Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa

1112:, the court found that "direct horizontal application" was necessitated by "the intensity of the constitutional right in question, coupled with the potential invasion of that right which could be occasioned by persons other than the state or organs of state". In addition to these factors, Currie and de Waal suggest that the purpose of a given provision may be important in determining whether it is applicable to private conduct or not, and certain rights – such as the section 12(1) right to freedom from violence and the section 9(4) right to freedom from unfair discrimination – are explicitly binding on private conduct. 1225:, and regardless of whether it is carried out by the state (in contravention of section 9(3)) or by a person (in contravention of section 9(4)). Moreover, discrimination on a listed ground is presumed to be unfair: in terms of section 9(5), such discrimination is "unfair unless it is established that the discrimination is fair". On the other hand, in cases of discrimination on the basis of any other, non-listed ground, the constitutional threshold is higher, because only section 9(3) is applicable: under that provision, the state "may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone" on 59: 5418: 5186: 5772: 5989: 669: 6252: 2405:

moreover, obligates Parliament to enact such legislation. Finally, subsection 25(7) provides for land restitution: "A person or community dispossessed of property after 19 June 1913 as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to restitution of that property or to equitable redress", 19 June 1913 being the date on which the

2131:, the Constitutional Court considered the application of the right to freedom of movement to a licensing scheme under which pharmaceutical licenses could only be exercised at particular premises; in that case, it held that "the right to decide where one will practise one's profession" is subject to regulation under section 22 of the Constitution, since it is a right relating to the practice of a profession. 6063: 1158:. Section 9(2) expands on this provision, stipulating that "Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms." However, section 9(2) also provides that, "To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken." Section 9(2) was applied to uphold 2393:

from taking legislative and other measures to achieve land, water and related reform, in order to redress the results of past racial discrimination". Moreover, section 25(4) provides that "the nation's commitment to land reform, and to reforms to bring about equitable access to all South Africa's natural resources" is an element of the "public interest" as deployed in sections 25(2) and 25(3).

1772:, the Constitutional Court confirmed that the categories of expression enumerated in section 16(2) fall outside of the ambit of constitutionally protected speech; however, it also held that section 16(1) protects any expression that is not specifically excluded under section 16(2), and any regulation of such expression limits the section 16(1) right. Thus, in line with 1088:, insofar as section 8(2) provides that, "A provision of the Bill of Rights binds a natural or a juristic person if, and to the extent that, it is applicable, taking into account the nature of the right and the nature of any duty imposed by the right." Section 8(3) requires that, when a court applies the Bill of Rights in this way, it may develop the 5079: 2385:

affected, having regard to all relevant circumstances". Subsections 25(3)(a)–(e) provide a non-exhaustive list of five factors which are deemed to be "relevant circumstances". The interpretation of section 25(3)'s requirement of "just and equitable compensation" has been highly controversial. In particular, in the context of policy proposals to

1415:

not to be treated or punished in a cruel, inhuman or degrading way. Everyone has the right to bodily and psychological integrity, which includes the right— to make decisions concerning reproduction; to security in and control over their body; and not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments without their informed consent.

2697:: children have the right "to be protected from exploitative labour practices" and "not to be required or permitted to perform work or provide services that— are inappropriate for a person of that child’s age; or place at risk the child’s well-being, education, physical or mental health or spiritual, moral or social development". 2182:. Section 23(4) provides that every trade union and employers' organisation has the right "to determine its own administration, programmes and activities; to organise; and to form and join a federation", while section 23(5) provides that every trade union, employers' organisation, and employer has the right to engage in 1064: 5114: 962: 2389:, there has been significant debate about whether section 25(3) licenses expropriation where the quantum of compensation is set at zero. In 2021, Parliament considered and rejected the Constitution Eighteenth Amendment Bill, which would amend section 25 and explicitly license expropriation for nil compensation. 2446:. The right of access to housing, set out in section 26(1), is complemented, in section 26(2), by a positive responsibility on the state to take reasonable measures to achieve that right's "progressive realisation". This pair of provisions was interpreted by the Constitutional Court in the landmark case of 3594:

This constitutional judicial power to reshape the common law in line with the Bill of Rights is generally limited by the requirement that the common law must be developed incrementally and on a case-by-case basis, with reference to the particulars of the case before the court; per Currie and de Waal,

2879:

Section 31 applies to "persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic community", whom it provides "may not be denied the right... to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language; and to form, join and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other

2873:

Persons belonging to a cultural, religious or linguistic community may not be denied the right, with other members of that community— to enjoy their culture, practise their religion and use their language; and to form, join and maintain cultural, religious and linguistic associations and other organs

2156:

Everyone has the right to fair labour practices. Every worker has the right— to form and join a trade union; to participate in the activities and programmes of a trade union; and to strike. Every employer has the right— to form and join an employers’ organisation; and to participate in the activities

1925:

Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right— to form a political party; to participate in the activities of, or recruit members for, a political party; and to campaign for a political party or cause. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections for any

1691:

may be conducted at state or state-aided institutions, provided that— those observances follow rules made by the appropriate public authorities; they are conducted on an equitable basis; and attendance at them is free and voluntary." Constitutional negotiators apparently included this provision in an

980:

In respect of the nature of the juristic person who is asserted to bear a constitutional right, existing case law suggests that the objectives or purpose of the juristic person are a decisive factor, partly because they may reveal a relationship between the juristic person and the natural persons who

966:

that juristic persons "enjoy the right to privacy, although not to the same extent as natural persons", because, "Privacy is a right which becomes more intense the closer it moves to the intimate personal sphere of the life of human beings". More recently, considering the section 10 right to dignity,

892:

The extent of the jurisdiction and application of the Bill of Rights is delineated by sections 7 and 8, the bill's opening sections, which are titled "Rights" and "Application" respectively. Section 7 entrenches the Bill of Rights as a "cornerstone of democracy in South Africa" and requires the state

3082:

Section 33(3) mandates the enactment of national legislation to give effect to the section 33 rights, adding that such legislation must, "provide for the review of administrative action by a court or, where appropriate, an independent and impartial tribunal; impose a duty on the state to give effect

2392:

Remaining provisions of section 25 concern the application of property rights to the state's pursuit of land reform, thus providing a constitutional framework for land reform. The broad basis for this framework is section 25(8), which provides that, "No provision of this section may impede the state

2345:

No one may be deprived of property except in terms of law of general application, and no law may permit arbitrary deprivation of property. Property may be expropriated only in terms of law of general application— for a public purpose or in the public interest; and subject to compensation, the amount

1881:

It strikes me that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression can be enhanced by group association. Similarly, associative rights can be heightened by the freer transmissibility of a group's identity and purpose, expressed through its name, emblems and labels. These rights are interconnected

1289:

that must be respected and protected. In many cases, however, where the value of human dignity is offended, the primary constitutional breach occasioned may be of a more specific right such as the right to bodily integrity, the right to equality or the right not to be subjected to slavery, servitude

1012:

the right to exercise some constitutional rights: such waiver does not ensure the validity of otherwise unconstitutional conduct, but it consists in the individual's commitment not to invoke the constitutionality invalidity of that conduct. Currie and de Waal suggest the effect of the waiver depends

954:

Many "universally accepted fundamental rights" will be fully recognised only if afforded to juristic persons as well as natural persons. For example, freedom of speech, to be given proper effect, must be afforded to the media, which are often owned or controlled by juristic persons. While it is true

3485:

Section 39(2) is often conceived as giving rise to a second, indirect manner of enforcing or applying the Bill of Rights. In this approach, the Bill of Rights is not used directly to resolve a dispute but instead is used indirectly to interpret or develop whatever non-constitutional law governs the

3116:

of legal disputes. It provides that, "Everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum". With section 32 and section 33, section 34 has

2700:

In criminal procedure, children have the right "not to be detained except as a measure of last resort". A child who is detained "may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time, and has the right to be kept separately from detained persons over the age of 18 years; and treated in a

2550:

Everyone has the right to have access to— health care services, including reproductive health care; sufficient food and water; and social security, including, if they are unable to support themselves and their dependants, appropriate social assistance. The state must take reasonable legislative and

2384:

Section 25(3) provides further guidance on the circumstances in which expropriation is permissible. It requires that, "The amount of the compensation and the time and manner of payment must be just and equitable, reflecting an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those

2378:

The amount of the compensation and the time and manner of payment must be just and equitable, reflecting an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected, having regard to all relevant circumstances, including— the current use of the property; the history of the

2367:

an early case on the interpretation of the property clause, the Constitutional Court held that the overriding purpose of these provisions is to "strike a proportionate balance" between the protection of property rights and the public interest. In the same case, the court declined to define property

959:

In respect of the first constitutional consideration, the nature of the right, certain rights – such as the right to life and right to bodily integrity – protect personal conditions that only natural persons possess. Conversely, certain rights are self-evidently applicable to juristic persons, such

3409:

Sections 38 and 39 deal with "Enforcement of rights" and "Interpretation of Bill of Rights" respectively. In respect of interpretation, Section 39(1) provides that the interpretation of the Bill of Rights must promote "the values that underlie an open and democratic society based on human dignity,

3343:

These factors are not absolute and other factors that the court may deem necessary may also be taken into account. When the nature of the right is considered, the courts will have to take into account the content of the right, the importance of the right and the interest which is protected. It is,

2816:

that— do not discriminate on the basis of race; are registered with the state; and maintain standards that are not inferior to standards at comparable public educational institutions." Under section 29(4), this provision "does not preclude state subsidies for independent educational institutions".

2684:

In respect of domestic and family life, children have the right "to a name and a nationality from birth; to family care or parental care, or to appropriate alternative care when removed from the family environment; to basic nutrition, shelter, basic health care services and social services; to be

2564:

suggests are considered together because they are interdependent: each is valueless without the other. As in the case of the right to housing, the state is given a positive responsibility to take reasonable measures to achieve the "progressive realisation" of each right, set out in section 27(2).

1966:

The scope and content of the rights entrenched by this section may be ascertained by means of an interpretation process which must be informed by context that is both historical and constitutional. During the apartheid order, the majority of people in our country were denied political rights which

1898:

held that the right to freedom of association implies not only a positive right to be free to form an association but also a negative right, protecting "the freedom not to associate at all, if that be the individual's choice". On this basis, the Constitutional Court held that section 17, read with

1414:

Everyone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right— not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily or without just cause; not to be detained without trial; to be free from all forms of violence from either public or private sources; not to be tortured in any way; and

3531:

and in part due to the "opacity and apparent circularity" of section 8, courts generally prefer to deploy section 39(2) rather than section 8(2): that is, they prefer to develop the common law rather than apply constitutional rights directly to invalidate either private conduct or even prevailing

3526:

In connection with the common law, section 39(2) has particular import for the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights in private disputes. In practice, and notwithstanding some exceptions, the Bill of Rights is not generally directly enforced in private disputes at common law – that is, its

3319:

Organs of state, such as the judiciary, the legislature, or the executive, may invariably limit rights in carrying out their functions. For example, by limiting the freedom of a prisoner. Further, because of the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights, rights may be limited by the actions or

2929:

Both section 30 and section 31 conclude with internal limitations in section 30(2) and 31(2) respectively; in each case, the limitation is the proviso that the rights referred to may not be exercised "in a manner inconsistent with any provision of the Bill of Rights". In respect of section 31(2),

2422:

Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing. The state must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of this right. No one may be evicted from their home, or have their home demolished, without an order of

2102:

Section 22's predecessor in the Interim Constitution was not restricted in application to South African citizens and therefore could plausibly accommodate non-citizens and even juristic persons in the protections it offers. During the constitutional certification process, the Constitutional Court

1136:

Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law. Equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. To promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of

886:

This Bill of Rights is a cornerstone of democracy in South Africa. It enshrines the rights of all people in our country and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. The state must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights. The rights in the

2768:

is provided in section 29(1)(b). In the case of further education, as in the case of housing and basic services, the state's obligation is to take "reasonable measures" to make the resource "progressively available and accessible". The right to basic education is not qualified in that manner; in

2404:

reform: it provides that, "A person or community whose tenure of land is legally insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices is entitled, to the extent provided by an Act of Parliament, either to tenure which is legally secure or to comparable redress." Section 25(9),

1177:

Subsections 9(3) to 9(5) deal expressly with unfair discrimination. Discriminatory conduct or legislation is treated differently according to the grounds for the discrimination in question, and, in particular, according to whether it constitutes discrimination on the basis of one of the "listed

955:

that some rights are not appropriate to enjoyment by juristic persons, the text of s 8(4) specifically recognises this. The text also recognises that the nature of a juristic person may be taken into account by a court in determining whether a particular right is available to such person or not.

3350:

where capital punishment was abolished. The promotion and protection of a permissible or lawful public interest will be important when considering the limitation and its purpose. Further, the Constitution requires a less restrictive means to be considered, rather than limiting the rights of an

1940:

to South African citizens. Section 19(1) protects citizens' freedom "to make political choices", including the right to form a political party, to participate in the activities of a political party, and to campaign for a political party or cause. Section 19(2) protects the right of citizens to

991:

have the property rights protected in section 25, the Constitutional Court was aware that, in almost all cases, shares in private companies vest "ultimately" in natural persons, and, "The property rights of natural persons can only be fully and properly realised if such rights are afforded to

2973:

of two kinds: "any information held by the state", under section 32(1)(a), and "any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights", under section 31(b). It is among the most advanced such provision in any constitution worldwide.

3439:

of rights. The persons who may approach a court are anyone acting in their own interest; anyone acting on behalf of another person who cannot act in their own name; anyone acting as a member of, or in the interest of, a group or class of persons; anyone acting in the public interest; and an

3315:

at Section 36, which provides for all rights in the Bill of Rights to be limited in terms of law of general application and that "limitations must be reasonable and justifiable in an open and democratic society based on human dignity, equality, and freedom." Any limitation must therefore be

2238:

Everyone has the right— to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing; and to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that— prevent pollution and ecological degradation; promote

2360:, and section 25(2) adds that expropriation of property must be "for a public purpose or in the public interest" and "subject to compensation, the amount of which and the time and manner of payment of which have either been agreed to by those affected or decided or approved by a court". In 2057:

Section 22 enshrines citizens' right to freedom of trade, freedom of occupation, and freedom of profession. It also provides that the practice of a trade, occupation, or profession may be regulated by law. Section 22 rights have most often been litigated in cases involving agreements in

3274:

obtained in a manner that violates any right in the Bill of Rights must be excluded if the admission of that evidence would render the trial unfair or otherwise be detrimental to the administration of justice." The Constitutional Court has interpreted this provision in cases including

1567:

and home environment, which is shielded from erosion by conflicting rights of the community... Privacy is acknowledged in the truly personal realm, but as a person moves into communal relations and activities such as business and social interaction, the scope of personal space shrinks

913:

According to section 7(1), the Bill of Rights "enshrines the rights of all people in our country". The text of specific provisions grants most rights to "everyone", with the exception of some rights that are expressly restricted to smaller groups of beneficiaries (most usually to

1926:

legislative body established in terms of the Constitution. Every adult citizen has the right— to vote in elections for any legislative body established in terms of the Constitution, and to do so in secret; and to stand for public office and, if elected, to hold office.

3310:

Rights contained in the Bill of Rights are not absolute and may be limited by way of specific limitation clauses where individual rights are subject to limitations set out in the individual Sections, e.g. Section 9 on equality. In addition, the Constitution provides a

1441:; and from "all forms of violence from either public or private sources". Stuart Woolman views section 12(1) as providing "both substantive protection and procedural protection for any deprivation of physical liberty". Second, section 12(2) enshrines the right to 3212:

in criminal proceedings. Section 35(1) outlines the rights of persons "arrested for allegedly committing an offence", while section 35(2) outlines the right of persons "detained, including every sentenced prisoner". Section 35(3) guarantees every accused person's

3590:

conceived of section 39(2) as providing constitutional authority and constitutional guidelines to the inherent and routine power of superior courts "to refashion and develop the common law in order to reflect the changing social, moral, and economic make-up of

1971:. Participation in the activities of these organisations constituted a serious criminal offence that carried a heavy penalty. The purpose of section 19 is to prevent this wholesale denial of political rights to citizens of the country from ever happening again. 2790:, the Supreme Court of Appeal confirmed that section 29(1)(a) entitled all learners at public schools "to be provided with every textbook prescribed for his or her grade before commencement of the teaching of the course for which the textbook is prescribed". 1461:

Many of these rights played an important role in the Constitutional Court's early jurisprudence, particularly insofar as they were "refracted through the prism of dignity" by the court. Section 12 ultimately had particular import for state liability under the

960:

as the right of trade unions to organise. In the case of other rights, the situation is less clear and requires greater interpretation on a case-by-case basis. For example, considering the section 14 right to privacy, the Constitutional Court held in

2355:

of property respectively. According to these provisions, deprivation or expropriation of property is permissible only when it proceeds "in terms of law of general application". Further, section 25(1) adds that deprivation of property may not be

2596:

also established that the section 27(3) right to emergency medical treatment is to be interpreted narrowly, as covering acute medical conditions arising from sudden or unexpected events; in particular, it does not include ongoing treatment for

1729:

Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes— freedom of the press and other media; freedom to receive or impart information or ideas; freedom of artistic creativity; and academic freedom and freedom of scientific research.

1280:

Human dignity... informs constitutional adjudication and interpretation at a range of levels. It is a value that informs the interpretation of many, possibly all, other rights... Section 10, however, makes it plain that dignity is not only a

2095:

principles, but the right to freedom of trade, enshrined in section 22 of the Constitution is, in my view, consistent with a competitive regime in matters of trade and the recognition of the protection of competition as being in the public

3053: 2252:

or wellbeing". The second, provided in section 24(b), is the right "to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures"; such measures must "prevent

2797:

or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable." In order to effect this right, the state is required to "consider all reasonable educational alternatives, including

2379:

acquisition and use of the property; the market value of the property; the extent of direct state investment and subsidy in the acquisition and beneficial capital improvement of the property; and the purpose of the expropriation.

2332:

by communities demanding constitutional recognition of their right to return to land from which they had been dispossessed; at the same time, other communities were determined that section 25 should entrench and protect rights to

2019:

Under the heading of "Freedom of Movement and Residence", section 21(3) provides that citizens have "the right to enter, to remain in and to reside anywhere in, the Republic", and section 21(4) provides for citizens' right to a

1445:

and psychological integrity, including an individual's right "to make decisions concerning reproduction", "to security in and control over their body", and "not to be subjected to medical or scientific experiments without their

3514:, wherein the Constitutional Court found that "all statutes must be interpreted through the prism of the Bill of Rights" in the "spirit of transition and transformation characterises the constitutional enterprise as a whole". 2400:: it obligates the state to "take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to foster conditions which enable citizens to gain access to land on an equitable basis". Subsection 25(6) concerns 2880:

organs of civil society." The provision extends to an individual community member's freedom to exercise these freedoms "with other members of that community", leaving it somewhat ambiguous whether the section 31 rights are

3047:", while section 33(2) requires that, "Everyone whose rights have been adversely affected by administrative action has the right to be given written reasons." The tripartite requirements of section 33(1) were familiar in 1510:; legislation enshrining this right was therefore not only constitutionally permitted but, "in a sense", constitutionally required. It also likely that, in a similar fashion, section 12(2)(a) entails a right of access to 2474: 1233: 3033:

Everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair. Everyone whose rights have been adversely affected by administrative action has the right to be given written reasons.

2938:", preventing associational rights from "being used to 'privatise' constitutionally offensive group practices" or to shield "oppressive features of internal relationships primarily within the communities concerned". 1300:

itself is emblematic of a major category of exceptions to this general rule, in which dignity itself has operated as a dispositive, first-order rule; these exceptions largely relate to intimate associations such as

3106:

Everyone has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved by the application of law decided in a fair public hearing before a court or, where appropriate, another independent and impartial tribunal or forum.

1576: 2981:

judgment, the Constitutional Court held that section 32 envisaged access to state information as a means to "a wider purpose, namely, to ensure that there is open and accountable administration at all levels of

1429:. First, under section 12(1), it protects the right to "freedom and security of the person", including the right "not to be deprived of freedom arbitrarily or without just cause" and the right to protected from 2985:

in subsequent jurisprudence in lower courts, it was similarly linked to the founding constitutional values of "accountability, responsiveness and openness". The Constitutional Court affirmed this connection in

2898:

that section 31 "emphasises and protects the associational nature of cultural, religious and language rights", which are protected at the individual level in section 30(1) and, in the case of religion, section

3702: 5128: 2731:. Section 29 is generally viewed as emanating closely from the apartheid context in which the Bill of Rights was negotiated: the right to education had a "restitutional" dimension, given the effects of the 2701:

manner, and kept in conditions, that take account of the child's age". In civil procedure, children have the right "to have a legal practitioner assigned to the child by the state, and at state expense, in

4147: 1527:

Everyone has the right to privacy, which includes the right not to have— their person or home searched; their property searched; their possessions seized; or the privacy of their communications infringed.

4968:"Determining the Effect (the Social Costs) of Exclusion under the South African Exclusionary Rule: Should Factual Guilt Tilt the Scales in Favour of the Admission of Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence?" 1882:

and complementary. Political participation, actuated by the lawful exercise of these rights, can and should assist in ensuring accountability in all forms of leadership and in encouraging good governance.

3003:

to give effect to the right of access to information, with due provision "for reasonable measures to alleviate the administrative and financial burden on the state". The legislation thus enacted was the

946:. Section 8(4) provides explicitly that, "A juristic person is entitled to the rights in the Bill of Rights to the extent required by the nature of the rights and the nature of that juristic person." In 4109:"My Tea Party, Your Mob, Our Social Contract: Freedom of Assembly and the Constitutional Right to Rebellion in Garvis V Satawu ( Minister For Safety & Security, Third Party ) 2010 (6) Sa 280 (Wcc)" 2751:

Everyone has the right— to a basic education, including adult basic education; and to further education, which the state, through reasonable measures, must make progressively available and accessible.

2786:, which provides for free basic education. However, courts have interpreted the section 29(1)(a) right to basic education to extend to access to the equipment that is necessary for such education: in 2727:

and defines the positive responsibilities of the state in this respect. It has been described as a "hybrid right": while section 29(1) protects a socioeconomic right, sections 29(2) and 29(3) concern

5519: 3551:, provided that public policy doctrine, in the constitutional era, has constitutional content which encompasses the values of the Bill of Rights. Other important cases invoking section 39(2) include 2988: 950:, the Constitutional Court heard that the extension of constitutional rights to juristic persons would diminish the rights of natural persons. Yet it rejected that objection in the following terms: 3579:, the Constitutional Court emphasised that section 39(2) imposes a "general obligation" on courts to develop the common law as necessary, irrespective of whether any party asks the court to do so; 3518:

also held that this approach requires a preference for "reading down" statutes, giving precedence to interpretations on which a given statutory provision does not limit any constitutional right.

745:, and bind all branches of the government, including the national executive, Parliament, the judiciary, provincial governments, and municipal councils. Some provisions, such as those prohibiting 3383:, like section 36 of the South African law, states that rights are "subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society." 2459:

in evictions, provides in part that, "No one may be evicted from their home, or have their home demolished, without an order of court made after considering all the relevant circumstances." In

1596: 1541:

and private communications: it prohibits searches of an individual's home, person, or property; the seizure of their possessions; or infringements upon "the privacy of their communications".

1376: 3376: 2964:

Everyone has the right of access to— any information held by the state; and any information that is held by another person and that is required for the exercise or protection of any rights.

1716:; or systems of personal and family law under any tradition, or adhered to by persons professing a particular religion", provided that such recognition is consistent with the Constitution. 5115:

Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences and Others v Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd and Others In re: Hyundai Motor Distributors (Pty) Ltd and Others v Smit NO and Others

3431:

Anyone listed in this section has the right to approach a competent court, alleging that a right in the Bill of Rights has been infringed or threatened, and the court may grant appropriate

2629:, including a right to "appropriate social assistance" for individuals who are "unable to support themselves and their dependants". The landmark case on the interpretation of this right is 5868: 5142: 3449:

in rights disputes, providing that individuals may bring rights claims on their own behalf, on behalf of other individuals, in their capacity as a member of a group of persons, or "in the

2362: 983: 3481:

When interpreting any legislation, and when developing the common law or customary law, every court, tribunal or forum must promote the spirit, purport and objects of the Bill of Rights.

2320:. In comparative international terms, it is unusually detailed, and property rights were hotly contested during constitutional negotiations, partly because of the symbolic importance of 5873: 5853: 5848: 5240: 1646: 2032:, both detested apartheid policies; the latter was a new addition to the 1996 Constitution, having no analogue in the Interim Constitution. The most direct use of section 21 rights in 5863: 5858: 577: 3369:", limits on freedom of thought and religion (art. 9(2)), "subject only to such limitations as are prescribed by law and are necessary for a democratic society," etc. In Canada, the 5838: 5668: 2448: 2209:

Section 23 concludes with the provisos, in section 23(5) and section 23(6) respectively, that national legislation may be enacted to regulate collective bargaining and to recognise

5419:

First National Bank of SA Limited t/a Wesbank v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services and Another; First National Bank of SA Limited t/a Wesbank v Minister of Finance

928:

that section 7(1) implies that the word "everyone" should be read literally, meaning that such rights are extended to foreign citizens inside South Africa and not only to citizens.

5843: 5818: 2863:

judgment that the right to use the language of one's choice "would extend to communications with the government, subject to reasonable limitations where they would be warranted."

503: 1967:

were enjoyed by a minority... Many organisations whose objectives were to advance the rights and interests of black people were banned. These organisations included the present

5823: 5803: 5793: 2917: 2913: 2678: 1830:, to demonstrate, to picket, and to present petitions, provided in each case that the right is exercised "peacefully and unarmed". The Constitutional Court has frequently held 1834:

that these section 17 rights aim to promote freedom of expression in a democratic society. It has also considered the content of section 17 rights directly in cases including

5833: 5828: 5813: 5808: 5798: 5788: 2489: 1736: 1361: 587: 508: 424: 5187:

Dawood and Another v Minister of Home Affairs and Others; Shalabi and Another v Minister of Home Affairs and Others; Thomas and Another v Minister of Home Affairs and Others

1262:

and the right to have their dignity respected and protected". This right to dignity is one of several places in which dignity features in the South African Constitution and

4548: 3117:

been viewed as providing a category of "leverage right", a primarily procedural guarantee that allows litigants to leverage or vindicate their other (substantive) rights.

2924:": thus, "the interest protected by section 31 is not a statistical one dependent on a counter-balancing of numbers, but a qualitative one based on respect for diversity". 1389: 1322: 706: 1017:, the rights to dignity and life may not be waived – but that, in all cases, courts may consider waiver (alongside victim responsibility more generally) in assessing and 869:), which replaced the interim Bill of Rights on 4 February 1997 (the commencement date of the final Constitution), retained all of these rights and added a number of new 3238: 3010: 131: 1126: 175: 2851:. Section 30(1) provides that, "Everyone has the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of their choice". This freedom applies both in the 1072:. Section 7(1) additionally binds the state to respect and fulfil constitutional rights. Thus it is well established in the Constitution that the Bill of Rights has 5716: 5691: 3510: 2644: 2582: 2479: 1804: 1581: 650: 2551:

other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of each of these rights. No one may be refused emergency medical treatment.

1784:

is a form of protected expression, though it is "of little value", "does not implicate the core values of the right", and "is found on the periphery of the right".

2954: 1232:

Section 9(4) additionally provides that national legislation must be enacted "to prevent or prohibit unfair discrimination"; the legislation thus enacted was the

3618: 1757:. However, the scope of freedom of expression is expressly limited by section 16(2), which provides that the right to freedom of expression "does not extend" to 5930: 3084: 2608:

is seldom litigated, though it is sometimes a consideration in cases where individuals are evicted from land which they used as a resource to produce food. The

1039: 996:, the Constitutional Court held that state entities are not beneficiaries of the section 33 right to just administrative action, because rights are necessarily 778: 126: 2103:

considered a challenge to this narrowing of scope but rejected it on the basis that section 22 remained consistent with international human rights instruments.

2052:

Every citizen has the right to choose their trade, occupation or profession freely. The practice of a trade, occupation or profession may be regulated by law.

1977:

The Constitutional Court has a large body of case law on the interpretation of the political rights, including a large number in electoral law. In addition to

6017: 5946: 5603: 5340: 4787: 3553: 3005: 2673:, with section 28(3) defining children as persons under the age of the 18 years. Perhaps most importantly, section 28(2) provides for the paramountcy of the 2123:

While sections 21(3) and 21(4) are limited to South African citizens, sections 21(1) and 21(2) are not. They provide, respectively, for a universal right to

1503: 544: 5143:

First National Bank of SA Limited v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services and Another; First National Bank of SA LImited v Minister of Finance

3469:

Section 39(3) provides that the Bill of Rights "does not deny the existence of any other rights or freedoms that are recognised or conferred by common law,

5306: 526: 522: 2802:

institutions, taking into account— equity; practicability; and the need to redress the results of past racially discriminatory laws and practices." Given

6281: 5661: 2239:

conservation; and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

1142:

The first right protected by the Bill of Rights is the right to equality, located in section 9 of the Constitution, which contains strong provisions on

5935: 5374:

Ex parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Amended Text of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

2636: 592: 436: 5955: 4788:"The role of the courts in ensuring the right to a basic education in a democratic South Africa: a critical evaluation of recent education case law" 3505: 3499: 2618:. Access to water and sanitation has also been considered as an element of the access to adequate housing that is protected in section 26(1), as in 466: 449: 6239: 3404: 3371: 3323:

Section 36 provides certain factors that must be taken into account by the courts when determining if a limitation is reasonable and justifiable:

2033: 427: 250: 187: 2396:

The other, more specific provisions on land reform have been understood as granting land-related socioeconomic rights. Subsection 25(5) concerns

3595:"Some guidance on the new approach has to be provided, while room must be left for the courts to develop the principle on a case by case basis." 4819:"The protection of cultural, linguistic and religious rights: the framework provided by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996" 2631: 1808:, the Constitutional Court considered whether those statutory prohibitions are consistent with the section 16 right to freedom of expression. 1788: 1549: 1170: 924: 699: 421: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 6286: 6276: 5654: 5019: 4517:"State Responsibility and the Question of Expropriation: A Preliminary to the Land Expropriation without Compensation Policy in South Africa" 4159: 3857: 3685: 3528: 3487: 3453:". The outer limits of this standing have rarely been tested. In terms of Chapter Eight of the Constitution, the Constitutional Court is the 2783: 1438: 2681:

and developed extensively in South African jurisprudence. In addition, section 28(1) lists nine rights that are held uniquely by children.

2221:

that litigants seeking to enforce their section 23(5) right to collective bargaining should base their claims on any legislation (including

2166:, both individual and associational in nature and applying to employers as well as to employees. Sections 23(1) and 23(2) concern universal 6052: 5920: 2806:

and the sensitivity of language policy, this provision has often been litigated; related cases decided by the Constitutional Court include

2648: 2266: 1677:

In addition, the right to practise one's religion and form religious associations is explicitly protected elsewhere in the Bill of Rights (

1059: 919: 782: 738: 482: 471: 245: 228: 5756: 5751: 2588: 268: 3547:

matter in which the Constitutional Court held that contractual provisions should be tested not against constitutional rights but against

1869:. Like the section 17 rights, these rights have frequently been linked to freedom of expression. Writing for the Constitutional Court in 1674:. Under this definition, freedom of religion "includes both the right to have a belief and the right to express such belief in practice". 6208: 6198: 6117: 5904: 5746: 5741: 3361: 1617: 893:

to "respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights", though it also notes that rights are subject to limitation (

381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 300: 5726: 5721: 5701: 3913: 2014:

Every citizen has the right to enter, to remain in and to reside anywhere in, the Republic. Every citizen has the right to a passport.

6042: 5899: 5894: 5711: 5706: 3199: 3023: 3000: 2794: 2386: 2351:

The heart of constitutional property rights is subsections 25(1) and 25(2), which protect persons against deprivation of property and

2194: 2187: 1605: 1356: 1342: 774: 5736: 3473:

or legislation, to the extent that they are consistent with the Bill". However, importantly, section 39(2) provides that these other

2346:

of which and the time and manner of payment of which have either been agreed to by those affected or decided or approved by a court.

1687:

Sections 15(2) and 15(3) clarify the scope and implication of the freedoms protected in section 15(1). Section 15(2) provides that, "

1548:

that the scope of the privacy right extends only to contexts in which an individual has a legitimate expectation of privacy (akin to

6223: 6167: 4944: 3366: 1904: 1652: 1466:

and for the state's treatment of detained and convicted persons. Relevant Constitutional Court judgments in this connection include

1268: 1199: 1164: 969: 692: 496: 170: 5761: 5045: 4849: 4516: 4374: 3759: 3736: 2040:, wherein it was contended that section 21(3)'s right to "remain in" South Africa must be considered when the state assents to the 4709: 4575: 4224: 3014:

that, under the principle of subsidiarity, section 32 rights are henceforth justiciable as claims under, or challenges to, PAIA.

2473:. The rights of persons facing eviction are protected most directly by the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997 and the 1537:. In addition to the general right to privacy, the provisions protects four specific aspects of privacy, relating respectively to 6027: 6022: 5977: 3246: 3048: 2935: 2214: 1263: 1035: 109: 1765:, or "advocacy of hatred that is based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, and that constitutes incitement to cause harm". 1704:

in this area: it provides that legislation may be enacted to recognise "marriages concluded under any tradition, or a system of

6107: 6102: 6032: 3203: 3096: 2614: 1890: 1069: 273: 1956:; they are therefore also closely related to section 20, which provides that, "No citizen may be deprived of citizenship". In 6152: 2249: 478: 5097:

Ex Parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

3051:

as common-law principles, but were given new constitutional grounding by the Bill of Rights. In an early trilogy of cases –

1644:, belief, and opinion. The right to freedom of religion has generated the largest body of case law, including such cases as 1313:

is implicitly protected by section 10 insofar as family relationships are of "defining significance" for many individuals.

6142: 6092: 6047: 5168: 3571: 3470: 3234: 2509: 2498: 2433: 1701: 1476: 645: 572: 534: 216: 156: 151: 3083:

to the rights in subsections (1) and (2); and promote an efficient administration." The legislation thus enacted was the

2992:, in which it also held that access to certain kinds of information – in this case, information about political parties' 1949:

in elections for any legislative body, as well as the right to stand for public office and, if elected, to hold office.

6256: 6218: 6203: 6122: 6007: 5677: 4576:"The Constitutional Right to Housing in South Africa: The Government of the Republic of South Africa v. Irene Grootboom" 3490:, courts may prefer to attempt indirect application or enforcement before turning to direct application or enforcement. 3365:. Specifically, there are limits on privacy rights (Section 8(2)), "except such as is in accordance with the law and is 2773:, the Constitutional Court confirmed that it is "immediately realisable", unlike some of the other socioeconomic rights. 2533: 2429: 2146: 1068:, this provision, read with enabling provisions elsewhere in the Constitution, is the basis of a wide-ranging system of 721: 679: 655: 615: 567: 70: 2812:

Finally, section 29(3) provides for a universal right of individuals "to establish and maintain, at their own expense,

6213: 6147: 6127: 6097: 6077: 4225:"Practical Implications for the Electoral System: New Nation Movement NPC v President of the Republic of South Africa" 2674: 2321: 2311: 2178:. Similarly, under section 23(3), every employer has the right to form, join, and participate in the activities of an 1463: 549: 2296:

is not violative of the right to an environment that is not harmful to health or well-being, I do not know what is."

6157: 6137: 6087: 6037: 5080:

Khosa and Others v Minister of Social Development and Others, Mahlaule and Another v Minister of Social Development

3544: 3458: 3190:, the Constitutional Court considered the nature of the state's positive obligations to give effect to section 34. 3043:

due process. Section 33(1) provides for a universal right "to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and

2705:

affecting the child, if substantial injustice would otherwise result". Finally, children have the right "not to be

2577: 2526: 2325: 2307: 2285: 2179: 1601: 734: 620: 263: 144: 90: 2292:

and therefore on the quality of the water supply. Justice Madlanga commented, "If the flow of raw faeces into the

6193: 6162: 6082: 5925: 3125: 2803: 2732: 2718: 1968: 1821:

Everyone has the right, peacefully and unarmed, to assemble, to demonstrate, to picket and to present petitions.

1776:, South African courts have interpreted freedom of expression broadly. Notably, the Constitutional Court held in 1215: 1207: 915: 830: 630: 461: 456: 288: 209: 97: 3067:– the Constitutional Court incrementally defined the scope of "administrative action", holding that it excludes 1945:

and regular elections to all legislative bodies. Finally, section 19(3) protects the right of adult citizens to

887:

Bill of Rights are subject to the limitations contained or referred to in section 36, or elsewhere in the Bill.

6188: 6183: 6132: 6112: 5731: 3703:"The directly enforceable constitution: Political parties and the horizontal application of the Bill of Rights" 3129: 2281: 2210: 2142: 1697: 1693: 1491: 1211: 1191: 597: 582: 44: 2225:) enacted to regulate the exercise of that right, rather than relying directly on the text of section 23(5). 58: 4873:"Buying Democracy: The Regulation of Private Funding of Political Parties and the Press After My Vote Counts" 4184:"The Failure to Provide Notice of an Intended Gathering ‒ Mlungwana v The State (CCT32/18) 2018 ZACC 45 (CC)" 3320:

decisions of other persons. The courts are empowered to test the validity of the limitation in terms of S36.

3230: 3226: 3040: 2993: 2423:

court made after considering all the relevant circumstances. No legislation may permit arbitrary evictions.

2222: 2092: 1762: 1670: 1665: 1430: 1222: 1155: 806: 746: 161: 121: 4398:"The Msiza-case: the perpetuation of injustices by the miscalculation of "just and equitable" compensation" 5621: 4437:"Land Reform in South Africa: Interrogating the Securitisation of Land Expropriation Without Compensation" 3937:"The dimensional elements of the right to freedom of religion or belief in the South African Constitution" 3548: 2258: 1942: 1866: 1266:, and, though it is often considered alongside other rights, it is rarely on its own dispositive. Thus in 640: 539: 240: 5889: 3344:

for instance, very difficult to justifiably limit the right to life as the Constitutional Court held in

3214: 3208:

The longest section of the Bill of Rights, section 35 comprises a detailed list of rights which protect

2970: 2799: 2761: 2740: 2557: 2368:

comprehensively, but held that section 25 certainly applied to ownership of corporeal movables and land.

2183: 1958: 1900: 1742: 1633: 1387:

ratio, the right to life is universal and is not forfeited by wrongful or criminal conduct. However, in

1195: 1183: 1100: 17: 4295:"Covenants in restraint of trade: A synthesis of traditional, common law and constitutional approaches" 4255: 1450:". Related to this family of section 12 rights is the section 13 protection against being subjected to 4335: 4108: 4019:"The Right to Free Commercial Speech in South Africa and its Tension with Public Health Interventions" 3527:

provisions are rarely used to adjudicate the legality of private conduct. Instead, in part due to the

2859:, since its application is not limited to any specific context; the Constitutional Court found in the 2288:, impinged upon residents' section 24(a) right, because the restrictions had an adverse effect on the 2170:. Section 23(1) provides for a right to "fair labour practices", while section 23(2) provides for the 1544:

The Constitutional Court, considering the content of the right to privacy for the first time, held in

5970: 4436: 4397: 3158: 2942: 2894: 2670: 2245: 1746: 1688: 1487: 1394: 1310: 4256:"The Constitutional Court of South Africa and jurisdictional questions: In the interest of justice?" 4146:

Pickering, Joanna; Motala, Ayesha (2021), Capps, Gavin; Kingwill, Rosalie; Beinart, William (eds.),

2834:

Everyone has the right to use the language and to participate in the cultural life of their choice.

2495:

Occupiers of 51 Olivia Road, Berea Township and 197 Main Street Johannesburg vs City of Johannesburg

1042:

of the Constitution, section 8(1) holds that, "The Bill of Rights applies to all law, and binds the

5993: 5585: 4629: 3539: 3166: 3120:

In historical context, section 34 responds to the apartheid-era paralysis of judicial review under

3044: 2573: 2397: 2289: 2262: 2124: 2073: 1637: 1179: 673: 635: 625: 4736:"The Obligation to Provide Free Basic Education in South Africa: An International Law Perspective" 4476:"Compensation for Expropriation in South Africa, and International Law: The Leeway and the Limits" 5641: 5468:

Head of Department: Mpumalanga Department of Education and Another v Hoërskool Ermelo and Another

3436: 3414:, and may consider foreign law. However, these sections are most significant for entrenching the 3392: 3068: 2813: 2724: 2477:. However, the Constitutional Court has applied the Constitution to evictions in cases including 2470: 2059: 1895: 1641: 1538: 1426: 1221:

Unfair discrimination on a listed ground is impermissible, regardless of whether it is direct or

1203: 1187: 1159: 1094: 1014: 974: 814: 2167: 2248:. The first, provided in section 24(a), is the right of individuals "to an environment that is 2044:

of a citizen under the Extradition Act 67, 1962; however, the court rejected that contention.

1952:

These sections are closely related to South Africa's history of racial suffrage and widespread

1229:

ground, but, in the case of non-listed grounds, the discrimination must be shown to be unfair.

5015: 4997: 4914:"What difference does the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act make to administrative law?" 4894: 4799: 4765: 4690: 4649: 4599:"Are the courts nuanced enough in protecting the Right to Housing against sales in execution?" 4497: 4456: 4417: 4355: 4316: 4275: 4205: 4155: 4128: 4089: 4048: 4040: 3999: 3958: 3894: 3853: 3681: 3411: 3267: 2885: 2848: 2765: 2702: 2598: 2513: 2461: 2324:

in the post-apartheid context. In June and September 1993, for example, there were marches in

1874: 1827: 1792: 1781: 1564: 1507: 1104:

are prominent cases involving the horizontal application of specific constitutional rights to

1085: 988: 3936: 2996:– was essential for the effective exercise of the political rights protected in section 19. 2442:: "the right to have access to adequate housing", and the right to protection from arbitrary 2118:

Everyone has the right to freedom of movement. Everyone has the right to leave the Republic.

1359:, the Constitutional Court later upheld the ruling under the 1996 Constitution, including in 4987: 4979: 4925: 4884: 4830: 4755: 4747: 4680: 4641: 4610: 4528: 4487: 4448: 4409: 4347: 4306: 4267: 4236: 4195: 4120: 4079: 4030: 3989: 3948: 3914:"The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act: Why the Controversy" 3886: 3714: 3641: 3587: 3242: 3072: 2844: 2439: 2334: 1953: 1937: 1754: 1750: 1556: 1534: 1499: 1447: 1442: 1047: 948:

Ex Parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly: In re Certification of the Constitution

939: 2664:

A child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child.

2604:

The second right in section 27(1) is the right of access to sufficient food and water. The

2465:, the Constitutional Court found that this right seeks to correct the apartheid history of 2269:

and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development."

1253:

Everyone has inherent dignity and the right to have their dignity respected and protected.

5963: 3450: 3260: 3250: 3140:

commented that the section 34 right is closely related to the constitutional value of the

3076: 2840: 2757: 2626: 2569: 2466: 2317: 2171: 2064: 2029: 1899:

the section 19(3)(b) right to stand for office, created a right to stand for office as an

1836: 1147: 1073: 1055: 870: 862: 790: 786: 256: 102: 5626: 4967: 4735: 3977: 3316:

reasonable and may only be made with good cause. Limits should also be less restrictive.

2793:

Section 29(2) provides further that, "Everyone has the right to receive education in the

1273: 981:"stand behind" it and use it for the collective exercise of their fundamental rights. In 781:. This "interim Bill of Rights", which came into force on 27 April 1994 (the date of the 3632:

Cockrell, Alfred (July 1997). "The South African Bill of Rights and the 'Duck/Rabbit'".

1627:

Everyone has the right to freedom of conscience, religion, thought, belief and opinion.

3474: 3446: 3415: 3346: 3271: 3255: 3137: 2921: 2889: 2852: 2779: 2609: 2561: 2522: 2406: 1758: 1347: 1237: 1151: 1143: 977:

reading, section 10 intended to protected the "intrinsic self-worth" of human beings.

943: 854: 846: 838: 798: 730: 114: 2941:

Viewed in this light, these internal limitations take a clear stance on the so-called

741:

of all people in South Africa. The rights in the Bill apply to all law, including the

6270: 5569:

President of the Republic of South Africa and Another v Modderklip Boerdery (Pty) Ltd

5455: 5436:

Governing Body of the Juma Musjid Primary School & Others v Essay N.O. and Others

5345: 4152:

Land, Law and Chiefs in Rural South Africa: Contested histories and current struggles

3454: 3121: 3112:

Under the heading of "Access to Courts", section 34 enshrines a universal right to a

3063: 2856: 2706: 2686: 2605: 2357: 2352: 1705: 1511: 1455: 1338: 1076:, with the rights of private persons creating enforceable obligations on the state. 822: 512: 5771: 5608: 5274:

De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions (Witwatersrand Local Division) and Others

5173: 3760:"The Constitutional Court Decision in Barnard: A Sequel to the Van Heerden Judgment" 3359:

The limitations clause under section 36 has been compared to similar clauses in the

5988: 5590: 5556: 5540: 5506: 5487: 5471: 5439: 5405: 5327: 5311: 5277: 5245: 5084: 5046:"In the Beginning Was the Word: The Role of Text in the Interpretation of Statutes" 4351: 4124: 4068:"Hate Hurts: Qwelane and the Lingering Obscurity in South Africa's Hate Speech Law" 3953: 3718: 3619:"Tánaiste at the unveiling of a plaque commemorating South Africa's Bill of Rights" 3432: 3113: 2881: 2728: 2694: 2163: 1709: 1371: 1367: 1178:

grounds" enumerated explicitly in section 9(3). These so-called listed grounds are

1018: 973:

that juristic persons do not have a constitutional right to dignity, because, on a

233: 180: 6062: 5572: 5524: 5423: 5389: 5361: 5293: 5261: 5222: 5191: 4645: 4452: 4294: 4183: 2475:

Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998

2276:, the Constitutional Court held that electricity supply restrictions, effected by 4834: 3847: 3675: 3457:

in all constitutional matters, though rights disputes are typically heard in the

2778:

Yet the wording of section 29(1)(a) does not entail that basic education must be

1583:

Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences v Hyundai Motor Distributors

5402:

Eskom Holdings SOC Ltd v Vaal River Development Association (Pty) Ltd and Others

4783: 4614: 4311: 4240: 4200: 3500:

Statutory interpretation in South Africa § Influence of the Bill of Rights

3209: 3145: 3141: 2909: 2690: 2456: 2401: 2175: 2069: 2041: 1946: 1799: 1105: 1043: 762: 758: 192: 5646: 4818: 3164:

Other cases involving the interpretation and application of section 34 include

4598: 3565: 3559: 3294: 3059:

President of the Republic of South Africa v South African Rugby Football Union

2576:; in addition, section 27(3) provides explicitly that, "No one may be refused 2293: 2213:

contained in collective agreements. Accordingly, in an early statement of its

2080: 1713: 1089: 997: 742: 5001: 4898: 4803: 4769: 4694: 4653: 4549:"Constitutional Amendment Bill on land is a spectacular and expected failure" 4501: 4460: 4421: 4359: 4320: 4279: 4209: 4132: 4093: 4044: 4003: 3962: 3898: 3994: 3645: 3288: 2736: 2254: 1051: 1000:

and the state is itself the bearer of the obligation imposed by that right.

221: 4413: 4052: 2186:. The Constitutional Court has interpreted these rights in cases including 1234:

Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000

4983: 4972:

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad

4929: 4889: 4872: 4740:

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad

4685: 4668: 4492: 4475: 4271: 4084: 4067: 3982:

Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad

3890: 4751: 4533: 2443: 2329: 2025: 2021: 1398: 1302: 5258:

Islamic Unity Convention v Independent Broadcasting Authority and Others

4913: 4035: 4018: 3039:

Under the heading of "Just Administrative Act", section 33 provides for

2912:

pointed out, for a unanimous court, that section 31 "closely parallels"

2888:. They are generally referred to as "associational rights", and Justice 2817:

The Constitutional Court considered the application of section 29(3) in

2647:'s failure to secure the orderly administration of social grants during 1559:, the court had that the right has more force in more personal contexts: 1013:

on the nature and purpose of the right in question – in contrast to the

5503:

Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

5204:

Christian Lawyers Association v National Minister of Health and Another

3976:

Rautenbach, C.; Janse van Rensburg, F.; Pienaar, G. J. (15 June 2009).

3128:, as well as to the racially bifurcated judicial system created by the 2452:, which held that the right to housing is justiciable and enforceable. 1888:

The Constitutional Court discussed freedom of association at length in

1563:

it is only the inner sanctum of a person, such as his/her family life,

1451: 1434: 1259: 770: 5386:

Affordable Medicines Trust and Others v Minister of Health and Another

4992: 4760: 4630:"The Justiciability of Water Rights: Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg" 3874: 3511:

Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences v Hyundai Motors

3222: 2999:

Section 32(2) of the Constitution requires the enactment of national

2743:

or were otherwise reluctant to submit to state control of education.

2316:

Section 25, the so-called property clause, explicates constitutional

1285:

fundamental to our Constitution, it is a justiciable and enforceable

1009: 963:

Investigating Directorate: Serious Economic Offences v Hyundai Motors

773:. The text was eventually contained in Chapter 3 of the transitional 766: 4017:

Kruger, Petronell; Mafuyeka, Mikateko; Karim, Safura Abdool (2022).

3176:

Metcash Trading v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service

2174:

and the right to form, join, and participate in the activities of a

1802:

which are broader than the limitations implied by section 16(2). In

1577:

Mistry v Interim National Medical and Dental Council of South Africa

4375:"Participating in the Design: Constitution-Making in South Africa" 2277: 2072:

suggested, on behalf of a unanimous Supreme Court of Appeal, that

1065:

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association: In re Ex Parte President

5129:

Reddell and Others v Mineral Sands Resources (Pty) Ltd and Others

2612:

was considered by the Constitutional Court for the first time in

4710:"The Constitutionalization of Children's Rights in South Africa" 4148:"The Abuse of Interdicts by Traditional Leaders in South Africa" 2735:

system, but also a protective dimension for those who treasured

2639:. The right to social assistance was also closely implicated in 1420:

No one may be subjected to slavery, servitude or forced labour.

1236:, better known as the Equality Act, which is enforceable in the 5959: 5650: 5014:

Rautenbach, Malherbe. "Constitutional Law, 4th Edition," 2004.

2516:

against debtors' homes. Cases dealing with the consequences of

1345:, which was the result of the Constitutional Court's ruling in 5520:

Prince v President of the Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope

5324:

Geuking v President of the Republic of South Africa and Others

1574:

Other important cases concerning the right to privacy include

1137:

persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination may be taken.

4669:"The best interest of the child and the Constitutional Court" 1770:

Islamic Unity Convention v Independent Broadcasting Authority

1154:. At the broadest level, section 9(1) provides for universal 757:

South Africa's first bill of rights was drafted primarily by

5770: 5358:

Phumelela Gaming and Leisure Limited v Gründlingh and Others

1798:

The Equality Act of 2000 contains statutory prohibitions on

57: 3477:

must be interpreted in conformance with the Bill of Rights:

2625:

Finally, section 27(1) provides for the right of access to

1597:

Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development v Prince

1377:

Ex Parte Minister of Safety and Security: In re S v Walters

5032:

Amnesty International Lecture, Queen's University, Belfast

1490:, located in section 12(2)(a), secure the legal status of 1341:. It is most prominently associated with the abolition of 5732:

9: State Institutions supporting Constitutional Democracy

3445:

Section 38 establishes an extremely generous doctrine of

2934:

that the limitation sought "expressly to acknowledge the

2363:

FNB v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services

1837:

South African Transport and Allied Workers Union v Garvas

992:

companies as well as to natural persons". Conversely, in

984:

FNB v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services

5241:

Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education

3336:

The relation between the limitation and its purpose, and

2771:

Governing Body of the Juma Musjid Primary School v Essay

2024:. These protections are closely connected to the former 1668:'s definition of freedom of religion, as articulated in 1647:

Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education

3978:"Culture (and religion) in constitutional adjudication" 3391:

Section 37 of the Bill of Rights pertains expressly to

1680: 5484:

AB and Another v Pridwin Preparatory School and Others

4603:

ESR Review: Economic and Social Rights in South Africa

4515:

Kwarteng, Abdul Hamid; Botchway, Thomas Prehi (2019).

2920:, except that it refers to "communities" rather than " 2808:

Mpumalanga Department of Education v Hoërskool Ermelo.

2756:

Under section 29(1)(a), there is a universal right to

2127:

and for a universal "right to leave the Republic". In

785:), was largely limited to civil and political rights ( 5452:

Minister of Basic Education v Basic Education for All

4336:"The Property Clause: Section 28 of the Constitution" 3875:"Human Dignity, 'Unfair Discrimination' and Guidance" 2788:

Minister of Basic Education v Basic Education for All

1496:

Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health II

504:

Department of International Relations and Cooperation

3282:. Other landmark cases involving section 35 include 2918:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2679:

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

2589:

Minister of Health v Treatment Action Campaign No. 2

1401:

do not have a right to life in terms of section 11.

918:). In the case of rights granted to "everyone", the 6232: 6176: 6070: 6000: 5913: 5882: 5781: 5684: 5030:Brice Dickson, "Human Rights in the 21st Century," 3440:association acting in the interest of its members. 2782:, and, in that respect, it is less strong than the 2709:, and to be protected in times of armed conflict". 2635:, on the exclusion of non-citizens from government 2508:, housing rights have significant implications for 2490:

Residents of Joe Slovo Community v Thubelisha Homes

1962:, the Constitutional Court said of section 19 that: 1737:

Section Sixteen of the Constitution of South Africa

1008:Per Iain Currie and Johan de Waal, individuals may 5206:2005 (1) SA 509 (T), 518, 2004 (10) BCLR 1086 (T). 1860:Everyone has the right to freedom of association. 1632:Section 15(1) provides for the universal right to 1390:Christian Lawyers Association v Minister of Health 1323:Section Eleven of the Constitution of South Africa 1084:Section 8 also allows that the Bill of Rights has 5629:; 2003 (6) SA 505 (CC); 2003 (10) BCLR 1100 (CC). 5537:Lesapo v North West Agricultural Bank and Another 5348:; 2007 (2) SA 486 (SCA); (2007) 28 ILJ 317 (SCA). 5280:; 2004 (1) SA 406 (CC); 2003 (12) BCLR 1333 (CC). 3085:Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 2641:Black Sash Trust v Minister of Social Development 2580:." Important cases litigating this right include 1504:Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996 1276:wrote for a unanimous Constitutional Court that: 1258:Section 10 provides that, "Everyone has inherent 5611:; 2001 (4) SA 938 (CC); 2001 (10) BCLR 995 (CC). 5490:; 2020 (9) BCLR 1029 (CC); 2020 (5) SA 327 (CC). 3006:Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 2556:Section 27(1) enshrines three further universal 1127:Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa 749:, also apply to the actions of private persons. 5593:; 2007 (5) SA 323 (CC); 2007 (7) BCLR 691 (CC). 5474:; 2010 (2) SA 415 (CC); 2010 (3) BCLR 177 (CC). 5408:; 2023 (5) BCLR 527 (CC); 2023 (4) SA 325 (CC). 5392:; 2006 (3) SA 247 (CC); 2005 (6) BCLR 529 (CC). 5364:; 2006 (8) BCLR 883 (CC); 2007 (6) SA 350 (CC). 5087:; 2004 (6) SA 505 (CC); 2004 (6) BCLR 569 (CC). 3426: 3101: 3028: 2959: 2868: 2829: 2746: 2659: 2583:Soobramoney v Minister of Health, KwaZulu-Natal 2545: 2480:Port Elizabeth Municipality v Various Occupiers 2417: 2373: 2340: 2233: 2151: 2129:Affordable Medicines Trust v Minister of Health 2113: 2047: 2009: 1920: 1855: 1816: 1805:Qwelane v South African Human Rights Commission 1724: 1622: 1522: 1409: 1374:, as considered by the Constitutional Court in 1327: 1248: 1131: 881: 5330:; 2003 (3) SA 34 (CC); 2004 (9) BCLR 895 (CC). 3935:Plessis, GA du; Nel, W. N. (11 October 2021). 3355:Comparison with other human rights instruments 3339:Less restrictive means to achieve the purpose. 2955:Section 32 of the Constitution of South Africa 2157:and programmes of an employers' organisation. 2091:The Bill of Rights does not expressly promote 2076:is "an integral part" of the section 22 right. 938:Certain constitutional rights are extended to 5971: 5662: 5575:; 2005 (5) SA 3 (CC); 2005 (8) BCLR 786 (CC). 5559:; 1997 (10) BCLR 1413; 1997 (4) SA 1076 (CC). 3148:, and the chaos and anarchy which it causes". 2969:Section 32 provides for a universal right of 2497:; many of these cases involve evictions from 700: 8: 5604:Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security 5458:; 1 All SA 369 (SCA); 2016 (4) SA 63 (SCA). 5341:Reddy v Siemens Telecommunications (Pty) Ltd 3554:Carmichele v Minister of Safety and Security 3161:, which are instead regulated by section 35. 2693:or degradation". Two further rights concern 2601:, even if such illness is life-threatening. 1741:Section 16(1) protects a universal right to 1506:on the basis that section 12(2) protected a 1366:Section 11 is also implicated in the use of 5642:Bill of Rights – Government of South Africa 5426:; 2002 (4) SA 768; 2002 (7) BCLR 702 (CC). 5307:Ramakatsa and Others v Magashule and Others 5219:Bernstein and Others v Bester NO and Others 4260:International Journal of Constitutional Law 4154:, Wits University Press, pp. 121–140, 3134:Chief Lesapo v North West Agricultural Bank 1931:No citizen may be deprived of citizenship. 1865:Section 18 protects the universal right to 1194:, marital status, ethnic or social origin, 5978: 5964: 5956: 5669: 5655: 5647: 5527:; 2002 (2) SA 794; 2002 (3) BCLR 231 (CC). 5376:1997 (2) SA 97 (CC), 1997 (1) BCLR 1 (CC). 5264:; 2002 (4) SA 294; 2002 (5) BCLR 433 (CC). 5225:; 1996 (4) BCLR 449; 1996 (2) SA 751 (CC). 5194:; 2000 (3) SA 936; 2000 (8) BCLR 837 (CC). 5044:Bishop, Michael; Brickhill, Jason (2012). 4580:International Journal of Civil Society Law 3144:and is, in particular, "a bulwark against 2274:Eskom v Vaal River Development Association 1778:De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions 1592:De Reuck v Director of Public Prosecutions 1425:Section 12 protects two sets of universal 707: 693: 31: 4991: 4888: 4850:"The Constitutional Right to Information" 4759: 4684: 4532: 4491: 4310: 4199: 4083: 4034: 4023:The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 3993: 3952: 3008:(PAIA). The Constitutional Court held in 2637:social welfare programmes in South Africa 2085:Phumelela Gaming and Leisure v Gründlingh 1150:and explicit prohibitions against unfair 896: 4474:Lubbe, Hein; du Plessis, Elmien (2021). 2512:, particularly as concerns the award of 1692:overt effort to preclude a debate about 18:General limitation clause (South Africa) 6240:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998 5727:8: Courts and Administration of Justice 5543:; 2000 (1) SA 409; 1999 (12) BCLR 1420. 5290:Pilane and Another v Pilane and Another 5248:; 2000 (4) SA 757; 2000 (10) BCLR 1051. 5068: 3737:"The Amazing, Vanishing Bill of Rights" 3610: 3405:South African constitutional litigation 3372:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 3351:individual, in achieving that purpose. 3333:The nature and extent of the limitation 2570:right of access to health care services 1795:also constitutes protected expression. 1664:, the Constitutional Court adopted the 43: 37:This article is part of a series on the 4396:Du Plessis, Elmien (5 December 2019). 3846:Woolman, Stu; Bishop, Michael (2013). 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3395:and concomitant derogation of rights. 2632:Khosa v Minister of Social Development 1660:, as well as in the earlier matter of 1588:Case v Minister of Safety and Security 1171:South African Police Service v Barnard 925:Khosa v Minister of Social Development 873:economic, social and cultural rights. 5498: 5496: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5214: 5212: 5176:; 2002 (5) SA 401; 2002 (8) BCLR 771. 4945:"Administrative Action in the Courts" 4729: 4727: 4340:South African Journal on Human Rights 4113:South African Journal on Human Rights 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3730: 3728: 3707:South African Journal on Human Rights 3674:Currie, Iain; Waal, Johan De (2013). 3410:equality and freedom", must consider 3054:Fedsure Life Assurance v Johannesburg 2895:Prince v President of the Law Society 2784:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2568:The first section 27(1) right is the 2387:expropriate land without compensation 1745:, including explicit protections for 1439:cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment 7: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5074: 5072: 4293:Pretorius, C. J. (21 October 2021). 3873:McConnachie, C. (11 February 2014). 3852:(2nd ed.). Juta & Company. 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 2989:My Vote Counts v Minister of Justice 2839:Sections 30 and 31 consider further 2814:independent educational institutions 2669:Section 28 provides for a number of 2267:ecologically sustainable development 1936:Section 19 grants a detailed set of 1826:Section 17 provides for a universal 1696:. Meanwhile, section 15(3) concerns 1662:S v Lawrence; S v Negal; S v Solberg 777:, which was drawn up as part of the 5936:Citation of Constitutional Laws Act 5712:5: President and National Executive 4435:Akinola, Adeoye O. (2 April 2020). 3537:A landmark case in this regard was 3362:European Convention on Human Rights 3130:Black Administration Act 38 of 1927 2804:South Africa's linguistic diversity 2723:Section 29 enshrines the universal 2217:, the Constitutional Court held in 1618:Freedom of religion in South Africa 1486:More directly, the protections for 4182:Myrone Stoffels (2 October 2019). 3849:Constitutional Law of South Africa 3200:Criminal procedure in South Africa 3157:that section 34 does not apply to 3024:Administrative law in South Africa 3001:freedom of information legislation 2825:Culture, language, and communities 2541:Basic services and social security 2244:Section 24 sets out two universal 1343:capital punishment in South Africa 25: 6282:National human rights instruments 4848:Peled, Roy; Rabin, Yoram (2011). 3399:Enforcement of the Bill of Rights 3367:necessary in a democratic society 1700:and the possible codification of 1653:Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie 1269:Dawood v Minister of Home Affairs 1165:Minister of Finance v Van Heerden 970:Reddell v Mineral Sands Resources 877:Application of the Bill of Rights 6251: 6250: 6061: 5987: 5156:SITA v Gijima Holdings (Pty) Ltd 4854:Columbia Human Rights Law Review 4379:Review of Constitutional Studies 3504:The import of section 39(2) for 3330:The importance of the limitation 3247:right against self-incrimination 3180:Armbruster v Minister of Finance 3049:South African administrative law 2677:, a principle imported from the 2645:Department of Social Development 2620:Residents of Joe Slovo Community 2438:Section 26 grants two universal 2200:NEHAWU v University of Cape Town 1999:Minister of Home Affairs v NICRO 1533:Section 14 protects a universal 1337:Section 11 protects a universal 1332:Everyone has the right to life. 667: 3879:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 3575:in the customary law arena. In 3259:in South African law), and the 3204:Law of evidence in South Africa 3188:President v Modderklip Boerdery 3184:Mphahlele v First National Bank 3097:Civil procedure in South Africa 2819:AB v Pridwin Preparatory School 2707:used directly in armed conflict 2615:Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg 2485:President v Modderklip Boerdery 2455:Section 26(3), on the right to 1991:New National Party v Government 1891:New Nation Movement v President 1763:incitement of imminent violence 1612:Freedom of religion and thought 1214:, conscience, belief, culture, 1070:judicial review in South Africa 789:). The current Bill of Rights ( 4734:Arendse, L (12 January 2012). 4714:New York Law School Law Review 4352:10.1080/02587203.1994.11827533 4125:10.1080/19962126.2011.11865019 3719:10.1080/19962126.2015.11865235 2195:SANDU v Minister of Defence II 1751:freedom of artistic creativity 1: 5931:Negotiations to end apartheid 5169:Khumalo and Others v Holomisa 4966:Ally, D. (28 February 2013). 4646:10.1080/08039410.2009.9666424 4634:Forum for Development Studies 4453:10.1080/02589346.2020.1715178 4402:European Property Law Journal 3941:Journal for Juridical Science 3764:Industrial Law Journal (Juta) 3572:Bhe v Magistrate, Khayelitsha 3522:Development of the common law 3266:Section 35(5) establishes an 3239:right to be presumed innocent 3235:right to legal representation 2936:supremacy of the Constitution 2685:protected from maltreatment, 2510:South African civil procedure 2434:Land invasion in South Africa 2189:SANDU v Minister of Defence I 1995:August v Electoral Commission 1903:rather than as a member of a 1498:, Transvaal High Court Judge 1477:Zealand v Minister of Justice 1405:Personal freedom and security 779:negotiations to end apartheid 765:in 1988 from Asmal's home in 646:Politics of the Northern Cape 152:National Council of Provinces 6287:Human rights in South Africa 6277:Constitution of South Africa 5678:Constitution of South Africa 4334:Chaskalson, Matthew (1994). 4254:Berat, L. (1 January 2005). 3954:10.18820/24150517/JJS46.i1.2 3918:Journal of South African Law 3194:Arrest, detention, and trial 2534:Gundwana v Steko Development 2430:Homelessness in South Africa 2162:Section 23 sets out several 2147:Trade unions in South Africa 859:mulayo wa pfanelo dza vhathu 722:Constitution of South Africa 656:Politics of the Western Cape 616:Politics of the Eastern Cape 27:South African Bill of Rights 4877:Constitutional Court Review 4673:Constitutional Court Review 4521:Journal of Politics and Law 4480:Constitutional Court Review 4312:10.17159/obiter.v30i1.12608 4201:10.17159/obiter.v40i2.11272 4072:Constitutional Court Review 3677:The Bill of Rights Handbook 3172:Beinash v Ernst & Young 2764:, and a universal right to 2675:best interests of the child 2578:emergency medical treatment 2312:Land reform in South Africa 2250:not harmful to their health 2211:union security arrangements 1678: 1464:South African law of delict 1309:court having held that the 894: 6303: 5905:Interim Constitution, 1993 5702:3: Co-operative Government 5553:S v Pennington and Another 4628:Williams, Lucy A. (2009). 4574:Schneider, Daniel (2004). 3497: 3459:High Court of South Africa 3402: 3197: 3094: 3021: 3018:Just administrative action 2952: 2892:wrote for the minority in 2716: 2527:Standard Bank v Saunderson 2427: 2308:South African property law 2305: 2286:Ngwathe Local Municipality 2140: 1985:, important cases include 1734: 1615: 1320: 1124: 795:molaotlhomo wa ditshwanelo 621:Politics of the Free State 6248: 6194:Chapter nine institutions 6059: 5944: 5926:Chapter nine institutions 5768: 5737:10: Public Administration 5442:; 2011 (8) BCLR 761 (CC). 5314:; 2013 (2) BCLR 202 (CC). 5296:; 2013 (4) BCLR 431 (CC). 5050:South African Law Journal 4229:South African Law Journal 3741:South African Law Journal 3516:Investigating Directorate 3313:general limitation clause 3126:parliamentary sovereignty 2719:Education in South Africa 2407:Black Land Act 27 of 1913 2215:principle of subsidiarity 2068:, Acting Judge of Appeal 2034:constitutional litigation 783:first non-racial election 631:Politics of KwaZulu-Natal 467:Metropolitan municipality 5947:Text of the Constitution 5456:[2015] ZASCA 198 5346:[2006] ZASCA 135 4708:Binford, Warren (2016). 3758:Gaibie, Shamima (2015). 3506:statutory interpretation 3494:Statutory interpretation 3327:The nature of the right. 3011:My Vote Counts v Speaker 2610:right of access to water 2574:reproductive health care 2282:Lekwa Local Municipality 2143:South African labour law 2079:Likewise, Chief Justice 1774:Islamic Unity Convention 1698:South African family law 1694:prayer in public schools 1492:abortion in South Africa 1036:constitutional supremacy 578:Political assassinations 450:Administrative divisions 188:Leader of the Opposition 5747:12: Traditional Leaders 5509:; 1996 (4) SA 744 (CC). 5083:(CCT 13/03, CCT 12/03) 4597:Beukes, Soraya (2020). 4553:The Mail & Guardian 4241:10.47348/SALJ/v138/i1a4 3995:10.4314/pelj.v6i1.43474 3701:Dafel, Michael (2015). 3646:10.1111/1468-2230.00096 3586:, Deputy Chief Justice 3461:in the first instance. 3418:of the Bill of Rights. 3284:S v Dzukuda; S v Tshilo 3231:right to a speedy trial 3227:right to a public trial 2671:rights held by children 2606:right of access to food 2223:subordinate legislation 2180:employers' organisation 1789:Supreme Court of Appeal 1666:Supreme Court of Canada 1431:detention without trial 1156:equality before the law 1058:." As confirmed by the 1034:Affirming the value of 810: 674:South Africa portal 251:Supreme Court of Appeal 162:Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane 5900:Constitution Act, 1983 5895:Constitution Act, 1961 5775: 5757:14: General Provisions 5692:1: Founding Provisions 5622:Thebus and Another v S 5557:[1997] ZACC 10 5541:[1999] ZACC 16 5507:[1996] ZACC 26 5488:[2020] ZACC 12 5472:[2009] ZACC 32 5440:[2011] ZACC 13 5406:[2022] ZACC 44 5328:[2002] ZACC 29 5312:[2012] ZACC 31 5278:[2003] ZACC 19 5246:[2000] ZACC 11 5085:[2004] ZACC 11 4943:Hoexter, Cora (2006). 4667:Couzens, Meda (2019). 4414:10.1515/eplj-2019-0009 3529:principle of avoidance 3488:principle of avoidance 3483: 3442: 3109: 3036: 2966: 2876: 2836: 2753: 2666: 2654: 2572:, including access to 2553: 2449:Government v Grootboom 2425: 2381: 2348: 2259:ecological degradation 2241: 2159: 2120: 2100: 2062:. In that context, in 2054: 2016: 1975: 1933: 1886: 1867:freedom of association 1862: 1851:Freedom of association 1823: 1732: 1629: 1572: 1555:Moreover, per Justice 1530: 1422: 1355:was decided under the 1334: 1294: 1255: 1139: 987:, which affirmed that 957: 916:South African citizens 889: 867:nxaxamelo wa timfanelo 866: 858: 850: 842: 826: 818: 802: 794: 651:Politics of North West 641:Politics of Mpumalanga 523:Diplomatic missions of 62: 5890:South Africa Act 1909 5774: 5742:11: Security Services 5573:[2005] ZACC 5 5525:[2002] ZACC 1 5424:[2002] ZACC 5 5390:[2005] ZACC 3 5362:[2006] ZACC 6 5294:[2013] ZACC 3 5262:[2002] ZACC 3 5223:[1996] ZACC 2 5192:[2000] ZACC 8 5146:2002 (4) SA 768 (CC). 5132:2023 (2) SA 404 (CC). 5118:2001 (1) SA 545 (CC). 5099:1996 (4) SA 744 (CC). 4984:10.4314/pelj.v15i5.13 4912:Currie, Iain (2006). 4890:10.2989/CCR.2021.0018 4835:10520/AJA02586568_675 4686:10.2989/CCR.2019.0014 4493:10.2989/CCR.2021.0004 4223:Wolf, Loammi (2021). 4107:Woolman, Stu (2011). 4085:10.2989/CCR.2023.0005 3735:Woolman, Stu (2007). 3479: 3375:was adopted in 1982. 3215:right to a fair trial 2971:access to information 2949:Access to information 2762:adult basic education 2741:medium of instruction 2184:collective bargaining 2089: 1964: 1959:Ramakatsa v Magashule 1910: 1901:independent candidate 1879: 1743:freedom of expression 1720:Freedom of expression 1689:Religious observances 1634:freedom of conscience 1561: 1278: 1101:Ramakatsa v Magashule 952: 747:unfair discrimination 739:socio-economic rights 472:District municipality 61: 6053:Legal interpretation 5921:Constitutional Court 5158:2018 (2) SA 23 (CC). 4871:Porat, Iddo (2021). 4752:10.4314/pelj.v14i6.4 4615:10520/EJC-1eb550f3be 4534:10.5539/jpl.v12n1p98 4373:Klug, Heinz (1996). 3465:Indirect enforcement 3306:Limitation of rights 3249:, the right against 3159:criminal proceedings 2943:paradox of tolerance 2558:socioeconomic rights 2246:environmental rights 1812:Assembly and protest 1747:freedom of the press 1488:reproductive freedom 1482:Mohamed v President. 1395:Transvaal High Court 1383:As suggested by the 1357:Interim Constitution 1311:right to family life 1060:Constitutional Court 920:Constitutional Court 843:usomqulu wamalungelo 775:Constitution of 1993 731:human rights charter 246:Constitutional Court 229:Deputy Chief Justice 6209:Internet censorship 6199:Freedom of religion 5994:Law of South Africa 5722:7: Local Government 5586:Barkhuizen v Napier 5034:, 11 November 1999. 4792:De Jure Law Journal 4272:10.1093/icon/moi003 4066:Winks, Ben (2023). 4036:10.1017/jme.2022.58 3912:Kok, Anton (2001). 3891:10.1093/ojls/gqu002 3540:Barkhuizen v Napier 3486:dispute. Under the 3393:states of emergency 3387:States of emergency 3167:Barkhuizen v Napier 2932:Christian Education 2906:Christian Education 2499:unlawfully occupied 2398:land redistribution 2290:treatment of sewage 2125:freedom of movement 2109:Freedom of movement 2074:freedom of contract 2038:Geuking v President 1979:New Nation Movement 1894:, in which Justice 1671:R v Big M Drug Mart 1658:Christian Education 1638:freedom of religion 1600:, all judgments in 1362:Mohamed v President 1021:rights violations. 720:Chapter Two of the 636:Politics of Limpopo 626:Politics of Gauteng 610:Provincial politics 269:Magistrate's courts 6043:Criminal procedure 6028:Administrative law 6023:Constitutional law 5776: 4817:Venter, Francois. 3422:Direct enforcement 3186:. In addition, in 3153:The court held in 3069:legislative action 2994:sources of funding 2874:of civil society. 2725:right to education 2514:writs of execution 2471:security of tenure 2409:was promulgated. 2060:restraint of trade 1954:disenfranchisement 1896:Mbuyiseli Madlanga 1759:propaganda for war 1642:freedom of thought 1606:criminal procedure 1546:Bernstein v Bester 1539:search and seizure 1427:personal liberties 1264:constitutional law 1200:sexual orientation 1160:affirmative action 1095:Khumalo v Holomisa 1015:negative liberties 967:the court held in 851:umculu wemalungelo 827:umqulu wamalungelo 733:that protects the 63: 6264: 6263: 6224:Same-sex marriage 5953: 5952: 5697:2: Bill of Rights 5020:978-0-409-05053-0 4555:. 9 December 2021 4161:978-1-77614-681-9 3859:978-0-7021-9990-5 3687:978-0-7021-9999-8 3634:Modern Law Review 3532:common-law rules. 3508:was discussed in 3412:international law 3268:exclusionary rule 3045:procedurally fair 2886:individual rights 2849:linguistic rights 2795:official language 2766:further education 2703:civil proceedings 2655:Children's rights 2649:the grants crisis 2599:chronic illnesses 2506:Jaftha v Schoeman 2462:Jaftha v Schoeman 2204:NUMSA v Bader Bop 1875:Thembile Skweyiya 1828:right to assemble 1793:commercial speech 1782:child pornography 1565:sexual preference 1550:the American test 1508:right to abortion 1397:established that 1290:or forced labour. 1116:Enumerated rights 1086:horizontal effect 1080:Horizontal effect 989:private companies 819:handves van regte 811:molao wa ditokelo 717: 716: 545:Visa requirements 497:Foreign relations 437:Political parties 171:National Assembly 48: 16:(Redirected from 6294: 6254: 6253: 6065: 5992: 5991: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5648: 5630: 5618: 5612: 5600: 5594: 5582: 5576: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5544: 5534: 5528: 5516: 5510: 5500: 5491: 5481: 5475: 5465: 5459: 5449: 5443: 5433: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5399: 5393: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5355: 5349: 5337: 5331: 5321: 5315: 5303: 5297: 5287: 5281: 5271: 5265: 5255: 5249: 5237: 5226: 5216: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5183: 5177: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5111: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5076: 5058: 5057: 5041: 5035: 5028: 5022: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4995: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4892: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4763: 4731: 4722: 4721: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4688: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4314: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4220: 4214: 4213: 4203: 4179: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4104: 4098: 4097: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4038: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3997: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3956: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3843: 3772: 3771: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3671: 3650: 3649: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3588:Dikgang Moseneke 3270:, under which, " 3243:right to silence 3091:Access to courts 3073:executive action 2845:religious rights 2335:private property 2137:Labour relations 1938:political rights 1916:Political rights 1911:Citizens' rights 1755:academic freedom 1683: 1557:Laurie Ackermann 1535:right to privacy 1500:Phineas Mojapelo 1468:De Lange v Smuts 1454:, servitude, or 1448:informed consent 1443:bodily integrity 1370:in arrest or in 1106:private disputes 940:juristic persons 934:Juristic persons 899: 835:ivikelamalungelo 831:Southern Ndebele 803:bili ya ditokelo 735:civil, political 709: 702: 695: 672: 671: 670: 430: 410: 384: 110:Deputy President 51: 46: 38: 32: 21: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6260: 6244: 6228: 6172: 6066: 6057: 6033:Civil procedure 5996: 5986: 5984: 5954: 5949: 5940: 5909: 5878: 5777: 5766: 5680: 5675: 5638: 5633: 5619: 5615: 5601: 5597: 5583: 5579: 5567: 5563: 5551: 5547: 5535: 5531: 5517: 5513: 5501: 5494: 5482: 5478: 5466: 5462: 5450: 5446: 5434: 5430: 5416: 5412: 5400: 5396: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5356: 5352: 5338: 5334: 5322: 5318: 5304: 5300: 5288: 5284: 5272: 5268: 5256: 5252: 5238: 5229: 5217: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5184: 5180: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5029: 5025: 5013: 5009: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4707: 4706: 4702: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4558: 4556: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3845: 3844: 3775: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3673: 3672: 3653: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3524: 3502: 3496: 3467: 3451:public interest 3443: 3424: 3407: 3401: 3389: 3357: 3308: 3261:right of appeal 3251:double jeopardy 3225:of the charge, 3221:, the right to 3206: 3196: 3132:. Moreover, in 3110: 3099: 3093: 3077:judicial action 3037: 3026: 3020: 2967: 2957: 2951: 2930:Sachs found in 2877: 2841:cultural rights 2837: 2827: 2758:basic education 2754: 2733:Bantu Education 2721: 2715: 2667: 2657: 2627:social security 2554: 2543: 2467:forced removals 2436: 2426: 2415: 2382: 2349: 2318:property rights 2314: 2304: 2242: 2231: 2172:right to strike 2168:workers' rights 2160: 2149: 2139: 2121: 2111: 2065:Reddy v Siemens 2055: 2030:Group Areas Act 2017: 2007: 1987:UDM v President 1934: 1927: 1918: 1913: 1905:political party 1863: 1853: 1842:Pilane v Pilane 1824: 1814: 1739: 1733: 1722: 1630: 1620: 1614: 1531: 1520: 1423: 1416: 1407: 1335: 1325: 1319: 1256: 1246: 1148:social equality 1140: 1129: 1123: 1118: 1082: 1074:vertical effect 1056:organs of state 1032: 1030:Vertical effect 1027: 1006: 944:natural persons 936: 911: 909:Natural persons 906: 890: 879: 787:negative rights 755: 713: 684: 680:Other countries 668: 666: 661: 660: 611: 603: 602: 563: 555: 554: 535:Nationality law 531: 527:in South Africa 519: 499: 489: 488: 452: 442: 441: 431: 420: 411: 394: 385: 299: 291: 281: 280: 274:Electoral Court 257:Mahube Molemela 212: 202: 201: 147: 137: 136: 103:Cyril Ramaphosa 93: 83: 82: 73: 49: 45: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6269: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6013:Bill of Rights 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5637: 5636:External links 5634: 5632: 5631: 5613: 5595: 5577: 5561: 5545: 5529: 5511: 5492: 5476: 5460: 5444: 5428: 5410: 5394: 5378: 5366: 5350: 5332: 5316: 5298: 5282: 5266: 5250: 5227: 5208: 5196: 5178: 5160: 5148: 5134: 5120: 5101: 5089: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5036: 5023: 5007: 4958: 4935: 4930:10520/EJC52672 4904: 4883:(1): 503–531. 4863: 4840: 4829:(2): 438–459. 4809: 4775: 4723: 4700: 4679:(1): 363–386. 4659: 4620: 4589: 4566: 4540: 4507: 4466: 4447:(2): 215–232. 4427: 4408:(2): 211–226. 4388: 4365: 4346:(1): 131–139. 4326: 4285: 4246: 4215: 4174: 4160: 4138: 4119:(2): 346–353. 4099: 4058: 4029:(2): 317–321. 4009: 3968: 3927: 3904: 3885:(3): 609–629. 3865: 3858: 3773: 3750: 3724: 3693: 3686: 3651: 3640:(4): 513–537. 3624: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3523: 3520: 3498:Main article: 3495: 3492: 3475:sources of law 3466: 3463: 3435:, including a 3425: 3423: 3420: 3416:justiciability 3400: 3397: 3388: 3385: 3356: 3353: 3347:S v Makwanyane 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3307: 3304: 3256:ne bis in idem 3195: 3192: 3155:S v Pennington 3138:Yvonne Mokgoro 3122:ouster clauses 3100: 3092: 3089: 3041:administrative 3027: 3019: 3016: 2958: 2953:Main article: 2950: 2947: 2890:Sandile Ngcobo 2867: 2853:private sphere 2828: 2826: 2823: 2780:free of charge 2745: 2714: 2711: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2562:David Bilchitz 2544: 2542: 2539: 2523:Menqa v Markom 2469:by protecting 2440:housing rights 2416: 2414: 2411: 2372: 2339: 2303: 2300: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2150: 2138: 2135: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2046: 2008: 2006: 2003: 1947:vote in secret 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1846:Mlungwana v S. 1815: 1813: 1810: 1791:has held that 1735:Main article: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1621: 1613: 1610: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1348:S v Makwanyane 1326: 1321:Main article: 1318: 1315: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1238:Equality Court 1152:discrimination 1130: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1081: 1078: 1038:entrenched in 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1005: 1002: 942:as well as to 935: 932: 910: 907: 905: 904:Rights-bearers 902: 880: 878: 875: 807:Northern Sotho 754: 751: 727:Bill of Rights 715: 714: 712: 711: 704: 697: 689: 686: 685: 683: 682: 676: 663: 662: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 595: 593:Social Welfare 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 564: 562:Related topics 561: 560: 557: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 537: 530: 529: 518: 517: 516: 515: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 479:Municipalities 476: 475: 474: 469: 459: 453: 448: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 433: 432: 419: 414: 413: 412: 393: 388: 387: 386: 298: 292: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 278: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 260: 259: 248: 238: 237: 236: 226: 225: 224: 213: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 185: 184: 183: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 148: 143: 142: 139: 138: 135: 134: 132:Shadow Cabinet 129: 124: 119: 118: 117: 115:Paul Mashatile 107: 106: 105: 94: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 80: 78:Bill of Rights 74: 69: 68: 65: 64: 54: 53: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6299: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6259: 6258: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233:Specific laws 6231: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6103:Environmental 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:Customary law 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:4: Parliament 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5660: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5565: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5454:(20793/2014) 5453: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310:(CCT 109/12) 5309: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5149: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4949:Acta Juridica 4946: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918:Acta Juridica 4915: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4844: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823:SA Public Law 4820: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4567: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4486:(1): 79–112. 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4327: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4078:(1): 67–123. 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3569:, as well as 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3549:public policy 3546: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3482: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471:customary law 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3455:highest court 3452: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217:, including, 3216: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3064:Nel v Le Roux 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2984: 2980: 2979:Certification 2975: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2956: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861:Certification 2858: 2857:public sphere 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2835: 2833: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800:single medium 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2663: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2549: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2424: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2353:expropriation 2347: 2344: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2268: 2265:; and secure 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2164:labour rights 2158: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:customary law 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1619: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1529: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1512:contraception 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1456:forced labour 1453: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1419: 1413: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1339:right to life 1333: 1331: 1324: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1296:Nonetheless, 1293: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1244:Human dignity 1243: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1092:accordingly. 1091: 1087: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 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Knowledge (XXG)

Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa

Index