339:, an analytical study of historical human progress. The work is controversial and has been criticized for several reasons. Galton then departed from Gauss in a way that became crucial to the history of the 20th century AD. The bell-shaped curve was not random, he concluded. The differences between the average and the upper end were due to a non-random factor, "natural ability", which he defined as "those qualities of intellect and disposition, which urge and qualify men to perform acts that lead to reputation…a nature which, when left to itself, will, urged by an inherent stimulus, climb the path that leads to eminence." The apparent randomness of the scores was due to the randomness of this natural ability in the population as a whole, in theory.
362:
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631:, genius is the ability to independently arrive at and understand concepts that would normally have to be taught by another person. For Kant, originality was the essential character of genius. The artworks of the Kantian genius are also characterized by their exemplarity which is imitated by other artists and serve as a rule for other aesthetical judgements. This genius is a talent for producing ideas which can be described as non-imitative. Kant's discussion of the characteristics of genius is largely contained within the
497:, published as volume 2 of The Genetic Studies of Genius book series, in which she analyzed biographical data about historic geniuses. Although her estimates of childhood IQ scores of historical figures who never took IQ tests have been criticized on methodological grounds, Cox's study was thorough in finding out what else matters besides IQ in becoming a genius. By the 1937 second revision of the Stanford–Binet test, Terman no longer used the term "genius" as an IQ classification, nor has any subsequent IQ test. In 1939,
521:, who had a self-reported IQ of 125 and went on to win the Nobel Prize in physics and become widely known as a genius, the current view of psychologists and other scholars of genius is that a minimum level of IQ (approximately 125) is necessary for genius but not sufficient, and must be combined with personality characteristics such as drive and persistence, plus the necessary opportunities for talent development. For instance, in a chapter in an edited volume on achievement, IQ researcher
127:
489:, written before the development of IQ testing, he proposed that hereditary influences on eminent achievement are strong, and that eminence is rare in the general population. Lewis Terman chose "'near' genius or genius" as the classification label for the highest classification on his 1916 version of the Stanford–Binet test. By 1926, Terman began publishing about a longitudinal study of California schoolchildren who were referred for IQ testing by their schoolteachers, called
471:
715:) "the inspired gift of God"; the "Man of Genius" possesses "the presence of God Most High in a man". The actions of the "Man of Genius" can manifest this in various ways: in his "transcendent capacity of taking trouble" (often misquoted as "an infinite capacity for taking pains"), in that he can "recognise how every object has a divine beauty in it" as a poet or painter does, or in that he has "an original power of thinking". In accordance with his
2111:, p. 127 "What is obvious is that geniuses have a high degree of intelligence, but not outrageously high—there are many accounts of people in the population with IQs as high who have not achieved anything like the status of genius. Indeed, they may have achieved very little; there are large numbers of Mensa members who are elected on the basis of an IQ test, but whose creative achievements are nil. High achievement seems to be a
260:
324:
to
Quetelet, Galton's average man was not statistical but was theoretical only. There was no measure of general averageness, only a large number of very specific averages. Setting out to discover a general measure of the average, Galton looked at educational statistics and found bell-curves in test results of all sorts; initially in mathematics grades for the final honors examination and in entrance examination scores for
142:
585:
1969:"When Terman first used the IQ test to select a sample of child geniuses, he unknowingly excluded a special child whose IQ did not make the grade. Yet a few decades later that talent received the Nobel Prize in physics: William Shockley, the cocreator of the transistor. Ironically, not one of the more than 1,500 children who qualified according to his IQ criterion received so high an honor as adults."
377:
1849:, pp. 356–357 "From a study of these boyhood records, estimates of the probable I.Q.s of these men in childhood have been made…. It is of course obvious that much error may creep into an experiment of this sort, and the I.Q. assigned to any one individual is merely a rough estimate, depending to some extent upon how much information about his boyhood years has come down to us."
1878:
the justification for making the correction. To do so assumes that the geniuses about whom least is known were precocious but their previous activities were not recorded. This may be true, but it is also possible to argue that perhaps there was nothing much to record! I feel uneasy about making such assumptions; doing so may be very misleading."
408:, for example, must have realized as he looked at some of his early work, that 'good artists do not paint like that.' But somehow he trusted his own experiencing of life, the process of himself, sufficiently that he could go on expressing his own unique perceptions. It was as though he could say, 'Good artists don't paint like this, but
671:, this predominance of the intellect over the will allows the genius to create artistic or academic works that are objects of pure, disinterested contemplation, the chief criterion of the aesthetic experience for Schopenhauer. Their remoteness from mundane concerns means that Schopenhauer's geniuses often display
219:"gignere" (to beget, to give birth to) and "generare" (to beget, to generate, to procreate), and derives directly from the Indo-European stem thereof: "ǵenh" (to produce, to beget, to give birth). Because the achievements of exceptional individuals seemed to indicate the presence of a particularly powerful
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implies outstanding creativity as well. Though such exceptional creativity is conspicuously lacking in the vast majority of people who have a high IQ, it is probably impossible to find any creative geniuses with low IQs. In other words, high ability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the
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that make the genius especially valuable to the society in which he or she operates, once given the chance to contribute to society. Russell's philosophy further maintains, however, that it is possible for such geniuses to be crushed in their youth and lost forever when the environment around them is
622:
On the other hand, the mere ignorant is still more despised; nor is any thing deemed a surer sign of an illiberal genius in an age and nation where the sciences flourish, than to be entirely destitute of all relish for those noble entertainments. The most perfect character is supposed to lie between
794:
who wrestles with the burden of superior intelligence, arrogance, eccentricities, addiction, awkwardness, mental health issues, a lack of social skills, isolation, or other insecurities. They regularly experience existential crises, struggling to overcome personal challenges to employ their special
504:
The Terman longitudinal study in
California eventually provided historical evidence regarding how genius is related to IQ scores. Many California pupils were recommended for the study by schoolteachers. Two pupils who were tested but rejected for inclusion in the study (because their IQ scores were
342:
Criticisms include that Galton's study fails to account for the impact of social status and the associated availability of resources in the form of economic inheritance, meaning that inherited "eminence" or "genius" can be gained through the enriched environment provided by wealthy families. Galton
323:
Galton was inspired by
Quetelet to define the average man as "an entire normal scheme"; that is, if one combines the normal curves of every measurable human characteristic, one will, in theory, perceive a syndrome straddled by "the average man" and flanked by persons that are different. In contrast
319:
from a most frequent value, the "average", to two least frequent values at maximum differences greater and lower than the most frequent value. Quetelet discovered that the bell-shaped curve applied to social statistics gathered by the French government in the course of its normal processes on large
1877:
he was engaged in doing the things that made him known as a genius, the higher was his IQ…. So she proceeded to make a statistical correction in each case for lack of knowledge; this bumped up the figure considerably for the geniuses about whom little was in fact known…. I am rather doubtful about
1358:
Diogenis
Laertii De clarorum philosophorum vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus libri decem: Ex Italicis codicibus nunc primum excussis recensuit C. Gabr. Cobet ; Accedunt Olympiodori, Ammonii, Iamblichi, Porphyrii et aliorum vitae Platonis, Aristotelis,Pythagorae, Platoni et Isiodori Ant.
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Confucius is probably the most influential thinker in human history, if influence is determined by the sheer number of people who have lived their lives, and died, in accordance with the thinker's vision of how people ought to live, and die. Like many other epochal figures of the ancient world
758:
discussed a utilitarian philosophy on the retrospective classification of genius. Namely, scholarship that is so original that, were it not for that particular contributor, would not have emerged until much later (if ever) is characteristic of genius. Conversely, scholarship that was ripe for
461:
D2 receptors. One of the investigators explained that "Fewer D2 receptors in the thalamus probably means a lower degree of signal filtering, and thus a higher flow of information from the thalamus." This could be a possible mechanism behind the ability of healthy highly creative people to see
618:, the way society perceives genius is similar to the way society perceives the ignorant. Hume states that a person with the characteristics of a genius is looked at as a person disconnected from society, as well as a person who works remotely, at a distance, away from the rest of the world.
320:
numbers of people passing through the courts and the military. His initial work in criminology led him to observe "the greater the number of individuals observed the more do peculiarities become effaced...". This ideal from which the peculiarities were effaced became "the average man".
245:
article on genius (génie) describes such a person as "he whose soul is more expansive and struck by the feelings of all others; interested by all that is in nature never to receive an idea unless it evokes a feeling; everything excites him and on which nothing is lost."
623:
those extremes; retaining an equal ability and taste for books, company, and business; preserving in conversation that discernment and delicacy which arise from polite letters; and in business, that probity and accuracy which are the natural result of a just philosophy.
2058:"After all, the American physicist Richard Feynman is generally considered an almost archetypal late 20th-century genius, not just in the United States but wherever physics is studied. Yet, Feynman's school-measured IQ, reported by him as 125, was not especially high"
1051:
it is a very difficult task to define the essence of Genius; but as we neither profess to be philosopher nor grammarian, we must be allowed to keep to the meaning usual in ordinary language, and to understand by 'genius' a very high mental capacity for certain
347:. Galton attempted to control for economic inheritance by comparing the adopted nephews of popes, who would have the advantage of wealth without being as closely related to popes as sons are to their fathers, to the biological children of eminent individuals.
2023:
There were two young boys, Luis
Alvarez and William Shockley, who were among the many who took Terman's tests but missed the cutoff score. Despite their exclusion from a study of young 'geniuses,' both went on to study physics, earn PhDs, and win the Nobel
412:
paint like this.' Or to move to another field, Ernest
Hemingway was surely aware that 'good writers do not write like this.' But fortunately he moved toward being Hemingway, being himself, rather than toward someone else's conception of a good writer."
1861:, pp. 70–71 "She, of course, was not measuring IQ, she was measuring the length of biographies in a book. Generally, the more information, the higher the IQ. Subjects were dragged down if there was little information about their early lives."
525:
proposed a multiplicative model of genius consisting of high ability, high productivity, and high creativity. Jensen's model was motivated by the finding that eminent achievement is highly positively skewed, a finding known as
45:
in the performance of some art or endeavor that surpasses expectations, sets new standards for the future, establishes better methods of operation, or remains outside the capabilities of competitors. Genius is associated with
395:
Genius is expressed in a variety of forms (e.g., mathematical, literary, musical performance). Persons with genius tend to have strong intuitions about their domains, and they build on these insights with tremendous energy.
2271:
E.g. §46: "Genius is a talent for producing something for which no determinate rule can be given, not a predisposition consisting of a skill for something that can be learned by following some rule or other." (trans. W.S.
1892:
youths who achieve eminence are characterized not only by high intellectual traits, but also by persistence of motive and effort, confidence in their abilities, and great strength or force of character.
1290:
Ask people who they associate with the word 'genius' and they will invariably respond 'Einstein.' One could argue that Newton, Archimedes, Shakespeare, and
Confucius displayed genius of the same order
335:
was to count and assess the eminent relatives of eminent men. He found that the number of eminent relatives was greater with a closer degree of kinship. This work is considered the first example of
649:
Genius is a talent for producing something for which no determinate rule can be given, not a predisposition consisting of a skill for something that can be learned by following some rule or other.
641:
of the early 19th century. In addition, much of
Schopenhauer's theory of genius, particularly regarding talent and freedom from constraint, is directly derived from paragraphs of Part I of Kant's
3428:
Put into the context of the psychometric movement as a whole, it is clear that the positive extreme of the IQ distribution is not as different from other IQ levels as might have been expected.
1890:, pp. 215–219, 218 (Chapter XIII: Conclusions) "3. That all equally intelligent children do not as adults achieve equal eminence is in part accounted for by our last conclusion:
2502:
282:. They had advocated the analysis of reaction time and sensory acuity as measures of "neurophysiological efficiency" and the analysis of sensory acuity as a measure of intelligence.
2099:
emergence of socially significant creativity. Genius itself should not be confused with merely high IQ, which is what we generally mean by the term 'gifted'" (emphasis in original)
795:
abilities for good or succumbing to their own tragic flaws and vices. This common motif repeated throughout fiction is notably present in the characters of Dr. Bruce Banner in the
1312:
That education regime remained the heart of learning in China until the early twentieh century. The flourishing of his pedagogical approach is a testimony to
Confucius's genius.
1114:
That education regime remained the heart of learning in China until the early twentieh century. The flourishing of his pedagogical approach is a testimony to
Confucius' genius.
2007:
make the cut -- William Shockley and Luis Alvarez -- went on to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. According to Hastorf, none of the Terman kids ever won a Nobel or Pulitzer.
293:
about biological evolution. Hypothesizing that eminence is inherited from ancestors, Galton did a study of families of eminent people in Britain, publishing it in 1869 as
811:, among others. Although not as extreme, other examples of literary and filmic characterizations of the tortured genius stereotype, to varying degrees, include:
3045:
The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide to the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
239:, a related noun referring to our innate dispositions, talents, and inborn nature. Beginning to blend the concepts of the divine and the talented, the
1767:"Thinking Outside a Less Intact Box: Thalamic Dopamine D2 Receptor Densities Are Negatively Related to Psychometric Creativity in Healthy Individuals"
747:
unsympathetic to their potential maladaptive traits. Russell rejected the notion he believed was popular during his lifetime that, "genius will out".
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The teachings of Confucius proved to be remarkably enduring and had a huge influence on Chinese society for much of the following 2,500 years
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traits in more mundane concerns; in Schopenhauer's words, they fall into the mire while gazing at the stars, an allusion to Plato's dialogue
2136:(quoting Syed Jan Abas) "High IQ is not genius. A person with a high IQ may or may not be a genius. A genius may or may not have a high IQ."
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in the general population. Besides the traits that Galton thought necessary for "eminence" (viz., high ability, zeal, and persistence),
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specifically commented that "we are rather hesitant about calling a person a genius on the basis of a single intelligence test score".
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There is no scientifically precise definition of genius. When used to refer to the characteristic, genius is associated with
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1503:. Translated by John S.D. Glaus Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2007. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <
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This article is about a higher level of intellectual ability possessed by certain individuals. For mythological spirit, see
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The Ancient World's Most Influential Philosophers: The Lives and Works of Confucius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero
1986:
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numerous uncommon connections in a problem-solving situation and the bizarre associations found in the schizophrenics.
315:(bell-shaped curve): given a large number of measurements of the same variable under the same conditions, they vary at
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1873:, p. 126 "Cox found that the more was known about a person's youthful accomplishments, that is, what he had done
878:
One of the most famous genius-level rivalries to occur in literary fiction is between Sherlock Holmes and his nemesis
85:
may be a prerequisite, the most common trait that actually defines a genius may be the extraordinary ability to apply
3082:
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L–M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau
3395:
2955:"Tracking the IQ Elite : TERMAN'S KIDS: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up, By Joel N. Shurkin"
137:
who is widely regarded as a genius. He made substantial contributions to mathematics despite little formal training.
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1525:. Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology. Vol. III. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 67–84.
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447:, the latter of which being more common amongst relatives of schizophrenics, tend to show elevated creativity.
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acts as a threshold variable below which socially significant forms of creativity are highly improbable. This
1707:
493:, which he conducted for the rest of his life. Catherine M. Cox, a colleague of Terman's, wrote a whole book,
126:
3069:
Measuring Intelligence: A Guide to the Administration of the New Revised Stanford–Binet Tests of Intelligence
2838:
2022:
2145:
Jensen, A. R. (1996). "Giftedness and genius: Crucial differences". In C. P. Benbow and D. Lubinski (Eds.),
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964:"What Makes a Genius? The World's Greatest Minds Have One Thing in or in other words Scott j simpkin Common"
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Several people who have been regarded as geniuses were diagnosed with mental disorders; examples include
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2002:
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genius. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Dictionary.com website:
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787:, the genius is often stereotypically depicted as either the wisecracking whiz or the tortured genius.
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Throughout both literature and movies, the tortured genius character is often seen as an imperfect or
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685:(the first philosopher) being ridiculed for falling in such circumstances. As he says in Volume 2 of
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Galton was a pioneer in investigating both eminent human achievement and mental testing. In his book
451:
425:
304:
279:
2454:"The trope of the tortured genius : an examination of 19th century British and American poetry"
1708:"John F. Nash Jr. - The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1994"
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2283:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Collected Works, Volume XIII. Past and Present, by Thomas Carlyle"
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de Manzano, Örjan; Cervenka, Simon; Karabanov, Anke; Farde, Lars; Ullén, Fredrik (2010-05-17).
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acquired its modern sense in the eighteenth century, and is a conflation of two Latin terms:
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517:. Based on the historical findings of the Terman study and on biographical examples such as
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it was observed that highly creative individuals and schizophrenics have a lower density of
440:
429:
417:
404:, expands on the idea of a genius trusting his or her intuition in a given field, writing: "
308:
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development, no matter how profound or prominent, is not necessarily indicative of genius.
435:
It has been suggested that there exists a connection between mental illness, in particular
3390:
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have proposed definitions of what genius is and what that implies in the context of their
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1021:. Translated by Haldane, R. B. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner & Co. p. 158.
241:
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2161:"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. — "Of the different Species of Philosophy""
1809:
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866:
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498:
421:
290:
275:
175:
141:
2603:. Problems in the Behavioural Sciences No. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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299:. Galton's ideas were elaborated from the work of two early 19th-century pioneers in
286:
227:, the word began to acquire its secondary meaning of "inspiration, talent". The term
134:
3391:"A Follow-up of Subjects Scoring above 180 IQ in Terman's Genetic Studies of Genius"
3124:
1724:
194:). Connotations of the word in Latin have a lineal relationship with the Greek word
3460:
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3186:
3172:
3039:
2974:
Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age
2779:
2679:
2661:
2594:
2307:
They Never Said It: A Book of Fake Quotes, Misquotes, & Misleading Attributions
856:
695:
Talent hits a target no one else can hit; Genius hits a target no one else can see.
584:
558:
161:
82:
47:
2731:
1504:
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1356:
1204:
3192:
The Gifted Group at Mid-Life: Thirty-Five Years' Follow-Up of the Superior Child
2933:
2761:"A Balance Sheet on Persistence: Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor"
2563:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.
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1285:
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963:
791:
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638:
604:
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397:
380:
376:
190:
90:
38:
3408:
3181:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 3. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.
3442:
3195:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume V. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press
2862:
Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen
2239:
2090:
threshold is probably at least one standard deviation above the mean level of
1501:
The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project
772:
615:
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369:
316:
300:
267:
86:
51:
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2642:
2586:
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1800:
1600:
Gillham, Nicholas W. (2001). "Sir Francis Galton and the birth of eugenics".
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1084:
384:
145:
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Sources listed in chronological order of publication within each category.
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1818:
1621:
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Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
3258:
Old Masters and Young Geniuses: The Two Life Cycles of Artistic Creativity
1521:
Fancher, Raymond E (1998). Kimble, Gregory A; Wertheimer, Michael (eds.).
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224:
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2736:. Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence. Westport (CT): Praeger.
2320:"On Heroes, Hero-worship, and the Heroic in History, by Thomas Carlyle"
2223:
780:
388:
58:
can also be used to refer to people characterised by genius, and/or to
42:
3341:
The Geography of Genius: Lessons from the World's Most Creative Places
3108:
2042:"Still, his score on the school IQ test was a merely respectable 125."
81:, biographer of many well-known geniuses, explains that although high
3178:
The Promise of Youth: Follow-up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Children
882:; the latter character also identified as the modern archetype of an
682:
196:
179:
112:) in terms of "a very high mental capacity for certain employments".
545:, but many other more selective organizations also exist, including
2344:"History of Friedrich II. Of Prussia, Volume IV. by Thomas Carlyle"
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140:
125:
28:
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Terman's Kids: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up
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2164:
2115:
qualification for high creativity, but it does not seem to be a
1398:"genius | Etymology, origin and meaning of genius by etymonline"
1374:"daemon | Etymology, origin and meaning of daemon by etymonline"
797:
776:
767:
Geniuses are variously portrayed in literature and film as both
720:
184:
3509:
Feldman, David Henry (2009). "Genius". In Kerr, Barbara (ed.).
2403:"Pop Culture Stereotypes and the Self-Concept of Gifted People"
1422:"algol | Etymology, origin and meaning of algol by etymonline"
1089:
1449:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982, 1985 reprinting), entries on
2503:"Using the Incredible Hulk to Teach Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde"
16:
Exceptional intellectual ability, creativity, or originality
3234:
Creativity in Science: Chance, Logic, Genius, and Zeitgeist
1359:
Westermano et Marini vita Procli J.F. Boissonadio edentibus
663:, a genius is someone in whom intellect predominates over "
3299:
Sudden Genius?: The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs
1304:
The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1
1106:
The Ancient World: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 1
3139:(first ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.
2919:"Genius: A Very Short Introduction [Book Review]"
2149:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Pp. 393—411.
3214:
Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds
1272:
Steve C. Wang (2000). "In Search of Einstein's Genius".
1065:"Mathematical proof reveals magic of Ramanujan's genius"
3013:
Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity
2251:(KU 5:308, cited in the section III-Products of Genius)
1499:
Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de (ascribed). "Genius".
1162:
The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation
3093:"Creativity and Psychopathology: A Systematic Review"
576:
is widely acknowledged as having been a genius and a
1929:
has been the label of choice" (emphasis in original)
443:, and genius. Individuals with bipolar disorder and
3465:"Brainteaser: Scientists Dissect Mystery of Genius"
2147:
Intellectual talent: Psychometric and social issues
2003:We also know that two children who were tested but
1921:, p. 117 "Terman (1916), as I indicated, used
204:and also share a relationship with the Arabic word
100:, who had a particular interest in what he called "
3511:Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent
3255:
3079:
3066:
2018:
1242:Charlente Tan (2016). "Creativity and Confucius".
1035:(1874) . "Book 1, chapter 3: The Genius for War".
3078:Terman, Lewis Madison; Merrill, Maude A. (1960).
3052:(Editor's Introduction). Boston: Houghton Mifflin
2428:"10 Best Movies About Tortured Geniuses, Ranked"
1760:
1758:
274:The assessment of intelligence was initiated by
2684:Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman
1505:http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0000.819
693:
667:" much more than within the average person. In
647:
289:. He studied the work of his older half-cousin
1041:. Translated by Graham, J.J. Project Gutenberg
1012:
1010:
738:, genius entails that an individual possesses
148:, one of the most influential thinkers of the
1906:
1344:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/genius
8:
2733:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
2536:Association for Psychological Science - APS
2212:The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism
808:The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
2785:. New York: Springer Publishing. pp.
2208:"Kant on Informed Pure Judgments of Taste"
958:
956:
944:
942:
212:; its literal meaning being "the Demon").
3513:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks (CA): SAGE.
3236:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3065:Terman, Lewis M.; Merrill, Maude (1937).
2882:Intelligence Testing: Methods and Results
2600:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
1808:
1790:
719:, Carlyle considered such individuals as
2163:. New York: Bartleby.com. Archived from
2129:
2051:
1962:
1938:
1260:Confucius qualifies as a creative genius
77:systematically distinguish these terms.
3371:"The Wrong Way to Treat Child Geniuses"
2993:"Review - Broken Genius - Joel Shurkin"
2561:The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses
2218:(2). Oxford University Press: 163–174.
2108:
1978:
1950:
1918:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1669:"Van Gogh's Mental and Physical Health"
938:
495:The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses
3171:Burks, Barbara S.; Jensen, Dortha W.;
2305:Paul F. Boller, Jr., and John George,
2067:
2035:
1998:
1831:
1614:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090055
1548:
3498:On societal expectations of geniuses.
3137:The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
2804:Leslie, Mitchell (July–August 2000).
2670:Classics in the History of Psychology
2391:. NY: Viking Press. pp. 167–168.
1544:
1542:
285:Galton is regarded as the founder of
7:
3048:. Riverside Textbooks in Education.
1749:
1306:. Fitzroy Dearborn Readers. p.
1186:. Fitzroy Dearborn Readers. p.
1108:. Fitzroy Dearborn Readers. p.
688:The World as Will and Representation
266:, novelist who is acknowledged as a
104:", defined "the essence of Genius" (
3302:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3016:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2902:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2806:"The Vexing Legacy of Lewis Terman"
2686:(ebook ed.). Open Road Media.
2206:Emine Hande Thuna (April 1, 2018).
1887:
1019:The World as Will and Idea Volume 3
948:
3528:Or in other words Scott j simpkin
2839:"Recognizing Spatial Intelligence"
1523:Alfred Binet, General Psychologist
93:thinking to almost any situation.
14:
2900:Genius: A Very Short Introduction
2864:. Plenum Publishing Corporation.
1184:Encyclopedia of the Ancient World
541:. The most famous and largest is
402:Humanistic Approach to Psychology
62:who excel across many subjects.
3322:Divine Fury: A History of Genius
3086:. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
2965:from the original on 2012-11-08.
2953:Frederic Golden (May 31, 1992).
2082:except that a person's level of
2019:Park, Lubinski & Benbow 2010
537:Some high IQ individuals join a
445:schizotypal personality disorder
343:went on to develop the field of
1362:(in Greek). Didot. p. 152.
1129:. Charles Rivers Editors. 2016.
200:in classical and medieval texts
156:, is often considered a genius.
27:. For the taxonomic level, see
3441:Wilson, Tracy V. (1998–2009).
3262:. Princeton University Press.
2938:. Boston (MA): Little, Brown.
2917:GrrlScientist (3 March 2011).
1987:The Truth About the 'Termites'
1925:for IQs above 140, but mostly
1244:Journal of Genius and Eminence
1017:Schopenhauer, Arthur (1909) .
69:, but several authors such as
1:
3324:. New York, NY: Basic Books.
3277:Simonton, Dean Keith (2009).
3232:Simonton, Dean Keith (2004).
3010:Simonton, Dean Keith (1999).
2532:"The Case of the Evil Genius"
1225:"Genius of the Ancient World"
1085:"Genius of the Ancient World"
681:, in which Socrates tells of
637:and was well received by the
357:Creativity and mental illness
2119:one." (emphasis in original)
1792:10.1371/journal.pone.0010670
1740:The Genetics of Genius. 2002
1643:. Houghton Mifflin. p.
1560:Bernstein, Peter L. (1998).
1474:The New York Review of Books
1164:. Ballantine Books. p.
450:In a 2010 study done in the
174:) was the guiding spirit or
3073:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
2458:wlu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com
2452:Wolf, Elizabeth R. (2018).
1590:Bernstein (1998), page 163.
1355:Laertius, Diogenes (1862).
1328:. Health Research. p.
1286:10.18536/jge.2016.01.1.1.10
1256:10.18536/jge.2016.01.1.1.10
215:The noun is related to the
3564:
3409:10.1177/001440298405000604
2710:Cambridge University Press
2660:Robert H. Wozniak (1999).
2559:Cox, Catherine M. (1926).
2501:Mills, Ryan (2019-10-11).
2478:"Incredible Hulk turns 30"
2389:The Limitations of Science
1146:World History Encyclopedia
763:Literature and pop culture
752:The Limitations of Science
481:who is considered a genius
354:
119:
96:In the early-19th century
18:
3296:Robinson, Andrew (2010).
2898:Robinson, Andrew (2011).
2879:Pintner, Rudolph (1931).
2368:The Conquest of Happiness
1907:Terman & Merrill 1960
1602:Annual Review of Genetics
1507:>. Trans. of "GĂ©nie",
1326:Prenatal Origin of Genius
922:MacArthur Fellows Program
669:Schopenhauer's aesthetics
491:Genetic Studies of Genius
3343:. Simon & Schuster.
2641:Galton, Francis (1869).
2620:Intelligence: A New Look
2267:The Critique of Judgment
1324:Raymond Bernard (1970).
1302:Frank N. Magill (1998).
1210:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1104:Frank N. Magill (1998).
995:. Sussex Publishers, LLC
3389:Feldman, David (1984).
3189:; Oden, Melita (1959).
2263:Kritik der Urteilskraft
2261:Kant, Immanuel (1790).
1989:" (Kaufman, S. B. 2009)
1897:(emphasis in original).
1446:Oxford Latin Dictionary
989:"Can We Define Genius?"
917:List of Nobel laureates
907:Intellectual giftedness
902:Eccentricity (behavior)
817:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
731:to be "Men of Genius".
709:, genius is called (in
589:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
505:too low) grew up to be
311:. Gauss discovered the
54:productivity. The term
37:is a characteristic of
25:Genius (disambiguation)
3281:. New York: Springer.
2972:Shurkin, Joel (2006).
2932:Shurkin, Joel (1992).
2885:. New York: Henry Holt
2666:Francis Galton (1869)"
2624:Transaction Publishers
2622:. New Brunswick (NJ):
2618:Eysenck, Hans (1998).
2387:Sullivan, JWN (1933).
1511:, vol. 7. Paris, 1757.
1182:Shona Grimbly (2000).
1160:Roger T. Ames (1998).
703:
657:
625:
600:
581:
482:
392:
373:
271:
250:Historical development
157:
138:
109:
23:. For other uses, see
3339:Weiner, Eric (2016).
2976:. London: Macmillan.
2858:Pickover, Clifford A.
2507:Pop Culture Classroom
1923:near genius or genius
1635:Rogers, Carl (1995).
1467:Shaw, Tamsin (2014).
734:In the philosophy of
725:William the Conqueror
705:In the philosophy of
659:In the philosophy of
627:In the philosophy of
620:
614:In the philosophy of
587:
572:
479:theoretical physicist
473:
379:
364:
262:
144:
129:
3503:Encyclopedia entries
3484:"Torturing Geniuses"
3396:Exceptional Children
3254:(27 December 2005).
3050:Ellwood P. Cubberley
2159:Hume, David (2001).
1696:. 12 September 2022.
1639:On Becoming a Person
1033:von Clausewitz, Carl
750:In his classic work
643:Critique of Judgment
634:Critique of Judgment
509:winners in physics,
452:Karolinska Institute
426:John Forbes Nash Jr.
305:Carl Friedrich Gauss
280:James McKeen Cattell
152:and the most famous
3443:"How Geniuses Work"
3375:Wall Street Journal
3091:Thys, Erik (2014).
2843:Scientific American
2837:(2 November 2010).
2702:Howe, Michael J. A.
2647:. London: MacMillan
2188:, Kant Dictionary (
1783:2010PLoSO...510670D
1213:. 16 February 2024.
872:The Big Bang Theory
729:Frederick the Great
700:Arthur Schopenhauer
661:Arthur Schopenhauer
551:Triple Nine Society
543:Mensa International
515:Luis Walter Alvarez
400:, a founder of the
331:Galton's method in
313:normal distribution
264:Miguel de Cervantes
154:Chinese philosopher
131:Srinivasa Ramanujan
98:Carl von Clausewitz
75:Arthur Schopenhauer
3488:The Point Magazine
3318:McMahon, Darrin M.
2835:Benbow, Camilla P.
2224:10.1111/jaac.12455
2167:on 19 October 2012
1953:, pp. 127–128
1426:www.etymonline.com
1402:www.etymonline.com
1378:www.etymonline.com
987:Robinson, Andrew.
880:Professor Moriarty
867:Dr. Sheldon Cooper
601:
582:
555:Prometheus Society
483:
393:
374:
272:
158:
139:
122:Genius (mythology)
21:Genius (mythology)
3447:HowStuffWorks.com
3367:Ellenberg, Jordan
3331:978-0-465-00325-9
3309:978-0-19-956995-3
3288:978-0-8261-0627-8
3211:(November 2002).
3146:978-1-59147-606-1
3109:10.1159/000357822
3023:978-0-19-512879-6
2983:978-1-4039-8815-7
2959:Los Angeles Times
2909:978-0-19-959440-5
2816:on 26 August 2021
2810:Stanford Magazine
2796:978-0-8261-0629-2
2759:Charles Locurto.
2743:978-0-275-96103-9
2728:Jensen, Arthur R.
2664:Hereditary Genius
2662:"Introduction to
2644:Hereditary Genius
2633:978-0-7658-0707-6
2610:978-0-5-2148508-1
2348:www.gutenberg.org
2324:www.gutenberg.org
2287:www.gutenberg.org
2078:are unrelated to
1566:. Wiley. p.
1532:978-1-55798-479-1
862:Good Will Hunting
847:Dr. Gregory House
842:Da Vinci's Demons
837:Leonardo da Vinci
783:of the story. In
775:, and may be the
756:J. W. N. Sullivan
574:Leonardo da Vinci
530:, and related to
487:Hereditary Genius
391:cited as a genius
333:Hereditary Genius
296:Hereditary Genius
223:, by the time of
170:(plural in Latin
3553:
3524:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3430:
3425:
3423:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3354:
3335:
3313:
3292:
3273:
3261:
3247:
3228:
3217:. Warner Books.
3204:
3202:
3200:
3187:Terman, Lewis M.
3182:
3173:Terman, Lewis M.
3150:
3128:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3072:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3040:Terman, Lewis M.
3035:
3004:
2999:. Archived from
2987:
2966:
2949:
2926:
2913:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2875:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2812:. Archived from
2800:
2784:
2775:Kaufman, Alan S.
2768:
2755:
2723:
2706:Genius Explained
2697:
2673:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2637:
2614:
2590:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2509:. Archived from
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2424:
2418:
2417:
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2414:
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2357:
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2354:
2340:
2334:
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2331:
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2316:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2203:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2016:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1794:
1762:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1737:Efroimson, V. P.
1733:
1727:
1725:Ernest Hemingway
1722:
1716:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1694:"Virginia Woolf"
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1671:. Archived from
1665:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1563:Against the gods
1557:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1497:
1491:
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1488:
1486:
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1055:
1054:
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1023:
1022:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
993:Psychology Today
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
960:
951:
946:
912:Gifted education
832:A Beautiful Mind
803:Dr. Henry Jekyll
740:unique qualities
736:Bertrand Russell
717:Great Man theory
712:Past and Present
701:
655:
511:William Shockley
441:bipolar disorder
430:Ernest Hemingway
418:Vincent van Gogh
309:Adolphe Quetelet
278:(1822–1911) and
235:, as above, and
208:(as in the star
41:and exceptional
3563:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3531:
3530:
3521:
3520:978-141294971-2
3508:
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3449:
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3388:
3379:
3377:
3369:(30 May 2014).
3365:
3362:
3360:Review articles
3357:
3351:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3250:
3244:
3231:
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3196:
3185:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3156:Further reading
3153:
3147:
3133:Wechsler, David
3131:
3097:Psychopathology
3090:
3077:
3064:
3055:
3053:
3038:
3024:
3009:
2997:Popular Science
2990:
2984:
2971:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2897:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2872:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2831:Lubinski, David
2829:Park, Gregory;
2828:
2819:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2773:
2758:
2744:
2726:
2720:
2719:978-052100849-5
2700:
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2484:
2482:Tampa Bay Times
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2269:]. §46–§49.
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2070:, p. 577 "
2066:
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2017:
2013:
1997:
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1977:
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1961:
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986:
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962:
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954:
947:
940:
936:
931:
927:Savant syndrome
892:
813:Sherlock Holmes
765:
702:
699:
656:
653:
591:, considered a
567:
539:High IQ society
519:Richard Feynman
475:Albert Einstein
468:
366:Stanley Kubrick
359:
353:
257:
252:
124:
118:
102:military genius
79:Walter Isaacson
71:Cesare Lombroso
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3533:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3519:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3482:(2020-11-24).
3480:Callard, Agnes
3476:
3457:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3403:(6): 518–523.
3386:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:978-1451691672
3349:
3336:
3330:
3314:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3274:
3268:
3252:David Galenson
3248:
3242:
3229:
3223:
3205:
3183:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3129:
3103:(3): 141–147.
3088:
3075:
3062:
3036:
3022:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:on 2006-10-06.
2982:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2945:978-0316788908
2944:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2908:
2895:
2876:
2871:978-0688168940
2870:
2854:
2826:
2801:
2795:
2781:IQ Testing 101
2771:
2770:
2769:
2742:
2724:
2718:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2638:
2632:
2615:
2609:
2591:
2569:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2523:
2493:
2469:
2444:
2419:
2394:
2379:
2359:
2335:
2311:
2309:(1989), p. 12.
2298:
2274:
2253:
2198:
2186:Howard Caygill
2178:
2151:
2138:
2121:
2101:
2060:
2044:
2028:
2011:
1991:
1971:
1955:
1943:
1931:
1911:
1899:
1880:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1824:
1754:
1752:, p. 146.
1742:
1728:
1717:
1712:NobelPrize.org
1699:
1685:
1660:
1653:
1627:
1592:
1583:
1576:
1552:
1538:
1531:
1513:
1492:
1469:"Wonder Boys?"
1459:
1453:, p. 759, and
1437:
1413:
1389:
1365:
1347:
1335:
1316:
1294:
1264:
1234:
1216:
1196:
1174:
1152:
1132:
1118:
1096:
1076:
1056:
1024:
1006:
979:
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937:
935:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
888:
764:
761:
707:Thomas Carlyle
697:
651:
566:
563:
499:David Wechsler
467:
464:
422:Virginia Woolf
352:
349:
291:Charles Darwin
276:Francis Galton
256:
253:
251:
248:
176:tutelary deity
120:Main article:
117:
114:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
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3529:
3522:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3466:
3462:
3461:Gupta, Sanjay
3458:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
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3392:
3387:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3269:0-691-12109-5
3265:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3243:0-521-54369-X
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3224:0-446-52717-3
3220:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3163:
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3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
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3084:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:Brian Clegg.
2989:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2975:
2970:
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2960:
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2757:
2756:
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2749:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2708:. Cambridge:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:9781453210437
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:Gleick, James
2677:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:Eysenck, Hans
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2570:0-8047-0010-9
2566:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2513:on 2021-01-11
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2448:
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2433:
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2423:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
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2383:
2380:
2377:
2376:0-415-37847-8
2373:
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2349:
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2339:
2336:
2325:
2321:
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2308:
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2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:0-631-17535-0
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:Pickover 1998
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Robinson 2011
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1963:Simonton 1999
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:Wechsler 1939
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:very superior
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
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1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1777:(5): e10670.
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1675:on 2013-12-06
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1654:0-395-75531-X
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:(1): 83–101.
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1577:0-471-12104-5
1573:
1569:
1565:
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1550:
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1211:
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1136:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1070:New Scientist
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1007:
994:
990:
983:
980:
969:
965:
959:
957:
953:
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945:
943:
939:
933:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Chess prodigy
895:
894:
889:
887:
885:
881:
876:
875:
873:
868:
864:
863:
858:
854:
853:
848:
844:
843:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:Dr. John Nash
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
799:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
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762:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
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730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
708:
696:
692:
690:
689:
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
654:Immanuel Kant
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
629:Immanuel Kant
624:
619:
617:
612:
610:
609:philosophical
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
575:
571:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
524:
523:Arthur Jensen
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
476:
472:
466:IQ and genius
465:
463:
460:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:schizophrenia
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
386:
382:
378:
371:
367:
363:
358:
350:
348:
346:
340:
338:
337:historiometry
334:
329:
327:
321:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
269:
265:
261:
254:
249:
247:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
198:
193:
192:
188:), or place (
187:
186:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
163:
155:
151:
150:ancient world
147:
143:
136:
135:mathematician
132:
128:
123:
115:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
30:
26:
22:
3546:Intelligence
3527:
3510:
3491:. Retrieved
3487:
3469:. Retrieved
3450:. Retrieved
3435:Web articles
3427:
3420:. Retrieved
3400:
3394:
3378:. Retrieved
3374:
3340:
3321:
3298:
3278:
3257:
3233:
3213:
3209:Harold Bloom
3197:. Retrieved
3191:
3177:
3159:
3136:
3100:
3096:
3081:
3068:
3054:. Retrieved
3044:
3012:
3001:the original
2996:
2973:
2958:
2934:
2923:The Guardian
2922:
2899:
2887:. Retrieved
2881:
2861:
2846:. Retrieved
2842:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:the original
2809:
2780:
2764:
2732:
2705:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2649:. Retrieved
2643:
2619:
2599:
2560:
2552:Bibliography
2539:. Retrieved
2535:
2526:
2515:. Retrieved
2511:the original
2506:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:
2447:
2436:. Retrieved
2434:. 2019-12-10
2431:
2422:
2411:. Retrieved
2409:. 2020-12-26
2407:High Ability
2406:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2243:. Retrieved
2215:
2211:
2201:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:the original
2154:
2146:
2141:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2109:Eysenck 1998
2104:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2047:
2031:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1985:; see also "
1979:Shurkin 2006
1974:
1958:
1951:Eysenck 1998
1946:
1941:, p. 45
1934:
1926:
1922:
1919:Kaufman 2009
1914:
1909:, p. 18
1902:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1871:Eysenck 1998
1866:
1859:Shurkin 1992
1854:
1847:Pintner 1931
1842:
1827:
1774:
1770:
1745:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1663:
1638:
1630:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1562:
1555:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1478:
1472:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1429:. Retrieved
1425:
1416:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:
1368:
1357:
1350:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1088:
1079:
1068:
1059:
1052:employments.
1050:
1043:. Retrieved
1037:
1027:
1018:
997:. Retrieved
992:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:
877:
870:
860:
857:Will Hunting
850:
840:
830:
820:
806:
796:
789:
769:protagonists
766:
751:
749:
733:
710:
704:
694:
686:
676:
658:
648:
642:
632:
626:
621:
613:
605:philosophers
602:
559:Mega Society
536:
503:
494:
486:
484:
449:
434:
415:
409:
394:
341:
332:
330:
322:
294:
284:
273:
242:Encyclopédie
240:
236:
232:
228:
220:
214:
209:
205:
201:
195:
189:
183:
171:
165:
162:ancient Rome
159:
95:
83:intelligence
64:
55:
50:ability and
48:intellectual
34:
33:
2171:2 September
2068:Jensen 1998
2036:Gleick 2011
1999:Leslie 2000
1832:Terman 1916
1549:Galton 1869
1205:"Confucius"
1141:"Confucius"
884:evil genius
792:tragic hero
785:pop culture
773:antagonists
673:maladaptive
532:Lotka's law
528:Price's law
507:Nobel Prize
398:Carl Rogers
381:Marie Curie
368:, deemed a
287:psychometry
217:Latin verbs
191:genius loci
91:imaginative
3541:Giftedness
3535:Categories
3493:2021-02-20
3471:2021-02-20
3452:2021-02-20
3279:Genius 101
2765:Psycoloquy
2541:2021-01-08
2517:2021-01-08
2487:2021-01-08
2463:2021-01-08
2438:2021-01-08
2432:ScreenRant
2413:2021-01-08
2353:2023-03-25
2329:2023-03-25
2292:2023-03-25
2240:7626030498
2132:, p.
2117:sufficient
2072:Creativity
2054:, p.
2038:, p.
1981:, p.
1965:, p.
1834:, p.
1679:2013-12-16
1431:2023-09-12
1407:2023-09-12
1383:2023-09-12
973:2021-01-08
934:References
616:David Hume
611:theories.
565:Philosophy
370:filmmaking
355:See also:
351:Psychology
301:statistics
182:, family (
110:der Genius
87:creativity
3467:. CNN.com
3417:146862140
2752:1063-2158
2587:248811346
2366:Page 91,
2232:0021-8529
2113:necessary
1801:1932-6203
1750:Thys 2014
1485:5 October
1457:, p. 764.
1250:(1): 79.
678:Theætetus
639:Romantics
385:physicist
326:Sandhurst
146:Confucius
116:Etymology
60:polymaths
3463:(2006).
3320:(2013).
3175:(1930).
3135:(1939).
3125:12879552
3117:24480798
3042:(1916).
2963:Archived
2860:(1998).
2777:(2009).
2730:(1998).
2704:(1999).
2682:(2011).
2597:(1995).
2579:25008797
2272:Pluhar).
1888:Cox 1926
1819:20498850
1771:PLOS ONE
1622:11700278
1280:(5844).
949:Cox 1926
890:See also
698:—
652:—
603:Various
578:polymath
547:Intertel
459:dopamine
456:thalamic
406:El Greco
345:eugenics
268:literary
237:Ingenium
225:Augustus
52:creative
39:original
3056:26 June
3032:3080746
2889:14 July
2651:4 April
2245:May 20,
1810:2871784
1779:Bibcode
1274:Science
1045:15 July
822:Amadeus
781:villain
744:talents
597:musical
593:prodigy
389:chemist
206:al-ghul
43:insight
3517:
3422:8 July
3415:
3380:1 June
3347:
3328:
3306:
3285:
3266:
3240:
3221:
3199:2 June
3143:
3123:
3115:
3030:
3020:
2980:
2942:
2906:
2868:
2848:5 June
2820:5 June
2793:
2789:–153.
2750:
2740:
2716:
2690:
2630:
2607:
2585:
2577:
2567:
2374:
2238:
2230:
2192:
2096:genius
2076:genius
2024:prize.
2005:didn't
1875:before
1817:
1807:
1799:
1651:
1620:
1574:
1529:
1451:genius
1038:On War
999:25 May
865:, and
683:Thales
599:genius
557:, and
513:, and
428:, and
372:genius
317:random
270:genius
255:Galton
233:genius
229:genius
221:genius
197:daemon
180:person
167:genius
164:, the
106:German
67:talent
56:genius
35:Genius
3413:S2CID
3164:Books
3121:S2CID
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