say, "One night they took me out in a car, Billy the Kid and three other police officers were saying that they were going to show me a safe house they had located, and they threatened me saying that they were going to take me to the Casa de Campo, to rape and leave me out there, that my family would never know about me again. Imagine, when I had just turned 18, handcuffed in a car with four men ... I was a girl, when they threw me on the floor in interrogations, like I was wearing a dress, they said 'look, what the bitch teaches us', those sort of things."
1965:
as a wretched wife whose husband beat her in front of her 10-year-old daughter, was told to, "Be brave, do not neglect your personal arrangement for a moment. And when he gets home, be willing to please him whenever he asks." Another woman talked about how her neighbor made her 15-year-old daughter pregnant, with Elena's advice being to give the child up for adoption. Another woman wrote in to say, "When I was 9 years old, my brother-in-law took advantage of my sexual curiosity to make me lose my purity." Elena
Francis told this woman to confess, as she was partly to blame as she had sinned and encouraged her to continue to living in the home where the violation took place. One woman wrote asking what to do when she saw her husband out with his mistress, with Elena's response being, "If you see them together again, do not get upset; pretend that and offer the sacrifice to the Lord."
1732:
despite her "red" ideas. This practice was not denied either by El
Mizzian, the only Moroccan officer of the Spanish army. I was with this soldier at the road junction of Navalcarnero when two Spanish girls, who seemed not to have turned twenty yet, were brought before him. One of them had worked in a textile factory in Barcelona and a union card was found on her jacket; the other, from Valencia, claimed not to have political convictions. After questioning them to get some information of a military nature, El Mizzian took them to a small building that had been the village school, where about forty Moors rested. When they reached the door, there was a howling scream from the throats of the soldiers. I attended the scene horrified and uselessly indignant. El Mizzian smiled affectionately when I protested what happened saying, "Oh, they will not live more than four hours.""
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number of crimes including adultery, rape and corruption of minors and kidnapping. Rape was specifically dealt with in article 363. It required that force or intimidation directed at the victim or deprivation "of reason or sense" on the part of the victim or the victim need to be under the age of 12 needed to be present for rape to occur. Dishonest abuse was another category related to sex crimes. This included things like anal penetration. Rape convictions lead to sentences of 12 to 20 years. Teachers, priests and authority figures could be imprisoned for having carnal knowledge of those under their care between the ages of 12 and 23, with a minor prison sentence of 4 to 6 years. If the charge was only of dishonest abuse, then prison time could be between 7 months and 6 years. Men could often avoid prison time by marrying their victims.
1902:. The regime claimed that if a woman had an orgasm; it was an insult to her husband. Lidia Falcón O'Neill, arrested seven times, was abused so badly in Madrid's Yeseria prison and in Barcelona's Trinidad prison between 1960 and 1974 that she was left permanently damaged. While beating her, one guard shouted, "¡Now you will not give birth anymore, bitch witch!" Falcón later said of this, "In my case, in addition to the blows, one of the humiliations or insults that they repeated was 'bitch, that way you will not give birth anymore', because they hit me in the abdomen." She said of other women's experiences in prison with her, "Others were raped; luckily it did not happen to me. They undressed them ... there is a macho sadism that enjoys a free woman to deliver her to his criminal instincts."
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for a pillow / and at the reach of the snout / two cribs of alfalfa. / What an honor to go to the tying / of the halter! What remarkable grace / receive in my hooves, / nailed with hooks, / the horseshoes that Franco / won by boldness in Africa! / I already have my back lowered, / my legs are already lowered, and my ears are growing, / already the teeth are lengthened, / the cinch comes short, / the reins are falling out of my way, / gallop, gallop ... step. / I'll be in Madrid tomorrow, / that the schools close, / that the taverns open, / nothing of
Universities, / of Institutes, nothing, nothing, / that the wine runs to the meeting / of a liberator of Spain. / - Attention! Radio Sevilla. / The general of this square, / foolish brave idiot, / Queipo de Llano, he doesn't say anything."
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was perfectly legal, and women had no recourse for dealing with it as they were considered legal property of their husbands. For many married women in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, sexual abuse was the norm in marriage. A woman from
Cordoba named Theodora described her experiences with her husband in this period as, "I did not want, I did not want to . Because if he came (...) Because he has always came late (...) Frozen from drinking and smoking, to me what I would like, if I came to a tart wine and I did not feel like it. But he, whether I wanted to or not, would take me and put me face up and go up and I gave him a speech and he did not care about me, that I had no pleasure." Some women would pretend to be menstruating to avoid having sex with their husbands.
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Antonio González
Pacheco in the Spain's National Court in 2014. González Pacheco was finally investigated in 2018 as a result of seven complaints filed in Madrid that alleged crimes against humanity. Only one of the seven cases was investigated for torture related offenses. The government argued against the cases being accepted as his actions and those of other men in the Spanish police were not part of a systemic pattern designed to repress a specific part of the population. González Pacheco was never stripped of any of his honors by the Spanish state, despite the allegations later made against him.
2037:, which could confine girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime. They could be admitted to these centers starting at age 16 through police raids, for "immoral behavior," arbitrary reports from family members and individuals ("guardians of morals"), requests from civil and religious authorities, or at the request of the women themselves or their parents. In practice, however, girls as young as 11 were forcibly interned. Young women and girls were routinely trafficked to men and forced to bear children, only to have their
2101:. She said of this, "Just to hear the name of Billy the Kid , my hair stood on end. I was detained for three days in the Puerta del Sol police station. No one warned my family and no one gave information about my whereabouts during those three days. My hair is still standing on end when I remember those days. Just to hear the name Billy the Kid makes my hair stand on end." González Pacheco broke her face by hitting it with his fists. González Pacheco also stole some of the money Rumín had on her when she entered detention.
1596:. Before their rapes and murders, they were forced to drink alcohol and perform oral sex on male Falangists and were paraded through the streets in only their underwear. After they were thrown in the well, the Falangists paraded through the town with the women's underwear hung like flags from their rifles and shotguns. Five female nurses from Barcelona were captured in Majorca after the Republican retreat. Falangists gave all intrusive virginity tests, and then engaged in group rape in
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culture encouraged domestic violence by husbands towards wives, and it included rape. Laws made non-consensual sex illegal in some cases, but there was tremendous social pressure not to report this behavior. Women with
Republican ties were often raped until at least the 1960s, with social acceptance of the practice. These women often tried to move to cities to become more anonymous. Some were raped and sexually harassed in prison, including
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adultery; married men were only guilty if they brought their mistresses to live in the marital home. The 1945 Law of
Political Responsibilities punished anyone who showed any active or passive affinity towards the Second Republic or towards the "reds". In the Northwest Region of Murcia, only 2.49% of the arrests under the Law of Political Responsibilities involved women. Women guilty of this offense were not always charged this way.
2231:, and a different meaning." She went on to say that, "not only of a different brutality, but also had a clear objective, which was to punish those women that the regime considered had broken with their social position." She continued, saying the goal of Francoist was to, "send a message of pressure to the whole society of what the model of female behavior should be and at the same time they used women to punish the men of the Republican side."
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1961:, Spain's immorality police. Letters with delicate subject matters did not air, but did receive sometimes horrifying responses. Many women wrote to the show as they had no one else to turn to. None of the letters that have been preserved from the show use the word rape, but women writers described being raped using euphemisms, such as "He did what he wanted from me" and "I fall asleep and my brother does what he wants ... "
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1651: in the summer of 1937, their supporters engaged in wide scale sexual harassment. Women's heads were shaved, and some were publicly beaten while half naked. This caused psychological damage not just to the victims, but also to their families who had to bear witness to the abuse. Catholic Nationalist troops also engaged in sexual violence against Republican women. Led by
2193:. Spain's has been criticized for "the complete forgetfulness within the law of the Historical Memory of the crimes against humanity against republican women." Prior to the 1990s, there was no way to tell in Spain that number of women who were killed by their boyfriends or husbands. The abuse and murder of women in Spain was a form of sexist terrorism and claimed more victims than that of ETA.
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1497:". Their heads were often shaved in an attempt to humiliate them by stripping them of one of their outward signs of femininity. Many of these practices were borrowed from Italian fascists. To add to the humiliation of these women, many had their households ransacked, with all their valuables stolen by Nationalist supporters who then sold all their property on the
1793:, "Our brave legionaries and regulars have taught the cowards of the reds what it means to be a man. And, by the way, also to women. After all, these communists and anarchists deserve it, have not they been playing free love? Now at least they will know what real men are and not sissy militiamen. They will not fight, no matter how hard they struggle and kick."
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targeting women has historically underrepresented women or devalued the specific repression women faced in this period. Much of the violence in this period was gendered, and there were efforts to dismiss, hide or downplay violence against women as part of further efforts to repress women. Quantification has largely resulted in the erasure of women's history.
1528:, the wife of a socialist party member, was also hiding from Falangists. She too was discovered by a group of four Falangists who beat and raped her, before taking to her a cemetery where they raped her again and then executed her. All were thrown into common graves. During the Civil War, Falangists raped women in the courtyard of the hospital in
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in prison, taking children away from mothers and placing them in
Nationalist homes before the mother was executed. Women were considered prizes of war; their bodies were considered part of a battlefield that Nationalist forces had to defeat. The purpose was to force women into subordination or to use women's trauma to control male family members.
1647:. Sometimes after Falangists were done raping women, they would brand the breasts of their victims with the yoke and phalanx arrows, the Falangist symbol. In late 1938, a 17-year-old girl in Unarre was forced to watch her mother being executed, and then she was brutally gang raped and executed. When Nationalist troops occupied
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them where, had the last names of their baby changed, and then were given to loyal
Nationalist families. This law helped formalize the stolen babies process, a process that would not end until the middle of the democratic transition. Estimates by activists put the number of stolen babies at around 30,960 boys and girls.
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carnal sex with a man and abuse was also involved, then he could receive 12 to 16 years in prison. Employers who abused honest women in their employ into having sex with them could also be imprisoned, though this sentence could be commuted if he married her. Financial penalties for committing rape were also increased.
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victims. Divorce was legalized in 1981. Other legal reforms took place in 1983. Still, rape was not treated as a serious institutional problem inside Spain and victims had little recourse. In 1987, Spain's
Supreme Court ruled that rape victims did not need to prove they actively fought off their rapist to lodge a complaint.
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in Vizcaya in late 1937 refused to have sex with their Nationalist military captors, even with the threat of being executed. The night after refusing, many were actually shot. The stories of these women's resistance were spread by word of mouth, and they became symbols of resistance for other women facing repression.
2227:, who was imprisoned repeatedly between 1960 and 1974. Glenys de Jesús said of Women's Link's need to file this, saying, "both for the crimes already reported within the cause and for which Women's Link adds now, apply a perspective that takes into account that violence that was used against women and men was direct,
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accusations also disappeared in 1978. The Socialists also successfully got articles 436 and 442 repealed from the criminal code in April 1978. Reforms in the law in 1978 meant men could also be considered victims of rape. That year, contraception also became legal. Divorce also became legal in 1981.
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compensated women who were forced to swallow castor oil or had their hair shave or forced to walk naked through their towns with €1,800. This compensation was a result of the Historical Memory Board of Andalusia. Similar compensations were offered to other victims of historical repression
1964:
Women who were abused by their husbands were routinely told to not leave home, to put up with his behavior, and that they were guilty of failing their husbands which was why they behaved violently towards them. Women wrote to describe being victims of gender violence. One woman, who described herself
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A law enacted by Franco in December 1941 said that pregnant women given death sentences would have their executions stayed until they gave birth. At that point, the baby would be given to the father if he was alive and in Spain. Otherwise, many of these women had their newborns taken from
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Sexual violence was a commonly used tactic by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War, aimed exclusively at women. It was coupled with other violence aimed at women, including forcing women to drink castor oil so they would uncontrollably soil themselves, taking children away from women
2238:
Antonio González Pacheco benefited from the Amnesty Law in October 1977. Argentine Justice placed an international arrest warrant for González Pacheco in 2013 as part of their broader investigation into human rights abuses by the Francoist regime. People first tried to bring charges in Spain against
1866:
When men returned home from the front lives of the Civil War, culture dictated they had a certain sexual freedom that women were denied. This included the ability to go out at night, have sex with prostitutes and otherwise be promiscuous. At the same time, the return of traditional
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members to rape local women was a carryover from Spanish military actions in their colonial possessions. German soldiers offering Nationalists support during the Civil War would sometimes delight in taking photographs of violence committed by Spanish Moroccan Legionaries against women, including the
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prison. The voices of victims could be heard screaming throughout the prison. Women in prison were constantly faced with guards who asked them for sexual favors in exchange for improving their situation in prison or the situation of other incarcerated relatives. Some female political prisoners
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was given scissors so he could cut off all the woman's genital hair. He refused. A member of the Civil Guard was brought in to do this, but he only half finished removing her genital hair. Finally, the head of Falange de Brenes completed the job. Wife of a socialist councilor
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who belonged to the Spanish Democratic University Federation (FUDE), Revolutionary Antifascist and Patriotic Front (FRAP). She said of her experience with González Pacheco following her arrest by two policemen that summer, "What I remember most was his mouth, very big, how he approached
1968:
Another teenaged girl from Barcelona wrote in to say of her father, "I have to wait with resignation the day I do not doubt my father would hit me or step on my face as one day he did and I would be forever disgraced." The advice to women who were rape victims or victims of gender violence was that
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said, "The life of every woman, despite what she may pretend, is nothing but a continuous desire to find somebody to whom she can succumb. Voluntary dependency, the offering of every minute, every desire and illusion is the most beautiful thing, because it implies the cleaning away of all the
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that said, "Tonight I take Malaga, / on Monday, I took Jerez, / Montilla and Cazalla Tuesday, / Wednesday, Chinchón, and on Thursday, / drunk and in the morning, / all the stables / Madrid, all the blocks, / mullendo cagajones, / they will give me their soft bed./ Oh, what a treat sleeping / taking
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magazine in October 1942 said of Francoist commanders, "They never denied that they had promised white women to the Moors when they entered Madrid. Sitting with the officers on a camp bivouac, I overheard them discussing the collusion of that promise; only some argued that a woman was still Spanish
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was beaten so badly that she miscarried. She was then abandoned by her Falangist torturers, and died a short time later as a result of the torture she had been subjected to. After Frasquita Avilés rejected a Falangist who fell in love with her, the Falangist killed her and then raped her
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Complaints against his ill-treatment of prisoners had been made to the police by 1974, but had not been acted on, even after the start of the democratic transition. The complaints, while he was still employed, would eventually total to 17. In 1974, the Municipal Court Number 19 in Madrid sentenced
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The 1944 Penal Code said rape was a punishable offense when a girl was between 12 and 23 if she was a virgin, and between the ages of 17 and 23 if she was not a virgin. The 1944 Penal Code also made it so that in almost all cases, only married women and men they had affairs with could be guilty of
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The Penal Code of 1848 established the definition of sexual crimes in Spain. It would not be substantially altered until 1996, and was the major law related to this type of crime in the Francoist period. Title X had a section called "Crimes against honesty". This section deal with a
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Women were taught in the Francoist period that their purpose was to submit to their husbands, and this included in areas of sex where they were to humbly accede. Domestic violence, committed by men towards their spouses, was a rampant problem in Francoist Spain. This sort of violence against women
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The Law of 6 November 1942 changed the criminal code around both rape and adultery. Women between the ages of 16 and 23 who were deceived into having sex could file a complaint again a man, which could see him going to prison for up to six months. If an honest woman was deceived into having
1439:
After the Civil War ended, Spanish men returned home to a culture that insisted women were completely subservient to men, and where men were allowed to have sex with prostitutes and otherwise be promiscuous. Women were taught to be subservient and that their happiness was not important. This
1436:. Women in prison were also raped, often facing death if they refused to have sex with their captors. The exact extent of the problem will likely never be known as there was less record keeping around women, and quantification attempts have largely resulted in the erasure of women's history.
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A reform in 1983 said that a victim offering forgiveness to the perpetrator would not result in the dropping of criminal proceedings in the cases of rape, sexual abuse and kidnapping. Thefts of children from female political prisoners continued into the early 1980s. These mothers were often told
2077:
was another González Pacheco survivor. She was had just destroyed documentation about her political affiliations before González Pacheco broke into her house. She said of this, "He would approach your face and take your breath, which was repulsive because it smelled like alcohol. This was
1928:
While rape was illegal in some instances in Spain, the crime was under-reported in the Franco period because women saw being a rape victim as a source of humiliation and shame. This was compounded by the fact that many victims were not highly educated and lacked the personal confidence to
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Repression against women by Nationalist forces has been difficult to understand as historians have traditionally been obsessed with quantifying the number dead, imprisoned and wounded. As much more detailed records were kept about men than women, the history of Francoist repression specifically
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have resulted in more attention about to the violence faced by women during the Spanish Civil War and the Francoist period. The Junta de Andalusia started offering women compensation for violence against them in 2010. Court cases also began to be explored against perpetrators of these
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As a result of Franco's death in 1975 and the democratic transition starting, the first protest condemning violence against women was held in Barcelona in 1976. Age of consent laws changed two years later, along with laws about honesty. Men were also legally able to be considered rape
1701:
As a way of creating additional humiliation for women and their families, Nationalist troops would sometimes direct groups of Moroccan soldiers under their command to rape specific women and groups of women in villages. These sexual assaults were often so brutal that women victims died within
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ends with a demand that the Spanish government start "the opening of an effective and independent official investigation of all its crimes, as required by the European Court of Human Rights, which will lead to the clarification of the facts and the criminal prosecution of those responsible."
2166:
The issue of age of consent was before the Congress in April 1978. It was changed from eighteen, to between twelve and sixteen. Between those ages, consent was allowed only if the other person did not have authority over the younger person. Issues around women's honesty as it related to rape
1800:"The famous Pasionaria has taken it with me because she does not realize that I admire her, for having managed to ascend from virgin of 30 reals to the first figure of the regime." His radio show was so explicit in its violence that it was sometimes censored by Francoist forces. Ahead of the
2234:
A new line of investigation into sexual abuse by the Franco regime was admitted in the National Criminal and Correctional Court No. 1 of Buenos Aires in October 2018. A more general case about human rights violations by the regime had first been opened in Argentina in 2010.
1816:, wait until I get there in ten days! I will sit in a café on Calle Larios drinking beer and for each sip of mine you will fall ten. I will fire ten ... for each one of us who you shoot, even if I have to get you out of the grave to do it." Of the potential capture of Sevilla and
2223:, the only Argentine judge reviewing Franco era human rights violations in the country. Of the six women named in the suit, five were murdered. They were Margalida Jaume Vendrel, Daria and Mercedes Buzadé Adroher, Pilar Sánchez Lladrés and Matilde Lanza Vaz. The other woman was
1501:. The Franco regime's actions against women during the Civil War were flagrant and unprosecuted violations of the 1898 Hague Convention and 1929 Geneva Convention. The total numbers of women who were victims of sexual violence and abuse during the Civil War will never be known.
1600:. The next day, all five women were murdered in the Son Coletes cemetery. Following their deaths, Falangists tried to depict these Republican nurses as prostitutes to justify their actions. The reputations of these Republican nurses would not be rehabilitated until 2005.
1747:
while she was giving birth, having taken her from jail and shaving her first. He then tried to hide her body. Díaz was acquitted of murder because the court ruled Lineros was a dangerous red, despite lots of testimony from other women who claimed she was not. In a case in
1916:
Rape of women with Republican ties was common until at least the 1960s, with authorities generally treating male perpetrators as immune to prosecution. Everyone was taught to look the other way when violations of women occurred, and records of rape were not kept.
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policeman. Decorated for a medal for police merit, he was known for his enjoyment of imposing terror, particularly on women, that he professionally came into contact with while investigating or arresting them. One of his victims was Lidia Falcón.
1752:, when there was a leadership in Falange, the incoming boss wrote an internal report that accused the outgoing leader as drunk, rapist and extortionist. For the most part, such written testimonies either do not exist, were destroyed or have gone missing.
1678:. On 24 December 1938, four women in Maials were raped, including one who was raped at gunpoint in front of her husband and 7-year-old son. In Callús, a husband had to watch his wife, daughter and female cousin be raped by Regulars before they were
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Nationalist supporters defined women two ways: Either as good, Catholic, self-sacrificing mothers, or immoral women who provoked men by their dress, showing off bare arms and using tight clothing to highlight their form. For figures like
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who worked in homes of the rich as seamstresses tried to form a union in the spring of 1936. Following the start of the Civil War, these women were tried for their attempt to unionize. Their punishment was sexual abuse.
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their children were born dead, or had serious illness at birth and subsequently died. In 1987, Spain's Supreme Court ruled that rape victims did not need to prove they actively fought off their rapist to lodge a complaint.
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1944:
was a radio program that aired in Spain between 1947 and 1984, where women were able to ask for advice on problems they had. Issues of marital gender violence often came up. The show was created by
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Women and girls in Nationalist prisons were systematically raped. As a form of punishment, women sometimes were paraded through the streets wearing very little clothing. They were made to sing "
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were both raped while in prison as a result of their involvement in the 1962 Asturian mining strikes. The rapes took place as part of broader torture they were forced to submit to.
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1607:. Sometimes Nationalist soldiers would stay in homes of poor families with no man present. They would take advantage of the situation to rape women in the household. In
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Franco died in November 1975. The first protest condemning violence against women was held in Barcelona in 1976. Women marched, chanting phrases like "Against rape, castration" (
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In February 1975, Communist Youth member María Rumín was a 17-year-old when she became another one of his victims while she was defending free and quality publish schools at
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150:
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Children, both boys and girls, who lived in state run boarding schools or in orphanages run by the Catholic Church were often subject to violence, degradation and rape.
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Women in prison during the Francoist period continued to have their heads shaved as a way of denying their womanhood. Women in Francoist Spain were sometimes subject to
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In the modern era, it is understood that the type of violence women experienced in the Spanish Civil War is common, having occurred throughout history in places like
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undergo a humiliating experience of reporting the act to the police who were often suspect of their claims or who would take the side of the rapist by default.
1820:, he said, "Tomorrow we take Peñaflor, so let the women of the reds prepare their mourning shawls. We are determined to apply the law with inexorable firmness:
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confined girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime, and forced them to give birth only to have their
1611:, two female nurses and other local women were raped by Falangists. Pregnant and non-pregnant women were raped and then executed in Spanish cities like
1555:, a woman was taken to a farmhouse, and then forced lay on the ground and roll up her dress to expose her genitals. After this was completed, Falangist
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1686:, female militia members, were also frequently raped by Nationalist supporters when captured on the battlefield. They too also had their heads shaved.
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1693:, where women were removed by Falangists to their barracks to be raped. Thirty women were raped in the course of three months by two officials at the
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On 16 March 2016, a case about Francoist sexual and gender violence was filed, citing human rights violations, in Argentina. The case was brought by
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3356:"¿Una pequeña revolución sexual?: Experiencias de sexualidad y anticoncepción de mujeres andaluzas entre los años cincuenta y ochenta del siglo XX"
1576:, five young girls between the ages of 16 and 22 were raped, murdered and then thrown into a well by Falangists on 27 August 1936. Their names are
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Falangist troops acted as rearguard troops, serving in places captured by troops or where there had never really been any nationalist opposition.
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2685:"130.200 asesinados por el fascismo impune. En Andalucía hay más personas desaparecidas que en Chile, Argentina y Guatemala juntos. – PRES.O.S."
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3868:"Violation of Women's Human Rights in the Magdalene Laundries of Ireland and the Centers of the Board for the Protection of Women in Spain"
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during the Spanish Civil War in Andalusia. Of the 2,742 people who received compensation under this scheme, only 5% were women.
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for the violence they committed against women, though even then most male perpetrators were acquitted. Sevillian homosexual Falangist
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1913:. Sometimes I would answer the nun and they would punish me with electric shock, but not because she was crazy, but as punishment."
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in 1936. After being caught, Falangist troops gave them a virginity test, and then brutally and repeatedly raped the sisters.
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1832:, to prepare graves. I authorize you to kill like any dog who resists you, that if you do so, you will be exempt from all guilt."
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raped two women and then executed them by placing grenades between their legs. Regulars also raped several young women in
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3492:"Elena Francis, el consultorio donde las mujeres del franquismo hablaban de infidelidades, aborto, violencia sexual o incesto"
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1958:
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4019:"El relato de las víctimas de Billy el Niño, el "sádico terrorista de la tortura" que daba un trato 'especial' a las mujeres"
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2305:"Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory
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1142:
1077:
1043:
968:
792:
686:
180:
991:
973:
758:
716:
573:
447:
378:
143:
2163:). At the time, rape was not treated as a serious institutional problem inside Spain, and rape victims had few rights.
1774:
4630:
3638:"Violaciones y pederastia: salen a la luz las cartas que ignoró el consultorio de Elena Francis durante el franquismo"
3397:
2713:
2007:
3782:
2278:
2083:
2055:
2050:
1981:
1954:
1448:
1001:
2579:
1006:
996:
4686:
3909:"Pilar Dasí, encerrada en el Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: "Había sadismo; fue una salvajada del franquismo""
2745:
2253:
2038:
2034:
2011:
1861:
1452:
1441:
1356:
1247:
113:
3330:
2831:
2200:
1940:
3692:
1204:
1082:
797:
777:
432:
325:
103:
1466:
crimes, with some action taking place in Spain but most of the attempts to prosecute taking place in Argentina.
4731:
4403:
4320:"Las víctimas 'olvidadas' de Franco: violencia sexual, tortura y humillación contra las mujeres | Women's Link"
1581:
1320:
1154:
1137:
427:
72:
2220:
2059:
1796:
Queipo de Llano would also resort to calling Republican he opposed prostitutes. On his radio show, he said of
1723:
removal of women's breasts. Despite Franco's attempts to intervene to stop this behavior, it continued.
1603:
Nationalists forces would rape girls as young as 12, sometimes repeatedly. One such incident occurred in
1525:
3985:
1906:
1740:
4144:
1845:
1836:
1821:
1778:
1769:
1715:
1667:
1573:
1433:
1292:
802:
284:
250:
4196:
2356:
El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo
2327:"Peña Grande, la maternidad de los horrores que sobrevivió a Franco: "Las monjas nos exponían como ganado""
1556:
4109:
3450:
1909:, who lived at the Casa de la Caridad in Barcelona, said of her own personal experience, "They took me to
1302:
1264:
1209:
1097:
920:
568:
28:
3119:"Era más la miseria que el miedo": mujeres y franquismo en el Gran Bilbao : represión y resistencias
1706:. Because many died, it makes getting approximate numbers of rape victims difficult. Another occurred in
1585:
1577:
4736:
2619:"La denuncia sobre la victimización de la mujer en el franquismo influirá en toda la Querella Argentina"
2094:
1910:
1593:
1462:
442:
294:
262:
3263:
2067:
1710:, with the anarchist woman subsequently being shot by a firing squad. Other incidents also occurred in
1589:
1541:
2216:
2087:
2074:
1690:
1393:. Sexual violence was common on the part of Nationalist forces and their allies during the Civil War.
4437:
4432:
4427:
3169:
2999:
2364:
2268:
2258:
2019:
1946:
1521:
1509:
1159:
1102:
948:
895:
787:
710:
692:
676:
123:
4226:
4046:
3517:
1420:
Regular Nationalist soldiers engaged in similar patterns of rape, torture and murder in places like
4530:
4287:
3808:"El lado oscuro del consultorio de Elena Francis: así trataba a víctimas de violencia y pederastia"
3055:
Moriren dues vegades: Daria i Mercè Buxadé, enfermeres catalanes assassinades a Mallorca l'any 1936
2263:
1950:
1797:
1707:
1565:
1332:
1092:
1053:
943:
910:
905:
744:
699:
663:
647:
277:
245:
215:
205:
118:
1666:. Another group of Nationalist regulars raped a woman, her daughter and her female cousin in
1537:
1505:
1744:
1628:
1282:
1219:
817:
705:
625:
358:
267:
62:
3026:"Las víctimas 'olvidadas' de Franco: violencia sexual, tortura y humillación contra las mujeres"
2797:"Las víctimas 'olvidadas' de Franco: violencia sexual, tortura y humillación contra las mujeres"
1922:
1749:
538:
1636:
4353:
4295:
4234:
4176:
4117:
4054:
3957:
3879:
3867:
3832:
3671:
3540:
3458:
3416:
3367:
3355:
3271:
3177:
3122:
3068:
3058:
2525:
2515:
2033:
During the Francoist period, this institution had closed internment centers, generally run by
1817:
1640:
1390:
1242:
1199:
1032:
782:
670:
464:
396:
373:
165:
160:
128:
3209:"Los legionarios enseñaron a los cobardes rojos lo que son hombres y no milicianos maricones"
1624:
3532:
2361:
The Women's Protection Board: Prostitution, Morality and State Intervention during Francoism
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
1736:
1612:
938:
915:
875:
616:
437:
422:
299:
133:
108:
2078:
something he did a lot with women; he wanted to make us smaller, as if he were a monster."
3979:"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España"
2354:
2248:
2190:
2003:
1899:
1857:
1727:
1385:
1252:
1107:
860:
822:
807:
633:
558:
512:
459:
417:
407:
330:
289:
230:
200:
170:
77:
3926:"El Patronato, la cárcel de la moral franquista para adolescentes: "Era como la Gestapo""
2224:
1066:
1867:
Catholicism demanded the woman return to traditional roles such as the wife and mother.
3664:
2879:
1719:
1429:
1297:
1287:
855:
320:
257:
235:
195:
138:
1789:
Queipo de Llano had a radio program, where he said of the mass rape which occurred in
1689:
Women and girls in Nationalists prisons were often raped. This was common in the
4710:
2832:"Testimonios de mujeres que sufrieron la represión franquista en un curso de la UCLM"
2553:"Violaciones, humillación y tortura: así trató el franquismo a las mujeres detenidas"
1432:
were used to commit rape against women to instil terror among local populaces, using
1237:
963:
953:
900:
870:
827:
52:
42:
4475:
3559:"'Arde Madrid' y el sexo: así reprimió Franco los "actos impuros" de los españoles"
1829:
1703:
1659:
first raped fourteen nurses and a 15-year-old girl. They then murdered them.
1620:
1498:
1344:
958:
865:
368:
342:
335:
210:
4170:
3951:
1516:, were participating in Republican action against Franco's nationalist forces in
3518:"Shaping Women: National Identity Through the Use of Language in Franco'S Spain"
3297:"Contra el "accede humildemente" franquista que contribuyó a la sumisión sexual"
2098:
2015:
1918:
1756:
1652:
1494:
1038:
563:
402:
363:
315:
240:
225:
47:
3584:"Un documental desvela las torturas a menores en los internados del franquismo"
2082:
González Pacheco single day in prison and fined him 1,000 pesetas for abuse by
1413:. They would rape, torture and murder socialists, young girls, nurses and
3833:"Decree of November 6, 1941, organizing the Board for the Protection of Women"
3146:"Queipo de Llano y la violación como propaganda del terror en la Guerra Civil"
2186:
1809:
1675:
1608:
1545:
1425:
1389:
was a problem that was a result of Nationalist attitudes developed during the
890:
885:
82:
4357:
4299:
4238:
4121:
4058:
3883:
3544:
3462:
3371:
3275:
3181:
3126:
3072:
2973:
2529:
2014:, and brutality, the Board targeted girls and young women, confining them in
1670:. When they were done, they then bayoneted the women. Other regulars in
3536:
1671:
1561:
1513:
1406:
1394:
880:
190:
175:
87:
67:
2066:
One alleged incident took place in 1975 involving an 18-year-old girl name
1813:
1805:
1188:
4047:"Reportaje | González Pacheco, alias "Billy el Niño", un policía estrella"
3757:"Los tremendos consejos de Elena Francis a mujeres maltratadas o violadas"
3360:
Dynamis: Acta Hispanica Ad Medicinae Scientiarumque Historiam Illustrandam
4084:"Billy el Niño: un apodo infantil para un supuesto torturador franquista"
1694:
1632:
1517:
1402:
1398:
1059:
57:
3694:
Elena Francis, consejos para la mujer sumisa | Placeres | S Moda EL PAÍS
3398:"Los delitos sexuales en el Código Penal: de la violación a la agresión"
2086:. Other proceedings against her were dismissed as a result of the
1790:
1711:
1679:
1597:
1533:
412:
3264:"Taken Under Fascism, Spain's 'Stolen Babies' Are Learning the Truth"
2477:"EL ABUSO SEXUAL DE LA MUJER COMO ARMA DE GUERRA EN LA ZONA NACIONAL"
1825:
1782:
1663:
1648:
1604:
1552:
1544:
were both decorated by Nationalists forces after they raped women in
1529:
1421:
1410:
453:
3170:"Reportaje | La última victoria de Mizzian, el general exterminador"
2905:"L'Abús sexual de la dona com a arma de guerra a la zona nacional"
1835:
Rafael Alberti wrote a poem that was read of Nationalist radio by
1773:
1644:
1616:
1087:
4145:"Billy el Niño' era un animal, un salvaje que disfrutaba pegando"
3907:
Palau Galdón, María; García Carbonell, Marta (November 5, 2023).
1804:, which saw thousands of women and children attempting to escape
2115:
Feminism in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition period
1718:
discussed on his radio program. This practice of using Moroccan
1524:
was in Mallorca in the same time, and Falangist also raped her.
1214:
155:
4376:
2410:"La violencia franquista contra las mujeres no se puede contar"
2119:
Women's rights in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition
4227:"El Congreso aprobó la despenalización de los anticonceptivos"
3723:"Sonríale, muéstrese muy cariñosa, por Ángeles González-Sinde"
1969:
they should stay, endure and offer their suffering up to God.
3000:"Fuentes de Andalucía homenajea a las 'niñas' de El Aguaucho"
1848:, these women were worth degenerating further through rape.
1662:
Regular Nationalists soldiers raped at least four women in
3121:. Bilbao: Asociación Elkasko de Investigación Histórica.
1895:
bad germs -- vanity, selfishness, frivolity -- by love."
2580:"Mujeres y dictadura franquista: la historia silenciada"
2872:"Ellas hacen memoria - Ràdio Klara 104.4 F.M. València"
3090:"80 años de la matanza programada de Yagüe en Badajoz"
1475:
Francoist forces in the Civil War period (1936 - 1939)
2026:
and wasn't eventually dismantled until well into the
4260:"International Women's Day: Women's rights in Spain"
3057:(in Catalan). Palma de Mallorca: Lleonard Muntaner.
4654:
4618:
4560:
4553:
4520:
4504:
4463:
4456:
4415:
3872:
Transatlantic Studies Network, University of Malaga
3084:
3082:
2714:"Sexo en el franquismo: el regreso a las tinieblas"
151:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
3663:
4346:"Facing His Torturer as Spain Confronts Its Past"
3920:
3918:
3608:"Torturas a menores en los internados | La Marea"
4288:"En el franquismo, el matrimonio era una estafa"
3953:En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco
1397:rearguard troops would rape and murder women in
3354:Jiménez, Alba Villén; Ignaciuk, Agata (2018).
4388:
3783:"El consultorio sentimental de Elena Francis"
2348:
2346:
2344:
2010:. Notorious for its human rights violations,
1996:
1735:On extreme occasions, men were prosecuted in
1364:
593:
8:
4722:Women in the Spanish transition to democracy
3451:"Hágase la ciega, sorda y muda. Es lo mejor"
2321:
2319:
2196:El caso de los niños perdidos del franquismo
1262:
3421:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2746:"Violencia de género durante el franquismo"
2329:(in Spanish). El Confidencial. June 3, 2018
2297:
2295:
2293:
4557:
4460:
4395:
4381:
4373:
2105:Democratic transition period (1975 - 1986)
1371:
1357:
611:
600:
586:
15:
1165:1947 Spanish law of succession referendum
1149:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado
3024:Álvarez, Sabela Rodríguez (2016-03-16).
2795:Álvarez, Sabela Rodríguez (2016-03-16).
2514:. London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
2045:Antonio González Pacheco (Billy the Kid)
1959:Spanish League against Public Immorality
3902:
3900:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2408:histórica, Memoria (24 November 2018).
2289:
2189:and into the modern day in places like
1702:hours. One such case occurred in
1481:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
632:
525:
477:
350:
307:
95:
34:
27:
4757:Human rights abuses in Francoist Spain
4281:
4279:
4221:
4219:
4217:
3861:
3859:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3721:González-Sinde, Ángeles (2018-12-22).
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3602:
3600:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3414:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3349:
3347:
3295:Pozo, Alicia Avilés (30 August 2016).
3257:
3255:
3233:Núñez, Juan José Torres (2018-07-13).
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3112:
3110:
3048:
3046:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2898:
2896:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2374:from the original on December 28, 2023
2147:), "Alone, drunk, I want to go home" (
4139:
4137:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4041:
4039:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3329:(in European Spanish). Archived from
2998:Baquero, Juan Miguel (23 June 2013).
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2175:Post Francoist Spain (1985 - present)
2058:, also known as Billy the Kid, was a
1138:Army Conscription and Replacement Law
534:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
7:
3516:Carbayo‐Abengózar, Mercedes (2001).
3321:Gacetadelosmiserables (2018-05-31).
2712:Rural, Álvaro Corazón (2015-07-29).
2617:histórica, Memoria (November 2018).
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2578:Juan, Carmen Miguel (6 April 2016).
2573:
2571:
2569:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2153:Sola, borracha, quiero volver a casa
1195:Francisco Franco National Foundation
833:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
4017:histórica, Memoria (25 June 2018).
3323:"Las mujeres durante el Franquismo"
3117:Solé, Belén; Díaz, Beatriz (2014).
2131:), "We want to walk calmly" (
2028:first government of Felipe González
1955:Patronato de Protección de la Mujer
1170:1966 Spanish organic law referendum
2274:Women prisoners in Francoist Spain
1998:Patronato de Protección a la Mujer
1447:From 1941 to the early 1980s, the
1026:Art and culture in Francoist Spain
724:Instituto Nacional de Colonización
14:
4752:Violence against women by country
4172:Spanish Women's Writing 1849-1996
3866:Iglesias Aparicio, Pilar (2021).
2752:(in European Spanish). 2009-11-24
2363:] (PhD thesis) (in Spanish).
1988:Board for the Protection of Women
1133:Law of Political Responsibilities
4169:Davies, Catherine (1998-01-01).
4108:Irujo, José María (2013-09-29).
3449:Junquera, Natalia (2018-10-20).
2475:Tur, por Francesc (2017-03-29).
2353:Guillén Lorente, Carmen (2018).
2006:, established in 1941 under the
1972:
1338:
1326:
1316:
1315:
682:National Council of the Movement
640:
615:
3950:Morcillo Gómez, Aurora (2015).
3844:(in Spanish). November 20, 1941
3691:Abundancia, Rita (2014-11-04),
3670:. Manchester University Press.
3662:Jones, Anny Brooksbank (1997).
3402:20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias
3235:"Queipo y las mujeres violadas"
2155:) and "Enough of violations!" (
2111:Spanish transition to democracy
2084:Enrique Aguilar Benítez de Lugo
1463:Historical memory laws in Spain
1073:Gender roles in Francoist Spain
838:Spanish transition to democracy
752:Sindicato Español Universitario
731:Instituto Nacional de Industria
4727:Women in the Spanish Civil War
4110:"Las palizas de Billy el Niño"
3262:Casey, Nicholas (2022-09-27).
2903:Filiprim, Josep (2017-03-29).
2181:Category:20th century in Spain
2002:) was a public institution in
1852:Francoist period (1939 - 1975)
1743:murdered his pregnant ex-wife
1278:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)
1:
4258:Maishman, Elsa (2017-03-08).
3814:(in Spanish). 6 November 2018
2942:Pascual, Roger (2016-03-28).
2310:Université libre de Bruxelles
2302:García Dueñas, Lydia (2022).
1536:prison. Civil Guard corporal
1143:Fundamental Laws of the Realm
1078:Motherhood in Francoist Spain
1044:Censorship in Francoist Spain
793:Francoist concentration camps
687:Spanish Syndical Organization
479:International legal framework
4747:Domestic violence by country
4286:Franco, Lucía (2018-10-22).
3984:(in Spanish). Archived from
3781:Onieva, Charo (2015-09-28).
3327:La Gaceta de los Miserables.
2660:"Las rapadas del franquismo"
2201:Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Arias
2129:Contra violación, castración
1941:Consultorio de Elena Francis
1934:Consultorio de Elena Francis
1802:Málaga–Almería road massacre
1560:of a pueblo in Andalucia of
1384:Gender violence and rape in
992:Economy of Spain (1939-1959)
759:Servicio Exterior de Falange
574:Violence against LGBT people
448:Online gender-based violence
144:Violence against prostitutes
4344:Yardley, Jim (2014-04-06).
4324:www.womenslinkworldwide.org
3977:Álvarez Fernández, Carlos.
3666:Women in Contemporary Spain
3215:(in Spanish). 20 March 2017
2664:ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción
2139:), "Let's make our night" (
2137:Queremos caminar tranquilas
1812:, "Yes, red scoundrel from
1273:Francoist language policies
4778:
4233:(in Spanish). 1978-04-27.
4053:(in Spanish). 1979-06-07.
3176:(in Spanish). 2006-06-04.
2830:SER, Cadena (2018-11-06).
2718:Jot Down Cultural Magazine
2687:(in Spanish). 4 April 2019
2254:Lost children of Francoism
2178:
2108:
2048:
2022:. It persisted during the
1979:
1862:Lost children of Francoism
1855:
1767:
1478:
1248:Lost children of Francoism
1127:Francoist electoral regime
1093:Revisionist historiography
969:Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
813:First Francoist government
114:Sexual violence statistics
3956:(in Spanish). Siglo XXI.
2035:Catholic religious orders
1655:, a group of regulars in
1582:María Jesús Caro González
1205:National Alliance July 18
974:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
798:Spain during World War II
778:Spanish coup of July 1936
738:Fuerzas Armadas de España
717:Tribunal de Orden Público
433:Intimate partner violence
326:Female genital mutilation
104:Causes of sexual violence
4717:Women in Francoist Spain
4667:Gender violence and rape
4512:Basque Nationalist Party
4404:Women in Francoist Spain
4203:(in Spanish). 2019-03-07
3932:(in Spanish). 2018-07-12
3644:(in Spanish). 2018-10-31
3614:(in Spanish). 2015-04-27
3565:(in Spanish). 2018-12-08
3498:(in Spanish). 2018-10-20
3396:20Minutos (2018-05-14).
3096:(in Spanish). 2016-08-14
3053:Tugores, Antoni (2017).
2279:Women's Protection Board
2145:Hagamos nuestra la noche
2060:Social Political Brigade
2056:Antonio González Pacheco
2051:Antonio González Pacheco
2041:immediately afterwards.
1992:Women's Protection Board
1982:Women's Protection Board
1975:Women's Protection Board
1682:, also in front of him.
1449:Women's Protection Board
1155:Organic Law of the State
4457:Political organizations
3537:10.1111/1469-8219.00005
3525:Nations and Nationalism
2221:María Servini de Cubría
2219:and was to be heard by
2018:as part of the broader
1846:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
1779:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
1770:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
1764:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
1716:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
1434:rape as a weapon of war
1333:Conservatism portal
1293:Second Spanish Republic
1002:Second Development Plan
803:Spain and the Holocaust
285:Secondary victimisation
109:Child sexual initiation
96:Sexual assault and rape
4264:Olive Press News Spain
3911:(in Spanish). El País.
3841:Official State Gazette
3787:Comunidad Cincuentopía
2510:Preston, Paul (2008).
2229:had a different impact
2161:¡Basta de violaciones!
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
1997:
1786:
1263:
1210:National Union (Spain)
1098:Sociological Francoism
1007:Third Development Plan
997:First Development Plan
569:Violence against women
29:Violence against women
4448:Democratic transition
4408:democratic transition
4197:"La ciudad feminista"
3991:on September 18, 2018
3697:(in European Spanish)
3150:www.elsaltodiario.com
2974:"Ellas hacen memoria"
2944:"Machismo franquista"
2512:The Spanish Holocaust
2483:(in European Spanish)
2024:democratic Transition
1777:
1557:Joaquín Barragán Díaz
1265:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
443:Marry-your-rapist law
438:Marriage by abduction
295:Virgin cleansing myth
4762:White Terror (Spain)
4742:Crimes against women
4406:(1939–1975) and the
2365:University of Murcia
2269:White Terror (Spain)
2259:National Catholicism
2020:Francoist repression
1574:Fuentes de Andalucía
1442:Lidia Falcón O'Neill
1303:Valley of the Fallen
1258:Diplomatic relations
1160:Political Reform Act
1120:Laws and referendums
1103:Symbols of Francoism
949:Carlos Arias Navarro
896:National Catholicism
711:General Police Corps
693:Frente de Juventudes
677:Council of the Realm
428:Forced sterilisation
124:Cybersex trafficking
4151:. 19 September 2013
2008:Ministry of Justice
1586:Joaquina Lora Muñoz
1578:María León Becerril
1512:, two sisters from
1430:Foreign Legionaries
1054:Eagle of Saint John
944:Luis Carrero Blanco
911:Spanish nationalism
906:Spanish irredentism
664:Movimiento Nacional
648:Eagle of Saint John
119:Forced prostitution
4350:The New York Times
3268:The New York Times
2909:Coma-ruga Magazine
2876:www.radioklara.org
2209:Junta de Andalusia
2095:Plaza del Parterre
1892:Semanario de la SF
1890:A 1944 edition of
1787:
1629:Fuente del Maestre
1594:Josefa García Lora
1283:Pact of Forgetting
1220:Spanish Solidarity
818:Stabilization Plan
706:Armed Police Corps
359:Narcissistic abuse
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4549:
4548:
4175:. A&C Black.
4090:. 5 December 2013
2312:. pp. 33–35.
2068:Rosa García Alcón
1590:Coral García Lora
1542:Fernando Zamacola
1391:Spanish Civil War
1381:
1380:
1243:Hispanic eugenics
1033:Cantos nacionales
783:Spanish Civil War
671:FET y de las JONS
610:
609:
465:Toxic masculinity
397:Droit du seigneur
374:Domestic violence
129:Human trafficking
4769:
4558:
4531:Sección Femenina
4461:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4283:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4270:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4223:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4014:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3837:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3753:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3718:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3522:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3488:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3446:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3393:
3376:
3375:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3205:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3156:
3142:
3131:
3130:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2970:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2939:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2878:. Archived from
2868:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2827:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2792:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2655:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2534:
2533:
2507:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2472:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2405:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:
2350:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2264:Sección Femenina
2088:1977 Amnesty Law
2075:Felisa Echegoyen
2000:
1951:Sección Femenina
1900:forced abortions
1798:Dolores Ibárruri
1691:Las Sales Prison
1613:Fuente de Cantos
1373:
1366:
1359:
1345:Spain portal
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1268:
1083:Francoist mottos
939:Francisco Franco
916:Spanish unionism
876:Authoritarianism
745:Cortes Españolas
700:Sección Femenina
644:
619:
612:
602:
595:
588:
423:Forced pregnancy
16:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4732:Rape by country
4707:
4706:
4705:
4696:
4687:Stolen children
4650:
4614:
4545:
4540:Acción Católica
4516:
4500:
4452:
4411:
4401:
4371:
4362:
4360:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4302:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4268:
4266:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4241:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4154:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3935:
3933:
3930:El Confidencial
3924:
3923:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3878:(11): 231–244.
3865:
3864:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3815:
3812:Los Replicantes
3806:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3741:
3732:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3568:
3566:
3563:El Confidencial
3557:
3556:
3552:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3489:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3430:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3379:
3353:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3186:
3184:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3134:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3094:Memoria Pública
3088:
3087:
3080:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2980:. 14 March 2010
2972:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2885:
2883:
2870:
2869:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2794:
2793:
2764:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2699:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2658:Alabao, Nuria.
2657:
2656:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2616:
2615:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2537:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2287:
2249:Francoist Spain
2245:
2183:
2177:
2121:
2107:
2053:
2047:
2012:baby abductions
2004:Francoist Spain
1984:
1978:
1947:Angela Castells
1937:
1864:
1858:Francoist Spain
1854:
1837:Queipo de Llano
1772:
1766:
1750:Torre Alháquime
1737:military courts
1728:Foreign Affairs
1569:in a cemetery.
1551:In the town of
1522:Margalida Jaume
1510:Mercedes Buxadé
1508: and
1495:Face to the sun
1483:
1477:
1472:
1386:Francoist Spain
1377:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1253:Carlo-francoism
1233:
1225:
1224:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:Yoke and arrows
1067:El Generalísimo
1020:
1012:
1011:
987:
979:
978:
934:
926:
925:
861:Anti-liberalism
851:
843:
842:
823:Spanish miracle
808:First Francoism
773:
765:
764:
658:
645:
606:
559:Sex and the law
539:Women's shelter
460:Sexual bullying
418:Forced marriage
408:Forced abortion
331:Gishiri cutting
300:Widow cleansing
290:Sexual violence
12:
11:
5:
4775:
4773:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4562:Women's rights
4555:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4467:
4465:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4377:
4370:
4369:
4336:
4311:
4294:(in Spanish).
4275:
4250:
4213:
4188:
4181:
4161:
4149:www.publico.es
4133:
4116:(in Spanish).
4100:
4070:
4035:
4002:
3969:
3962:
3942:
3914:
3896:
3874:(in Spanish).
3855:
3824:
3799:
3773:
3739:
3706:
3683:
3676:
3654:
3624:
3596:
3575:
3550:
3508:
3474:
3457:(in Spanish).
3428:
3377:
3366:(2): 303–331.
3343:
3313:
3287:
3251:
3225:
3193:
3161:
3132:
3106:
3078:
3063:
3042:
3016:
2990:
2978:www.publico.es
2960:
2921:
2892:
2848:
2813:
2762:
2730:
2697:
2676:
2635:
2596:
2565:
2535:
2520:
2493:
2426:
2385:
2340:
2315:
2308:(MSc thesis).
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2244:
2241:
2176:
2173:
2106:
2103:
2046:
2043:
1980:Main article:
1977:
1971:
1949:, a member of
1936:
1931:
1853:
1850:
1765:
1762:
1720:Foreign Legion
1641:Pallars Sobirá
1540:and Falangist
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:Spanish Maquis
1295:
1290:
1288:Project Islero
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:Related topics
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
921:Traditionalism
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
856:Anti-communism
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
774:
771:
770:
767:
766:
763:
762:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
708:
703:
696:
689:
684:
679:
674:
667:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
637:
636:
630:
629:
621:
620:
608:
607:
605:
604:
597:
590:
582:
579:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
528:
527:
526:Related topics
523:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
482:
481:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
371:
366:
361:
353:
352:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
339:
338:
333:
323:
321:Breast ironing
318:
310:
309:
305:
304:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
258:Sexual assault
255:
254:
253:
248:
246:Unacknowledged
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
153:
148:
147:
146:
141:
139:Sexual slavery
136:
131:
126:
116:
111:
106:
98:
97:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
73:Pregnant women
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
37:
36:
32:
31:
25:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:Other aspects
4653:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Sex education
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Contraception
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4337:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4182:9780485910063
4178:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4162:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4101:
4089:
4088:La Vanguardia
4085:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4024:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:September 18,
3987:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3963:9788432317835
3959:
3955:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3848:September 17,
3843:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3761:La Vanguardia
3758:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3677:9780719047572
3673:
3668:
3667:
3658:
3655:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3613:
3609:
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3601:
3597:
3585:
3579:
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3554:
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3512:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3487:
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3483:
3481:
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3475:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3443:
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3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3333:on 2019-04-15
3332:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3240:
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3229:
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3210:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3183:
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3171:
3165:
3162:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3064:9788416554560
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2882:on 2019-04-13
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2849:
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2822:
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2798:
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2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2751:
2750:Lanza Digital
2747:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
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2624:
2620:
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2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2554:
2548:
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2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2521:9780002556347
2517:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2482:
2481:Ser Histórico
2478:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
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2437:
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2433:
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2427:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
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2390:
2386:
2370:
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2349:
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2341:
2328:
2322:
2320:
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2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
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2290:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2207:In 2010, the
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2039:babies stolen
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:reformatories
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1566:María Torreño
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:, and in the
1531:
1527:
1526:Pilar Sánchez
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:babies stolen
1450:
1445:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1424:, Callus and
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:Blue Division
1236:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:Neo-Francoism
1179:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
983:
982:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:Pan-Hispanism
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Anti-semitism
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
847:
846:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
828:Burgos trials
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
775:
769:
768:
761:
760:
756:
754:
753:
749:
747:
746:
742:
740:
739:
735:
733:
732:
728:
726:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:
697:
695:
694:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
660:
657:Organizations
654:
653:
650:
649:
643:
639:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
614:
613:
603:
598:
596:
591:
589:
584:
583:
581:
580:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
508:Belém do Pará
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
483:
480:
476:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Force-feeding
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
389:and pregnancy
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
344:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:Disfigurement
306:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
152:
149:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
134:Fetish slaves
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
94:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
53:Honor killing
51:
49:
46:
44:
43:Bride burning
41:
40:
39:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
18:
17:
4737:Law of Spain
4682:Prostitution
4666:
4662:Gender roles
4600:Guardianship
4361:. Retrieved
4349:
4339:
4328:. Retrieved
4326:(in Spanish)
4323:
4314:
4303:. Retrieved
4291:
4267:. Retrieved
4263:
4253:
4242:. Retrieved
4230:
4205:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4171:
4164:
4153:. Retrieved
4148:
4125:. Retrieved
4113:
4103:
4092:. Retrieved
4087:
4062:. Retrieved
4050:
4027:. Retrieved
4025:(in Spanish)
4022:
3993:. Retrieved
3986:the original
3972:
3952:
3945:
3934:. Retrieved
3929:
3887:. Retrieved
3875:
3871:
3846:. Retrieved
3839:
3827:
3816:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3791:. Retrieved
3789:(in Spanish)
3786:
3776:
3765:. Retrieved
3763:. 2018-11-11
3760:
3731:. Retrieved
3729:(in Spanish)
3726:
3699:, retrieved
3693:
3686:
3665:
3657:
3646:. Retrieved
3641:
3616:. Retrieved
3611:
3588:. Retrieved
3586:(in Spanish)
3578:
3567:. Retrieved
3562:
3553:
3531:(1): 75–92.
3528:
3524:
3511:
3500:. Retrieved
3495:
3466:. Retrieved
3454:
3406:. Retrieved
3404:(in Spanish)
3401:
3363:
3359:
3335:. Retrieved
3331:the original
3326:
3316:
3305:. Retrieved
3303:(in Spanish)
3300:
3290:
3279:. Retrieved
3267:
3243:. Retrieved
3241:(in Spanish)
3239:infoLibre.es
3238:
3228:
3217:. Retrieved
3212:
3185:. Retrieved
3173:
3164:
3153:. Retrieved
3149:
3118:
3098:. Retrieved
3093:
3054:
3034:. Retrieved
3032:(in Spanish)
3030:infoLibre.es
3029:
3019:
3008:. Retrieved
3006:(in Spanish)
3003:
2993:
2982:. Retrieved
2977:
2952:. Retrieved
2950:(in Spanish)
2947:
2913:. Retrieved
2911:(in Catalan)
2908:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2875:
2840:. Retrieved
2838:(in Spanish)
2835:
2805:. Retrieved
2803:(in Spanish)
2801:infoLibre.es
2800:
2754:. Retrieved
2749:
2722:. Retrieved
2720:(in Spanish)
2717:
2689:. Retrieved
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2666:(in Spanish)
2663:
2627:. Retrieved
2625:(in Spanish)
2622:
2588:. Retrieved
2586:(in Spanish)
2583:
2557:. Retrieved
2555:(in Spanish)
2511:
2485:. Retrieved
2480:
2418:. Retrieved
2416:(in Spanish)
2413:
2378:December 28,
2376:. Retrieved
2360:
2355:
2331:. Retrieved
2304:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:Lidia Falcón
2217:Women's Link
2214:
2206:
2194:
2184:
2169:
2165:
2122:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2054:
2032:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1915:
1907:Julia Ferrer
1904:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1842:
1834:
1830:Puente Genil
1795:
1788:
1754:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1704:Navalcarnero
1700:
1688:
1661:
1653:General Mola
1621:Almendralejo
1602:
1571:
1550:
1538:Juan Vadillo
1503:
1499:black market
1492:
1488:
1484:
1461:
1457:
1446:
1438:
1419:
1383:
1382:
1187:
1147:
1125:
1065:
1058:
1031:
1024:
959:Manuel Fraga
866:Anti-Masonry
788:White Terror
757:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
715:
698:
691:
669:
662:
646:
470:Witch trials
452:
395:
369:Dating abuse
351:Other issues
343:Foot binding
336:Infibulation
166:By Deception
161:Acquaintance
4410:(1975–1985)
4023:eldiario.es
3889:December 5,
3727:elperiodico
3612:lamarea.com
3301:eldiario.es
3004:eldiario.es
2948:elperiodico
2623:eldiario.es
2584:eldiario.es
2414:eldiario.es
2333:December 5,
2099:Carabanchel
1919:Anita Sirgo
1757:Extremadura
1745:Ana Lineros
1741:Andrés Díaz
1428:. Moroccan
1060:El Caudillo
1039:Cara al Sol
564:Victimology
544:25 November
403:Eve teasing
364:Gaslighting
316:Acid attack
63:Infanticide
48:Dowry death
4711:Categories
4537:Catholics
4505:The Center
4363:2019-04-09
4330:2019-04-09
4305:2019-04-04
4269:2019-04-19
4244:2019-04-05
4207:2019-03-30
4155:2019-04-09
4127:2019-04-09
4094:2019-04-09
4064:2019-04-09
4029:2019-04-09
3936:2019-04-07
3818:2019-04-13
3793:2019-04-13
3767:2019-04-13
3733:2019-04-13
3701:2019-04-13
3648:2019-04-13
3618:2019-04-15
3590:2019-04-15
3569:2019-04-05
3502:2019-04-13
3468:2019-04-13
3408:2019-04-11
3337:2019-04-05
3307:2019-04-09
3281:2022-09-28
3245:2019-04-13
3219:2019-04-13
3187:2019-04-13
3155:2019-04-10
3100:2019-04-13
3036:2019-04-13
3010:2019-04-13
2984:2019-04-13
2954:2019-04-09
2915:2019-04-13
2886:2019-04-13
2842:2019-04-13
2836:Cadena SER
2807:2019-04-11
2756:2019-04-09
2724:2019-04-13
2691:2019-04-13
2670:2019-04-11
2629:2019-04-09
2590:2019-04-09
2559:2019-04-09
2487:2019-04-13
2420:2019-04-10
2285:References
2179:See also:
2109:See also:
2049:See also:
1994:(Spanish:
1923:Tina Pérez
1856:See also:
1768:See also:
1684:Milicianas
1676:Cantalpino
1609:Peguerinos
1546:Benamahoma
1479:See also:
1426:Cantalpino
1415:milicianas
1407:farmhouses
1399:cemeteries
964:Blas Piñar
954:Juan Yagüe
891:Monarchism
886:Militarism
554:By country
549:6 February
384:management
273:In Service
231:Statistics
221:Prevention
171:Corrective
83:Sororicide
4692:Sexuality
4641:Prisoners
4595:Education
4580:Childcare
4521:The Right
4358:0362-4331
4300:1134-6582
4239:1134-6582
4122:1134-6582
4059:1134-6582
3884:2444-9792
3545:1469-8129
3463:1134-6582
3372:0211-9536
3276:0362-4331
3213:El Plural
3182:1134-6582
3127:932801771
3073:981222246
2530:772808974
1755:Women in
1708:San Roque
1680:bayoneted
1672:Marganell
1657:Valdediós
1637:Valdedios
1562:El Gastor
1514:Barcelona
1403:hospitals
1395:Falangist
1200:New Force
881:Falangism
634:Francoism
236:Statutory
216:Pregnancy
196:Genocidal
88:Uxoricide
68:Matricide
4672:Feminism
4631:Lesbians
4610:Suffrage
4575:Adultery
4570:Abortion
4527:Falange
4464:The Left
3417:cite web
2369:Archived
2243:See also
1957:and the
1911:Sant Boi
1785:in 1939.
1714:, which
1695:Albacete
1635:,
1633:Boecillo
1518:Mallorca
1321:Category
850:Ideology
626:a series
624:Part of
518:Istanbul
58:Femicide
21:a series
19:Part of
4646:Workers
4636:Mothers
4590:Divorce
4554:Aspects
4416:Decades
4292:El País
4231:El País
4201:ELMUNDO
4114:El País
4051:El País
3642:LaSexta
3455:El País
3174:El País
2157:Spanish
2149:Spanish
2141:Spanish
2133:Spanish
2125:Spanish
1818:Cordoba
1810:Almería
1791:Seville
1712:Seville
1649:Vizcaya
1625:Aguacho
1598:Manacor
1534:Melilla
1470:History
1411:prisons
1019:Culture
986:Economy
772:History
379:outline
251:Wartime
211:Marital
201:History
186:Factors
181:Effects
35:Killing
4626:Exiles
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2117:, and
1953:, the
1826:Utrera
1814:Malaga
1806:Malaga
1783:Berlín
1668:Callus
1664:Maials
1605:Moguer
1553:Brenes
1530:Oviedo
1422:Maials
1409:, and
1189:Búnker
933:People
513:Maputo
454:Raptio
263:Campus
241:Threat
226:Prison
4677:Media
4619:Women
4443:1970s
4438:1960s
4433:1950s
4428:1940s
4423:1930s
3989:(PDF)
3982:(PDF)
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2372:(PDF)
2359:[
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1645:Zufre
1617:Zafra
1506:Daria
1269:(ETA)
1088:No-Do
503:DEVAW
493:CEDAW
488:DEDAW
268:Child
4491:POUM
4486:PSOE
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4055:ISSN
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1860:and
1808:for
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