Sudeten Germans - Knowledge (XXG)

1655: 1741:

Czech schools were built on a large scale; there is a very general belief that Czech firms were favoured as against German firms in the allocation of State contracts and that the State provided work and relief for Czechs more readily than for Germans. I believe these complaints to be in the main justified. Even as late as the time of my Mission, I could find no readiness on the part of the Czechoslovak Government to remedy them on anything like an adequate scale... the feeling among the Sudeten Germans until about three or four years ago was one of hopelessness. But the rise of Nazi Germany gave them new hope. I regard their turning for help towards their kinsmen and their eventual desire to join the Reich as a natural development in the circumstances.

1769: 1274: 1670: 1885:(about 3 million altogether), in the belief that their behaviour had been a major cause of the war and subsequent destruction. In the months directly following the end of the war, "wild" expulsions happened from May until August 1945. Several Czechoslovak statesmen encouraged such expulsions with polemical speeches. Generally local authorities ordered the expulsions, which armed volunteers carried out. In some cases the regular army initiated or assisted such expulsions. Several thousand Germans were murdered during the expulsion, and many more died from hunger and illness as a consequence of becoming refugees. 1075: 1266: 707: 1347:) (SdP) and embarked on an active propaganda campaign. In the May election, the SdP won more than 60% of the Sudeten German vote. The German Agrarians, Christian Socialists and Social Democrats each lost approximately half of their followers. The SdP became the centre of German nationalist forces. The party represented itself as striving for a just settlement of Sudeten German claims within the framework of Czechoslovak democracy. Henlein, however, maintained secret contact with 1413:, over 50 % of Henleinists favoured greater autonomy within Czechoslovakia over joining Germany. P. E. Caquet argues that in case of a fair plebiscite, a majority of the Sudetenland population would have voted to remain in Czechoslovakia. The municipal elections of May 1938 were marred with voter intimidation and street fighting - officially the SdP won about 90 percent of the Sudeten vote, but about a third of Sudeten Germans were prevented from casting a free vote. 57: 1127: 66: 788:, both Germans and Czechs fought to make Czech one of the university's official languages. They achieved that right, and the university became bilingual. By 1863, out of 187 lecture courses, 22 were held in Czech, the remainder being in German. In 1864, some Germans suggested the creation of a separate Czech university. Czech professors rejected that because they did not wish to lose the continuity of university traditions. 1123:, adopting a policy of rapprochement with the West, advised the Sudeten Germans to co-operate actively with the Czechoslovak government. In consequence, most Sudeten German parties (including the German Agrarian Party, the German Social Democratic Party and the German Christian Socialist People's Party) changed their policy from negativism to activism, and several Sudeten politicians even accepted cabinet posts. 540: 1212:

Jungaktivists. For Jaksch and his social democratic compatriots, it was a question of survival after a possible Nazi takeover. Of some 80,000 social democrats in Czechoslovakia, only about 5,000 would manage to flee the Nazis. The rest were incarcerated, and many of them were executed. Many of those who survived the Nazi persecution were later expelled, together with other Sudeten Germans, on the basis of

378: 1955:, refugee Sudeten Germans and their descendants (or for that matter, also Germans with no previous link to the Bohemian lands) could have moved back there without needing the Czech government's permission – but in practice such a move did not materialize in any significant numbers, as they could not reclaim property and many were well established in Germany. 1321:) professed loyalty to Czechoslovakia but championed decentralization. It absorbed most former German Nationals and Sudeten Nazis. The Kameradschaftsbund under Henlein did not promote joining Germany, but campaigned for decentralised Czechoslovakia based on the model of Switzerland; Henlein promoted a separate Sudeten German identity, using the term 795:, one for the Germans and one for the Czechs. The Germans vetoed the proposal and called for a full division of the university. After long negotiations, it was divided into the German Charles-Ferdinand University and the Czech Charles-Ferdinand University. The Cisleithanian Imperial Council prepared an act of parliament, and the emperor granted 1325:(Sudeten German tribe). Before 1937, Henlein was critical of Adolf Hitler and advocated for the ideas of liberalism and individualism. However, Henlein's movement was growing increasingly divided and his own position soon became precarious. Henlein suffered a severe blow to his reputation as well as political influence when his mentor, 1862: 1692:

As the political situation worsened, the security in Sudetenland deteriorated. The region became the site of small-scale clashes between young SdP followers, equipped with arms smuggled from Germany, and police and border forces. In some places, the regular army was called in to pacify the situation.

1118:

Sudeten representatives tried to join Austria or Germany or at least to obtain as much autonomy. The constitution of 1920 was drafted without Sudeten German representation, and Sudetens declined to participate in the election of the president. Sudeten political parties pursued an "obstructionist" (or

2093:

Before World War II broke out, Prince Maximilian Eugene of Hohenlohe-Langenburg decided to take refuge in Spain. Similarly, after the war, all of his assets were confiscated through the Beneš Decrees. However, the fortune of his wife's family prevented him from falling out of favor. In Spain, one of

1696:

On 20 May, Czechoslovakia initiated a so-called "partial mobilization" (literally "special military precaution") in response to rumours of German troop movements. The army moved into position on the border. Western powers tried to calm down the situation and forced Czechoslovakia to comply with most

1395:

denounced the SdP leader, arguing that his call for Sudeten Anschluss goes against the wish of his voters and supporters: "His present call to irredentism saddles the Sudeten Germans with all the consequences of treason to the State; for such a challenge the electors gave him neither their votes nor

1287:

was appointed chancellor of Germany. The Czechoslovak government prepared to suppress the Sudeten Nazi Party. In the autumn of 1933, the Sudeten Nazis dissolved their organization, and the German Nationals were pressured to do likewise. The government expelled German Nationals and Sudeten Nazis from

877:

On 14 October, Raphael Pacher succeeded, together with the social democrat, Josef Seliger, in uniting all German parties and members of parliament in Bohemia and Moravia into a coalition. In preparation for the foundation of the Republic of German Bohemia, the coalition, chaired by Pacher, appointed

373:

was quite common. Nevertheless, during the second half of the 19th century, Czechs and Germans began to create separate cultural, educational, political and economic institutions, which kept both groups semi-isolated from each other, which continued until the end of the Second World War, when almost

1946:

claims to represent the German refugees from the former Czechoslovak Republic, but its conservative positions were and are discussed very controversially among the refugees themselves, with many choosing not to associate with the organization. In the 2001 census, 39,106 people in the Czech Republic

1688:

met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938 and was told to raise demands that would be unacceptable to the Czechoslovak government. In the Carlsbad Decrees, issued on 24 April at the Carlsbad convention, the SdP demanded complete autonomy for the Sudetenland and freedom to profess Nazi ideology. If

1361:

and mimicked Nazi methods with banners, slogans and uniformed troops. Concessions offered by the Czechoslovak government, including the installation of exclusively Sudeten German officials in Sudeten German areas and the possible participation of the SdP in the cabinet, were rejected. Nevertheless,

733:

and German Bohemians. Each ethnicity tried to retain, in regions in which it was the majority, sovereignty over its own affairs. Czechs and Germans generally maintained separate schools, churches and public institutions. Nevertheless, despite the separation, Germans often understood some Czech, and

1740:

Czech officials and Czech police, speaking little or no German, were appointed in large numbers to purely German districts; Czech agricultural colonists were encouraged to settle on land confiscated under the Land Reform in the middle of German populations; for the children of these Czech invaders

806:

was for the first time elected by universal male suffrage. As part of the process, new constituency boundaries had to be drawn throughout the empire. Electoral officials were very careful to demarcate areas as clearly either German or Czech and to assure that there would be no conflict as to which

1211:

for public servants in the Sudetenland and measures to reduce unemployment in the Sudetenland. (At the time, one in three was unemployed in the Sudetenland, compared to one in five in the rest of the country.) Improving the quality of life of the Sudeten Germans was not the only motivation of the

1114:

had stressed that Bohemian Germans were to be seen as "emigrants" and "colonists". The new state hence started with marginalization of the Germans. However, Masaryk still tried to win the Germans for the new state by referring to economic advantages and by referring to their common Austrian past.

1366:

remarked that "when Henlein repeated to his English friends in London as late as May 1938 that he still wished for autonomy within the Czechoslovak State, whether he was speaking sincerely or not, he was expressing the wishes of a very considerable proportion of his followers". According to Ralf

1800:

With the establishment of German rule, hundreds of thousands of Czechs who (under the policy of Czechification) had moved into the Sudetenland after 1919 left the area, some willingly. They were, however, permitted to take away their possessions and to legally sell their houses and land. A few,

1057:

contained many patches of ethnic German settlement in the north and the south. Most typical in those areas were German "language islands", towns inhabited by ethnic Germans but surrounded by rural Czechs. Extreme German nationalism was never prevalent in those areas. German nationalism in the

961:. The German Bohemians relied mostly on peaceful opposition to the occupation of their homeland by the Czech military, which started on 31 October 1918 and was completed on 28 January 1919. Fighting took place sporadically, resulting in the deaths of a few dozen Germans and Czechs. 768:

With the agreement, the desire for an autonomous Czech subdivision was mounting. Both German Bohemians and Czechs were hoping for a constitutional solution to the demands, but Czech nationalist views remained a constant part of the Bohemian political sphere. The Czechs had feared

1333:

noted that "backed to the wall, Henlein took what he thought to be the only step left to rescue his own position and the unity of his movement: he wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler." Henlein started secretly cooperating with the German government and the underground Nazi movement.

934:

In addition to the establishment of the state's governmental organisation, higher authorities were also created, such as the Finance Ministry, the Department of Agriculture and the Higher Regional Court of Reichenberg as well as a general post office and railway administration.

1749:, signed September 29 by Britain, France, Germany and Italy and negotiated without Czechoslovak participation, only confirmed that decision and the negotiated details. Czechoslovakia ceded a German-defined maximalist extension of Sudetenland to Germany, including the 1643:

Hungarian Parties and Sudeten German Electoral Bloc (1935): German Democratic Liberal Party, German Industrialist Party, Party of German Nation, Sudeten German Land Union, German Workers Party, Zips German Party, Provincial Christian Social Party, Hungarian National

630:, an independent German Bohemian awareness, however, was not widespread, and for a long time, it played no decisive role in everyday life. Individuals were usually seen as Bohemians, Moravians or Silesians. Defining events later in German Bohemian history were the 1371:

also highlights that although Henlein became "Hitler's paladin", the SdP of 1935 represented a "conglomerate of practically all colourings", and the opinion of the general Sudeten German population only supported autonomy within Czechoslovakia.

1892:, proceeded from 25 January 1946 until October 1946. An estimated 1.6 million "ethnic Germans" (most of them also had Czech ancestors; and even Czechs, who spoke mainly German over the last years), were deported from Czechoslovakia to the 818:, in 1909. German Bohemia, as it was to be called, was going to be separated from the Czech areas around it in the plan. That would create ethnically homogenous self-governing provinces that would hopefully end the ethnic conflict. However, 1710:-instructors) took over some border areas and committed many crimes: they killed more than 110 Czechoslovaks (mostly soldiers and policemen) and kidnapped over 2,020 Czechoslovak citizens (including German antifascists), taking them to 968:, then the largest party, was responsible for the demonstration initiative, but it was also supported by other bourgeois German parties. The mass demonstrations were put down by the Czech military, involving 54 deaths and 84 wounded. 697:

against Austria resulted in the loss of the traditionally-Bohemian crown land and weakened Germans in the remaining parts of Bohemia. As the 19th century arrived, resistance to the German domination began to develop among the Czechs.

1404:

in Czechoslovakia suspended their activities on 24 March; their deputies and senators entered the SdP parliamentary club. However, the majority of Sudeten Germans did not support annexation into Germany. Contemporary reports of

1329:, was accused of homosexuality and committed suicide in prison. The radical wing of the party pressured Henlein to resign, and the Czechoslovak security forces increased their efforts to frustrate the movement's activities. 1729:, to Czechoslovakia to see if he could obtain a settlement between the Czechoslovak government and the Sudeten Germans. His mission failed because Henlein refused all conciliating proposals under secret orders by Hitler. 852:. The new Czech state would thus have defensible mountain boundaries with Germany, but the highly industrialised settlement areas of three million Germans would now be separated from Austria and come under Czech control. 204: 2118:. In the beginning the colony was difficult for them, since most of them were not farmers but had other professions, but they soon knew how to adapt and today the community is the seat of large yerba mate factories. 3396: 1513: 1147: 965: 244: 1792:

under German governors and the German Army. Almost all the Germans in these Czech territories were subsequently granted German citizenship, while most of the Germans in Slovakia obtained citizenship of the

591:. Czechs made up about 20 percent of the students at the time of its founding, and the rest was primarily German. A culturally-significant example of German Bohemian prose from the Middle Ages is the story 1195:(Young Activists). They sought agreement with the Czechoslovak government on a policy that could withstand the Nazi onslaught from within and from outside Czechoslovakia. At simultaneous mass rallies in 269:. Before 1945, over three million German Bohemians constituted about 23% of the population of the whole country and about 29.5% of the population of Bohemia and Moravia. Ethnic Germans migrated into the 2073:

frustrated her plans. Therefore, some relatives of those who had already settled were only able to arrive in 1947. First, the settler settled with their families, which gave rise to a new population.

1362:

the party campaigned on autonomy for the Sudetenland and pledged allegiance to the Czechoslovak stance; a majority of SdP voters supported regional autonomy and did not desire to join the German state.

1760:

As a result, Bohemia and Moravia lost about 38 percent of their combined area, and 3.65 million inhabitants (2.82 million Germans and approximately 513,000 – 750,000 Czechs to Germany).

1086:

because there were too few minority rights. However, they gradually accepted remaining in Czechoslovakia and took part in the first elections in 1920. In 1926, the first Germans became minister (

1220: 1693:

Nazi propaganda accused the Czech government and Czechs of atrocities on innocent Germans. The Czechoslovak public started to prepare for an inevitable war, such as by training with gas masks.

4164: 4147: 3597: 1908:). Estimates of casualties related to this expulsion range between 20,000 and 200,000 people, depending on source. Casualties included primarily violent deaths and suicides, rapes, deaths in 4371: 964:

On 4 March 1919, almost the entire ethnic German population peacefully demonstrated for its right to self-determination. The demonstrations were accompanied by a one-day general strike. The

1409:

found that there was a "large number of Sudetenlanders who actively opposed annexation", and that the pro-German policy was challenged by the moderates within the SdP as well; according to

2053:

In the 1930s, the Chilean businesswoman Antonia Inalaf decided to finance a project to emigrate Sudeten Germans to Chile. This group of Germans came from the city of Rossbach (currently

738:; Germans living with Czechs fluently spoke Czech and code-switched between German and Czech when talking to Czechs and other Germans. Jews in Bohemia often spoke German and sometimes 3665:

Bahm, Karl F. (1999). "The Inconveniences of Nationality: German Bohemians, The Disintegration of the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Attempt to Create a "Sudeten German" Identity".

2077:

Following the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia at the end of World War II, a new group of Sudeten Germans immigrated to Chile, either to settle in Puyuhuapi or in other

1223:, remained opposed to the Czechoslovak government. Nationalist sentiment flourished, however, among Sudeten German youths, who had a variety of organizations, such as the older 819: 3400: 3787: 3650: 2102:, thus beginning the Marbella Golden Mile, which he catapulted as a destination for international luxury tourism, which since then has generated great wealth for Spain. 1722: 1367:

Gebel, "the majority had voted for a party that united the Sudeten Germans and aimed to improve their position within the Czechoslovak Republic — no more and no less".

2126:

Various Sudeten German dialects are currently practically extinct as most Germans were expelled from Czechoslovakia: present Sudeten Germans speak mainly Czech and/or

418:

were traditionally referred to as "German Bohemians". This appellation utilizes the broad definition of Bohemia, which includes all of the three Bohemian crown lands:

4863: 869:, offered the Czechs wide-ranging autonomy within Imperial and Royal Austria. Also, Austria was no longer considered to be a major power by the victors of the war. 369:

Not all ethnic Germans lived in isolated and well-defined areas; for historical reasons, Czechs and Germans mixed in many places, and Czech-German bilingualism and

2796:

Thomas Wünsch. ""Emigraten und Kolonisten" und "Drang nach Osten": Bilder von Den Deutschen und die Ideologie der Vertreibung im tschechischen Diskurs 1918-1944".

2266: 2245: 905:

merged with the so-called "Province of the Sudetenland", which had radically different borders than the later understanding of the term. The Bohemian district of

4914: 4909: 1654: 3536: 1835:

After the establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, almost all Bohemian and Moravian Jews, many of whom were primarily German-speaking, were

1391:. Sudeten Germans reacted with fear to the news of Austrian annexation, and the moderate wing of SdP grew in strength. Hitherto pro-Henlein German newspaper 938:

For geographical reasons, however, a territorial solution would have been impossible unless those regions, together with Austria, had been incorporated into

473:", which referred only to the parts of the former Kingdom of Bohemia that were inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans. These names were derived from the 4423: 2197: 2178: 3827:

Kleineberg, A.; Marx, Ch.; Knobloch, E.; Lelgemann, D.: Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios` "Atlas der Oikumene". WBG.2010.

1421:

The table below shows the number of seats German parties and German–Hungarian lists gained in the Czechoslovak Chamber of Deputies between 1920 and 1935.

1401: 1207:

on April 26, 1936, they demanded equal opportunities in civil service for Germans, financial assistance for German businesses, official acceptance of the

893:

to the Braunau region along the border with the German Empire. In South Bohemia the administrative unit of Böhmerwaldgau emerged, which was to be part of

1219:

By 1929, only a small number of Sudeten German deputies, most of them members of the German National Party, supported by the propertied classes, and the

785: 2154: 1768: 784:, then called Charles-Ferdinand University. Its Czech students had become increasingly perturbed by the sole use of German for instruction. During the 1535: 1273: 1168: 1110:

German nationalist sentiment ran high during the early years of the republic. On the other hand, in his very first message as Czechoslovak president,

1095: 4904: 3601: 1856: 807:

ethnicity had a majority in any constituency. Nevertheless, that did not settle tensions among Czechs, who wanted to govern themselves from Prague.

328: 1491: 2095: 1697:

of the Carlsbad Decrees. However the SdP, instructed to continue to push towards war, escalated the situation with more protests and violence.

1083: 980: 1669: 4541: 3832: 3807: 3703: 2709: 2538: 2488: 2352: 4779: 4335: 1204: 917:

was responsible for the other German regions. On 22 November 1918, the Province of German Bohemia proclaimed itself part of the state of

4784: 4385: 4344: 2159: 1844: 1821: 1789: 1733: 1306: 1238: 811: 750: 734:

Czechs often spoke some German. Cities like Prague, however, saw more mixing between the ethnicities and also had large populations of

4899: 3032: 2855: 1035:

and about 23.4 percent of the population of the whole republic (13.6 million). The Sudetenland possessed huge chemical works and

1283:

The Sudeten German nationalists, particularly the Nazis, expanded their activities after the Depression started. On 30 January 1933,

4506: 4054: 3912: 3847: 3559: 3494: 3350: 3329: 3308: 3287: 3266: 3133: 3108: 3060: 2986: 2916: 2880: 2824: 2737: 2687: 2663: 2632: 2566: 2442: 1901: 1047:, an area that was primarily populated by Germans, extended along the Bavarian frontier to the poor agricultural areas of southern 815: 3151:

A Struggle for Existence: Explaining the Actions, Motives and Fall of German Social Democracy in the First Czechoslovak Republic

1788:

Some 250,000 Germans remained on the Czech side of the border, which later became part of the Reich by the establishment of the

1003:

In 1921, the population of multi-ethnic Czechoslovakia comprised 6.6 million Czechs, 3.2 million Germans, two million

4894: 2149: 1941: 1039:

mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. To the west, a triangle of historic ethnic German settlement surrounding

662: 650: 71: 3225: 4889: 4749: 2375: 560: 3572: 2280: 1736:

to the British government stated this on Czechoslovakia's policy towards the German minority during the preceding decades:

979:

and uniting all German-speaking areas with either Germany or Austria, with the exception of northern Bohemia. However, the

746:

exemplifies the diversity of Bohemia since he was a Prague-based German-speaking Jew, but his surname was of Czech origin.

4574: 4355: 3994: 1745:

Britain and France then pressured the Czechoslovak government into ceding the Sudetenland to Germany on 21 September. The

856: 2221:

Otto Bauer. The Question of Nationalities and Social Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press, 2000), p. 160

878:

a committee of twelve members. One day after the proclamation of the Republic of Czechoslovakia, on 29 October 1918, the

2139: 1916: 842:, forming the west of the newly created Czechoslovakia. Czech politicians insisted on the traditional boundaries of the 572: 1111: 622:

For centuries, German Bohemians played important roles in the economy and politics of the Bohemian lands. For example,

643: 4754: 2909:

Das Sudetenproblem und das Dritte Reich 1933-1938: Von der Volkstumspolitik zur nationalsozialistischen Aussenpolitik

1689:

Henlein's demands had been granted, the Sudetenland would have been in a position to align itself with Nazi Germany.

995:. Nevertheless, some 90 percent lived in territories in which they represented 90 percent or more of the population. 913:

and was supposed to be administered by Lower Austria. The judiciary for German Bohemia was based in Reichenberg, and

594: 3860: 1288:

local government positions. The Sudeten German population was indignant, especially in nationalist strongholds like

4531: 4212: 3456: 3446:

Smlouva mezi Česko-Slovenskou republikou a Německou říší o otázkách státního občanství a opce, law no. 300/1938 Sb.

2558: 1277: 1130: 928: 879: 803: 791:

The Czechs, however, were still not satisfied with bilingual status and proposed creating two separate constituent

3164:

Michael Walsh Campbell (2003). "Keepers of Order? Strategic Legality in the 1935 Czechoslovak General Elections".

921:. On the same day, the territory of German Austria was defined by the Act of the "Provisional National Assembly" ( 4919: 4810: 4454: 4403: 4011: 1995: 1808:(most of the rest were Czechs who were allowed to vote as well). About half a million Sudeten Germans joined the 866: 4350: 2201: 2018:

In 1877, a group of Sudeten Germans from the city of Braunau (historical region of Bohemia, then located in the

1991: 3864: 1932: 1312: 945:

After the Czechoslovak Republic was proclaimed on 28 October 1918, the German Bohemians, claiming the right to

670: 514:

rulers promoted the colonisation of certain areas of their lands by German settlers from the adjacent lands of

237: 197: 3397:"K otázce vysídlení občanů ČSR ze Sudet, Těšínska, Podkarpatské Rusi a Slovenské republiky v letech 1938/1939" 1074: 886:. Its first governor was Raphael Pacher, who transferred his office on 5 November to Rudolf Lodgman von Auen. 1144:

in 1919, the provincial Social Democratic Parties of Bohemia, Moravia and Sudeten-Silesia united to form the

300:("Settling of the East"). The name "Sudeten Germans" was adopted during rising nationalism after the fall of 4655: 4217: 2054: 2019: 1893: 1044: 984: 957:, demanded that their homeland areas remain with Austria, which by then had been reduced to the Republic of 754: 462: 430:. In the German language, it is more common to distinguish among the three lands, hence the prominent terms 3635: 3259:

Die Sudetendeutschen im NS-Staat. Politik und Stimmung der Bevölkerung im Reichsgau Sudetenland (1938–1945)

2770:

Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1919 – the Paris Peace Conference, Volume XII

889:

The Province of German Bohemia comprised a contiguous region in North and West Bohemia stretching from the

677:

became virtually meaningless. Increasingly, the Bohemian crown lands were ruled from the Austrian capital,

354:

contained patches of "locked" German territory to the north and south. More characteristic were the German

4275: 4110: 4097: 3002: 1368: 616: 486: 4587: 4805: 4643: 4285: 4280: 4260: 3905: 3799: 2768: 1972:, Sudeten Germans also immigrated to Argentina. Some groups settled in different German colonies in the 1469: 600: 549: 358:, which were towns inhabited by German minorities and surrounded by Czechs. Sudeten Germans were mostly 343: 4667: 4631: 4229: 3200: 2721: 2043: 4604: 2002:) that were confiscated from them in the Sudetenland area by order of the President of Czechoslovakia 1355:, which told him to refuse every concession offered by Czechoslovakia. The SdP endorsed the idea of a 706: 4884: 4689: 4621: 4609: 4398: 4092: 3757: 3723: 2115: 1447: 1338: 865:), which would be based on the nationalities of the population. On 26 September 1918, his successor, 848: 639: 511: 4827: 3301:

Germanisierung und Genozid. Hitlers Endlösung der tschechischen Frage – deutsche Dokumente 1933–1945

1190: 4774: 4648: 4614: 4489: 4300: 4265: 2935: 2099: 1718: 1658: 1397: 1392: 1363: 1178: 1087: 718: 694: 654: 626:

production was a common industry for German Bohemians. Though they were living beyond the medieval

584: 556: 219: 1839:

by the authorities. The Nazis evacuated about 120,000 Germans (mostly women and children) to the

1804:

In elections held on 4 December 1938, 97.32% of the adult population in Sudetenland voted for the

906: 4800: 4769: 4759: 4553: 4516: 4474: 4290: 4234: 4169: 4120: 4087: 4075: 4070: 4042: 4006: 3774: 3740: 3682: 3181: 2959: 2886: 2260: 2239: 1889: 1829: 1300: 1164: 1082:

Many Germans felt that the new constitution failed to fulfil what the Czechs had promised in the

976: 972: 946: 781: 722: 627: 568: 564: 503: 458: 415: 327:, most of the German-speaking population (mostly Roman Catholic with relatively few Protestants) 270: 31: 4435: 1557: 1099: 1265: 1126: 56: 4548: 4484: 4464: 4459: 4408: 4393: 4340: 4312: 4295: 4239: 4179: 4174: 4080: 3843: 3828: 3803: 3699: 3555: 3508:"Memories of World War II in the Czech Lands: the expulsion of Sudeten Germans – Radio Prague" 3490: 3346: 3325: 3304: 3283: 3262: 3129: 3104: 3056: 3028: 2982: 2912: 2876: 2851: 2820: 2783: 2733: 2726:

Die Deutschen in der Ersten Tschechoslowakischen Republik: Rechtsstellung und Identitätssuche.

2683: 2659: 2628: 2562: 2534: 2484: 2438: 2348: 2344:

Stets ein guter und zuverlässiger Deutschmährer. Zur Laufbahn von Bertold Bretholz (1862–1936)

1973: 1120: 674: 666: 658: 604: 539: 474: 363: 286: 278: 65: 2311: 2010:, which dispossessed all ethnic Germans of their property and expelled them from their land. 761:

sovereignty over their own affairs. The preservation of German cultural dominance throughout

4764: 4744: 4722: 4626: 4536: 4521: 4511: 4494: 4449: 4441: 4413: 4317: 4270: 4255: 4189: 4157: 4130: 4125: 4035: 3898: 3884: 3880: 3766: 3732: 3674: 3173: 3081: 2951: 2144: 2070: 2047: 2035: 2007: 1984: 1746: 1213: 1008: 839: 527: 515: 427: 324: 309: 3615: 3025:

The Sudeten Problem, 1933–1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy

2848:

The Sudeten Problem, 1933–1938: Volkstumspolitik and the Formulation of Nazi Foreign Policy

1881:, when the Czechoslovak state was restored, the government expelled the majority of ethnic 983:, on 10 September 1919, made it clear that German Bohemia would not become part of the new 4582: 4479: 4469: 4430: 4102: 4016: 3972: 3870: 3861:

Facing history — The evolution of Czech-German relations in the Czech provinces, 1848–1948

2127: 2110:

On October 1, 1933, some families of Sudeten Germans founded the "Colonia Sudetia" in the

2078: 1980: 1909: 1311:, a youth organization of mystical orientation, created a new political organisation. The 1208: 1063: 992: 954: 939: 835: 823: 726: 710: 682: 635: 466: 359: 355: 305: 301: 274: 189: 132: 2458: 2066: 2003: 898: 2656:

The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945

2039: 1923:

could not escape expulsion. The remaining faculty, students, and administrators fled to

346:, which extends along the Bavarian frontier and into the agricultural areas of southern 4222: 4207: 4184: 4140: 4106: 4047: 3944: 3876: 3752: 3639: 3020: 2904: 2843: 2058: 2027: 1999: 1952: 1948: 1817: 1812:, which amounted to 17.34% of the German population in the Sudetenland (the average in 1781: 1750: 1685: 1330: 1296: 1119:

negativist) policy in the Czechoslovak parliament. In 1926, however, German Chancellor

988: 958: 950: 918: 843: 686: 580: 370: 266: 262: 210: 148: 136: 3651:

Festejan el 85 aniversario de la Colonia Sudetia de Paso Yobái – Centinela – ABC Color

2890: 1196: 1152:(DSAP) and elected Josef Seliger as chairman. After Seliger's untimely death in 1920, 1031:

and other ethnic groups. German-speakers represented a third of the population of the

4878: 4677: 4560: 4152: 4135: 4114: 3960: 3778: 3744: 3686: 3541: 3185: 2031: 1998:, has spent long years legally battling to recover her family's assets (for example, 1969: 1707: 1410: 1157: 1062:, which was 40.5% German, was restrained by fear of competition from industry in the 1024: 1020: 894: 770: 690: 107: 1888:

The regular transfer of ethnic nationals among nations, authorized according to the

749:

In 1867, the equality of Austrian citizens of all ethnicities was guaranteed by the

281:, from the 11th century, mostly in the border regions of what was later called the " 4526: 4028: 3233: 1905: 1897: 1878: 1813: 1794: 1773: 1711: 1662: 1348: 1284: 1153: 796: 774: 762: 631: 623: 523: 482: 317: 2383: 902: 3576: 3422: 2677: 646:

were severely affected, which caused the immigration of further German settlers.

4856: 4304: 3177: 2911:. Translated by Dierk Hildebrandt. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. p. 110. 2618: 2405: 2288: 2183: 2050:, some Germans from the Sudetenland joined other groups of established Germans. 1840: 1777: 1726: 1678: 1677:, Czech names were erased by the Sudeten Germans after the German annexation of 1376: 1326: 1091: 1032: 743: 532: 507: 478: 470: 448:(German Silesians). Even in German the broader use of "Bohemian" is also found. 313: 295: 282: 258: 338:

mines as well as textile, china, and glass factories. The Bohemian border with

17: 4660: 4597: 4021: 3770: 3736: 2342: 2111: 1809: 1805: 1674: 1246: 1012: 758: 377: 156: 3078:

Public Opinion, Appeasement, and The Times: Manipulating Consent in the 1930s

4418: 3951: 3678: 2253:

Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé II. Země moravskoslezská

2062: 1836: 1406: 1386: 927:), which included German Bohemian and German Moravian members of the former 519: 173: 3796:

Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War

489:, many contemporary Germans avoid them in favour of the traditional names. 334:

The area that became known as the Sudetenland possessed chemical works and

3883:

at the time of the Czechoslovak evacuation from the Sudetenland after the

834:

The end of the war in 1918 brought about the partition of the multiethnic

4682: 4672: 3377:"Anglo-American Responsibility for the Expulsion of the Germans, 1944–48" 2817:

Territorial Revisionism and the Allies of Germany in the Second World War

2082: 1754: 1289: 1200: 890: 608: 153: 119: 3464: 2963: 2850:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. pp. 204–205. 1861: 1832:, the SS and Police general and Secretary of State in the Protectorate. 765:

had proved to be difficult and now seemed to be was utterly impossible.

4737: 4732: 4727: 4704: 4694: 3921: 3507: 3085: 2939: 2622: 2552: 2023: 1928: 1882: 1870: 1866: 1825: 1380: 1141: 1134: 1094:), and the first German political party became part of the government ( 1059: 1054: 1048: 1036: 1004: 883: 792: 739: 423: 419: 351: 347: 339: 335: 254: 225: 169: 115: 111: 103: 99: 4820: 4815: 4592: 4499: 3080:(Thesis). Vancouver: The University of British Columbia. p. 63. 2955: 1924: 1920: 1352: 1028: 914: 910: 730: 678: 177: 2871:

Erin K. Jenne (2007). "Sudeten Germans in Interwar Czechoslovakia".

3871:

Emotions prevail in relations between Germans, Czechs, Poles – poll

3364:

Die Deutschen in der Tschechoslowakei 1933–1947. Dokumentensammlung

3027:. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. p. 300. 2592: 966:

German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic

4636: 3863:: historical publication sponsored by Czech government; series of 2459:"The Germans in Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia : with two maps" 2312:"Testimony For Assimilation - The success of the German-Bohemians" 1860: 1820:, many Sudeten Germans were employed in the administration of the 1767: 1668: 1653: 1272: 1264: 859:, wanted to divide Bohemia by setting up administrative counties ( 705: 588: 538: 376: 3755:(March 1996). "The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans: 1945-1952". 3009:(in German). München: Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung. p. 267. 2232:

Statistický lexikon obcí v Republice československé I. Země česká

2179:

Expellee 'Provocation': Prague Refuses Apology to Sudeten Germans

4832: 4699: 3890: 3721:: Sudeten German-Czech cooperation in interwar Czechoslovakia". 3126:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

3101:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

3053:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

2979:

The Bell of Treason: The 1938 Munich Agreement in Czechoslovakia

1040: 735: 665:

became King of Bohemia, which became a constituent state of the

3894: 2750: 1947:

claimed German ethnicity. In theory, with the accession of the

1396:

their mandate". On 22 March, the German Agrarian Party, led by

3166:

Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity

2728:

In: Umberto Corsini, Davide Zaffi, Manfred Alexander (Hrsg.):

1016: 414:

In the English language, ethnic Germans who originated in the

3696:

The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861-1914

2815:

Marina Cattaruza; Stefan Dyroff; Dieter Langewiesche (2013).

2069:. Although her project was to settle many more families, the 1935:, a research institute for the study of the Bohemian lands. 1757:, they had been Czechoslovakia's primary armaments factory. 1979:

Particularly notable is the case of the German businessman

1043:

was the most active area for pan-German nationalism. The

757:. The agreement established the Dual Monarchy and gave the 669:. With the rise of the Habsburgs in Bohemia after the 1620 3877:"A Journey into Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement" 3199:

Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische (6 November 2002).

2798:

Germanoslavica - Zeitschrift für germano-slawische Studien

2042:(currently integrated as a neighborhood into the city of 2505: 2435:

Deutsche Geschichte im Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren,

1824:

as well as in the Nazi oppressive machinery such as the

70:

Flag of the Sudeten Germans and the coat of arms of the

2682:. Berlin: Wolf Jobst Siedler Verlag GmbH. p. 381. 2679:

Deutsche Geschichte in Osten Europas: Böhmen und Mähren

469:. It coincided with the rise of another new term, "the 2873:

Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment

1070:

Gradual general acceptance of Czechoslovak citizenship

1665:

leave the Bad Godesberg meeting on 23 September 1938.

381:

Czech districts by ethnic German population in 1930:

1579:

Hungarian Parties and Sudeten German Electoral Bloc

1205:

Olešnice v Orlických horách/Gießhübl im Adlergebirge

1156:

became party chairman, who was succeeded in 1938 by

27:

Ethnic Germans living in the Czech lands before 1945

4847: 4793: 4715: 4573: 4384: 4364: 4328: 4248: 4200: 4063: 3987: 3980: 3971: 3928: 3791:(4 Bände). Anton Hiersemann Verlag Stuttgart, 1970. 163: 142: 126: 93: 78: 45: 30:For information on ethnic Germans in Slovakia, see 1337:In 1935, the Sudeten German Home Front became the 3280:The Second World War. Vol. I, The Gathering Storm 2730:Die Minderheiten zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen. 2587: 2585: 2499: 2497: 2453: 2451: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2331:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–05 838:into its historical components, one of them, the 461:in the early 20th century, after the fall of the 3379:, (Pittsburg lecture, published in Vardy/Tooley 826:destroyed all hopes for a redrawn Cisleithania. 780:A symbol of the rising tensions was the fate of 2755:Austrian Studies | College of Liberal Arts 510:. In the late 12th and in the 13th century the 3391: 3389: 2838: 2836: 2506:"ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetzestexte" 1816:was 7.85%). Because of their knowledge of the 991:. The new state regarded ethnic Germans as an 4558: 3906: 3788:Handbuch der Geschichte der böhmischen Länder 3253: 3251: 975:insisted on respecting the Germans' right to 502:There have been ethnic Germans living in the 292:The process of German expansion was known as 8: 4854: 4026: 3958: 3942: 3935: 3343:České země v éře první republiky (1918–1938) 3046: 3044: 2930: 2928: 2875:. Cornell University Press. pp. 54–90. 1939: 1900:. An estimated 800,000 were deported to the 1701: 1417:Czechoslovak Chamber of Deputies (1920–1935) 1384: 1356: 1342: 1316: 1304: 1252: 1244: 1236: 1230: 1224: 1188: 1182: 1172: 1145: 922: 860: 592: 543: 452: 443: 437: 431: 331:from Czechoslovakia to Germany and Austria. 293: 40: 4864:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 3226:""Prager Tagblatt", Nr. 116, May 18, 1935, 1706:(paramilitary groups trained in Germany by 1148:Deutsche Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei 599:("The Ploughman from Bohemia"), written in 3984: 3977: 3913: 3899: 3891: 2265:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2244:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1987:, who lived in Argentina for a few years. 1700:With the help of special Nazi forces, the 729:resulted in a prevailing equality between 481:. As these terms were heavily used by the 39: 3842:. Helmut Preußler Verlag Nürnberg, 1988. 3598:"Census 2001 by Czech statistical office" 2712:, StGBl. Nr. 41/1918 (= p. 51). 2710:Act, StGBl. No. 40 and state proclamation 265:, which later became an integral part of 3322:Mnichov 1938 v řeči archivních dokumentů 2819:. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 61. 2481:Kleine Geschichte der böhmischen Länder, 1857:Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia 1423: 1221:German National Socialist Workers' Party 1125: 1078:Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930 1073: 477:, which form the northern border of the 342:was inhabited primarily by Germans. The 4444:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 4438:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3531: 3529: 3381:Ethnic Cleansing in 20th Century Europe 2445:. (Teil eines zehnbändigen Gesamtwerks) 2170: 2061:), and in 1935 she founded the town of 2057:, in the historical region of Moravia, 1492:German National Socialist Workers Party 1174:Deutsche Christlich-Soziale Volkspartei 1163:Already in 1936, Jaksch, together with 949:according to the tenth of US President 725:, nervousness about ethnic tensions in 571:(as Charles IV) from 1355, founded the 2258: 2237: 1536:German Christian Social People's Party 1514:German Social Democratic Workers Party 1169:German Christian Social People's Party 1096:German Christian Social People's Party 1084:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 689:. On the other hand, the 18th-century 681:, which favoured the dominance of the 374:all the ethnic Germans were expelled. 3128:. New York: Other Press. p. 75. 3103:. New York: Other Press. p. 76. 3055:. New York: Other Press. p. 93. 2981:. New York: Other Press. p. 92. 2732:Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 1997, 2504:Nationalbibliothek, Österreichische. 2406:"The Sudeten Germans' forgotten fate" 2155:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938) 1968:Although to a lesser extent than the 236: 196: 7: 4910:Social history of the Czech Republic 3879:– a report issued by BBC journalist 3873:, Czech Happenings, 21 December 2005 2804:(1–2). Praha: Slovanský ústav AV ČR. 2341:Stoklásková, Zdeňka (2 April 2018). 773:, but the Germans now worried about 753:, which enshrined the principles of 587:, and its language of education was 350:, was an area of German settlement. 94:Regions with significant populations 3817:. Adam Kraft Verlag Augsburg, 1958. 3636:Un pueblo alemán en el sur de Chile 2619:"X. Směřování k samostatnému státu" 2160:Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia 2150:Sudeten German Homeland Association 1990:Likewise, Argentina-based Princess 1822:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1790:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 987:. Instead, it would become part of 751:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 634:, the occupation of Bohemia by the 498:Middle Ages and early modern period 72:Sudeten German Homeland Association 3228:Tschechoslowakische Parlamentswahl 2786:. Radio Prague. December 12, 2002. 1717:In August, British Prime Minister 1269:Flag flown by some Sudeten Germans 814:came up with a plan, known as the 485:to push forward the creation of a 25: 3007:Tschechen und Deutsche, 1918–1938 2940:"Czechs and Germans after Munich" 2624:Dějiny zemí Koruny české v datech 2461:. [Berlin? : Staatsdruckerei 1780:after he crossed the border into 924:Provisorische Nationalversammlung 855:The Austrian head of government, 224:'German Bohemians and German 4915:Czechoslovakia–Germany relations 3824:. Aufstieg Verlag München, 1980. 3457:"Die Sudetendeutsche Geschichte" 3423:"Fakta o vyhnání Čechů ze Sudet" 1303:, aided by other members of the 820:Franz Ferdinand was assassinated 816:United States of Greater Austria 64: 55: 4905:Ethnic groups in Czechoslovakia 3840:Geschichte der Sudetendeutschen 3713:Kopecek, Herman (March 1996). " 3616:"Puyuhuapi History and Legends" 3153:. Budapest: CEU eTD Collection. 2773:. Washington. pp. 273–274. 2593:"History of Charles University" 1942:Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft 1351:and received material aid from 1058:coal-mining region of southern 981:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 882:was formed with its capital in 830:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 651:Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia 194:Deutschböhmen und Deutschmährer 3149:Claudia Breit Whiteus (2010). 929:Cisleithanian Imperial Council 846:according to the principle of 804:Cisleithanian Imperial Council 1: 3076:David J. Gossen (June 1994). 2751:"Center for Austrian Studies" 2469:– via Internet Archive. 2281:"The German Bohemia Province" 1931:, where they established the 1181:of the Farmers' Association ( 857:Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg 285:", which was named after the 84: 3554:Z. Beneš, Rozumět dějinám. ( 3201:"Republik unter Druck – bpb" 2944:Council on Foreign Relations 2533:. New York: Schocken Books. 2140:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 1917:Charles-Ferdinand University 1617: 1597: 1577: 1555: 1533: 1511: 1489: 1467: 1445: 615:), who probably had studied 573:Charles University in Prague 451:The term "Sudeten Germans" ( 215:čeští Němci a moravští Němci 110:. Many of them also live in 4345:Alsatians and Lotharingians 3698:. Purdue University Press. 3178:10.1080/0090599032000115501 2627:(in Czech). Prague: Libri. 2416:– via news.bbc.co.uk. 2038:. Likewise, in the town of 1996:Alexander von Dietrichstein 1402:German Christian Socialists 1318:Sudetendeutsche Heimatfront 644:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 583:, attended by large German 548:, 15th-century manuscript, 457:) came about during rising 362:, a legacy of centuries of 4936: 3815:Sudetendeutsche Geschichte 3537:"Putting The Past To Rest" 3487:Poslední mrtví, první živí 2559:Cambridge University Press 2551:Urban, Otto (1998). "V.". 2310:Fallon, Joseph E. (1996). 2198:"Czech Statistical Office" 1992:Mercedes von Dietrichstein 1873:after the Second World War 1854: 1675:Šumperk-Mährisch Schönberg 1131:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps 880:Province of German Bohemia 873:Province of German Bohemia 493:Before the First World War 238:[zuˈdeːtn̩ˌdɔʏtʃə] 29: 4900:German diaspora in Europe 3771:10.1080/00905999608408428 3737:10.1080/00905999608408427 3172:(3). Routledge: 295–308. 2676:Prinz, Friedrich (1993). 2617:Čapka, František (1999). 2433:Friedrich Prinz (Hrsg.): 1915:Even the German-speaking 1772:Sudeten Germans greeting 1703:Sudetendeutsche Freikorps 1313:Sudeten German Home Front 1140:At a party conference in 867:Max Hussarek von Heinlein 693:started by Prussian King 168: 147: 131: 98: 83: 63: 54: 3489:. Ústí nad Labem 1989. ( 2531:Franz Kafka: A Biography 2483:Reclam, Stuttgart 2008, 2364:– via www.muni.cz. 2006:, through the so-called 1620:Total (out of 300 seats) 1278:Sudeten German Freikorps 1197:Tetschen-Bodenbach/Děčín 897:. German Bohemia in the 713:with overlaps to Sudeten 671:Battle of White Mountain 649:After the death of King 595:Der Ackermann aus Böhmen 545:Der Ackermann aus Böhmen 4365:Multinational dimension 3694:Cohen, Gary B. (2006). 3679:10.1080/009059999108939 3485:Biman, S. – Cílek, R.: 2784:"Hitler's Fifth Column" 2554:Czech Society 1848–1918 2020:Austro-Hungarian Empire 1828:. The most notable was 1558:German Union of Farmers 1400:, merged with the SdP. 1045:Upper Palatinate Forest 755:constitutional monarchy 695:Frederick II of Prussia 463:Austro-Hungarian Empire 442:(German Moravians) and 228:'), later known as 198:[ˈdɔʏtʃˌbøːmən] 4895:German Bohemian people 4855: 4559: 4286:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4027: 3959: 3943: 3936: 3345:. Díl 3. Praha 2003. ( 3003:Johann Wolfgang Brügel 2891:10.7591/j.ctt1287dwq.8 2654:Mommsen, Hans (2003). 2437:Siedler, Berlin 2002, 2030:) founded the town of 1940: 1904:(in what would become 1874: 1865:Germans expelled from 1851:Expulsion and transfer 1785: 1743: 1702: 1682: 1666: 1599:United German Parties 1385: 1375:On 13 March 1938, the 1369:Johann Wolfgang Brügel 1357: 1344:Sudetendeutsche Partei 1343: 1323:sudetendeutscher Stamm 1317: 1305: 1280: 1270: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1189: 1183: 1173: 1146: 1137: 1112:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1079: 923: 909:was incorporated into 861: 714: 593: 552: 544: 506:crown lands since the 487:Greater Germanic Reich 453: 444: 438: 432: 406: 294: 250: 233: 214: 193: 4890:Sudeten German people 3800:Yale University Press 3545:Monday, Mar. 11, 2002 3427:www.bohumildolezal.cz 3124:P. E. Caquet (2018). 3099:P. E. Caquet (2018). 3051:P. E. Caquet (2018). 2977:P. E. Caquet (2018). 2376:"Deutsche Biographie" 2347:. Oldenbourg Verlag. 1896:of what would become 1864: 1837:deported and murdered 1771: 1738: 1672: 1657: 1470:German National Party 1276: 1268: 1129: 1077: 799:on 28 February 1882. 709: 601:Early New High German 550:Heidelberg University 542: 380: 344:Upper Palatine Forest 164:Related ethnic groups 4785:United Arab Emirates 4093:Transylvanian Saxons 3822:Die Sudetendeutschen 3758:Nationalities Papers 3724:Nationalities Papers 3667:Nationalities Papers 3362:Král, Václav (ed.): 3278:Churchill, Winston: 3257:Zimmermann, Volker: 3236:on February 23, 2007 2757:. 22 September 2023. 2083:south of the country 1912:and natural causes. 1877:In the aftermath of 1448:Sudeten German Party 1339:Sudeten German Party 1226:Deutsche Turnverband 849:uti possidetis juris 663:Ferdinand of Austria 607:(c. 1350 – 1414) in 436:(German Bohemians), 4372:Central and Eastern 4276:Italy (South Tyrol) 3604:on August 25, 2007. 3467:on 25 February 2012 3383:pp. 239–254) p. 243 3320:Šamberger, Zdeněk: 3299:Čelovský, Bořivoj: 2936:Elizabeth Wiskemann 2658:. Berg Publishers. 2479:Manfred Alexander: 2319:The Social Contract 2112:Paso Yobai district 2100:Marbella Club Hotel 1933:Collegium Carolinum 1801:however, remained. 1719:Neville Chamberlain 1659:Neville Chamberlain 1393:Bohemia (newspaper) 1364:Elizabeth Wiskemann 1295:On 1 October 1933, 1088:Robert Mayr-Harting 1007:, 0.7 million 901:and in the area of 742:. The famed writer 719:revolutions of 1848 577:Alma Mater Carolina 275:electoral territory 42: 4517:Pennsylvania Dutch 3753:Smelser, Ronald M. 3535:P. WALLACE/BERLIN 3421:Doležal, Bohumil. 3086:10.14288/1.0094711 2557:. United Kingdom: 2529:Brod, Max (1960). 2022:; current city of 1959:In other countries 1890:Potsdam Conference 1875: 1830:Karl Hermann Frank 1786: 1683: 1667: 1307:Kameradschaftsbund 1301:Karl Hermann Frank 1281: 1271: 1239:Kameradschaftsbund 1184:Bund der Landwirte 1138: 1080: 1015:(Rusyns), 300,000 977:self-determination 973:Archibald Coolidge 971:American diplomat 947:self-determination 782:Charles University 723:ethnic nationalism 715: 628:Kingdom of Germany 569:Holy Roman Emperor 565:King of the Romans 553: 483:Nazi German regime 459:ethnic nationalism 428:(Austrian) Silesia 416:Kingdom of Bohemia 407: 271:Kingdom of Bohemia 87:3,252,000 in 1910 32:Carpathian Germans 4872: 4871: 4843: 4842: 4380: 4379: 4180:Russian Mennonite 3833:978-3-534-23757-9 3808:978-0-30016-660-6 3705:978-1-55753-404-0 3375:Alfred de Zayas, 2722:Manfred Alexander 2539:978-0-8052-0047-8 2489:978-3-15-010655-6 2408:. 7 February 2004 2354:978-3-486-58374-8 2291:on 6 January 2014 2116:Guairá Department 1974:Misiones Province 1650:Munich Agreements 1645: 1639: 1638: 1299:with his deputy, 1133:on 1 May 1938 in 1121:Gustav Stresemann 1011:, half a million 985:Austrian Republic 862:Verwaltungskreise 675:Bohemian nobility 667:Habsburg monarchy 640:Thirty Years' War 605:Johannes von Tepl 475:Sudeten Mountains 364:Austrian Habsburg 287:Sudeten Mountains 279:Holy Roman Empire 223: 183: 182: 16:(Redirected from 4927: 4920:Munich Agreement 4860: 4811:Papua New Guinea 4649:Kapitaï and Koba 4615:Kapitaï and Koba 4564: 4442:Los Lagos Region 4424:British Columbia 4032: 3985: 3978: 3964: 3948: 3939: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3885:Munich Agreement 3881:Sir Ralph Murray 3838:Meixner Rudolf: 3782: 3748: 3709: 3690: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3618:. InterPatagonia 3612: 3606: 3605: 3600:. Archived from 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3575:. Archived from 3569: 3563: 3552: 3546: 3533: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3504: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3463:. Archived from 3453: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3399:. Archived from 3393: 3384: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3341:Kárník, Zdeněk: 3339: 3333: 3318: 3312: 3303:. Dresden 2005 ( 3297: 3291: 3276: 3270: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232:. Archived from 3230:vom 19. 5. 1935" 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3017: 3011: 3010: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2956:10.2307/20028918 2938:(January 1939). 2932: 2923: 2922: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2840: 2831: 2830: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2747: 2741: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2673: 2667: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2589: 2580: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2548: 2542: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2492: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2455: 2446: 2431: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2382:. Archived from 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2287:. Archived from 2285:czech-stamps.org 2277: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2200:. Archived from 2194: 2188: 2187:. June 14, 2011. 2175: 2071:Second World War 2036:Los Lagos Region 1985:Emilie Schindler 1945: 1910:internment camps 1747:Munich Agreement 1705: 1642: 1424: 1390: 1360: 1346: 1320: 1310: 1256: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1228: 1194: 1186: 1176: 1151: 926: 864: 840:Bohemian Kingdom 721:and the rise of 655:Battle of Mohács 598: 579:), the first in 547: 456: 447: 445:Deutschschlesier 441: 435: 403: 397: 391: 385: 356:language islands 325:Second World War 312:, the so-called 310:Munich Agreement 299: 248: 247: 246: 240: 218: 208: 207: 206: 200: 186:German Bohemians 86: 79:Total population 68: 59: 43: 21: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4839: 4789: 4711: 4569: 4436:Los Ríos Region 4376: 4360: 4324: 4249:Southern Europe 4244: 4218:North Schleswig 4201:Northern Europe 4196: 4059: 4000:Sudeten Germans 3967: 3924: 3919: 3857: 3820:Franzel, Emil: 3813:Franzel, Emil: 3794:Douglas, R.M.: 3751: 3712: 3706: 3693: 3664: 3661: 3659:Further reading 3656: 3649: 3645: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3553: 3549: 3534: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3514:. 14 April 2005 3506: 3505: 3501: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3357: 3340: 3336: 3324:. Praha 2002. ( 3319: 3315: 3298: 3294: 3277: 3273: 3261:. Essen 1999. ( 3256: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3035: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2883: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2842: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2590: 2583: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2478: 2474: 2464: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2432: 2421: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2386:on 6 March 2016 2380:lrz-muenchen.de 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2294: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2257: 2255:. Prague. 1935. 2251: 2250: 2236: 2234:. Prague. 1934. 2230: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2207: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2136: 2128:Standard German 2124: 2108: 2091: 2079:German colonies 2016: 1981:Oskar Schindler 1966: 1961: 1859: 1853: 1766: 1764:Under Nazi rule 1734:Runciman Report 1652: 1419: 1263: 1251:(1929) and the 1209:German language 1108: 1100:Farmers' League 1072: 1064:Weimar Republic 1001: 993:ethnic minority 955:Fourteen Points 899:Eagle Mountains 875: 836:Austria-Hungary 832: 824:First World War 812:Franz Ferdinand 786:1848 revolution 727:Austria-Hungary 711:German dialects 704: 702:Austria-Hungary 683:German language 585:student nations 500: 495: 467:First World War 454:Sudetendeutsche 412: 405: 401: 399: 395: 393: 389: 387: 383: 360:Roman Catholics 316:became part of 306:First World War 302:Austria-Hungary 243: 242: 241: 234:Sudetendeutsche 230:Sudeten Germans 203: 202: 201: 152: 88: 74: 50: 48:Sudetendeutsche 41:Sudeten Germans 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:German Bohemian 15: 12: 11: 5: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4828:German Samoans 4825: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4446: 4445: 4439: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4356:United Kingdom 4353: 4348: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4329:Western Europe 4326: 4325: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4223:Potato Germans 4220: 4210: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4162: 4161: 4160: 4158:North Caucasus 4155: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4100: 4095: 4085: 4084: 4083: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4064:Eastern Europe 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4024: 4019: 4009: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3995:Czech Republic 3991: 3989: 3988:Central Europe 3982: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3956: 3955: 3954: 3945:Reichsdeutsche 3940: 3937:Bundesdeutsche 3932: 3930: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3874: 3868: 3856: 3855:External links 3853: 3852: 3851: 3836: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3792: 3783: 3749: 3715:Zusammenarbeit 3710: 3704: 3691: 3673:(3): 375–405. 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3643: 3640:Deutsche Welle 3628: 3607: 3589: 3564: 3547: 3525: 3499: 3478: 3448: 3439: 3413: 3385: 3368: 3355: 3334: 3313: 3292: 3271: 3247: 3217: 3191: 3156: 3141: 3134: 3116: 3109: 3091: 3068: 3061: 3040: 3034:978-0819540775 3033: 3021:Ronald Smelser 3012: 2994: 2987: 2969: 2950:(2): 291–304. 2924: 2917: 2905:Ronald Smelser 2896: 2881: 2863: 2857:978-0819540775 2856: 2844:Ronald Smelser 2832: 2825: 2807: 2788: 2776: 2760: 2742: 2740:, p. 127. 2714: 2702: 2688: 2668: 2647: 2633: 2609: 2581: 2567: 2543: 2522: 2510:alex.onb.ac.at 2493: 2472: 2447: 2419: 2397: 2367: 2353: 2333: 2324: 2302: 2272: 2223: 2214: 2189: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2107: 2104: 2098:, founded the 2096:Prince Alfonso 2090: 2087: 2059:Czech Republic 2028:Czech Republic 2015: 2012: 2000:Mikulov Castle 1994:, daughter of 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953:European Union 1949:Czech Republic 1855:Main article: 1852: 1849: 1818:Czech language 1782:Czechoslovakia 1765: 1762: 1686:Konrad Henlein 1651: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427:Party or List 1418: 1415: 1331:Ronald Smelser 1297:Konrad Henlein 1262: 1259: 1191:Jungaktivisten 1107: 1104: 1071: 1068: 1033:Bohemian lands 1019:, and 100,000 1000: 997: 989:Czechoslovakia 959:German Austria 951:Woodrow Wilson 919:German Austria 874: 871: 844:Bohemian Crown 831: 828: 703: 700: 687:German culture 636:Czech Brethren 581:Central Europe 499: 496: 494: 491: 479:Bohemian lands 411: 408: 400: 394: 388: 382: 371:code-switching 267:Czechoslovakia 263:Bohemian Crown 257:living in the 255:ethnic Germans 251:sudetští Němci 181: 180: 166: 165: 161: 160: 149:Roman Catholic 145: 144: 140: 139: 129: 128: 124: 123: 96: 95: 91: 90: 89:39,106 in 2001 81: 80: 76: 75: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 46: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4932: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4678:Dar es Salaam 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4563: 4562: 4561:Colonia Tovar 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4513: 4512:United States 4510: 4508: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4208:Baltic states 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4041: 4037: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3962: 3961:Volksdeutsche 3957: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922:German people 3916: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3848:3-921332-97-4 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3579:on 2019-07-08 3578: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3560:80-86010-60-0 3557: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3543: 3542:Time Magazine 3538: 3532: 3530: 3526: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495:80-7047-002-X 3492: 3488: 3482: 3479: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3414: 3403:on 2014-12-02 3402: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3366:. Praha 1964. 3365: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3351:80-7277-030-6 3348: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3330:80-85475-93-6 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3310: 3309:80-903550-1-3 3306: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3288:0-395-41055-X 3285: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3267:3-88474-770-3 3264: 3260: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3221: 3218: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3137: 3135:9781782832874 3131: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3112: 3110:9781782832874 3106: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3062:9781782832874 3058: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2990: 2988:9781782832874 2984: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918:9783486485813 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2882:9780801444982 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826:9780857457394 2822: 2818: 2811: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2772: 2771: 2764: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2739: 2738:3-428-09101-9 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2691: 2689:3-88680-200-0 2685: 2681: 2680: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2664:1-85973-627-0 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2636: 2634:80-85983-67-2 2630: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2570: 2568:0-521-43155-7 2564: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:3-88680-773-8 2440: 2436: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2204:on 2013-12-03 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2145:Beneš decrees 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2048:Biobío Region 2045: 2041: 2040:Colonia Humán 2037: 2034:in Chile, in 2033: 2032:Nueva Braunau 2029: 2025: 2021: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2008:Beneš Decrees 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1986: 1983:and his wife 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1970:Volga Germans 1963: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:American zone 1891: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1791: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1725:, a faithful 1724: 1723:Lord Runciman 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1411:Wickham Steed 1408: 1403: 1399: 1398:Gustav Hacker 1394: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1279: 1275: 1267: 1261:Rise of Nazis 1260: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1233: 1232:Schutzvereine 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1214:Beneš decrees 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187:, formed the 1185: 1180: 1179:Gustav Hacker 1175: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1158:Wenzel Jaksch 1155: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1116: 1113: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1023:, as well as 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 998: 996: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 962: 960: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 936: 932: 930: 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895:Upper Austria 892: 887: 885: 881: 872: 870: 868: 863: 858: 853: 851: 850: 845: 841: 837: 829: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 808: 805: 802:In 1907, the 800: 798: 794: 789: 787: 783: 778: 776: 772: 771:Germanization 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 712: 708: 701: 699: 696: 692: 691:Silesian Wars 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 597: 596: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 555:In 1348, the 551: 546: 541: 537: 535: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 449: 446: 440: 439:Deutschmährer 434: 433:Deutschböhmen 429: 425: 421: 417: 409: 404: 80–100% 379: 375: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 332: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 297: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 245: 239: 235: 231: 227: 221: 216: 212: 205: 199: 195: 191: 187: 179: 175: 171: 167: 162: 158: 155: 150: 146: 141: 138: 134: 130: 125: 121: 118:, as well in 117: 113: 109: 108:Czech Silesia 105: 101: 97: 92: 82: 77: 73: 67: 62: 58: 53: 49: 44: 33: 19: 4656:South Africa 4029:Walddeutsche 3999: 3839: 3821: 3814: 3795: 3786: 3785:Bosl, Karl: 3765:(1): 79–92. 3762: 3756: 3731:(1): 63–78. 3728: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3695: 3670: 3666: 3646: 3631: 3620:. Retrieved 3610: 3602:the original 3592: 3581:. Retrieved 3577:the original 3567: 3550: 3540: 3516:. Retrieved 3511: 3502: 3486: 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3465:the original 3460: 3451: 3442: 3430:. Retrieved 3426: 3416: 3405:. Retrieved 3401:the original 3380: 3376: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3342: 3337: 3321: 3316: 3300: 3295: 3279: 3274: 3258: 3238:. Retrieved 3234:the original 3227: 3220: 3208:. Retrieved 3204: 3194: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3125: 3119: 3100: 3094: 3077: 3071: 3052: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2978: 2972: 2947: 2943: 2908: 2899: 2872: 2866: 2847: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2779: 2769: 2763: 2754: 2745: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2678: 2671: 2655: 2650: 2638:. Retrieved 2623: 2612: 2600:. Retrieved 2596: 2572:. Retrieved 2553: 2546: 2530: 2525: 2513:. Retrieved 2509: 2480: 2475: 2463:. Retrieved 2434: 2410:. Retrieved 2400: 2388:. Retrieved 2384:the original 2379: 2370: 2358:. Retrieved 2343: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2305: 2293:. Retrieved 2289:the original 2284: 2275: 2252: 2231: 2226: 2217: 2206:. Retrieved 2202:the original 2192: 2182: 2173: 2125: 2109: 2092: 2076: 2067:Aysén Region 2052: 2017: 2004:Edvard Beneš 1989: 1978: 1967: 1937: 1914: 1906:East Germany 1898:West Germany 1887: 1879:World War II 1876: 1845:Protectorate 1834: 1814:Nazi Germany 1803: 1799: 1795:Slovak state 1787: 1759: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1716: 1712:Nazi Germany 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1663:Adolf Hitler 1619: 1420: 1374: 1349:Nazi Germany 1336: 1322: 1294: 1285:Adolf Hitler 1282: 1254:Bereitschaft 1218: 1162: 1154:Ludwig Czech 1139: 1117: 1109: 1081: 1053: 1002: 970: 963: 944: 937: 933: 888: 876: 854: 847: 833: 809: 801: 797:royal assent 790: 779: 775:Czechization 767: 763:Cisleithania 748: 716: 653:in the 1526 648: 632:Hussite Wars 624:forest glass 621: 617:liberal arts 612: 576: 554: 531: 524:Upper Saxony 501: 450: 413: 398: 50–80% 392: 20–50% 368: 333: 329:was expelled 322: 308:. After the 291: 229: 185: 184: 47: 37:Ethnic group 4885:Sudetenland 4857:Ostsiedlung 4806:New Zealand 4780:Philippines 4622:Ivory Coast 4507:Puerto Rico 4460:El Salvador 4351:Netherlands 4305:Gottscheers 4105:(including 4055:Switzerland 2695:25 February 2574:25 February 2184:Der Spiegel 2044:Los Ángeles 1902:Soviet zone 1841:Sudetenland 1778:Nazi salute 1751:Škoda Works 1679:Sudetenland 1661:(left) and 1442:Votes 1935 1439:Seats 1935 1436:Seats 1929 1433:Seats 1925 1430:Seats 1920 1383:during the 1377:Third Reich 1327:Heinz Rutha 1243:, the Nazi 1165:Hans Schütz 1092:Franz Spina 907:Neubistritz 884:Reichenberg 744:Franz Kafka 642:, when the 619:in Prague. 536:migration. 533:Ostsiedlung 530:during the 508:Middle Ages 471:Sudetenland 386: 0–20% 314:Sudetenland 296:Ostsiedlung 283:Sudetenland 259:Czech lands 4879:Categories 4770:Kyrgyzstan 4760:Kazakhstan 4661:Afrikaners 4455:Costa Rica 4419:Hutterites 4281:Yugoslavia 4261:Azerbaijan 4170:Bessarabia 3929:Historical 3719:spolupráce 3622:2022-04-13 3583:2013-02-26 3407:2014-12-02 3205:www.bpb.de 2666:(Mommsen). 2208:2011-08-09 2166:References 2094:his sons, 2046:), in the 1810:Nazi Party 1464:1.256.010 1247:Volkssport 1201:Saaz/Žatec 1013:Ruthenians 1009:Hungarians 999:Demography 822:, and the 759:Hungarians 717:After the 673:, the old 557:Luxembourg 323:After the 304:after the 157:Protestant 4801:Australia 4554:Venezuela 4537:Palatines 4485:Nicaragua 4465:Guatemala 4394:Argentina 4175:Black Sea 4121:Satu Mare 4081:Black Sea 3952:Palatines 3779:162202069 3745:161636833 3687:159787416 3461:dbb-ev.de 3282:. 1986. ( 3186:155757534 2261:cite book 2240:cite book 2122:Languages 2065:, in the 2063:Puyuhuapi 1964:Argentina 1951:into the 1776:with the 1407:The Times 1387:Anschluss 903:Landskron 810:Archduke 661:Archduke 561:Charles I 520:Franconia 512:Přemyslid 249:; Czech: 232:(German: 226:Moravians 174:Austrians 127:Languages 4848:See also 4775:Pakistan 4683:Zanzibar 4673:Bagamoyo 4668:Tanzania 4588:Cameroon 4522:Nebraska 4490:Paraguay 4450:Colombia 4386:Americas 4318:Bosporus 4301:Slovenia 4266:Bulgaria 4126:Bukovina 4111:Highland 4098:Landlers 4043:Slovakia 3973:Diaspora 3802:, 2012. 3512:radio.cz 3240:March 9, 3023:(2013). 3005:(1967). 2964:20028918 2907:(1980). 2846:(2013). 2134:See also 2106:Paraguay 1843:and the 1784:in 1938. 1727:appeaser 1681:in 1938. 1594:292.847 1574:142.775 1552:163.666 1530:300.406 1379:annexed 1290:Egerland 1106:Politics 891:Egerland 793:colleges 659:Habsburg 504:Bohemian 253:), were 159:minority 154:Lutheran 151:majority 143:Religion 120:Slovakia 4794:Oceania 4738:Tianjin 4733:Qingdao 4728:Beijing 4695:Baguida 4644:Senegal 4632:Nigeria 4627:Namibia 4598:Yaoundé 4549:Uruguay 4542:by city 4475:Jamaica 4404:Bolivia 4336:Belgium 4291:Croatia 4271:Georgia 4256:Armenia 4235:Finland 4213:Denmark 4190:Galicia 4165:Ukraine 4131:Dobruja 4088:Romania 4076:Moldova 4071:Belarus 4036:Galicia 4022:Olęders 4017:Vistula 4007:Hungary 3518:2 April 3471:2 April 3432:2 April 3210:2 April 2640:21 June 2602:2 April 2597:cuni.cz 2515:2 April 2465:2 April 2412:2 April 2390:2 April 2360:2 April 2295:2 April 2081:in the 2055:Hranice 2024:Broumov 1929:Bavaria 1883:Germans 1871:Moravia 1867:Bohemia 1826:Gestapo 1753:; near 1381:Austria 1167:of the 1142:Teplitz 1135:Liberec 1060:Silesia 1055:Moravia 1049:Bohemia 1037:lignite 1025:Gypsies 1005:Slovaks 940:Germany 740:Yiddish 563:, also 528:Austria 516:Bavaria 465:in the 424:Moravia 420:Bohemia 352:Moravia 348:Bohemia 340:Bavaria 336:lignite 318:Germany 277:of the 261:of the 222: 170:Germans 116:Austria 112:Germany 104:Moravia 100:Bohemia 4821:Rabaul 4816:Kokopo 4750:Israel 4610:Guinea 4593:Douala 4583:Angola 4575:Africa 4500:Pozuzo 4480:Mexico 4414:Canada 4409:Brazil 4399:Belize 4341:France 4313:Turkey 4296:Serbia 4240:Sweden 4230:Norway 4185:Crimea 4148:Russia 4141:Zipser 4115:Walser 4113:, and 4103:Danube 4048:Zipser 4012:Poland 3981:Europe 3846: 3831: 3806: 3777: 3743: 3702: 3685: 3573:"home" 3558: 3493: 3349: 3328: 3307: 3286: 3265: 3184: 3132: 3107: 3059: 3031: 2985: 2962: 2915: 2889: 2879: 2854: 2823: 2736: 2686: 2662: 2631: 2565: 2537: 2487: 2441: 2351: 1925:Munich 1921:Prague 1774:Hitler 1755:Pilsen 1358:Führer 1353:Berlin 1235:, the 1177:) and 1029:Croats 915:Vienna 731:Czechs 679:Vienna 657:, the 638:, the 402: 396: 390: 384: 366:rule. 190:German 178:Czechs 133:German 4765:Korea 4755:Japan 4745:India 4723:China 4637:Lagos 4605:Ghana 4532:Omaha 4527:Texas 4470:Haiti 4431:Chile 4153:Volga 4136:Regat 4107:Banat 3867:files 3775:S2CID 3741:S2CID 3683:S2CID 3182:S2CID 2960:JSTOR 2887:JSTOR 2315:(PDF) 2089:Spain 2014:Chile 1806:NSDAP 1721:sent 1644:Party 1021:Poles 911:Znaim 609:Žatec 589:Latin 559:king 410:Names 273:, an 211:Czech 137:Czech 4833:Apia 4716:Asia 4705:Lomé 4700:Sebe 4690:Togo 4495:Peru 3844:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3804:ISBN 3717:and 3700:ISBN 3556:ISBN 3520:2018 3491:ISBN 3473:2018 3434:2018 3347:ISBN 3326:ISBN 3305:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3263:ISBN 3242:2012 3212:2018 3130:ISBN 3105:ISBN 3057:ISBN 3029:ISBN 2983:ISBN 2913:ISBN 2877:ISBN 2852:ISBN 2821:ISBN 2734:ISBN 2697:2013 2684:ISBN 2660:ISBN 2642:2009 2629:ISBN 2604:2018 2576:2013 2563:ISBN 2535:ISBN 2517:2018 2485:ISBN 2467:2018 2439:ISBN 2414:2018 2392:2018 2362:2018 2349:ISBN 2297:2018 2267:link 2246:link 1938:The 1869:and 1732:The 1229:and 1203:and 1098:and 1090:and 1041:Eger 1017:Jews 736:Jews 685:and 613:Saaz 567:and 526:and 426:and 220:lit. 176:and 114:and 106:and 3865:PDF 3767:doi 3733:doi 3675:doi 3638:in 3174:doi 3082:doi 2952:doi 2181:". 1927:in 1919:in 1673:In 1633:75 1630:75 1627:85 1624:79 1608:16 1565:24 1562:11 1546:14 1543:13 1527:11 1524:21 1521:17 1518:31 1499:17 1496:15 1477:10 1461:44 1102:). 953:’s 603:by 4881:: 4109:, 3798:. 3773:. 3763:24 3761:. 3739:. 3729:24 3727:. 3681:. 3671:27 3669:. 3539:, 3528:^ 3510:. 3459:. 3425:. 3388:^ 3250:^ 3203:. 3180:. 3170:31 3168:. 3043:^ 2958:. 2948:17 2946:. 2942:. 2927:^ 2885:. 2835:^ 2802:28 2800:. 2753:. 2724:: 2621:. 2595:. 2584:^ 2561:. 2508:. 2496:^ 2450:^ 2422:^ 2378:. 2317:. 2283:. 2263:}} 2259:{{ 2242:}} 2238:{{ 2130:. 2114:, 2085:. 2026:, 1976:. 1847:. 1797:. 1714:. 1708:SS 1614:– 1611:– 1605:– 1602:6 1591:9 1588:9 1585:4 1582:9 1571:5 1568:– 1549:6 1540:7 1508:– 1505:– 1502:8 1486:– 1483:– 1480:7 1474:– 1458:– 1455:– 1452:– 1292:. 1257:. 1216:. 1199:, 1160:. 1066:. 1051:. 1027:, 942:. 931:. 777:. 522:, 518:, 422:, 320:. 289:. 217:, 213:: 209:; 192:: 172:, 135:, 102:, 85:c. 4347:) 4343:( 4307:) 4303:( 4117:) 3914:e 3907:t 3900:v 3887:. 3850:. 3835:. 3810:. 3781:. 3769:: 3747:. 3735:: 3708:. 3689:. 3677:: 3625:. 3586:. 3562:) 3522:. 3497:) 3475:. 3436:. 3410:. 3353:) 3332:) 3311:) 3290:) 3269:) 3244:. 3214:. 3188:. 3176:: 3138:. 3113:. 3088:. 3084:: 3065:. 3037:. 2991:. 2966:. 2954:: 2921:. 2893:. 2860:. 2829:. 2699:. 2644:. 2606:. 2578:. 2541:. 2519:. 2491:. 2394:. 2321:. 2299:. 2269:) 2248:) 2211:. 2177:" 1341:( 1315:( 1171:( 611:( 575:( 188:( 122:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index