185:(called androgenones, with two paternal or sperm genomes) die at or before the blastocyst/implantation stage. In the rare instances that they develop to postimplantation stages, gynogenetic embryos show better embryonic development relative to placental development, while for androgenones, the reverse is true. Nevertheless, for the latter, only a few have been described (in a 1984 paper). Nevertheless, in 2018 genome editing allowed for bipaternal and viable bimaternal mouse and even (in 2022) parthenogenesis, still this is far from full reimprinting. Finally in March 2023 viable bipaternal embryos were created.
251:, which together span the entire genome, allowed the creation of an imprinting map. Those regions which when inherited from a single parent result in a discernible phenotype contain imprinted gene(s). Further research showed that within these regions there were often numerous imprinted genes. Around 80% of imprinted genes are found in clusters such as these, called imprinted domains, suggesting a level of co-ordinated control. More recently, genome-wide screens to identify imprinted genes have used differential expression of mRNAs from control fetuses and parthenogenetic or androgenetic fetuses hybridized to
505:
imprinting, as well as dominant imprinting. Phenotypic patterns are variant to possible expressions from paternal and maternal genotypes. Different alleles inherited from different parents will host different phenotypic qualities. One allele will have a larger phenotypic value and the other allele will be silenced. Underdominance of the locus is another possibility of phenotypic expression. Both maternal and paternal phenotypes will have a small value rather than one hosting a large value and silencing the other.
436:. The mother's evolutionary imperative is often to conserve resources for her own survival while providing sufficient nourishment to current and subsequent litters. Accordingly, paternally expressed genes tend to be growth-promoting whereas maternally expressed genes tend to be growth-limiting. In support of this hypothesis, genomic imprinting has been found in all placental mammals, where post-fertilisation offspring resource consumption at the expense of the mother is high; although it has also been found in
1829:
975:
501:
imprinting will impact genotype to phenotype relationship. Reciprocal heterozygotes have a genetically equivalent, but they are phenotypically nonequivalent. Their phenotype may not be dependent on the equivalence of the genotype. This can ultimately increase diversity in genetic classes, expanding flexibility of imprinted genes. This increase will also force a higher degree in testing capabilities and assortment of tests to determine the presences of imprinting.
685:
199:) with two maternal sets of chromosomes, though it is not a true parthenogenone since cells from two different female mice were used. The researchers were able to succeed by using one egg from an immature parent, thus reducing maternal imprinting, and modifying it to express the gene Igf2, which is normally only expressed by the paternal copy of the gene.
500:
Unfortunately, the relationship between the phenotype and genotype of imprinted genes is solely conceptual. The idea is frameworked using two alleles on a single locus and hosts three different possible classes of genotypes. The reciprocal heterozygotes genotype class contributes to understanding how
504:
When a locus is identified as imprinted, two different classes express different alleles. Inherited imprinted genes of offspring are believed to be monoallelic expressions. A single locus will entirely produce one's phenotype although two alleles are inherited. This genotype class is called parental
466:
is operating on the role of epigenetic marks as machinery for homologous chromosome recognition during meiosis, rather than on their role in differential expression. This argument centers on the existence of epigenetic effects on chromosomes that do not directly affect gene expression, but do depend
880:
genome. The 2:1 ratio of maternal to paternal genomes appears to be critical for seed development. Some genes are found to be expressed from both maternal genomes while others are expressed exclusively from the lone paternal copy. It has been suggested that these imprinted genes are responsible for
267:
Imprinting is a dynamic process. It must be possible to erase and re-establish imprints through each generation so that genes that are imprinted in an adult may still be expressed in that adult's offspring. (For example, the maternal genes that control insulin production will be imprinted in a male
226:
brain tissues revealed over 1300 imprinted gene loci (approximately 10-fold more than previously reported) by RNA-sequencing from F1 hybrids resulting from reciprocal crosses. The result however has been challenged by others who claimed that this is an overestimation by an order of magnitude due to
202:
Parthenogenetic/gynogenetic embryos have twice the normal expression level of maternally derived genes, and lack expression of paternally expressed genes, while the reverse is true for androgenetic embryos. It is now known that there are at least 80 imprinted genes in humans and mice, many of which
49:
from both parents are differently expressed rather than complete expression and complete suppression of one parent's allele. Forms of genomic imprinting have been demonstrated in fungi, plants and animals. In 2014, there were about 150 imprinted genes known in mice and about half that in humans. As
824:
In insects, imprinting affects entire chromosomes. In some insects the entire paternal genome is silenced in male offspring, and thus is involved in sex determination. The imprinting produces effects similar to the mechanisms in other insects that eliminate paternally inherited chromosomes in male
448:
However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind genomic imprinting show that it is the maternal genome that controls much of the imprinting of both its own and the paternally-derived genes in the zygote, making it difficult to explain why the maternal genes would willingly relinquish
440:
birds where there is relatively little post-fertilisation resource transfer and therefore less parental conflict. A small number of imprinted genes are fast evolving under positive
Darwinian selection possibly due to antagonistic co-evolution. The majority of imprinted genes display high levels of
770:
is a paternally expressed and maternally imprinted gene located on chromosome 1 in humans. Reduced DIRAS3 expression is linked to an increased risk of ovarian and breast cancers; in 41% of breast and ovarian cancers the protein encoded by DIRAS3 is not expressed, suggesting that it functions as a
739:
differently by way of one parent's contribution having more effect than the other. Specifically, proponents of the imprinted brain hypothesis propose that autism spectrum disorders are caused by paternal overimprinting, while schizophrenia spectrum disorders are caused by maternal overimprinting;
835:
In placental species, parent-offspring conflict can result in the evolution of strategies, such as genomic imprinting, for embryos to subvert maternal nutrient provisioning. Despite several attempts to find it, genomic imprinting has not been found in the platypus, reptiles, birds, or fish. The
483:
Natural selection for genomic imprinting requires genetic variation in a population. A hypothesis for the origin of this genetic variation states that the host-defense system responsible for silencing foreign DNA elements, such as genes of viral origin, mistakenly silenced genes whose silencing
508:
Statistical frameworks and mapping models are used to identify imprinting effects on genes and complex traits. Allelic parent-of-origin influences the vary in phenotype that derive from the imprinting of genotype classes. These models of mapping and identifying imprinting effects include using
452:
Another hypothesis proposed is that some imprinted genes act coadaptively to improve both fetal development and maternal provisioning for nutrition and care. In it, a subset of paternally expressed genes are co-expressed in both the placenta and the mother's hypothalamus. This would come about
479:
distribution in the ferns, and even mating type switching in yeast. This diversity in organisms that show parental origin effects has prompted theorists to place the evolutionary origin of genomic imprinting before the last common ancestor of plants and animals, over a billion years ago.
467:
on which parent the chromosome originated from. This group of epigenetic changes that depend on the chromosome's parent of origin (including both those that affect gene expression and those that do not) are called parental origin effects, and include phenomena such as paternal
410:
The majority of imprinted genes in mammals have been found to have roles in the control of embryonic growth and development, including development of the placenta. Other imprinted genes are involved in post-natal development, with roles affecting suckling and metabolism.
4572:
Berkowicz EW, Magee DA, Sikora KM, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, et al. (February 2011). "Single nucleotide polymorphisms at the imprinted bovine insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) locus are associated with dairy performance in Irish
Holstein-Friesian cattle".
419:
A widely accepted hypothesis for the evolution of genomic imprinting is the "parental conflict hypothesis". Also known as the kinship theory of genomic imprinting, this hypothesis states that the inequality between parental genomes due to imprinting is a result of the
246:
At the same time as the generation of the gynogenetic and androgenetic embryos discussed above, mouse embryos were also being generated that contained only small regions that were derived from either a paternal or maternal source. The generation of a series of such
124:(IGF2/Igf2) is only expressed from the allele inherited from the male. Although imprinting accounts for a small proportion of mammalian genes, they play an important role in embryogenesis particularly in the formation of visceral structures and the nervous system.
3542:
O'Connell MJ, Loughran NB, Walsh TA, Donoghue MT, Schmid KJ, Spillane C (October 2010). "A phylogenetic approach to test for evidence of parental conflict or gene duplications associated with protein-encoding imprinted orthologous genes in placental mammals".
368:
nucleotides, with the cytosine nucleotides methylated on one copy but not on the other. Contrary to expectation, methylation does not necessarily mean silencing; instead, the effect of methylation depends upon the default state of the region.
308:
tissue and that is independent of DNA methylation (the main and classical mechanism for genomic imprinting). This was observed in humans, but not in mice, suggesting development after the evolutionary divergence of humans and mice, ~80
851:
Foraging behavior in mice studied is influenced by a sexually dimorphic allele expression implicating a cross-gender imprinting influence that varies throughout the body and may dominate expression and shape a behavior.
3823:
Chai JH, Locke DP, Ohta T, Greally JM, Nicholls RD (November 2001). "Retrotransposed genes such as Frat3 in the mouse
Chromosome 7C Prader-Willi syndrome region acquire the imprinted status of their insertion site".
292:
is necessary such that the germ cell imprinting status is relevant to the sex of the individual. In both plants and mammals there are two major mechanisms that are involved in establishing the imprint; these are
188:
No naturally occurring cases of parthenogenesis exist in mammals because of imprinted genes. However, in 2004, experimental manipulation by
Japanese researchers of a paternal methylation imprint controlling the
885:
effect in flowering plants that prevents hybridization between diploids and autotetraploids. Several computational methods to detect imprinting genes in plants from reciprocal crosses have been proposed.
775:. Therefore, if uniparental disomy occurs and a person inherits both chromosomes from the mother, the gene will not be expressed and the individual is put at a greater risk for breast and ovarian cancer.
548:
produces large buttocks consisting of muscle with very little fat. The large-buttocked phenotype only occurs when the allele is present on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from a sheep's father and is
313:. Among the hypothetical explanations for this novel phenomenon, two possible mechanisms have been proposed: either a histone modification that confers imprinting at novel placental-specific imprinted
754:, exaggerated, and overly broad. Specific issues for the hypothesis include that the predictions it makes about genetic disorders are falsified, that the effects of the two disorders on empathy and
2642:
McLaughlin KJ, SzabĂł P, Haegel H, Mann JR (January 1996). "Mouse embryos with paternal duplication of an imprinted chromosome 7 region die at midgestation and lack placental spongiotrophoblast".
843:
Studies in domestic livestock, such as dairy and beef cattle, have implicated imprinted genes (e.g. IGF2) in a range of economic traits, including dairy performance in
Holstein-Friesian cattle.
1408:"Self-Love Is Important, but We Mammals Are Stuck With Sex - Some female birds, reptiles and other animals can make a baby on their own. But for mammals like us, eggs and sperm need each other"
4424:
Bresnahan et al., "Examining parent-of-origin effects on transcription and RNA methylation in mediating aggressive behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera)", BMC Genomics 24: 315 (2023),
2505:
Magee DA, Spillane C, Berkowicz EW, Sikora KM, MacHugh DE (August 2014). "Imprinted loci in domestic livestock species as epigenomic targets for artificial selection of complex traits".
4523:"DNA sequence polymorphisms within the bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gs subunit alpha (Gsα)-encoding (GNAS) genomic imprinting domain are associated with performance traits"
832:
In social honey bees, the parent of origin and allele-specific genes has been studied from reciprocal crosses to explore the epigenetic mechanisms underlying aggressive behavior.
177:
zygotes in the early 1980s confirmed that normal development requires the contribution of both the maternal and paternal genomes. The vast majority of mouse embryos derived from
407:
inactivation occurs in an imprinted manner in the extra-embryonic tissues of mice and all tissues in marsupials, where it is always the paternal X-chromosome which is silenced.
2996:"Genome-wide parent-of-origin DNA methylation analysis reveals the intricacies of human imprinting and suggests a germline methylation-independent mechanism of establishment"
619:. Both syndromes are associated with loss of the chromosomal region 15q11-13 (band 11 of the long arm of chromosome 15). This region contains the paternally expressed genes
4086:"A systematic review and meta-analysis of DNA methylation levels and imprinting disorders in children conceived by IVF/ICSI compared with children conceived spontaneously"
1417:
218:
to survey differentially expressed genes between parthenotes (2 maternal genomes) and control fetuses (1 maternal, 1 paternal genome). An intriguing study surveying the
3496:
Tuiskula-Haavisto M, Vilkki J (2007). "Parent-of-origin specific QTL--a possibility towards understanding reciprocal effects in chicken and the origin of imprinting".
3699:
Pardo-Manuel de
Villena F, de la Casa-EsperĂłn E, Sapienza C (December 2000). "Natural selection and the function of genome imprinting: beyond the silenced minority".
4668:
4437:
Griffith OW, Brandley MC, Belov K, Thompson MB (March 2016). "Allelic expression of mammalian imprinted genes in a matrotrophic lizard, Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii".
492:, among imprinted genes. It has also been postulated that if the retrotransposed gene is inserted close to another imprinted gene, it may just acquire this imprint.
4130:"Methylation loss at H19 imprinted gene correlates with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene promoter hypermethylation in semen samples from infertile males"
2542:"DNA sequence polymorphisms in a panel of eight candidate bovine imprinted genes and their association with performance traits in Irish Holstein-Friesian cattle"
1045:"Methylation loss at H19 imprinted gene correlates with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene promoter hypermethylation in semen samples from infertile males"
5426:
509:
unordered genotypes to build mapping models. These models will show classic quantitative genetics and the effects of dominance of the imprinted genes.
45:
or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent. Genes can also be partially imprinted. Partial imprinting occurs when
5039:
4992:
4482:"Single nucleotide polymorphisms within the bovine DLK1-DIO3 imprinted domain are associated with economically important production traits in cattle"
537:
development. If time is the responsible factor, it may be possible to delay cell division in clones, giving time for proper reprogramming to occur.
341:. When these regulatory elements control the imprinting of one or more genes, they are known as imprinting control regions (ICR). The expression of
338:
4727:
Nowack MK, Shirzadi R, Dissmeyer N, Dolf A, Endl E, Grini PE, Schnittger A (May 2007). "Bypassing genomic imprinting allows seed development".
5207:
4840:
4401:
4361:
4327:
2754:"Identification of the mouse paternally expressed imprinted gene Zdbf2 on chromosome 1 and its imprinted human homolog ZDBF2 on chromosome 2"
5452:
4788:
Köhler C, Mittelsten Scheid O, Erilova A (March 2010). "The impact of the triploid block on the origin and evolution of polyploid plants".
798:
4874:"Consistent Reanalysis of Genome-wide Imprinting Studies in Plants Using Generalized Linear Models Increases Concordance across Datasets"
588:
4823:
Picard CL, Gehring M (2020). "Identification and
Comparison of Imprinted Genes Across Plant Species". In Spillane C, McKeown P (eds.).
3590:
840:, is interesting as genomic imprinting was thought to be associated with the evolution of viviparity and placental nutrient transport.
5091:
5071:
1407:
5179:
4002:
1677:
5419:
3457:"Identification of trait loci affecting white meat percentage and other growth and carcass traits in commercial broiler chickens"
709:
560:
238:
growth and development have been shown to be associated with economically important production traits in cattle, sheep and pigs.
80:
Appropriate imprinting of certain genes is important for normal development. Human diseases involving genomic imprinting include
5474:
525:
in the correct positions. It is possible that this is due to a lack of time for reprogramming to be completely achieved. When a
89:
5333:
5277:
5007:
2678:
2271:
169:
That imprinting might be a feature of mammalian development was suggested in breeding experiments in mice carrying reciprocal
5542:
5272:
231:
4620:"Noncanonical genomic imprinting in the monoamine system determines naturalistic foraging and brain-adrenal axis functions"
268:
but will be expressed in any of the male's offspring that inherit these genes.) The nature of imprinting must therefore be
5360:
5291:
5032:
530:
357:
on human chromosome 11p15.5, have been shown to be essential for the imprinting of genes in their corresponding regions.
5096:
191:
121:
5478:
1741:"Factors affecting the observed number of young resulting from adjacent-2 disjunction in mice carrying a translocation"
5574:
5412:
2591:
Cattanach BM, Kirk M (1985). "Differential activity of maternally and paternally derived chromosome regions in mice".
784:
1243:
Martienssen RA, Colot V (August 2001). "DNA methylation and epigenetic inheritance in plants and filamentous fungi".
432:'s genes that encode for imprinting gain greater fitness through the success of the offspring, at the expense of the
2267:
1704:
Nur U (1990). "Heterochromatization and euchromatization of whole genomes in scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera)".
5311:
4070:
837:
805:
693:
677:
5519:
85:
4179:
The
Relationship Between the Autism and Schizophrenia Spectra: An Investigation at the Trait and Cognitive Levels
1842:
Mann JR, Lovell-Badge RH (1984). "Inviability of parthenogenones is determined by pronuclei, not egg cytoplasm".
304:
Recently, a new study has suggested a novel inheritable imprinting mechanism in humans that would be specific of
252:
170:
1985:"Generation of Bimaternal and Bipaternal Mice from Hypomethylated Haploid ESCs with Imprinting Region Deletions"
5569:
5538:
5355:
5143:
5056:
5025:
5001:
792:
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are contrary to Crespi and
Badcock's model, and that many neuroimaging findings fail to support the hypothesis.
453:
through selective pressure from parent-infant coadaptation to improve infant survival. Paternally expressed 3 (
864:(angiosperms). During fertilization of the egg cell, a second, separate fertilization event gives rise to the
3190:
Alleman M, Doctor J (June 2000). "Genomic imprinting in plants: observations and evolutionary implications".
5316:
5133:
5118:
4425:
788:
701:
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Others have approached their study of the origins of genomic imprinting from a different side, arguing that
2994:
Court F, Tayama C, Romanelli V, Martin-Trujillo A, Iglesias-Platas I, Okamura K, et al. (April 2014).
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5138:
4388:. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 25. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 41–71.
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974:
915:
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533:, the egg starts dividing in minutes, as compared to the days or months it takes for reprogramming during
2296:
Bischoff SR, Tsai S, Hardison N, Motsinger-Reif AA, Freking BA, Nonneman D, et al. (November 2009).
333:
The grouping of imprinted genes within clusters allows them to share common regulatory elements, such as
5530:
5507:
5462:
5236:
5221:
5101:
4384:
Herrick G, Seger J (1999). "Imprinting and
Paternal Genome Elimination in Insects". In Ohlsson R (ed.).
1657:
772:
636:
612:
318:
54:
3333:
Moore T, Haig D (February 1991). "Genomic imprinting in mammalian development: a parental tug-of-war".
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after the sixth cleavage division and remains so in most tissues; males are thus functionally haploid.
4618:
Bonthuis PJ, Steinwand S, Stacher Hörndli CN, Emery J, Huang WC, Kravitz S, et al. (March 2022).
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5444:
5343:
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5159:
4885:
4736:
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de la Casa-EsperĂłn E, Sapienza C (2003). "Natural selection and the evolution of genome imprinting".
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2855:
2600:
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2045:
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910:
872:. Unlike the embryo, the endosperm is often formed from the fusion of two maternal cells with a male
322:
207:
offspring of two species may exhibit unusual growth due to the novel combination of imprinted genes.
116:
gene is therefore represented by two copies, or alleles, with one copy inherited from each parent at
1318:
Peters J (August 2014). "The role of genomic imprinting in biology and disease: an expanding view".
5169:
3147:
2793:
Bjornsson HT, Albert TJ, Ladd-Acosta CM, Green RD, Rongione MA, Middle CM, et al. (May 2008).
1362:
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Feil R, Berger F (April 2007). "Convergent evolution of genomic imprinting in plants and mammals".
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without altering the genetic sequence. These epigenetic marks are established ("imprinted") in the
62:
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Babak T, Deveale B, Armour C, Raymond C, Cleary MA, van der Kooy D, et al. (November 2008).
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2014:
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Rotondo JC, Selvatici R, Di Domenico M, Marci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (September 2013).
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Rotondo JC, Selvatici R, Di Domenico M, Marci R, Vesce F, Tognon M, Martini F (September 2013).
4521:
Sikora KM, Magee DA, Berkowicz EW, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, et al. (January 2011).
4480:
Magee DA, Berry DP, Berkowicz EW, Sikora KM, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, et al. (January 2011).
3045:"Elongation of the Kcnq1ot1 transcript is required for genomic imprinting of neighboring genes"
2540:
Magee DA, Sikora KM, Berkowicz EW, Berry DP, Howard DJ, Mullen MP, et al. (October 2010).
868:, an extraembryonic structure that nourishes the embryo in a manner analogous to the mammalian
389:) and flowering plants. Imprinting of whole chromosomes has been reported in mealybugs (Genus:
5515:
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Wolf JB (May 2009). "Cytonuclear interactions can favor the evolution of genomic imprinting".
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4827:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 2093. New York, NY: Springer US. pp. 173–201.
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de Koning DJ, Rattink AP, Harlizius B, van Arendonk JA, Brascamp EW, Groenen MA (July 2000).
3772:
Barlow DP (April 1993). "Methylation and imprinting: from host defense to gene regulation?".
2224:; Lewis A (May 2005). "Co-evolution of X-chromosome inactivation and imprinting in mammals".
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their dominance to that of the paternally-derived genes in light of the conflict hypothesis.
149:) both the male and female develop from a fertilised egg. In females, all chromosomes remain
120:. The expressed allele is dependent upon its parental origin. For example, the gene encoding
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4942:
4901:
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4828:
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4639:
4631:
4590:
4582:
4544:
4534:
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4259:"NOEY2 (ARHI), an imprinted putative tumor suppressor gene in ovarian and breast carcinomas"
4239:
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4149:
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4097:
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1996:
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and anticorrelations seen between the disorders and other traits to support the hypothesis.
608:
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turned out to be beneficial for the organism. There appears to be an over-representation of
204:
3750:
5365:
5202:
5048:
4931:"Widespread imprinting of transposable elements and variable genes in the maize endosperm"
4757:
2151:
Isles AR, Holland AJ (January 2005). "Imprinted genes and mother-offspring interactions".
861:
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3093:
3069:
3044:
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2995:
2951:; Dean W; Walter J (August 2001). "Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development".
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conservation and have undergone very few duplications in placental mammalian lineages.
342:
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196:
134:
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Luedi PP, Dietrich FS, Weidman JR, Bosko JM, Jirtle RL, Hartemink AJ (December 2007).
2752:
Kobayashi H, Yamada K, Morita S, Hiura H, Fukuda A, Kagami M, et al. (May 2009).
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1493:
5558:
5393:
5080:
4858:
4293:
4258:
4225:"Is this conjectural phenotypic dichotomy a plausible outcome of genomic imprinting?"
3959:
3924:
3666:
3346:
2186:
Morison IM, Ramsay JP, Spencer HG (August 2005). "A census of mammalian imprinting".
2164:
2134:
2093:
2018:
1911:
1894:
346:
289:
219:
117:
4466:
3925:"Genome-wide scan for body composition in pigs reveals important role of imprinting"
3853:
3682:
3625:
3525:
3271:
3176:
2980:
2885:
2347:"High-resolution analysis of parent-of-origin allelic expression in the mouse brain"
2253:
1969:
1178:
967:
5267:
5197:
5066:
4774:
3809:
3572:
3441:
3219:
2720:
2628:
1936:"Mice from Same-Sex Parents: CRISPRing Out the Barriers for Unisexual Reproduction"
1895:"Completion of mouse embryogenesis requires both the maternal and paternal genomes"
1879:
1821:
1149:; Walter J (January 2001). "Genomic imprinting: parental influence on the genome".
900:
741:
684:
648:
587:. Indeed, methylation loss at H19 imprinted gene has been observed associated with
526:
404:
391:
182:
74:
4194:"Testing the imprinted brain: parent-of-origin effects on empathy and systemizing"
3985:
Hoeschele I (2004-07-15). "Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci in Outbred Pedigrees".
2345:
Gregg C, Zhang J, Weissbourd B, Luo S, Schroth GP, Haig D, Dulac C (August 2010).
2313:
1784:, Norris ML (1984). "Role of paternal and maternal genomes in mouse development".
1717:
1347:
1256:
17:
4947:
4832:
4635:
4036:
2469:
1632:
1460:
1092:
Patten MM, Ross L, Curley JP, Queller DC, Bonduriansky R, Wolf JB (August 2014).
5370:
5299:
4393:
3609:
2770:
2753:
2453:"Critical evaluation of imprinted gene expression by RNA-Seq: a new perspective"
1781:
1094:"The evolution of genomic imprinting: theories, predictions and empirical tests"
895:
826:
755:
596:
584:
396:
269:
150:
93:
34:
4897:
4263:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3929:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2118:
2038:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2001:
1984:
1983:
Li ZK, Wang LY, Wang LB, Feng GH, Yuan XW, Liu C, et al. (November 2018).
1952:
1935:
1383:
1366:
1192:
Morcos L, Ge B, Koka V, Lam KC, Pokholok DK, Gunderson KL, et al. (2011).
377:
The control of expression of specific genes by genomic imprinting is unique to
210:
Various methods have been used to identify imprinted genes. In swine, Bischoff
5328:
4801:
4586:
4450:
4243:
4084:
Lazaraviciute G, Kauser M, Bhattacharya S, Haggarty P, Bhattacharya S (2014).
4020:"Genome-wide analysis reveals a complex pattern of genomic imprinting in mice"
3837:
3556:
3203:
2901:"Computational and experimental identification of novel human imprinted genes"
2868:
2843:
2199:
1757:
1740:
1524:
1291:
877:
732:
721:
697:
624:
580:
564:
386:
382:
310:
3994:
3109:
3043:
Mancini-Dinardo D, Steele SJ, Levorse JM, Ingram RS, Tilghman SM (May 2006).
1210:
4498:
4481:
4102:
4085:
3793:
3455:
McElroy JP, Kim JJ, Harry DE, Brown SR, Dekkers JC, Lamont SJ (April 2006).
3286:
2964:
2948:
2558:
2370:
2221:
2058:
1146:
938:(July 2011). "Genomic imprinting: the emergence of an epigenetic paradigm".
865:
813:
640:
476:
472:
437:
285:
146:
142:
113:
4966:
4915:
4850:
4809:
4766:
4713:
4653:
4604:
4558:
4539:
4507:
4458:
4411:
4163:
4111:
4055:
3968:
3949:
3909:
3845:
3758:
3720:
3674:
3617:
3564:
3517:
3482:
3396:
3263:
3211:
3141:
Metz CW (1938). "Chromosome behavior, inheritance and sex determination in
3127:
3078:
3029:
2972:
2934:
2877:
2828:
2779:
2577:
2526:
2488:
2437:
2388:
2331:
2245:
2207:
2172:
2126:
2077:
2010:
1961:
1687:
1640:
1611:
Brown SW, Nur U (July 1964). "Heterochromatic Chromosomes in the Coccids".
1542:
1479:
1392:
1339:
1299:
1264:
1229:
1170:
1127:
1078:
1026:
959:
259:
microarrays, transcriptome sequencing, and in silico prediction pipelines.
50:
of 2019, 260 imprinted genes have been reported in mice and 228 in humans.
4302:
4283:
3801:
3473:
3456:
3414:
3354:
3316:
3011:
2810:
2738:
2663:
2655:
2620:
1920:
1871:
1813:
1725:
53:
Genomic imprinting is an inheritance process independent of the classical
5348:
5338:
5262:
4704:
4687:
4426:
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-023-09411-4
2298:"Characterization of conserved and nonconserved imprinted genes in swine"
2275:
1766:
1444:"Genomic imprinting in mammals: emerging themes and established theories"
905:
869:
725:
659:
361:
354:
305:
273:
138:
66:
4748:
3060:
1109:
1008:
563:, is associated with an increased risk of imprinting disorders, with an
360:
Differentially methylated regions are generally segments of DNA rich in
5084:
4929:
Anderson SN, Zhou P, Higgins K, Brandvain Y, Springer NM (April 2021).
3307:
3290:
3168:
3094:"DNA methylation: superior or subordinate in the epigenetic hierarchy?"
2916:
1588:
644:
518:
442:
365:
298:
154:
70:
5012:
4257:
Yu Y, Xu F, Peng H, Fang X, Zhao S, Li Y, et al. (January 1999).
4145:
3509:
3373:"Parental antagonism, relatedness asymmetries, and genomic imprinting"
3254:
3237:
2518:
1060:
731:
The imprinted brain hypothesis is based around genomic imprinting, an
127:
The term "imprinting" was first used to describe events in the insect
4595:
2612:
2034:"Viable offspring derived from single unfertilized mammalian oocytes"
1863:
1805:
1162:
873:
809:
663:
635:
Paternal inheritance of a deletion of this region is associated with
534:
433:
429:
378:
284:), a paternal imprint is established, whereas in developing oocytes (
276:
cells the imprint is erased and then re-established according to the
235:
223:
109:
108:
organisms (like humans), the somatic cells possess two copies of the
105:
46:
3891:
2428:
2403:
2237:
1580:
1331:
951:
3876:"Genomic imprinting and parent-of-origin effects on complex traits"
3160:
92:
syndromes. Methylation defects have also been associated with male
5106:
5017:
767:
683:
628:
620:
545:
489:
325:
that would be expressed during early trophoblast differentiation.
288:), a maternal imprint is established. This process of erasure and
174:
2844:"Global survey of genomic imprinting by transcriptome sequencing"
993:"Genomic imprinting: employing and avoiding epigenetic processes"
688:
Bernard Crespi, the primary originator of the hypothesis, in 2016
553:
on the copy of chromosome 18 inherited from that sheep's mother.
2094:"The mice with two dads: scientists create eggs from male cells"
583:
imprinted gene in sperm have been observed associated with male
455:
203:
are involved in embryonic and placental growth and development.
38:
5408:
5021:
4669:"Mouse Foraging Behavior Shaped by Opposite-Sex Parent's Genes"
1194:"Genome-wide assessment of imprinted expression in human cells"
181:(called parthenogenones, with two maternal or egg genomes) and
69:(sperm or egg cells) of the parents and are maintained through
5076:
2795:"SNP-specific array-based allele-specific expression analysis"
277:
654:
Maternal inheritance of the same deletion is associated with
750:, it lacks scientific backing. It has also been attacked as
488:, that is to say genes that are inserted into the genome by
112:, one inherited from the male and one from the female. Each
3428:
Haig D (2000). "The kinship theory of genomic imprinting".
1367:"Genomic Imprinting and Physiological Processes in Mammals"
860:
A similar imprinting phenomenon has also been described in
4987:
4982:
3732:
3730:
836:
absence of genomic imprinting in a placental reptile, the
611:
to be described in humans were the reciprocally inherited
3231:
3229:
2146:
2144:
153:
and functional. In embryos destined to become males, one
3694:
3692:
1664:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 35. pp. 127–203.
280:
of the individual, i.e. in the developing sperm (during
1652:
1650:
1509:"Genomic imprinting disorders in humans: a mini-review"
4018:
Wolf JB, Cheverud JM, Roseman C, Hager R (June 2008).
3328:
3326:
1437:
1435:
1141:
1139:
1137:
808:" argues that unbalanced imprinting may be a cause of
4872:
Wyder S, Raissig MT, Grossniklaus U (February 2019).
3655:
Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
3537:
3535:
1606:
1604:
5529:
5506:
5461:
5443:
5381:
5290:
5255:
5229:
5220:
5178:
5152:
5126:
5117:
5055:
4988:
Imprinted Gene and Parent-of-origin Effect Database
255:microarrays, allele-specific gene expression using
4686:Garnier O, Laoueillé-Duprat S, Spillane C (2008).
3874:Lawson HA, Cheverud JM, Wolf JB (September 2013).
2677:Beechey C, Cattanach BM, Lake A, Peters J (2008).
2092:
4353:Development of the Pancreas and Neonatal Diabetes
3980:
3978:
746:While the hypothesis has found some attention in
671:Potential involvement in autism and schizophrenia
459:) is a gene for which this hypothesis may apply.
1554:
1552:
724:traits are opposites, and that this implies the
666:, and a perpetually smiling facial expression).
4181:(PhD). Perth: University of Western Australia.
3869:
3867:
3865:
3863:
783:Other conditions involving imprinting include
5420:
5033:
2500:
2498:
1934:Sagi I, Bar S, Benvenisty N (November 2018).
1513:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
720:in 2008. It claims that certain autistic and
8:
4223:Dickins BJA, Dickins DW, Dickins TE (2008).
3591:"Epigenetics, brain evolution and behaviour"
3238:"Physiological functions of imprinted genes"
1313:
1311:
1309:
544:for "beautiful buttocks"), or CLPG, gene in
57:. It is an epigenetic process that involves
2451:DeVeale B, van der Kooy D, Babak T (2012).
2268:"Gene Tug-of-War Leads to Distinct Species"
1699:
1697:
1494:"Can you generate offspring from two eggs?"
5467:
5427:
5413:
5405:
5226:
5188:Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA)
5123:
5040:
5026:
5018:
3584:
3582:
2091:Ledford, Heidi; Kozlov, Max (2023-03-09).
1038:
1036:
513:Human disorders associated with imprinting
27:Expression of genes depending on parentage
5000:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
4956:
4946:
4905:
4756:
4703:
4643:
4594:
4548:
4538:
4497:
4316:Allis CD, Jenuwein T, Reinberg D (2007).
4292:
4282:
4153:
4101:
4045:
4035:
3958:
3948:
3899:
3472:
3404:
3306:
3253:
3117:
3068:
3019:
2924:
2867:
2818:
2769:
2728:
2567:
2557:
2478:
2468:
2427:
2378:
2321:
2067:
2057:
2000:
1951:
1910:
1756:
1662:Cytology of Coccids (CoccoĂŻdea-Homoptera)
1532:
1469:
1459:
1382:
1219:
1209:
1117:
1068:
1016:
173:. Nucleus transplantation experiments in
3430:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
339:differentially methylated regions (DMRs)
321:to these loci by a specific and unknown
214:compared transcriptional profiles using
195:gene led to the birth of a mouse (named
3092:Jin B, Li Y, Robertson KD (June 2011).
1739:Lyon MF, Glenister PH (February 1977).
1406:Preston, Elizabeth (13 February 2024).
927:
728:of the two conditions must be at odds.
540:An allele of the "callipyge" (from the
415:Hypotheses on the origins of imprinting
272:rather than DNA sequence dependent. In
4123:
4121:
3751:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.143741
3236:Tycko B, Morison IM (September 2002).
2679:"Mouse Imprinting Data and References"
2032:Wei Y, Yang CR, Zhao ZA (March 2022).
5208:Histone acetylation and deacetylation
5013:Gehring Lab (MIT) Imprinting Database
1420:from the original on 13 February 2024
521:, with clones having DNA that is not
403:). It has also been established that
7:
5453:Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
5273:Ribosome-nascent chain complex (RNC)
4356:. Karger Publishers. pp. 113–.
799:Transient neonatal diabetes mellitus
496:Imprinted loci phenotypic signatures
317:or, alternatively, a recruitment of
3589:Keverne EB, Curley JP (June 2008).
3285:Constância M; Pickard B; Kelsey G;
2703:Bartolomei MS, Tilghman SM (1997).
1442:Wood AJ, Oakey RJ (November 2006).
740:they point to a number of supposed
426:evolutionary fitness of their genes
4210:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.002
4192:Ragsdale G, Foley RA (July 2012).
627:and the maternally expressed gene
422:differing interests of each parent
242:Genetic mapping of imprinted genes
25:
4993:J. Kimball's Imprinted Genes Site
4825:Plant Epigenetics and Epigenomics
517:Imprinting may cause problems in
3987:Handbook of Statistical Genetics
3667:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00632.x
3377:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
2165:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.006
1893:McGrath J, Solter D (May 1984).
1827:
973:
820:Imprinted genes in other animals
735:process through which genes are
710:schizophrenia spectrum disorders
676:This section is an excerpt from
5278:Post-translational modification
4439:Development Genes and Evolution
4177:Russell-Smith, Suzanna (2012).
3598:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
3498:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
2705:"Genomic imprinting in mammals"
2272:Howard Hughes Medical Institute
234:in imprinted genes influencing
232:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
5543:Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
4758:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3877-6
4688:"Genomic imprinting in plants"
3989:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3442:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.9
3242:Journal of Cellular Physiology
2721:10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.493
1:
4667:Robitzski D (12 April 2022).
4575:The Journal of Dairy Research
4232:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
3713:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02134-X
2681:. MRC Harwell. Archived from
2314:10.1095/biolreprod.109.078139
1718:10.1242/dev.108.Supplement.29
1670:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)60468-X
1361:Tucci V; Isles AR; Kelsey G;
1257:10.1126/science.293.5532.1070
801:can also involve imprinting.
531:somatic cell nuclear transfer
353:) on mouse chromosome 17 and
227:flawed statistical analysis.
5008:Harwell Mouse Imprinting Map
4948:10.1371/journal.pgen.1009491
4833:10.1007/978-1-0716-0179-2_13
4636:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110500
4198:Evolution and Human Behavior
4037:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000091
3347:10.1016/0168-9525(91)90230-N
2470:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002600
2274:. 2000-04-30. Archived from
1912:10.1016/0092-8674(84)90313-1
1633:10.1126/science.145.3628.130
1461:10.1371/journal.pgen.0020147
579:Epigenetic deregulations at
373:Functions of imprinted genes
122:insulin-like growth factor 2
5475:Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome
4394:10.1007/978-3-540-69111-2_3
4322:. CSHL Press. p. 440.
3610:10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.03.001
2771:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.12.012
785:Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
230:In domesticated livestock,
157:set of chromosomes becomes
5591:
4898:10.1038/s41598-018-36768-4
4071:"The Legacy of Solid Gold"
4069:Winstead ER (2001-05-07).
2119:10.1038/d41586-023-00717-7
2002:10.1016/j.stem.2018.09.004
1953:10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.012
1507:Butler MG (October 2009).
1384:10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.043
918:, immunological imprinting
838:Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii
806:imprinted brain hypothesis
694:imprinted brain hypothesis
678:Imprinted brain hypothesis
675:
529:is added to an egg during
171:chromosomal translocations
165:Imprinted genes in mammals
5489:
5470:
4802:10.1016/j.tig.2009.12.006
4587:10.1017/S0022029910000567
4451:10.1007/s00427-016-0531-x
4244:10.1017/S0140525X08004287
4090:Human Reproduction Update
3838:10.1007/s00335-001-2083-1
3739:Annual Review of Genetics
3557:10.1007/s00335-010-9283-5
2869:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.044
2709:Annual Review of Genetics
2200:10.1016/j.tig.2005.06.008
1758:10.1017/S0016672300017134
1525:10.1007/s10815-009-9353-3
1292:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.004
856:Imprinted genes in plants
253:gene expression profiling
5539:Pseudohypoparathyroidism
5339:sequestration (P-bodies)
5002:Medical Subject Headings
3995:10.1002/0470022620.bbc17
3880:Nature Reviews. Genetics
3110:10.1177/1947601910393957
2404:"RNA studies under fire"
2402:Hayden EC (April 2012).
2226:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1320:Nature Reviews. Genetics
1211:10.1186/gb-2011-12-3-r25
1151:Nature Reviews. Genetics
940:Nature Reviews. Genetics
793:pseudohypoparathyroidism
704:regarding the causes of
5479:Silver–Russell syndrome
5317:Gene regulatory network
4486:The Journal of Heredity
3794:10.1126/science.8469984
3291:"Imprinting mechanisms"
3204:10.1023/A:1006419025155
3192:Plant Molecular Biology
3049:Genes & Development
2965:10.1126/science.1063443
2559:10.1186/1471-2156-11-93
2371:10.1126/science.1190830
2302:Biology of Reproduction
2153:Early Human Development
2059:10.1073/pnas.2115248119
997:Genes & Development
847:Mouse foraging behavior
789:Silver-Russell syndrome
702:evolutionary psychology
37:phenomenon that causes
5322:cis-regulatory element
4540:10.1186/1471-2156-12-4
4073:. Genome News Network.
3950:10.1073/pnas.140216397
3397:10.1098/rspb.1997.0230
916:Original antigenic sin
763:DIRAS3 (NOEY2 or ARH1)
696:is an unsubstantiated
689:
595:in semen samples from
557:In vitro fertilisation
73:cell divisions in the
5520:Prader-Willi syndrome
4499:10.1093/jhered/esq097
4350:Scharfmann R (2007).
4284:10.1073/pnas.96.1.214
4103:10.1093/humupd/dmu033
3012:10.1101/gr.164913.113
2811:10.1101/gr.073254.107
2656:10.1242/dev.122.1.265
825:offspring, including
773:tumor suppressor gene
712:, first presented by
687:
637:Prader-Willi syndrome
613:Prader-Willi syndrome
603:Prader-Willi/Angelman
486:retrotransposed genes
475:, nonrandom parental
263:Imprinting mechanisms
55:Mendelian inheritance
5344:alternative splicing
5334:Post-transcriptional
5160:Transcription factor
4705:10.4161/epi.3.1.5554
1561:"The chromosomes in
911:Metabolic imprinting
876:. This results in a
607:The first imprinted
323:transcription factor
249:uniparental disomies
5268:Transfer RNA (tRNA)
4890:2019NatSR...9.1320W
4749:10.1038/nature05770
4741:2007Natur.447..312N
4275:1999PNAS...96..214Y
3941:2000PNAS...97.7947D
3786:1993Sci...260..309B
3474:10.1093/ps/85.4.593
3389:1997RSPSB.264.1657H
3383:(1388): 1657–1662.
3148:American Naturalist
3061:10.1101/gad.1416906
2959:(5532): 1089–1093.
2860:2008CBio...18.1735B
2605:1985Natur.315..496C
2420:2012Natur.484..428C
2363:2010Sci...329..643G
2111:2023Natur.615..379L
2050:2022PNAS..11915248W
2044:(12): e2115248119.
1856:1984Natur.310...66M
1798:1984Natur.311..374B
1625:1964Sci...145..130B
1569:Biological Bulletin
1559:Schrader F (1921).
1496:. 27 December 2021.
1251:(5532): 1070–1074.
1110:10.1038/hdy.2014.29
1009:10.1101/gad.1841409
718:Christopher Badcock
569:confidence interval
347:antisense Igf2r RNA
159:heterochromatinised
63:histone methylation
5575:Molecular genetics
5494:Myoclonic dystonia
5437:genomic imprinting
5382:Influential people
5361:Post-translational
5180:Post-transcription
4998:Genomic+imprinting
4878:Scientific Reports
4790:Trends in Genetics
4386:Genomic Imprinting
3701:Trends in Genetics
3335:Trends in Genetics
3308:10.1101/gr.8.9.881
3289:(September 1998).
3098:Genes & Cancer
2917:10.1101/gr.6584707
2513:(Suppl 1): 25–39.
2188:Trends in Genetics
1745:Genetical Research
1413:The New York Times
1280:Trends in Genetics
991:(September 2009).
690:
658:(characterised by
639:(characterised by
130:Pseudococcus nipae
90:Beckwith–Wiedemann
31:Genomic imprinting
18:Genetic imprinting
5552:
5551:
5516:Angelman syndrome
5502:
5501:
5435:Disorders due to
5402:
5401:
5286:
5285:
5216:
5215:
5092:Special transfers
4842:978-1-0716-0178-5
4735:(7142): 312–315.
4403:978-3-662-21956-0
4363:978-3-8055-8385-5
4329:978-0-87969-724-2
4146:10.4161/epi.25798
3935:(14): 7947–7950.
3780:(5106): 309–310.
3551:(9–10): 486–498.
3510:10.1159/000103192
3371:(November 1997).
3255:10.1002/jcp.10129
3055:(10): 1268–1282.
2911:(12): 1723–1730.
2854:(22): 1735–1741.
2599:(6019): 496–498.
2519:10.1111/age.12168
2357:(5992): 643–648.
2105:(7952): 379–380.
1995:(5): 665–676.e4.
1792:(5984): 374–376.
1658:Hughes-Schrader S
1619:(3628): 130–136.
1563:Pseudococcus nipæ
1519:(9–10): 477–486.
1365:(February 2019).
1363:Ferguson-Smith AC
1061:10.4161/epi.25798
1003:(18): 2124–2133.
936:Ferguson-Smith AC
656:Angelman syndrome
617:Angelman syndrome
609:genetic disorders
464:natural selection
383:placental mammals
16:(Redirected from
5582:
5468:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5406:
5227:
5124:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5019:
4971:
4970:
4960:
4950:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4909:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4760:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4647:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4598:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4552:
4542:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4501:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4286:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4229:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4039:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3962:
3952:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3903:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3826:Mammalian Genome
3820:
3814:
3813:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3661:(5): 1364–1371.
3650:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3628:. Archived from
3595:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3545:Mammalian Genome
3539:
3530:
3529:
3504:(1–4): 305–312.
3493:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3257:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3198:(2–3): 147–161.
3187:
3181:
3180:
3155:(743): 485–520.
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2871:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2773:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2613:10.1038/315496a0
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2482:
2472:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2004:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1955:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1864:10.1038/310066a0
1839:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1806:10.1038/311374a0
1777:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1315:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1163:10.1038/35047554
1143:
1132:
1131:
1121:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1020:
985:
979:
978:
977:
971:
932:
862:flowering plants
593:hypermethylation
575:Male infertility
424:in terms of the
77:of an organism.
21:
5590:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5570:Gene expression
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5525:
5498:
5485:
5482:
5457:
5439:
5433:
5403:
5398:
5377:
5312:Transcriptional
5282:
5251:
5212:
5203:Polyadenylation
5174:
5148:
5113:
5107:Protein→Protein
5058:
5051:
5049:Gene expression
5046:
4983:geneimprint.com
4979:
4974:
4941:(4): e1009491.
4928:
4927:
4923:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4843:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4404:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4127:
4126:
4119:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4030:(6): e1000091.
4017:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3984:
3983:
3976:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3892:10.1038/nrg3543
3873:
3872:
3861:
3832:(11): 813–821.
3822:
3821:
3817:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3736:
3735:
3728:
3707:(12): 573–579.
3698:
3697:
3690:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3461:Poultry Science
3454:
3453:
3449:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3295:Genome Research
3284:
3283:
3279:
3235:
3234:
3227:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3000:Genome Research
2993:
2992:
2988:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2905:Genome Research
2898:
2897:
2893:
2848:Current Biology
2841:
2840:
2836:
2799:Genome Research
2792:
2791:
2787:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2507:Animal Genetics
2504:
2503:
2496:
2463:(3): e1002600.
2450:
2449:
2445:
2429:10.1038/484428a
2401:
2400:
2396:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2238:10.1038/nrg1602
2220:
2219:
2215:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2031:
2030:
2026:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1850:(5972): 66–67.
1841:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1591:
1581:10.2307/1536736
1558:
1557:
1550:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1332:10.1038/nrg3766
1317:
1316:
1307:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1145:
1144:
1135:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1042:
1041:
1034:
987:
986:
982:
972:
952:10.1038/nrg3032
934:
933:
929:
925:
892:
858:
849:
822:
781:
765:
760:
759:
748:popular science
706:autism spectrum
681:
673:
605:
577:
515:
498:
417:
375:
343:non-coding RNAs
335:non-coding RNAs
331:
301:modifications.
295:DNA methylation
282:spermatogenesis
265:
244:
216:DNA microarrays
179:parthenogenesis
167:
102:
59:DNA methylation
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5535:
5533:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5523:
5512:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5389:François Jacob
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5165:RNA polymerase
5162:
5156:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4977:External links
4975:
4973:
4972:
4921:
4864:
4841:
4815:
4796:(3): 142–148.
4780:
4719:
4678:
4659:
4630:(10): 110500.
4610:
4564:
4513:
4472:
4429:
4417:
4402:
4376:
4362:
4342:
4328:
4308:
4269:(1): 214–219.
4249:
4238:(3): 267–268.
4215:
4204:(4): 402–410.
4184:
4169:
4140:(9): 990–997.
4117:
4096:(6): 840–852.
4076:
4061:
4010:
4003:
3974:
3915:
3886:(9): 609–617.
3859:
3815:
3764:
3726:
3688:
3645:
3604:(3): 398–412.
3578:
3531:
3488:
3467:(4): 593–605.
3447:
3420:
3360:
3322:
3301:(9): 881–900.
3277:
3248:(3): 245–258.
3225:
3182:
3161:10.1086/280803
3133:
3104:(6): 607–617.
3084:
3035:
3006:(4): 554–569.
2986:
2940:
2891:
2834:
2805:(5): 771–779.
2785:
2764:(5): 461–472.
2744:
2695:
2669:
2650:(1): 265–270.
2634:
2583:
2532:
2494:
2443:
2394:
2337:
2308:(5): 906–920.
2288:
2259:
2232:(5): 403–410.
2213:
2194:(8): 457–465.
2178:
2140:
2083:
2024:
1989:Cell Stem Cell
1975:
1946:(5): 625–627.
1940:Cell Stem Cell
1926:
1905:(1): 179–183.
1885:
1834:
1772:
1731:
1693:
1678:
1646:
1600:
1575:(5): 259–270.
1548:
1499:
1485:
1431:
1398:
1377:(5): 952–965.
1353:
1326:(8): 517–530.
1305:
1286:(4): 192–199.
1270:
1235:
1198:Genome Biology
1184:
1133:
1104:(2): 119–128.
1084:
1055:(9): 990–997.
1032:
980:
946:(8): 565–575.
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
913:
908:
903:
898:
891:
888:
883:triploid block
857:
854:
848:
845:
821:
818:
780:
777:
764:
761:
714:Bernard Crespi
682:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
652:
604:
601:
591:gene promoter
576:
573:
514:
511:
497:
494:
469:X inactivation
416:
413:
374:
371:
330:
327:
264:
261:
257:SNP genotyping
243:
240:
166:
163:
101:
98:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5587:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5531:Chromosome 20
5528:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5508:Chromosome 15
5505:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5463:Chromosome 11
5460:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5395:
5394:Jacques Monod
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5356:Translational
5354:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Transcription
5116:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:Central dogma
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4968:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:PLOS Genetics
4932:
4925:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4673:The Scientist
4670:
4663:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4568:
4565:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4492:(1): 94–101.
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4072:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4024:PLOS Genetics
4021:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4004:0-470-02262-0
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3981:
3979:
3975:
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3907:
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3897:
3893:
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3877:
3870:
3868:
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3864:
3860:
3855:
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3847:
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3835:
3831:
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3816:
3811:
3807:
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3799:
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3779:
3775:
3768:
3765:
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3714:
3710:
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3695:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3635:on 2010-06-22
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
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3599:
3592:
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3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2685:on 2012-07-03
2684:
2680:
2673:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2584:
2579:
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2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2457:PLOS Genetics
2454:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2414:(7395): 428.
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2278:on 2013-03-28
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:9780120176021
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:PLOS Genetics
1445:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
989:Bartolomei MS
984:
981:
976:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
931:
928:
922:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
889:
887:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
853:
846:
844:
841:
839:
833:
830:
828:
819:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
794:
790:
786:
778:
776:
774:
769:
762:
757:
753:
752:unfalsifiable
749:
745:
743:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
679:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
571:1.4 to 9.7).
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
552:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
512:
510:
506:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
481:
478:
474:
470:
465:
460:
458:
457:
450:
446:
444:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
302:
300:
296:
291:
290:reprogramming
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
241:
239:
237:
233:
228:
225:
221:
220:transcriptome
217:
213:
208:
206:
200:
198:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Pseudococcids
132:
131:
125:
123:
119:
118:fertilization
115:
111:
107:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
76:
75:somatic cells
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
5445:Chromosome 6
5436:
5371:irreversible
5304:
5256:Key elements
5153:Key elements
5067:Genetic code
5057:Introduction
4938:
4934:
4924:
4881:
4877:
4867:
4824:
4818:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4698:(1): 14–20.
4695:
4691:
4681:
4672:
4662:
4627:
4624:Cell Reports
4623:
4613:
4578:
4574:
4567:
4530:
4527:BMC Genetics
4526:
4516:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4445:(2): 79–85.
4442:
4438:
4432:
4420:
4385:
4379:
4367:. Retrieved
4352:
4345:
4333:. Retrieved
4318:
4311:
4266:
4262:
4252:
4235:
4231:
4218:
4201:
4197:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4137:
4133:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4064:
4027:
4023:
4013:
3986:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3883:
3879:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3742:
3738:
3704:
3700:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3637:. Retrieved
3630:the original
3601:
3597:
3548:
3544:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3464:
3460:
3450:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3380:
3376:
3363:
3341:(2): 45–49.
3338:
3334:
3298:
3294:
3280:
3245:
3241:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2672:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2549:
2546:BMC Genetics
2545:
2535:
2510:
2506:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2280:. Retrieved
2276:the original
2262:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2159:(1): 73–77.
2156:
2152:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2041:
2037:
2027:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1751:(1): 83–92.
1748:
1744:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1661:
1616:
1612:
1592:. Retrieved
1572:
1568:
1562:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1488:
1454:(11): e147.
1451:
1447:
1422:. Retrieved
1411:
1401:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1323:
1319:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1157:(1): 21–32.
1154:
1150:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1052:
1048:
1000:
996:
983:
943:
939:
930:
901:Female sperm
859:
850:
842:
834:
831:
823:
803:
797:
782:
766:
742:correlations
730:
691:
649:hypogonadism
606:
578:
567:of 3.7 (95%
559:, including
555:
550:
539:
516:
507:
503:
499:
482:
461:
454:
451:
447:
418:
409:
405:X-chromosome
400:
392:Pseudococcus
390:
376:
359:
350:
332:
314:
303:
266:
245:
229:
211:
209:
201:
190:
187:
183:androgenesis
168:
128:
126:
103:
86:Prader–Willi
79:
52:
30:
29:
5565:Epigenetics
5222:Translation
5059:to genetics
4884:(1): 1320.
4692:Epigenetics
4369:10 November
4335:10 November
4319:Epigenetics
4134:Epigenetics
3745:: 349–370.
2715:: 493–525.
2644:Development
1780:Barton SC,
1706:Development
1424:16 February
1049:Epigenetics
896:Bookmarking
827:arrhenotoky
756:mentalizing
722:schizotypal
585:infertility
397:fungus gnat
151:euchromatic
94:infertility
5559:Categories
5366:reversible
5329:lac operon
5305:imprinting
5300:Epigenetic
5292:Regulation
5247:Eukaryotic
5193:5' capping
5144:Eukaryotic
4581:(1): 1–8.
3639:2011-01-06
2689:2008-07-02
2282:2008-07-02
1594:2008-07-01
1204:(3): R25.
923:References
733:epigenetic
698:hypothesis
565:odds ratio
523:methylated
473:marsupials
387:marsupials
345:, such as
329:Regulation
270:epigenetic
35:epigenetic
5237:Bacterial
5134:Bacterial
4859:211261218
4596:11019/377
2135:257428648
2019:205251810
1782:Surani MA
1712:: 29–34.
866:endosperm
814:psychosis
737:expressed
641:hypotonia
597:infertile
535:embryonic
477:chromatid
438:oviparous
381:mammals (
306:placental
286:oogenesis
147:Coccoidea
143:Hemiptera
139:mealybugs
114:autosomal
43:expressed
5349:microRNA
5263:Ribosome
5242:Archaeal
5198:Splicing
5170:Promoter
5139:Archaeal
5083: →
5079: →
4967:33830994
4916:30718537
4851:32088897
4810:20089326
4767:17468744
4714:18259119
4654:35263575
4605:20822563
4559:21214909
4508:20817761
4467:14643386
4459:26943808
4412:10339741
4164:23975186
4112:24961233
4056:18535661
3969:10859367
3910:23917626
3854:13419814
3846:11845283
3759:14616065
3721:11102708
3683:29251471
3675:19425202
3626:10697086
3618:18439660
3565:20931201
3526:27834663
3518:17675872
3483:16615342
3436:: 9–32.
3272:42971427
3264:12124770
3212:10999401
3177:83550755
3128:21941617
3079:16702402
3030:24402520
2981:17089710
2973:11498579
2935:18055845
2886:10143690
2878:19026546
2829:18369178
2780:19200453
2758:Genomics
2578:20942903
2527:24990393
2489:22479196
2438:22538578
2389:20616232
2332:19571260
2254:21091004
2246:15818385
2208:15990197
2173:15707717
2127:36894725
2078:35254875
2011:30318303
1970:53252140
1962:30388415
1688:18103373
1660:(1948).
1641:14171547
1543:19844787
1480:17121465
1418:Archived
1393:30794780
1340:24958438
1300:17316885
1265:11498574
1230:21418647
1179:12050251
1171:11253064
1128:24755983
1098:Heredity
1079:23975186
1027:19759261
968:23630392
960:21765458
906:Male egg
890:See also
878:triploid
870:placenta
726:etiology
660:epilepsy
599:males.
395:) and a
362:cytosine
355:KCNQ1OT1
274:germline
100:Overview
82:Angelman
67:germline
5102:RNA→DNA
5097:RNA→RNA
5085:Protein
4958:8057601
4907:6362150
4886:Bibcode
4775:4396777
4737:Bibcode
4645:9128000
4550:3025900
4303:9874798
4271:Bibcode
4155:3883776
4047:2390766
3937:Bibcode
3901:3926806
3810:6925971
3802:8469984
3782:Bibcode
3774:Science
3573:6883377
3415:9404029
3406:1688715
3385:Bibcode
3355:2035190
3317:9750189
3220:9499846
3169:2457532
3119:3174260
3070:1472902
3021:3975056
2953:Science
2926:2099581
2856:Bibcode
2820:2336807
2739:9442905
2730:3941233
2664:8565838
2629:4337753
2621:4000278
2601:Bibcode
2569:2965127
2480:3315459
2416:Bibcode
2380:3005244
2359:Bibcode
2351:Science
2323:2770020
2107:Bibcode
2069:8944925
2046:Bibcode
1921:6722870
1880:4336389
1872:6738704
1852:Bibcode
1822:4321070
1814:6482961
1794:Bibcode
1726:2090427
1621:Bibcode
1613:Science
1589:1536736
1534:2788689
1471:1657038
1245:Science
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