693:. Gisbert might have hoped that Mercator would go further in theology and train for the priesthood but Mercator did not: like many twenty year old young men he was having his first serious doubts. The problem was the contradiction between the authority of Aristotle and his own biblical study and scientific observations, particularly in relation to the creation and description of the world. Such doubt was heresy at the University and it is quite possible that he had already said enough in classroom disputations to come to the notice of the authorities: fortunately he did not put his sentiments into print. He left Leuven for Antwerp, there to devote his time to contemplation of philosophy. This period of his life is clouded in uncertainty. He certainly read widely but succeeded only in uncovering more contradictions between the world of the Bible and the world of geography, a hiatus which would occupy him for the rest of his life. He certainly could not effect a reconciliation between his studies and the world of Aristotle.
1342:). This was a new venture for him in the sense that never before had he collected the raw data for a new regional map. He was then 52, already an old man by the norms of that century, and he may well have had reservations about the undertaking. Accompanied by his son Bartholemew, Mercator meticulously triangulated his way around the forests, hills and steep sided valleys of Lorraine, difficult terrain as different from the Low Countries as anything could be. He never committed anything to paper but he may have confided in his friend Ghim who would later write: "The journey through Lorraine gravely imperiled his life and so weakened him that he came very near to a serious breakdown and mental derangement as a result of his terrifying experiences." Mercator returned home to convalesce, leaving Bartholemew to complete the survey. No map was published at the time but Mercator did provide a single drawn copy for the Duke and later he would incorporate this map into his atlas.
1270:(A description of the most important applications of the terrestrial and celestial globes and the astronomical ring). The first section is prefaced by Mercator's ideas on magnetism, the central thesis being that magnetic compasses are attracted to a single pole (not a dipole) along great circles through that pole. He then shows how to calculate the position of the pole if the deviation is known at two known positions (Leuven and Corvo in the Azores): he finds that it must be at latitude 73°2' and longitude 169°34'. Remarkably, he also calculates the longitude difference between the pole and an arbitrary position: he had solved the longitude problem—if his theory had been correct. Further comments on magnetism may be found in an earlier letter to Perrenot and on the later world map. In the Hogenberg portrait (below) his dividers are set on the position of the magnetic pole.
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1467:, had forsaken Ptolemy completely. It was essentially an act of reverence by one scholar for another, a final epitaph for the Ptolemy who had inspired Mercator's love of geography early in his life. He compared the great many editions of the Ptolemy's written Geographia, which described his two projections and listed the latitude and longitude of some 8000 places, as well as the many different versions of the printed maps which had appeared over the previous one hundred years, all with errors and accretions. Once again, this self-imposed diligence delayed publication and the 28 maps of Ptolemy appeared in 1578, after an interval almost ten years. It was accepted by scholars as the "last word", literally and metaphorically, in a chapter of geography which was closed for good.
1319:, a map of greatly improved accuracy which far surpassed any of his previous representations. The circumstances were unusual. It is the only map without a dedicatee and in the text engraved on the map he pointedly denies responsibility for the map's authorship and claims that he is merely engraving and printing it for a "very good friend". The identity of neither the author nor the friend has been established but it has been suggested that the map was created by a Scottish Catholic priest called John Elder who smuggled it to French clergy known to Antoine Perrenot, Mercator's friend. Mercator's reticence shows that he was clearly aware of the political nature of the pro-Catholic map which showed all the Catholic religious foundations and omitted those created by Protestant
498:(present-day Germany). At the time of the birth they were visiting Hubert's brother (or uncle) Gisbert De Kremer. Hubert was a poor artisan, a shoemaker by trade, but Gisbert, a priest, was a man of some importance in the community. Their stay in Rupelmonde was brief and within six months they returned to Gangelt and there Mercator spent his earliest childhood until the age of six. In 1518, the Kremer family moved back to Rupelmonde, possibly motivated by the deteriorating conditions in Gangelt—famine, plague and lawlessness. Mercator would have attended the local school in Rupelmonde from the age of seven, when he arrived from Gangelt, and there he would have been taught the basics of reading, writing, arithmetic and Latin.
44:
2341:
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appeared throughout the first half of the seventeenth century and by the end of that century chart makers all over the world were using nothing but the
Mercator projection, with the aim of showing the oceans and the coastlines in detail without concern for the continental interiors. At some stage the projection made the unfortunate leap to portrayal of the continents and it eventually became the canonical description of the world, despite its manifest distortions at high latitudes. Recently Mercator's projection has been rejected for representations of the world but it remains paramount for nautical charts and its use stands as his enduring legacy.
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1625:(Netherlands). The only known copy of the sale catalogue perished in the Second World War but fortunately a manuscript copy had been made by Van Raemdonck in 1891 and this was rediscovered in 1987. Of the titles identified there are 193 on theology (both Catholic and Lutheran), 217 on history and geography, 202 on mathematics (in its widest sense), 32 on medicine and over 100 simply classified (by Basson) as rare books. The contents of the library provide an insight into Mercator's intellectual studies but the mathematics books are the only ones to have been subjected to scholarly analysis: they cover arithmetic, geometry,
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returned to Leuven (Louvain in Dee's text) and registered as a student: for three years he was constantly in
Mercator's company. Apart from a possible short visit to Duisburg in 1562 the two men did not meet but they corresponded frequently and by good fortune a number of their letters are preserved. Dee took maps, globes and astronomical instruments back to England and in return furnished Mercator with the latest English texts and new geographical knowledge arising from the English explorations of the world. Forty years later they were still co-operating, Dee using Mercator's maps to convince the English court to finance
1674:
1718:) produced 29 editions between 1609 and 1641, including one in English. In addition they published the atlas in a compact form, the Atlas Minor, which meant that it was readily available to a wide market. As the editions progressed, Mercator's theological comments and his map commentaries disappeared from the atlas and images of King Atlas were replaced by the Titan Atlas. By the final edition the number of his maps in the atlas declined to less than 50 as updated new maps were added. Eventually the atlas became out-of-date and by the middle of the seventeenth century the publications of map-makers such as
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1385:, a description of the whole Universe. Mercator's outline was (1) the creation of the world; (2) the description of the heavens (astronomy and astrology); (3) the description of the earth comprising modern geography, the geography of Ptolemy and the geography of the ancients; (4) genealogy and history of the states; and (5) chronology. Of these the chronology had already been accomplished, the account of the creation and the modern maps would appear in the atlas of 1595, his edition of Ptolemy appeared in 1578 but the ancient geography and the description of the heavens never appeared.
1506:. "I have set this man Atlas," explained Mercator, "so notable for his erudition, humaneness, and wisdom as a model for my imitation." A year later, Mercator had a stroke which left him greatly incapacitated. He struggled with the assistance of his family trying to complete the remaining maps, the ongoing theological publications and a new treatise on the Creation of the World. This last work, which he did succeed in finishing, was the climax of his life's activities, the work which, in his own opinion, surpassed all his other endeavours and provided a framework and rationale for the
1570:
1297:) as rector and then blessed Vermeulen's marriage to his daughter Emerantia. His sons were now growing to manhood and he encouraged them to embark on his own profession. Arnold, the eldest, had produced his first map (of Iceland) in 1558 and would later take over the day-to-day running of Mercator's enterprises. Bartholemew, his second son, showed great academic promise and in 1562 (aged 22) he took over the teaching of his father's three-year-long lecture course—after Mercator had taught it once only! Much to Mercator's grief, Bartholemew died young, in 1568 (aged 28).
850:
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904:
776:. Mercator was completely out of his depth but, with the help and friendship of Gemma, who was only four years older, he succeeded in mastering the elements of mathematics within two years and the university granted him permission to tutor private students. Gemma had designed some of the mathematical instruments used in these studies and Mercator soon became adept in the skills of their manufacture: practical skills of working in brass, mathematical skills for calculation of scales and engraving skills to produce the finished work.
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780:
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1285:, dedicating it to his friend, now Cardinal, Antoine Perrenot. He had worked at it for more than twelve years, collecting, comparing, collating and rationalising a vast amount of data and the result was a map of unprecedented detail and accuracy. It "attracted more praise from scholars everywhere than any similar geographical work which has ever been brought out." It also sold in large quantities for much of the rest of the century with a second edition in 1572 and a third edition in the atlas of 1595.
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334:. Unlike other great scholars of the age, he travelled little and his knowledge of geography came from his library of over a thousand books and maps, from his visitors and from his vast correspondence (in six languages) with other scholars, statesmen, travellers, merchants and seamen. Mercator's early maps were in large formats suitable for wall mounting but in the second half of his life, he produced over 100 new regional maps in a smaller format suitable for binding into his
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883:, the map of Flanders was dedicated to the Emperor himself and the globe was dedicated to Nicholas Perrenot, the emperor's chief advisor. The dedicatee of the world map was more surprising: Johannes Drosius, a fellow student who, as an unorthodox priest, may well have been suspected of Lutheran heresy. Given that the symbolism of the Orbis Imago map also reflected a Lutheran view point, Mercator was exposing himself to criticism by the hardline theologians of Leuven .
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2452:'testimonial' letters, an ode on King Atlas by a grandson and Mercators own genealogy of Atlas in which he outlines his intended plans for the rest of the atlas: a description of the creation events, then a description of all that was created in the heavens (astronomy and astrology) and finally a description of the Earth, its geography. Of this grandiose plan all that was completed were the first and last objectives. The first part of the atlas,
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the Low
Countries was becoming ever more aggressive and a man suspected of heresy once would never be trusted; the Erasmian constitution and the religious tolerance of Cleves must have appeared attractive; there was to be a new university in Duisburg and teachers would be required. He was not alone; over the years to come many more would flee from the oppressive Catholicism of Brabant and Flanders to tolerant cities such as Duisburg.
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the cartouche which exhibited his own name in public for the first time. The globe was finished in 1536 and its celestial counterpart appeared one year later. These widely admired globes were costly and their wide sales provided
Mercator an income which, together with that from mathematical instruments and from teaching, allowed him to marry and establish a home. His marriage to Barbara Schellekens was in September 1536 and
1197:. There is no precise definition of this term other than that it certainly comprehends the disciplines of geography and astronomy but at that time it would also include astrology and chronology (as a history of the world from the creation). All of these were among Mercator's accomplishments but his patron's first call on his services was as a mundane surveyor of the disputed boundary between the Duke's territory of the
2442:. The full atlas included all the maps of the previous two collections, making in all 102 new maps by Mercator. His heirs added 5 introductory maps before publication: world map and Europe by Rumold, Africa and Asia by grandson Gerard and America by grandson Michael. Nevertheless the atlas was incomplete: Spain was omitted and there were no detailed maps outside Europe. The maps are in a variety of projections.
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1001:, one of the principal Lutheran reformers. Study of the Bible was something that was central to Mercator's life and it was the cause of the early philosophical doubts that caused him so much trouble during his student days, doubts which some of his teachers would have considered to be tantamount to heresy. His visits to the free thinking Franciscans in Mechelen may have attracted the attention of the
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1413:) did not correspond to a straight line on their chart. Mercator's solution was to make the scale of his chart increase with latitude in a very special way such that the rhumb lines became straight lines on his new world map. Exactly how he arrived at the required solution is not recorded in any of his own written works but modern scholars suggest that he used the tables of rhumbs devised by
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behalf, but whether his friend
Antoine Perrenot was helpful is unknown: Perrenot, as a bishop, would have to support the activities of the Inquisition. After seven months Mercator was released for lack of evidence against him but others on the list suffered torture and execution: two men were burnt at the stake, another was beheaded and two women were entombed alive.
728:. He was a controversial figure who, from time to time, was in conflict with the church authorities because of his humanist outlook and his break from Aristotelian views of the world: his own views of geography were based on investigation and observation. Mercator must have been impressed by Monachus, his map collection and the famous globe that he had prepared for
750:) with whom Mercator would be apprenticed. These encounters may well have provided the stimulus to put aside his problems with theology and commit himself to geography. Later he would say, "Since my youth, geography has been for me the primary subject of study. I liked not only the description of the Earth but the structure of the whole machinery of the world."
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A unique collection of maps assembled in the early 1570s, many of which are assembled from portions of
Mercator's earlier maps: 9 constructed from Europe (1554), 6 from British Isles (1564) and 2 from the world map (1569). The map of Europe on pages 1 and 2 is taken from the 1569 world map. There are
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Mercator also added a feature of special value to seamen: from the numerous compass or wind roses he drew rhumb lines rather than great circles. The rhumb lines correspond to constant sailing directions but on the spherical globe they appear as spirals. The globe was manufactured in great numbers but
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covering France, the Low
Countries and Germany. Other maps may have followed in good order had not the misfortunes of life intervened: his wife Barbara died in 1586 and his eldest son Arnold died the following year so that only Rumold and the sons of Arnold were left to carry forward his business. In
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The proposed university in
Duisburg failed to materialise because the papal licence to found the University was delayed twelve years and by then Duke Wilhelm had lost interest. It was another 90 years before Duisburg had its university. On the other hand, no papal permit was required to establish the
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in the Duchy of Cleves (in modern-day
Germany) at age 40, where he spent the rest of his life. He never gave his reasons for the move but several factors may have been involved: not having been born in Brabant he could never be a full citizen of Leuven; Catholic intolerance of religious dissidents in
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In
English speaking countries Gerardus is usually anglicized as Gerard with a soft initial letter (as in 'giant') but in other European countries the spelling and pronunciation vary: for example Gérard (soft 'g') in France but Gerhard (hard 'g') in Germany. In English the second syllable of Mercator
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Less than half the pages in the atlas are maps. The title page shows King Atlas holding a globe, not supporting it, then the portrait of Mercator, a dedication to the Dukes of Cleves (father and son), a eulogy on the portrait, two epitaphs, the biography by Ghim, another epitaph by his grandson, two
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from 1570–72, for example the map of Spain on pages 7 and 8 but not the map of Europe on pages 1 and 2 which is taken from the 1569 world map. They are available in facsimile. The map used a cordiform projection. It was revised by Mercator in 1572 and again by Rumold for the 1595 atlas. The 1995 map
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Wall map 96 cm × 125 cm (38 in × 49 in) in 9 sheets. Dedicated to Charles V. This map was commissioned by merchants of Ghent who intended that it should be presented to Charles V in the forlorn hope that it might divert the wrath of the Emperor after their rebellion. It
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The atlas was not an immediate success. One reason may have been that it was incomplete: Spain was omitted and there were no detailed maps outside Europe. Rumold avowed that a second volume would attend to these deficiencies but it was not forthcoming and the whole project lost momentum; Rumold, who
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The first collection of 51 modern maps: 16 of France (with Switzerland), 9 corresponding to Belgium and the Netherlands and 26 of Germany. The three sections, each with a title page, dedication and supporting text, were sold together and separately. (Mercator did not term this collection of maps as
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Wall map 92 cm × 122 cm (36 in × 48 in) on 8 sheets. Mercator states that a friend, possibly Antoine Perrenot, had requested that he engrave this map from a manuscript copy, possibly by John Elder, a disaffected Scottish Catholic priest. Several copies of this map were
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Many cities have a statue of Mercator. His name has been attached to ships, buildings, universities, insurance companies, small businesses, pizzerias, streets, schools and more. There is a Belgian bank note. There is a German coin and incorrect postage stamp (showing a construction which is not the
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by Abraham Ortelius. Alongside the sumptuous maps of that book Mercator's un-ornamented new maps looked very unattractive. Despite the death of Ortelius in 1598 the Theatrum flourished: in 1602 it was in its thirteenth Latin edition as well as editions in Dutch, Italian, French, German and Spanish.
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Around this time Mercator also received and executed a very special order for the Holy Roman Emperor a pair of small globes, the inner ("fist-size") Earth was made of wood and the outer celestial sphere was made of blown crystal glass engraved with diamond and inlaid with gold. He presented them to
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were to be engraved on copper, instead of wood, and the text was to be in an elegant italic script instead of the heavy Roman lettering of the early globes. The globe was a combined effort: Gemma researched the content, Van der Heyden engraved the geography and Mercator engraved the text, including
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in 1604. He transformed the atlas. Almost 40 extra maps were added (including Spain and Portugal) and in 1606 a new edition appeared under his name but with full acknowledgement that most maps were created by Mercator. The title page now included a picture of Hondius and Mercator together although
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of the epitaph is a summary of his life lauding him as "the foremost mathematician of his time who crafted artistic and accurate globes showing the heaven from the inside and the Earth from the outside ... greatly respected for his wide erudition, particularly in theology, and famous on account of
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who, on completion of his undergraduate studies in Cambridge (1547), "went beyond the seas to speak and confer with some learned men". Dee and Mercator were both passionately interested in the same topics and they quickly established a close rapport which lasted throughout their lives. In 1548 Dee
1081:. They were ready in 1545 and the Emperor granted the royal seal of approval to his workshop. Sadly they were soon destroyed in the course of the Emperor's military ventures and Mercator had to construct a second set, now lost. He also returned to his work on a large up-to-date and highly detailed
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Mercator's editions of Ptolemy and his theological writings were in print for many years after the demise of the atlas but they too eventually disappeared and it was the Mercator projection which emerged as his sole and greatest legacy. His construction of a chart on which the courses of constant
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Mercator was apprehended in Rupelmonde and imprisoned in the castle. He was accused of suspicious correspondence with the Franciscan friars in Mechelen but no incriminating writings were uncovered in his home or at the friary in Mechelen. At the same time his well-placed friends petitioned on his
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It may well have been these Inquisitors who, in 1543, decided that Mercator was eminent enough to be sacrificed. His name appeared on a list of 52 Lutheran heretics which included an architect, a sculptor, a former rector of the university, a monk, three priests and many others. All were arrested
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The text around and below the Hogenberg portrait translates as "Great thanks are owed to the Pelusian (ie Ptolemaic) charts, and great thanks to you, Mercator, for having at last surpassed that ancient labour, and for having shown new stretches of the earth and sea, and the great, all-containing
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Declaratio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt in globo terrestri : coelesti, et annulo astronomico ad invictissimum romanum imperatorem Carolum Quintum. (A description of the most important applications of the terrestrial and celestial globes and the astronomical ring. For the most invincible
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corresponded to constant courses. Wright's solution was a numerical approximation and it was another 70 years before the projection formula was derived analytically. Wright published a new world map based on the Mercator projection, also in 1599. Slowly, but steadily, charts using the projection
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calculated mathematically from his knowledge of the motions of the sun, moon and Earth. He then fixed the dates of other events in Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew and Roman calendars relative to the eclipses that they recorded. The time origin was fixed from the genealogies of the Bible as 3,965 years
1361:, a list of all significant events since the beginning of the world compiled from his literal reading of the Bible and no less than 123 other authors of genealogies and histories of every empire that had ever existed. Mercator was the first to link historical dates of solar and lunar eclipses to
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The peaceful town of Duisburg, untroubled by political and religious unrest, was the perfect place for the flowering of his talent. Mercator quickly established himself as a man of standing in the town: an intellectual of note, a publisher of maps, and a maker of instruments and globes. Mercator
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and India bear witness, Dear Reader, that the image of the world you see here is newer and more correct than those that have been circulated hitherto. We propose with regard to the different parts of the world to treat, successively, particular regions more broadly, as we are already doing with
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Following Mercator's death, his family prepared the Atlas for publication—in four months. They hoped for it to become a source of the income that was needed to support them. This work entailed supplementing the maps of the 1585 and 1589 with 28 unpublished maps of Mercator covering the northern
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In 1542, the thirty-year-old must have been feeling confident about his future prospects when he suffered two major interruptions to his life. First, Leuven was besieged by the troops of the Duke of Cleves, a Lutheran sympathiser who, with French support, was set on exploiting unrest in the Low
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Mercator never committed any of his prison experiences to paper; all he would say was that he had suffered an "unjust persecution". For the rest of his time in Leuven his religious thoughts were kept to himself and he turned back to his work. His brush with the Inquisition did not affect his
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Working alongside Gemma whilst they were producing the globes, Mercator would have witnessed the process of progressing geography: obtaining previous maps, comparing and collating their content, studying geographical texts and seeking new information from correspondents, merchants, pilgrims,
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Chronologia, Hoc Est Temporvm Demonstratio Exactissima, Ab Initio Mvndi, Vsqve Ad Annvm Domini M.D.LXVIII. Ex Eclipsibvs Et Observationibvs Astronomicis omnium temporum concinnata. ('A chronology, a very accurate of recorded time from the beginning of the world until AD1568. Elaborated from
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became the standard for marine charts throughout the world and continues to be so used to the present day. On the other hand, the projection is clearly unsuitable as a description of the land masses on account of its manifest distortion at high latitudes and its use is now deprecated: other
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The second part of the Atlas contains the maps but each section has its own title page, dedication and preface, and every country is succinctly supplemented by text describing a mixture of history, royal genealogy, ecclesiastical hierarchies, list of universities and occasionally facets of
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show that several hundred pairs of globes were sold before the end of the century despite their high price—in 1570 they sold at 25 carolus guilders for a pair. Celestial globes were a necessary adjunct to the intellectual life of rich patrons and academics alike, for both astronomical and
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1804:. Chapter 44: "Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672" by Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, Marco van Egmond, and Peter van der Krogt. The definitive work is "Globi neerlandici: the production of globes in the Low Countries" by Peter van der Krogt.
1301:, the third son, would spend a large part of his life in London's publishing houses providing for Mercator a vital link to the new discoveries of the Elizabethan age. In 1587 Rumold returned to Duisburg and later, in 1594, it fell to his lot to publish Mercator's works posthumously.
2456:(The creation of the world and the structure of the book), consists of 27 pages of text on the theology of creation, the events of creation, the elements created (such as animals, plants, sun, moon, stars, man), the Fall of Man and finally the salvation of creation through Christ.
1970:× 14.0 in). Dedicated to Johannes Drosius. Two copies extant: one at the American Geographical Society Library (link above), and another at the New York Public Library. The first map identifying North American and South America. The map was a slightly modified copy of a
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countries, creating four maps of the continents and a world map, the printing of Mercator's account of the creation and finally the addition of eulogies and Walter Ghim's biography of Mercator. The title itself provides Mercator's definition of a new meaning for the word "Atlas":
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which was, he had already claimed on his 1538 world map, very well advanced. It proved to be a vast task and he, perfectionist that he was, seemed unable to cut short his ever-expanding researches and publish: as a result it was to be another ten years before the map appeared.
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projections are more suitable. Although several hundred copies of the map were produced it soon became out of date as new discoveries showed the extent of Mercator's inaccuracies (of poorly known lands) and speculations (for example, on the arctic and the southern continent).
1895:, later gave rise to speculation that the north coast of Australia had been visited in the early sixteenth century. An inscription on the globe promises: "Where and for what reasons we have departed from the editions of others, Oh Reader, will be pointed out in our booklet".
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at nearby Brussels. The commissions and patronage of such wealthy individuals would provide an important source of income throughout his life. His connection with this world of privilege was facilitated by his fellow student Antoine Perrenot, soon to be appointed Bishop of
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Countries to his own ends. This was the same Duke to whom Mercator turned ten years later. The siege was lifted but the financial losses to the town and its traders, including Mercator, were great. The second interruption was potentially deadly: the Inquisition called.
448:, in the Holy Roman Empire, where he lived for the last thirty years of his life. Walter Ghim, Mercator's friend and first biographer, describes him as sober in his behaviour, yet cheerful and witty in company, and never more happy than in debate with other scholars.
572:. All teaching at the school was in Latin and he would read, write and converse in Latin, and give himself a new Latin name, Gerardus Mercator Rupelmundanus, Mercator being the Latin translation of Kremer, which means "merchant". The Brethren were renowned for their
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Wall map 165 cm × 135 cm (65 in × 53 in) on 15 sheets. Dedicated to Antoine Perrenot. No known copy of the whole map has been discovered but several copies of the map were cut and re-assembled (by Mercator) for inclusion in the unique
677:(arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music), their coverage was neglected in comparison with theology and philosophy and consequently Mercator would have to resort to further study of the first three subjects in years to come. Mercator graduated Magister in 1532.
596:, where his full Latin name appears in the matriculation records for 1530. He lived in one of the teaching colleges, the Castle College, and, although he was classified as a pauper, he rubbed shoulders with richer students, amongst whom were the anatomist
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for they came with military responsibilities which conflicted with his pacifist and neutral stance. Nevertheless, he was on good terms with the wealthier citizens and a close friend of Walter Ghim, the twelve times mayor and Mercator's future biographer.
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addition, the time he had available for cartography was reduced by a burst of writing on philosophy and theology: a substantial written work on the Harmonisation of the Gospels as well as commentaries on the epistle of St. Paul and the book of Ezekiel.
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was 55 years old in 1595, was in decline and died in 1599. His family did produce another edition in 1602 but only the text was reset, there were no new maps. Another reason for the failure of the Atlas was the strength of the continuing sales of the
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scholars who enjoyed its elegance and clarity as well as the rapid fluency that could be attained with practice, but it was not employed for formal purposes such as globes, maps and scientific instruments (which typically used Roman capitals or
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It is no great matter whether those that die on this account be guilty or innocent, provided we terrify the people by these examples; which generally succeeds best, when persons eminent for learning, riches, nobility or high stations, are thus
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To the reader: whoever you are, your fears that this small clod of earth lies heavily on the buried Mercator are groundless; the whole Earth is no burden for a man who had the whole weight of her lands on his shoulders and carried her as an
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except Mercator who had left Leuven for Rupelmonde on business concerning the estate of his recently deceased uncle Gisbert. That made matters worse, for he was now classified as a fugitive who, by fleeing arrest, had proved his own guilt.
1323:; moreover, it was engraved with text demeaning the history of England and praising that of Catholic Ireland and Scotland. It was invaluable as an accurate guide for the planned Catholic invasion of England by Philip II of Spain.
1941:. Mercator's map shows the route of the Israelites from Egypt to the Promised Land. The title discloses a hope of helping people in their Bible studies, a Lutheran notion that would have aroused the suspicions of the inquisition.
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Apart from a revision of the map of Europe in 1572 there would be no more large wall maps and Mercator began to address the other tasks that he had outlined in the Cosmographia. The first of these was a new definitive version of
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and in 1541 a terrestrial globe. All four works were received with acclaim and they sold in large numbers. The dedications of three of these works witness Mercator's access to influential patrons: the Holy Land was dedicated to
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In 1589, at the age of 77, Mercator had a new lease of life. He took a new wife, Gertrude Vierlings, the wealthy widow of a former mayor of Duisburg (and at the same time he arranged the marriage of Rumold to her daughter). A
972:). Mercator first applied the italic script to the globe of Gemma Frisius and thereafter to all his works, with ever-increasing elegance. The title page of this work is an illustration of the decorative style he developed.
353:. For sixty years they were considered the finest in the world, and were sold in such numbers that there are many surviving examples. This was a substantial enterprise involving the manufacture of the spheres, printing the
439:
but was clearly sympathetic, and he was accused of heresy by Catholic authorities; after six months in prison he was released unscathed. This period of persecution is probably the major factor in his move from Catholic
2385:(University of Pittsburgh). High resolution facsimiles were made available by Octavo Publications (now defunct) but their CD is still available from retailers; the CD is accompanied by an introduction to the atlas by (
1366:
before the birth of Christ. This huge volume (400 pages) was greeted with acclaim by scholars throughout Europe and Mercator himself considered it to be his greatest achievement up to that time. On the other hand, the
2438:. This collection of maps is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth of England and in the preface Mercator acknowledges the information he received from English mariners through Rumold who had spent much of his working life in
1356:
The trip to Lorraine in 1564 was a set-back for his health but he soon recovered and embarked on his greatest project yet, a project which would extend far beyond his cartographic interests. The first element was the
2262:(Geographic maps according to Claudius Ptolemy, drawn in the spirit of the author and expanded by Gerard Mercator) Mercator's definitive version of Ptolemy's 28 maps. A second edition including the revised text of
5398:. This is a catalogue prepared for an exhibition at the Mercator Museum in Sint-Niklaas, 1994. It includes over 100 illustrations of title pages of books known to be in Mercator's library (but not his own copies).
2373:(Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created.) This is the first time that the name Atlas is used as a title of a collection of maps. Many library copies are
1933:. Size; 67 cm × 122 cm (26 in × 48 in) in 6 sheets. Two copies are extant: one at the library of Perugia and another at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France (link above). Based on a
984:
At no time in his life did Mercator claim to be a Lutheran, but there are many hints that he had sympathies in that direction. As a child, called Geert, he was surrounded by adults who were possibly followers of
5228:
1738:
bearing favoured by mariners appeared as straight lines ultimately revolutionised the art of navigation, making it simpler and therefore safer. Mercator left no hints to his method of construction and it was
630:
963:. The italic script (or chancery cursive) reached the Low Countries from Italy at the beginning of the sixteenth century and it is recorded as a form of typescript in Leuven in 1522. It was much favoured by
807:
The arrival of Mercator on the cartographic scene would have been noted by the cognoscenti who purchased Gemma's globe – the professors, rich merchants, prelates, aristocrats and courtiers of the emperor
1883:
Over twenty pairs of large (420mm) globes are still in existence. Both of the globes and their un-pasted gores may be examined in high resolution. A full description of the globes may be found online in
5369:
Mercator, a monograph on the lettering of maps, etc. in the 16th century Netherlands, with a facsimile and translation of his treatise on the italic hand and a translation of Ghim's 'Vita Mercatoris'
2890:'s-Hertogenbosch (Duke's Forest) is Bois-le-Duc in French and Herzogenbusch in German, colloquially Le Bois or Den Bosch. In the sixteenth century it was the second largest town in the Low Countries.
4767:. This is a facsimile of the handwritten copy of the original printed auction catalogue published by Thomas Basson, (Leiden, 1604). Copies are available through the Mercator museum in Sint Niklaas.
3287:
has shown that Mercator's library contained a copy of the Theory of the Loxodrome by Pedro Nuñez. This was published in 1566, three years before Mercator completed the map on the new projection.
3262:
1485:
Mercator now turned to the modern maps, as author but no longer engraver: the practicalities of production of maps and globes had been passed to his sons and grandsons. In 1585 he issued a
2015:
1800:
The globes by Gemma Frisius and Mercator are discussed in Volume 3 of the History of Cartography (Cartography in the European Renaissance). Chapter 6: "Globes in Renaissance Europe" by
384:
and theology. All of the wall maps were engraved with copious text on the region concerned. As an example, the famous world map of 1569 is inscribed with over five thousand words in
5137:
Mapmakers of the sixteenth century and their maps: bio-bibliographies of the cartographers of Abraham Ortelius, 1570 : based on Leo Bagrow's A. Ortelii Catalogus cartographorum
3674:
Longitudes in the atlas are referred to the prime meridian of Ptolemy and differ from present day values by approximately 18 degrees (notwithstanding the errors in Mercator's data).
2031:
5465:
Terrestrial and celestial globes : their history and construction, including a consideration of their value as aids in the study of geography and astronomy (Volume 1, to 1600)
1240:(Janellus). The clock was provided with eight dials which showed the positions of the moon, stars and planets. The illustration shows a similar clock made by the German craftsman
5709:
Chapter 44 on "Commercial Cartography and Map Production in the Low Countries, 1500–ca. 1672" by Cornelis Koeman, Günter Schilder, Marco van Egmond, and Peter van der Krogt is
5324:
2324:
and the other Balkan countries, 4 of Greece. (Once again Mercator did not term this collection of maps as an atlas but in the preface he introduces Atlas as a mythical King of
772:
Towards the end of 1534, the twenty-two-year-old Mercator arrived back in Leuven and threw himself into the study of geography, mathematics and astronomy under the guidance of
1409:
the problem of accurate navigation had become more pressing. Their locations could be a hundred miles out after a long voyage because a course of constant direction at sea (a
517:
After Hubert's death in 1526, Gisbert became the 15-year-old Geert's guardian. Hoping that Geert might follow him into the priesthood, he sent him to the famous school of the
1887:
The terrestrial globe is significant in conjecturing that North America is separated from Asia, unlike the globe of Monachus. Another feature, the shape Mercator ascribed to
2329:
2124:
3454:
3152:, pp. 103–114): in particular they sold 185 copies of the 1569 world map in three years. At the same time Mercator was selling items at the regular international
2201:
2614:
5834:
2761:
2038:
which had stressed the defiant independence of the Flemish cities. The map is remarkably accurate and it is presumed to be based on a triangulation of Flanders by
5799:
5626:
5586:
4826:
783:
The terrestrial globe of Gemma Frisius. The fifth image shows the inscription listing the joint makers to the left of the cartouche, containing the dedication to
1463:. That he should wish to do so may seem strange given that, at the same time, he was planning very different modern maps and other mapmakers, such as his friend
1405:('A new and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation'). As mariners had started to explore the oceans in the
3092:
1002:
1865:(formerly the National Maritime Museum). On this globe Mercator's name appears on equal footing with that of Frisius. The globe is also described in Stevenson.
533:
who placed great emphasis on study of the Bible and, at the same time, expressed disapproval of the dogmas of the church, both facets of the new "heresies" of
5713:
2169:
A map commissioned by Duke René of Lorraine. The single copy of the map was never published but two detailed maps of Lorraine (north and south) appear in the
2106:
1673:
2116:
1293:
where, in 1559 Mercator was invited to teach mathematics with cosmography. One year later, in 1560, he secured the appointment of his friend Jan Vermeulen (
5814:
4783:
3479:
2491:
and ecclesiastical courts; lists of counties, bishoprics and universities; the structure of aristocracy; and much more, even a list of recommended reading.
1430:
1441:(although Mercator never used such a title). Many of the pages were assembled from dissected Mercator maps and in addition there are thirty maps from the
388:. The 1595 Atlas has about 120 pages of maps and illustrated title pages, but a greater number of pages are devoted to his account of the creation of the
5771:
2812:(The life of Mercator) by his friend and first biographer Walter Ghim. This was published in the preface to the Atlas of 1595. A translation is given in
1065:
relationship with the court and Nicholas Perrenot recommended him to the emperor as a maker of superb instruments. The outcome was an Imperial order for
825:
travellers and seamen. He put his newly learned talents to work in a burst of productivity. In 1537, aged only 25, he established his reputation with a
5329:
This website is a digital resource for teachers of history in the Netherlands. The article is in Dutch but there is a link to an English version. ().
3525:
2212:
2068:
1597:
1569:
5844:
1150:
357:, building substantial stands, packing and distributing them all over Europe. He was also renowned for his scientific instruments, particularly his
322:
Mercator was a notable maker of globes and scientific instruments. In addition, he had interests in theology, philosophy, history, mathematics, and
3590:
The gores for both Mercator globes held by the Bibliothèque Royale (Brussels) have been published in facsimile with a preface by Antoine de Smet ((
1778:
1429:
of Jülich approached Mercator and asked him to prepare a set of European regional maps which would serve for a grand tour by his patron's son, the
2732:
889:
338:
of 1595. This was the first appearance of the word Atlas in reference to a book of maps. However, Mercator used it as a neologism for a treatise (
1978:. The double cordiform projection, may well have been chosen because of its relationship to aspects of Lutheran beliefs. A notice to the reader (
1417:. The large size of what was a wall map meant that it did not find favour for use on board ship but, within a hundred years of its creation, the
849:
100:
5064:
3338:
heavens. By J. Vivian. Gerardus Mercator of Rupelmonde at the age of 62—Frans Hogen-burg made this portrait out of affection for him. 1574 (see
2382:
1916:
3575:
2727:
2506:
Literarum latinarum, quas italicas, cursorias que vocant, scribendarum ratio (How to write the Latin letters which they call italic or cursive)
1710:
they had never met. Hondius was an accomplished business man and under his guidance the Atlas was an enormous success; he (followed by his son
2012:
5687:
5656:
5636:
5596:
4901:
4844:
4836:
2928:
The university statutes stated explicitly that to disbelieve the teaching of Aristotle was heretical and would be punished by expulsion. See
1649:
calculation, scientific instruments, cartography and applications. Only one of his own copies has been found—a first edition of Copernicus's
1556:
Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the creation of the universe, and the universe as created." Over the years Mercator's definition of
2475:
As an example of the textual content the section on the British Isles mentions (amongst other things): alternative names; the etymology of
1817:
Wholly devised by Frisius who invited Mercator to engrave the text. The only extant example is part of the Schmidt collection held by the
4864:
Calcoen, Roger; Elkhadem, Hossam; Heerbrant, Jean-Paul; Imhof, Dirk; Otte, Els; Van der Gucht, Alfred; ellens-De Donder, Liliane (1994).
1621:
The family was clearly in some financial difficulty for, in 1604, Mercator's library of some 1,000 books was sold at a public auction in
342:) on the creation, history and description of the universe, not simply a collection of maps. He chose the word as a commemoration of the
3545:
3450:
2328:—a learned philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, credited with the making of the first globe.) This collection has a dedication to
5809:
5662:. Includes 17 facsimile maps and an introduction and 4 other articles: The atlas of Europe (Marcel Watelet), Atlas, birth of a title (
5534:
2340:
1848:
1701:
Title page of Mercator-Hondius atlas of 1637 (in English) showing Titan Atlas, Mercator (twice) and personifications of the continents
2968:
There is uncertainty as to whether he was away in Antwerp for a single long period or whether he simply made a number of visits. See
1659:
5500:
5429:
5411:
5353:
5144:
4928:
4873:
4761:
3446:
2039:
1822:
835:
2128:
1116:
astrological studies, two subjects which were strongly entwined in the sixteenth century. Twenty-two pairs are still in existence.
685:
The normal progress for an able magister was to go on to further study in one of the four faculties at Leuven: Theology, Medicine,
392:
and descriptions of all the countries portrayed. His table of chronology ran to some 400 pages fixing the dates (from the time of
5725:"The Armchair Discovery of the Unknown Southern Continent: Gerardus Mercator, Philosophical Pretensions and a Competitive Trade"
5456:
5179:
2394:
2360:
1136:
5829:
5804:
5481:
1450:
2557:
537:
propounded only a few years earlier in 1517. Mercator would follow similar precepts later in life, with problematic outcomes.
3529:
1122:
580:
which he employed in his later work. The brethren were also renowned for their thoroughness and discipline, well attested by
5303:"New life for an old atlas with a new world view. Gerard Mercator and the reissue of the Mercator – Hondius atlas from 1607"
2198:
1552:
which may be translated as "Atlas or cosmographical meditations upon the fabric of the world and the figure of the fabrick'd
222:
2271:
1583:
1111:
The final success in Leuven was the 1551 celestial globe, the partner of his terrestrial globe of 1541. The records of the
758:
5849:
5649:
The Mercator Atlas of Europe: Facsimile of the Maps by Gerardus Mercator Contained in the Atlas of Europe, circa 1570–1572
5129:
Théorie et pratique de l'exégèse. Actes du 3me colloque international sur l'histoire de l'exégèse biblique au XVIme siècle
4740:
The Mercator Atlas of Europe: Facsimile of the Maps of Gerardus Mercator Contained in the Atlas of Europe, circa 1570—1572
3026:
is a reference to the text in the legend (cartouche) at the top centre of the map. The first sentence contains the phrase
2957:
1739:
1263:
989:, who placed meditation, contemplation, and biblical study over ritual and liturgy—and who also founded the school of the
818:
809:
784:
637:
601:
5544:
5282:
Les sphères terrestre et céleste de Gérard Mercator, 1541 et 1551 : reproductions anastatiques des fuseaux originaux
1979:
903:
5854:
3496:
917:
614:
43:
5345:
5302:
4848:
3513:
3492:
3458:
1371:
990:
931:
518:
5011:
3434:
5444:
5167:
2838:
There is some doubt about the relationship of Hubert and Gisbert. Gisbert was either the brother or uncle of Hubert.
5839:
5784:
5710:
5666:), The map of Europe (Arthur Dürst, The British Isles (Peter M. Barber), The 1569 world map (Mireille Pastoureau).
2103:
1747:
4943:
Original hardback edition published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson (London), 2002. Published in New York by H. Holt.
2466:
contemporary economy. Every place mentioned in the text is given its geographic coordinates to the nearest minute.
2374:
2113:
944:
506:
3178:
was constructed by Wilhelm Kruecken for the Duisburg commemorations of the 400th anniversary of Mercator's death.
2903:
was where manuscripts were copied by hand. In 1512 such endeavours had not been completely overtaken by printing.
2526:
2072:
1826:
1755:
Mercator Projection). He has been modelled in sand and giant figures. There is a venomous snail and a beetle. An
880:
4880:
Published on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of the death of Mercator to coincide with the opening of the
4752:
A catalogue of the books of the library of the most famous and very learned man, Gerard Mercator of pious memory
1987:
Europe, and you may soon expect a universal map, which will not be inferior to that of Ptolemy. Farewell. 1538".
3109:
2345:
1399:
As the Chronologia was going to press in 1569, Mercator also published what was to become his most famous map:
1208:
593:
115:
5768:
1934:
1690:
Gerard Mercator & Jodocus Hondius, L'atlas ou meditations cosmographiques de la fabrique du monde, 1610,
997:, a religious reformer who would later have to flee Leuven. Also, he was a close friend and correspondent of
5396:, Koninklijke Oudheidkundige Kring van het Land van Waas (Royal Archaeological Circle of the region of Waas)
4772:
4713:
3633:
3310:
3201:
2716:
2690:
2229:
2185:
2048:
1613:
1443:
1400:
1393:
385:
308:
128:
5748:
Voets, Leon (1962). "Les relations commerciales entre Gérard Mercator et la maison Plantinienne à Anvers".
5706:
2209:
2000:
1530:
5477:
5110:
5102:
5024:
2782:
2778:
2700:
2043:
1966:(from the first sentence of the central legend, below). Size: 54.5 cm × 35.5 cm (21.5
1691:
1345:
766:
733:
3175:
3120:
Other refugees in Duisburg included Johannes Oeste (or Otho), Georg Cassander and Cornelius Wouters. See
1930:
1899:
it was never updated. The celestial globe was up to date in using the information provided by Copernicus.
876:
5859:
3269:
1326:
1320:
1304:
1225:
779:
709:
3165:
Melanchthon is a significant correspondent of Mercator since he was one of the founders of Lutheranism.
1833:
in eastern Germany was destroyed in the Second World War, but there is a full description in Stevenson.
646:
2598:
1705:
The sale catalogue doesn't mention any maps but it is known that the family sold the copper plates to
1538:
his piety and respectability in life." In addition, on the base of the memorial, there is an epigram:
1378:. Had he published such a work in Louvain he would again be laying himself open to charges of heresy.
795:
in 1529 but by 1535 they were planning a new globe embodying the latest geographical discoveries. The
5824:
5819:
5522:
3509:
3035:
1290:
1268:
Declaratio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt in globo terrestri : coelesti, et annulo astronomico
1241:
1173:
511:
487:
4796:
The History of the Reformation and Other Ecclesiastical Transactions in and about the Low-Countries.
3572:
3372:
1534:
3558:
3421:
3297:
3188:
3153:
2799:: in other countries that syllable is sounded as 'cat' and the stress moves to the third syllable.
2695:
2529:
from the latter. This book is the subject of a monograph which includes a translation of the text (
2522:
2406:
The atlas includes further 28 maps: 16 of Britain, 4 of Denmark and one each of the polar regions,
1711:
1479:
1418:
1266:
with an important pamphlet on the use of globes and instruments and his latest ideas on magnetism:
1202:
1043:
721:
705:
522:
470:
312:
132:
4777:
5268:
5203:
4750:
Catalogus librorum bibliothecae clarissimi doctissimique viro piae memoriae, Gerardi Mercatoris (
3059:
2942:
1233:
1229:
1212:
1078:
998:
362:
78:
5182:
from the New York Society Library, pages 1–20 of the introduction to the atlas (pdf pages 2–21).
3409:
2671:
2249:
1334:
As soon as the map of Britain was published Mercator was invited to undertake the surveying and
495:
5043:
2035:
1254:
5693:
5683:
5671:
5652:
5632:
5620:
5592:
5580:
5560:
5530:
5506:
5496:
5468:
5448:
5425:
5407:
5372:
5349:
5318:
5240:
5171:
5150:
5140:
5119:
5084:
4986:
4934:
4924:
4907:
4897:
4869:
4840:
4832:
4820:
4809:
4794:
4757:
4738:
4726:
4718:
4703:
3608:
Vbi et quibus argumentis, Lector, ab aliorum desciverimus aeditione libellus noster indicabit.
2571:
2545:
2509:
2321:
1510:. It was also his last work in a literal sense for he died after two further strokes in 1594.
1502:. This volume has a noteworthy preface for it includes mention of Atlas as a mythical king of
401:
343:
2586:
5736:
5663:
5260:
5195:
4831:. Note: 'gen.' is an abbreviation for genommen, named. Recently reprinted by General Books (
3651:
2705:
2635:
2234:
2053:
1464:
1406:
1308:
1237:
1105:
696:
653:
621:
605:
597:
526:
237:
5443:. This translation, which accompanies the facsimile edition of the 1595 atlas published by
5229:"Marco Polo's Java and Locach on Mercator's world maps of 1538 and 1569, and globe of 1541"
3226:
For example Plantin alone sold 400 copies of the map of Europe in 1566, twelve years later.
1845:
1686:
5775:
5717:
5548:
5166:. This commentary, which accompanies the facsimile edition of the 1595 atlas published by
3579:
3471:
3136:
Mercator's workshops produced items such as globes in a steady stream. The records of the
2710:
2216:
2205:
2120:
2110:
2019:
1852:
1723:
1706:
1475:
1434:
1367:
1298:
1010:
801:
729:
662:
565:
424:
350:
209:
205:
5613:
Gérard de Cremer, ou Mercator, géographe flamand: Réponse à la Conférence du Dr. Breusing
5380:. Osley's translation is pages 185–194. For another translation of 'Vita Mercatoris' see
3641:. It includes the Mercator maps of the Holy Land, Flanders, Britain and the world (1569).
1224:(a member of the Imperial household). The globes are lost but Mercator describes them in
5526:
5244:
4854:
2518:
732:, the principal advisor of Charles V. The globe was constructed by the Leuven goldsmith
461:
5333:
3541:
3339:
3325:
A facsimile of the Mercator contributions in the Atlas of Europe has been published by
3088:
1756:
1715:
1246:
1198:
1017:. The words of the latter on the death of heretics convey the atmosphere of that time:
796:
490:. The seventh child of Hubert (De) Kremer and his wife Emerance, his parents came from
293:
5295:
3140:
show that they received 1150 maps and globes from Mercator over a thirty year period (
5793:
5667:
5489:
5338:
5272:
3638:
3137:
2649:
1938:
1764:
1638:
1375:
1112:
960:
773:
762:
666:
577:
534:
432:
428:
413:
5003:
4995:
1729:
1518:
1273:
2848:
2677:
2431:
2377:. There are also a number of freely available digital volumes such as those at the
2008:
1818:
1634:
1626:
1470:
1014:
986:
665:) centred on the teaching of philosophy, theology and Greek under the conservative
530:
323:
300:
5264:
5081:
Le monde en cartes : Gérard Mercator (1512–1594) et le premier atlas du monde
1089:
1034:
5640:
5604:
5600:
4974:
2860:
The evidence for Mercator's place of birth is in his letter to Wollfgang Haller (
2607:
2594:
1929:(A description of the Holy Land for understanding both testaments). Dedicated to
1108:'s expeditions and Mercator still avidly seeking information of new territories.
2900:
2685:
2663:
2159:
1975:
1801:
1533:
in Duisburg where a memorial was erected about fifty years after his death. The
1414:
1339:
1194:
1186:
1006:
969:
717:
573:
541:
436:
393:
331:
304:
17:
5038:
How Mercator Did It in 1569: From Tables of Rhumbs to a Cartographic Projection
3571:
The terrestrial and celestial globes may be examined in high resolution at the
3046:
The top line of the title page spells out a highly decorative form of the word
1971:
5541:
5467:, Published for the Hispanic Society of America by the Yale University Press,
5199:
4979:
Le Livre & l'Estampe (Société des Bibliophiles et Iconophiles de Belgique)
2625:
2609:
Evangelicae historiae quadripartita monas sive harmonia quatuor Evangelistarum
2325:
2260:
Tabulae geographicae Cl. Ptolemaei ad mentem auctoris restitutis ac emendatis.
2004:
1719:
1503:
1410:
1402:
Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata
1362:
1038:
674:
479:
465:
420:
381:
316:
296:
74:
5740:
5697:
5680:
The History of Cartography, Volume 3, Cartography in the European Renaissance
5376:
5359:. Chapter 3, Mercator's Résumé, has been made available (with permission) at
5123:
5088:
4990:
4938:
4911:
3010:
From the dedication to the volume of Ptolemy Mercator published in 1578. See
2953:
2575:
2320:
A second collection of 23 modern maps: 16 of Italy (including Corsica), 3 of
1953:
346:, "King of Mauretania", whom he considered to be the first great geographer.
319:) as straight lines—an innovation that is still employed in nautical charts.
5510:
5154:
2774:
2756:
2513:
2427:
2371:
Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura.
1927:
Amplissima Terrae Sanctae descriptio ad utriusque Testamenti intelligentiam.
1746:(1599)—the relevant error being the erroneous belief that straight lines on
1630:
1277:
An updated version of the 1554 map of Europe as it appears in the 1595 atlas
1074:
701:
690:
686:
670:
561:
374:
370:
358:
327:
5564:
5472:
5026:
The works of John Dee: modernisations of his main mathematical masterpieces
4813:
4707:
3595:
1550:
Atlas Sive Cosmographicae Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura
1388:
4730:
4722:
2881:
From 1518 the Kremers are mentioned in the archived records of Rupelmonde.
2549:
5452:
5175:
4776:
3474:
was a training vessel for the Belgian navy. It now serves as a museum in
1983:
1646:
1523:
1177:
1169:
1100:
1093:
964:
829:
which was researched, engraved, printed and partly published by himself.
725:
557:
445:
389:
366:
96:
5280:
5219:. The six volumes of this work are available from the Mercator pages of
5060:
4737:
Barber, Peter M. (1998). "The British Isles". In Watelet, Marcel (ed.).
3260:
the first includes a mention of Luther for the year 1516 (bottom left),
2378:
2356:
5207:
2488:
2423:
2419:
2407:
1499:
1433:. This remarkable collection has been preserved and is now held in the
1426:
1294:
1070:
994:
581:
569:
545:
491:
483:
405:
397:
3420:
The distortions of Mercator's map are discussed in the article on the
1774:
478:
Gerardus Mercator was born Geert or Gerard (De) Kremer (or Cremer) in
5340:
Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection
3475:
2582:
2439:
2435:
2415:
2411:
1830:
1760:
1622:
441:
409:
349:
A large part of Mercator's income came from sales of terrestrial and
49:
5095:
Imhof, Dirk (2012), "Gerard Mercator and the Officina Plantiniana",
2984:
simply states that Mercator read philosophy privately for two years.
2237:.) Note that Mercator did not term this collection of maps an atlas.
993:
at 's-Hertogenbosch. As an adult Mercator had family connections to
5724:
3191:
is available on wikiquote (along with an introduction by Harradon).
2268:
Geographiae Libri Octo : recogniti iam et diligenter emendati.
1232:
in which he declares that the globes were rotated on the top of an
5404:
The Mapping of the World : Early Printed World Maps 1472–1700
5186:
Keuning, J. (1947), "The History of an Atlas: Mercator. Hondius",
4264:
4262:
2484:
2339:
1728:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1653:
annotated in Mercator's hand: this is held by Glasgow University.
1517:
1469:
1449:
1387:
1374:(List of Prohibited Books) because Mercator included the deeds of
1344:
1325:
1303:
1272:
1253:
1207:
1088:
1066:
1033:
943:
814:
792:
778:
757:
695:
553:
549:
505:
460:
354:
335:
139:
5360:
4213:
4211:
4096:
4094:
3859:
3857:
1193:
Mercator was welcomed by Duke Wilhelm who appointed him as court
5519:
Globi neerlandici: The production of globes in the Low Countries
5220:
4881:
4489:
4487:
3516:(showing an incorrect construction for the Mercator Projection.
2480:
1967:
1784:
1642:
529:. The Brotherhood and the school was founded by the charismatic
4159:
4157:
3313:. For a discussion of the southern continent in particular see
4339:
4337:
2590:
2544:. Reprinted in 1868 with a commentary by Jean van Raemdonck. (
1099:
In 1547 Mercator was visited by the young (nineteen year old)
284:
4696:
Gerhard Mercator und die Geographen unter seinen Nachkommen (
3813:
3811:
3309:
For further comments on the inaccuracies of the 1569 map see
1962:
This wall map has no title but it is normally referred to as
608:, all destined to fame and all lifelong friends of Mercator.
5670:. A substantial excerpt of Barber's article appeared in the
5440:
A translation of the full text of the Mercator atlas of 1595
4528:
4526:
2227:
also 2 manuscript maps of Mercator and 13 maps are from the
791:
Gemma and Gaspar Van der Heyden had completed a terrestrial
269:
252:
5651:, Walking Tree Press, PO Box 871, Pleasant Hill, OR 97455,
5422:
Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections
4743:. Pleasant Hill, Oreg.: Walking Tree Press. pp. 43–77.
2868:, Letter 152)) and in the biography by his personal friend
2146:. The map is oriented with west at the top. 4 copies known.
278:
258:
4450:
4448:
4198:
4196:
3433:
See the critique of the Mercator and other projections in
2042:. A single original is extant and may be inspected in the
1785:
Mercator Museum (Stedelijke musea), Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.
1381:
The Chronologia developed into an even wider project, the
804:, the first of their six children, was born a year later.
544:, and under his guidance Geert would study the Bible, the
240:
5112:
Sixteenth Century Gospel Harmonies: Chemnitz and Mercator
4923:(paperback ed.). London: Phoenix (Orion Books Ltd).
3256:
In the two online copies of the Chronologia listed under
584:
who had attended the school forty years before Mercator.
243:
4999:
3202:
Mercator 1569 world map#Prime meridian and magnetic pole
1862:
5013:
Mercator: His contribution to surveying and cartography
4994:. A brief summary of this book (in English) appears in
4698:
Gerardus Mercator and geographers among his descendants
2941:
The trivium and the quadrivium together constitute the
2861:
1829:. Another example held at the Gymnasium Francisceum of
1775:
Kultur- und Stadthistorisches Museum, Duisburg, Germany
1770:
There are two museums dedicated primarily to Mercator:
1330:
Lotharingia (Lorraine) as it appeared in the 1595 atlas
315:
which represented sailing courses of constant bearing (
5631:. Reissued in facsimile by Adamant Media Corporation (
5591:. Reissued in facsimile by Adamant Media Corporation (
5480:
and a modern (clearer) transcription is available at
5251:
King, Robert J (2018), "Finding Marco Polo's Locach",
5067:
at the University of Pittsburgh. For translations see
4885:
3650:
The Octavo CD may be obtained from retailers such as
3499:, part of which is the Mercator School of Management
2332:
to whom Mercator attributes ancestry from King Atlas.
1185:
never accepted the privileges and voting rights of a
275:
261:
5101:. Published on the occasion of an exhibition at the
2851:
and there probably was close to no language barrier.
2613:. (Harmonization of the Gospels.) Many other copies
2566:
astronomical observations of eclipses for all times.
2285:
Galliae, Belgii Inferioris, Germaniae. (To view see
2139:
Anglia & Scotiae & Hibernie nova descriptio.
1733:
Statue of Mercator, Jardin du Petit Sablon, Brussels
716:
During this period Mercator was in contact with the
281:
255:
249:
4806:
Gerhard Kremer gen. Mercator, der deutsche Geograph
4694:Averdunk, Heinrich; Müller-Reinhard, Josef (1914),
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3397:
2825:The full text of Ghim's biography is translated in
2552:). For the Latin text and a German translation see
2046:: it also appeared in the atlas of 1585 and in the
1478:portrait of 1574, showing Mercator pointing at the
592:From a famous school, Mercator moved to the famous
435:was gaining ground. He never declared himself as a
272:
266:
246:
215:
200:
148:
121:
111:
85:
63:
34:
5488:
5337:
3355:For an (online) exegesis of the Harmonisation see
1220:the Emperor in Brussels who awarded him the title
1027:
5139:, Speculum Orbis Press for the Newberry Library,
4847:). A facsimile may be viewed and downloaded from
4787:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 149–150.
3342:)." For an analysis of the Mercator portrait see
3267:In the second the paragraph has been obliterated
3204:. Note that he calculated two possible positions.
1618:The Mercator atlas seemed destined for oblivion.
540:During his time at the school the headmaster was
5323:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5055:. The latin text is included was printed in the
5036:Gaspar, Alves Joaquim; Leitão, Henrique (2016),
3371:, p. 227 and a translation may be found at
673:. Although the trivium was now augmented by the
482:, Flanders, a small village to the southwest of
3594:). High resolution images are available at the
2816:, pages 7–24 of the atlas text, pdf pages 77–94
1540:
1522:Mercator epitaph in the church of St Salvator,
1019:
576:, and here Mercator might have encountered the
5783:at the Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, the
5384:pages 7–24 of the atlas text, pdf pages 77–94.
5075:pages 7–24 of the atlas text, pdf pages 77–94.
4915:. (First published in 1960 by Cassel, London.)
3618:For a discussion of cordiform projections see
3388:for a discussion of concept of the term atlas.
2847:People in both locations at the time spoke an
2829:pages 7–24 of the atlas text, pdf pages 77–94.
2808:Mercator's birth and death dates are given in
1005:, amongst whom were two senior figures of the
955:In between these works he found time to write
5305:. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016
5163:An introduction to the Mercator atlas of 1595
4793:Brandt, Geeraert; Chamberlayne, John (1740),
4517:
3910:
3908:
3368:
2393:and both of these are freely available in an
1498:was published covering Italy, Greece and the
862:A year later, in 1538, he produced his first
8:
5279:Mercator, Gerhard; Smet, Antoine de (1968),
5059:which may be viewed at websites such as the
4328:
3591:
3491:The university of Duisburg was known as the
3408:The Atlas Minor may be viewed online at the
3367:The text of Mercator's memorial is given in
3074:The persecution of heretics is discussed in
2355:(published posthumously by Rumold Mercator)
1982:) at the top of the map says: "Let America,
1281:In 1554 Mercator published the long-awaited
5476:. A facsimile of this book is available at
4756:, Antwerp: Mercatorfonds Paribas, 1994. –,
4725:). WorldCat also lists an English edition (
3091:, an ex-rector of the university, wrote to
3058:Some of the correspondence of Mercator and
1742:who first clarified the method in his book
669:which gave prime place to the authority of
5625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5585:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4866:The cartographer Gerard Mercator 1512–1594
4825:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4466:
4454:
3284:
2924:
2922:
2309:Italiae, Sclavoniae, Grecia. (To view see
2030:would be a more respectful replacement of
1875:1541/1551 Terrestrial and celestial globes
704:) and Spanish hemispheres of the globe of
31:
4544:
4532:
4037:
3953:
3274:. apud haeredes Arnoldi Birckmanni. 1569.
3156:and selling direct from his own workshop.
3063:
2865:
560:) and classics such as the philosophy of
380:Mercator wrote on geography, philosophy,
5381:
5072:
4856:Britannica.com Online: Gerardus Mercator
4676:
4664:
4505:
4439:
4403:
4367:
4280:
4241:
4217:
4112:
3949:
3947:
3875:
3662:Projections used in the 1585 atlas: see
3257:
3236:
3132:
3130:
2826:
2813:
2390:
2344:The 1595 atlas in the collection of the
292:; 5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594) was a
4921:Mercator: the man who mapped the planet
4628:
4295:, pp. 217–228, Chapters 22 and 23.
4061:
3687:
3663:
3326:
2749:
2733:Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography
2553:
1655:
1565:
1118:
885:
831:
610:
501:
400:, major political and military events,
307:. He is most renowned for creating the
172: 1534; died 1586)
5835:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
5769:Cartographic images of maps and globes
5618:
5599:). It is also freely available at the
5578:
5573:Gerard Mercator: sa vie et ses oeuvres
5316:
4975:"The Mathematical Library of a Genius"
4818:
4427:
4355:
4316:
4268:
4202:
4187:
4124:
3965:
3619:
3385:
2728:Early modern Netherlandish cartography
2556:. A rough (partial) translation is on
2487:; the seemly manners of the populace;
2386:
1861:The only known example is held by the
5800:Writers from the Habsburg Netherlands
5559:, Antwerp: Nederlandsche Boekhandel,
5216:Ad Maiorem Gerardi Mercatoris Gloriam
5068:
5056:
4652:
4640:
4616:
4604:
4592:
4580:
4556:
4493:
4478:
4415:
4391:
4379:
4343:
4304:
4292:
4253:
4229:
4175:
4163:
4148:
4136:
4100:
4085:
4073:
4049:
4025:
3989:
3977:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3899:
3887:
3863:
3848:
3817:
3802:
3790:
3778:
3766:
3754:
3742:
3730:
3718:
3706:
3694:
3356:
3343:
3314:
3214:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3121:
3096:
3075:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2969:
2929:
2913:
2530:
2523:Das Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum
1809:1536 Gemma Frisius terrestrial globe.
1763:celebrated his 503rd birthday with a
1529:Mercator was buried in the church of
1262:Earlier, Mercator had also presented
7:
5575:, St Nicolas (Sint Niklaas), Belgium
4966:
4953:
4568:
3836:
3239:. The text over the illustration is
3032:this image of the globe that you see
2981:
2869:
2862:Averdunk & Müller-Reinhard (1914
2389:) and a translation of all the text
1168:In 1552 Mercator moved from Leuven (
959:, a small instruction manual on the
502:School at 's-Hertogenbosch 1526–1530
101:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
5639:). It is also freely available at
5214:Krücken, Friedrich Wilhelm (1996),
4013:
4001:
3200:For magnetism on the world map see
2581:. There are PDF downloads, at the
2454:De mundi creatione ac fabrica liber
1843:1537 Gemma Frisius celestial globe.
1759:is named for him. On 5 March 2015,
1651:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
1604:The title page for the maps of Gaul
1392:The 1569 Mercator map of the world
5815:16th-century Flemish cartographers
5459:from the New York Society Library.
5285:, Editions Culture et Civilisation
4952:. Modern annotated translation in
4886:Royal Library Albert I in Brussels
2397:from the New York Society Library.
826:
25:
5463:Stevenson, Edward Luther (1921),
3311:Mercator 1569 world map#Geography
2912:The letters of Erasmus quoted in
2483:painted tribes; climate; lack of
1562:A collection of maps in a volume.
1335:
871:
842:Palestine (west at the top), 1537
5097:Mercator: exploring new horizons
4256:, pp. 223–228, Chapters 23.
3095:, governor of the province. See
2670:
2656:
2642:
2628:
1672:
1658:
1596:
1590:The world map of Rumold Mercator
1582:
1568:
1316:
1149:
1135:
1121:
930:
916:
902:
888:
848:
834:
645:
629:
613:
236:
221:
42:
27:Flemish cartographer (1512–1594)
5845:Old University of Leuven alumni
5424:, University of Chicago Press,
5406:, University of Chicago Press,
5294:. See also the web site of the
5161:Karrow, Robert William (2000),
5135:Karrow, Robert William (1993),
5040:, European Mathematical Society
4882:Mercator Museum in Sint-Niklaas
4559:, p. 346, n14, Chapter 13.
4190:, pp. 156–166, Chapter 14.
4178:, pp. 189–205, Chapter 19.
3956:p15. Letter to Antoine Perrenot
3902:, pp. 142–145, Chapter 14.
2570:, Duisburg: Arnoldi Birkmanni,
2143:
2086:
1438:
1315:In 1564 Mercator published his
1311:copy of the 1564 map of Britain
1282:
1082:
821:, the Chancellor of Charles V.
189:
169:
4896:, London: Plantin Publishers,
3495:until it merged to become the
3398:Wiktionary definition of atlas
3245:no way is impassable to virtue
2310:
2286:
2170:
1507:
1495:
1486:
1454:Mauretania in the 1578 Ptolemy
1258:Mercator's theory of magnetism
1028:Brandt & Chamberlayne 1740
863:
724:who lived in the monastery of
661:The general first degree (for
588:University of Leuven 1530–1532
486:, which was in the fiefdom of
326:. He was also an accomplished
1:
5678:Woodward, David, ed. (1987),
5647:Watelet, Marcel, ed. (1997),
5517:van der Krogt, Peter (1993),
5455:), is freely available in an
5367:Osley, Arthur Sidney (1969),
5265:10.1080/00822884.2018.1432294
5178:), is freely available in an
4868:. Brussels: Gemeentekrediet.
3805:, pp. 86, 91, Chapter 8.
3596:National Library of Australia
3263:"Bayerische Staatsbibliothek"
2958:Mathematics Genealogy Project
2142:cut and re-assembled for the
1003:theologians at the university
744:
737:
444:(Louvain) to a more tolerant
53:
5703:Globes in Renaissance Europe
5611:Van Raemdonck, Jean (1869),
5571:Van Raemdonck, Jean (1868),
5557:Correspondance mercatorienne
5540:. A summary of this book is
5491:The world of Gerard Mercator
5390:Mercator & zijn boeken (
5002:. There is also a review in
3697:, pp. 10–13, Chapter 1.
3497:University of Duisburg-Essen
3241:in via virtuti nulla est via
2932:, pp. 46–47, Chapter 4
2330:Prince Ferdinando de' Medici
2090:uses a different projection.
1554:, or, more colloquially, as
1496:second collection of 22 maps
1460:
48:Portrait by the workshop of
5555:Van Durme, Maurice (1959),
5371:, London: Faber and Faber,
5346:University of Chicago Press
5109:Jonge, Henk Jan de (1990),
4849:Bayerische StaatsBibliothek
3493:Gerhard Mercator University
2849:Early Modern Dutch dialects
2606:Mercator, Gerardus (1592),
2563:Mercator, Gerardus (1569),
2537:Mercator, Gerardus (1554),
2504:Mercator, Gerardus (1540),
1372:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
991:Brethren of the Common Life
519:Brethren of the Common Life
510:The playwright and teacher
5876:
5785:National Library of Israel
5729:Early Science and Medicine
4778:"Mercator, Gerardus"
4655:, p. 213, Chapter 21.
4619:, p. 119, Chapter 11.
4583:, p. 170, Chapter 16.
4394:, p. 318, Chapter 31.
4382:, p. 308, Chapter 30.
4271:, p. 185, Chapter 17.
4232:, p. 212, Chapter 21.
4151:, p. 222, Chapter 22.
4139:, p. 193, Chapter 19.
4103:, p. 194, Chapter 19.
4088:, p. 178, Chapter 17.
4076:, p. 173, Chapter 16.
4028:, p. 197, Chapter 19.
3992:, p. 165, Chapter 16.
3980:, p. 167, Chapter 16.
3941:, p. 154, Chapter 15.
3929:, p. 155, Chapter 15.
3866:, p. 110, Chapter 10.
3851:, p. 149, Chapter 14.
3622:, p. 37, Figure 1.27
3559:"Mercator's Google doodle"
3340:Roman Numerals#Apostrophus
3124:, p. 191, Chapter 19
3099:, p. 156, Chapter 15
3078:, p. 149, Chapter 14
2795:is stressed and sounds as
1680:The Atlas Minor of Hondius
1666:The Hondius-Mercator atlas
1394:(Higher-resolution images)
1251:at roughly the same time.
856:Detail: the Red Sea parted
5810:16th-century male writers
5682:, University of Chicago,
5672:Mercator's World magazine
5547:13 September 2016 at the
5200:10.1080/03085694708591880
5083:, Paris: Mercator Fonds,
5044:EMS Newsletter March 2016
4949:Propaedeumata Aphoristica
4884:and an exhibition at the
4804:Breusing, Arthur (1869),
4595:, p. 103, Chapter 9.
3769:, p. 20, footnote 2.
3709:, pp. 14, Chapter 2.
3176:model of the double globe
2972:, p. 20, footnote 2
2540:Roman Emperor Charles V.)
2247:1578 Ptolemy's Geographia
2195:1570–1572 Atlas of Europe
1827:Austrian National Library
1576:Mercator Atlas title page
881:Great Council of Mechelen
866:, usually referred to as
564:, the natural history of
220:
41:
5741:10.1163/157338211X607772
5716:24 November 2016 at the
5438:Sullivan, David (2000),
5010:De Graeve, Jan (2012b),
4973:De Graeve, Jan (2012a),
4919:Crane, Nicholas (2003).
4773:Beazley, Charles Raymond
4496:, p. 325, Epilogue.
4481:, p. 324, Epilogue.
4418:, p. 323, Epilogue.
4329:Gaspar & Leitão 2016
4166:, p. 320, Epilogue.
3592:Mercator & Smet 1968
3062:has been preserved. See
3028:hic vides orbis imaginem
2517:Available online at the
2346:Royal Library of Belgium
1931:Franciscus van Cranevelt
1641:, astronomy, astrology,
1143:Detail: Scorpio et Libra
877:Franciscus van Cranevelt
817:, and Antoine's father,
5774:27 January 2016 at the
5723:Zuber, Mike A. (2011).
5615:, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
5487:Taylor, Andrew (2004),
5420:Snyder, John P (1993),
5402:Shirley, R. W. (1983),
5388:Penneman, Theo (1994),
5334:Monmonier, Mark Stephen
5227:King, Robert J (2017),
5131:, Geneva, Droz, 1990),.
4784:Encyclopædia Britannica
4748:Basson, Thomas (1604),
4714:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
3634:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
3514:incorrect postage stamp
2717:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
2691:Mercator 1569 world map
2266:was published in 1584.
2230:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
2049:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
1863:Royal Museums Greenwich
1851:2 February 2017 at the
1614:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
1444:Theatrum Orbis Terrarum
1370:placed the work on the
870:. In 1539/40 he made a
408:. He also wrote on the
5830:16th-century inventors
5805:16th-century engravers
5750:Duisburger Forschungen
5711:also available online.
5521:, Hes & De Graaf,
5392:Mercator and his books
5103:Plantin-Moretus Museum
5079:Horst, Thomas (2011),
3578:17 August 2012 at the
3573:Harvard Map Collection
3435:Gall–Peters projection
3410:Bavarian State Library
3296:See the discussion at
3213:For a description see
3093:Queen Maria of Hungary
2762:Webster's Dictionary
2701:History of cartography
2348:
2044:Plantin-Moretus Museum
1796:Globes and instruments
1779:German Knowledge (XXG)
1734:
1702:
1694:
1692:The Phoebus Foundation
1545:
1526:
1482:
1455:
1396:
1353:
1331:
1312:
1291:Akademisches Gymnasium
1278:
1259:
1236:made for Charles V by
1222:Imperatoris domesticus
1216:
1096:
1048:
1032:
952:
938:Globe with rhumb lines
788:
769:
767:Maarten van Heemskerck
713:
514:
475:
427:family at a time when
419:Mercator was a devout
5301:Martens, Jos (2012).
5296:Galileo Museum globes
5050:Ghim, Walter (1595),
4965:. Modernised text in
4962:Compendious Rehearsal
4892:Clair, Colin (1987),
3110:Holbein's ambassadors
2583:Bayerische Bibliothek
2343:
2199:View online version 1
2109:26 March 2016 at the
1732:
1700:
1689:
1521:
1487:collection of 51 maps
1473:
1453:
1447:of Abraham Ortelius.
1431:crown prince Johannes
1425:Around this time the
1391:
1348:
1329:
1307:
1276:
1257:
1211:
1092:
1037:
947:
782:
761:
734:Gaspar van der Heyden
710:Treaty of Tordesillas
699:
604:, and the theologian
568:and the geography of
509:
464:
5850:People from Kruibeke
5127:. (Pages 155–166 of
4667:, p. 458 (pdf).
3480:German research ship
3148:, pp. 171–232;
3030:which translates as
2783:/gɛˈrardʊsˈmɛrkatɔr/
2722:Theatre of the World
2479:and its relation to
2119:5 March 2016 at the
2018:8 April 2016 at the
1215:with rotating globes
1174:Habsburg Netherlands
1129:Celestial globe 1551
827:map of the Holy Land
594:University of Leuven
542:Georgius Macropedius
512:Georgius Macropedius
488:Habsburg Netherlands
116:University of Leuven
5855:Flemish geographers
5527:1993pglc.book.....V
5361:Roma Tre University
5061:Library of Congress
5000:Brussels Map Circle
4996:Newsletter 44, p.24
4894:Christopher Plantin
4679:, pp. 165–190.
4547:, pp. 124–135.
3793:, Chapters 7 and 8.
3781:, Chapters 5 and 6.
3422:Mercator projection
3346:, pp. 524–527
3298:Mercator projection
3154:Frankfurt Book Fair
3108:Note the globes in
2696:Mercator projection
2615:listed at World Cat
2527:downloaded as a pdf
2519:Library of Congress
2379:Library of Congress
2375:available worldwide
2215:2 June 2019 at the
2204:25 May 2019 at the
2082:Europae descriptio.
2036:Pieter Van der Beke
1748:conventional charts
1716:Johannes Janssonius
1480:North magnetic pole
1419:Mercator projection
1336:mapping of Lorraine
1203:Duchy of Westphalia
1044:Flandria Illustrata
957:Literarum latinarum
950:Literarum Latinarum
722:Franciscus Monachus
706:Franciscus Monachus
471:Flandria illustrata
159:Barbara Schellekens
133:Mercator projection
5221:Krücken's web site
5071:pages 185–194 and
5065:Darlington Library
5023:Egan, Jim (2010),
5004:Newsletter 45, p.7
4960:Dee, John (1592),
4947:Dee, John (1568),
4859:, 28 November 2023
4717:, Amsterdam 1969 (
4702:, Perthes, Gotha,
4518:van der Krogt 1993
3598:(click on Browse).
3478:. There is also a
3369:Van Raemdonck 1868
3235:For the title see
3189:letter to Perrenot
2943:seven liberal arts
2864:, Letter 26), and
2383:Darlington Library
2361:Translation online
2349:
2100:1564 British Isles
2040:Jacob van Deventer
1974:(and its text) by
1735:
1703:
1695:
1560:has become simply
1527:
1514:Epitaph and legacy
1483:
1456:
1397:
1354:
1332:
1313:
1283:wall map of Europe
1279:
1260:
1234:astronomical clock
1230:Philip Melanchthon
1217:
1213:Astronomical clock
1164:Duisburg 1552–1594
1097:
1083:wall map of Europe
1079:astronomical rings
1049:
999:Philip Melanchthon
953:
948:The title page of
789:
770:
714:
515:
494:in the Holy Roman
476:
404:, earthquakes and
402:volcanic eruptions
365:used to study the
363:astronomical rings
182:Gertrude Vierlings
79:County of Flanders
5840:Flemish engravers
5707:available online.
5689:978-0-226-90732-1
5658:978-0-9659735-7-1
5637:978-0-543-80132-6
5597:978-1-273-81235-4
5482:Scientificlib.com
5253:Terrae Incognitae
5180:archived version.
4903:978-1-870495-01-1
4845:978-1-168-32168-8
4839:) and Kessinger (
4837:978-1-235-52723-4
4205:, pp. 43–77.
3087:It is known that
2114:Individual sheets
1714:, and son-in-law
1681:
1667:
1605:
1591:
1577:
1158:
1157:Sagitta et Aquila
1144:
1130:
980:Persecution, 1543
939:
925:
911:
897:
857:
843:
819:Nicholas Perrenot
736:(Gaspar a Myrica
681:Antwerp 1532–1534
656:
640:
624:
232:Gerardus Mercator
229:
228:
138:Coining the term
105:Holy Roman Empire
36:Gerardus Mercator
16:(Redirected from
5867:
5757:
5744:
5700:
5664:James R. Akerman
5661:
5630:
5624:
5616:
5590:
5584:
5576:
5567:
5542:available online
5539:
5513:
5494:
5475:
5457:archived version
5442:
5434:
5416:
5397:
5379:
5358:
5344:, Chicago, Ill:
5343:
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5322:
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5054:
5041:
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5019:
5018:
4993:
4969:pp. 225–238
4964:
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4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3957:
3954:Van Durme (1959)
3951:
3942:
3936:
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3903:
3897:
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3605:
3599:
3588:
3582:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3526:Modelled in sand
3523:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3418:
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2823:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2771:
2765:
2754:
2706:Abraham Ortelius
2680:
2675:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2636:Biography portal
2633:
2632:
2631:
2612:
2579:
2543:
2516:
2395:archived version
2235:Abraham Ortelius
2054:Abraham Ortelius
2005:copy by Ortelius
1937:by the lutheran
1679:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1603:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1575:
1572:
1465:Abraham Ortelius
1437:under the title
1407:Age of Discovery
1309:Abraham Ortelius
1250:
1238:Juanelo Turriano
1156:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1128:
1125:
1106:Martin Frobisher
1060:Leuven 1543–1552
1030:
937:
934:
923:
920:
909:
906:
895:
892:
864:map of the world
855:
852:
841:
838:
754:Leuven 1534–1543
749:
746:
742:
739:
708:, following the
700:The Portuguese (
654:George Cassander
652:
649:
638:Antoine Perrenot
636:
633:
622:Andreas Vesalius
620:
617:
606:George Cassander
602:Antoine Perrenot
600:, the statesman
598:Andreas Vesalius
527:Duchy of Brabant
523:'s-Hertogenbosch
351:celestial globes
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
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274:
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225:
193:
191:
173:
171:
106:
92:
58:
55:
46:
32:
21:
18:Gerhard Mercator
5875:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5790:
5789:
5781:Mercator's maps
5776:Wayback Machine
5765:
5760:
5747:
5722:
5718:Wayback Machine
5701:. Chapter 6 on
5690:
5677:
5659:
5646:
5617:
5610:
5577:
5570:
5554:
5549:Wayback Machine
5537:
5516:
5503:
5486:
5462:
5437:
5432:
5419:
5414:
5401:
5387:
5382:Sullivan (2000)
5366:
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5332:
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5306:
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5286:
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5250:
5226:
5213:
5185:
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5147:
5134:
5115:
5108:
5094:
5078:
5073:Sullivan (2000)
5052:Vita Mercatoris
5049:
5035:
5029:
5022:
5016:
5009:
4972:
4959:
4956:pp. 19–50.
4946:
4931:
4918:
4904:
4891:
4876:
4863:
4853:
4817:
4803:
4792:
4771:
4764:
4747:
4736:
4711:. Reprinted by
4693:
4689:
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4675:
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4504:
4500:
4492:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4467:De Graeve 2012b
4465:
4461:
4455:De Graeve 2012a
4453:
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3589:
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3580:Wayback Machine
3570:
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3291:
3285:De Graeve 2012a
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3115:
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3089:Pieter de Corte
3086:
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3057:
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3022:
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2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2866:Van Durme (1959
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2827:Sullivan (2000)
2824:
2820:
2814:Sullivan (2000)
2810:Vita Mercatoris
2807:
2803:
2793:
2789:
2777:pronunciation:
2772:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2711:Jodocus Hondius
2676:
2669:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2605:
2589:) and also the
2562:
2536:
2503:
2500:
2391:Sullivan (2000)
2217:Wayback Machine
2206:Wayback Machine
2144:atlas of Europe
2121:Wayback Machine
2111:Wayback Machine
2087:Atlas of Europe
2020:Wayback Machine
1908:
1853:Wayback Machine
1798:
1793:
1744:Certaine Errors
1724:Frederik de Wit
1707:Jodocus Hondius
1682:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1606:
1601:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1516:
1476:Frans Hogenberg
1439:Atlas of Europe
1435:British Library
1368:Catholic Church
1244:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1145:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1062:
1031:
1026:
1011:Jacobus Latomus
982:
940:
935:
926:
921:
912:
907:
898:
896:World map, 1538
893:
879:who sat on the
872:map of Flanders
858:
853:
844:
839:
756:
747:
740:
730:Jean Carondelet
683:
657:
650:
641:
634:
625:
618:
590:
504:
496:Duchy of Jülich
459:
454:
386:fifteen legends
311:based on a new
265:
239:
235:
196:
195:
192: 1589)
187:
183:
175:
167:
163:
160:
144:
107:
104:
94:
90:
89:2 December 1594
81:
72:
70:
69:
68:Geert De Kremer
59:
56:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5873:
5871:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
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5842:
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5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5778:
5764:
5763:External links
5761:
5759:
5758:
5745:
5735:(6): 505–541.
5720:
5688:
5675:
5657:
5644:
5608:
5568:
5552:
5536:978-9061941385
5535:
5514:
5501:
5484:
5460:
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5417:
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5399:
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4609:
4597:
4585:
4573:
4561:
4549:
4545:Stevenson 1921
4537:
4535:, p. 102.
4533:Stevenson 1921
4522:
4510:
4498:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
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4285:
4283:, p. 262.
4273:
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4168:
4153:
4141:
4129:
4127:, p. 139.
4117:
4105:
4090:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4042:
4038:Van Durme 1959
4030:
4018:
4006:
3994:
3982:
3970:
3968:, p. 383.
3958:
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3583:
3564:
3550:
3542:Venomous snail
3534:
3518:
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3484:
3463:
3438:
3426:
3413:
3401:
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3377:
3360:
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3277:
3249:
3228:
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3206:
3193:
3180:
3174:A speculative
3167:
3158:
3126:
3113:
3101:
3080:
3067:
3064:Van Durme 1959
3051:
3039:
3016:
3003:
2997:, p. 49,
2986:
2974:
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2946:
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2918:
2905:
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2874:
2853:
2840:
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2703:
2698:
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2688:
2682:
2681:
2667:
2653:
2639:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2603:
2560:
2554:Krücken (1996)
2534:
2499:
2496:
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2494:
2493:
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2183:1569 world map
2177:
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2164:
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2094:
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2076:
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2059:
2058:
2057:
2024:
2023:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1972:1531 world map
1957:
1956:
1951:1538 World Map
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1921:
1920:
1914:1537 Holy land
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1868:
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1595:
1593:
1588:
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1579:
1574:
1567:
1515:
1512:
1508:complete atlas
1461:Ptolemy's maps
1317:map of Britain
1199:County of Mark
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1134:
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1127:
1120:
1061:
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981:
978:
942:
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915:
913:
910:Flanders, 1540
908:
901:
899:
894:
887:
860:
859:
854:
847:
845:
840:
833:
755:
752:
682:
679:
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309:1569 world map
227:
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165:
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136:
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122:Known for
119:
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109:
108:
95:
93:(aged 82)
87:
83:
82:
73:
67:
65:
61:
60:
47:
39:
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26:
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14:
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5708:
5705:by Dekker is
5704:
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5470:
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5409:
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4930:0-7538-1692-X
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4875:2-87193-202-6
4871:
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4862:
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4852:
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4828:
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4759:
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4720:
4716:
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4709:
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4697:
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4691:
4686:
4678:
4677:Sullivan 2000
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:Sullivan 2000
4661:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:, Chapter 19.
4642:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4607:, Chapter 11.
4606:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
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4546:
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4538:
4534:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:Woodward 1987
4502:
4499:
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4490:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:Penneman 1994
4436:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4404:Sullivan 2000
4400:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4368:Mercator 1592
4364:
4361:
4358:, Chapter 19.
4357:
4352:
4349:
4346:, Chapter 26.
4345:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4319:, Chapter 21.
4318:
4313:
4310:
4307:, Chapter 24.
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4281:Mercator 1569
4277:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:Mercator 1569
4238:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4220:, Chapter 54.
4219:
4218:Woodward 1987
4214:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4172:
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4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:Mercator 1554
4109:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4058:
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4051:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4034:
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4027:
4022:
4019:
4015:
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4007:
4003:
3998:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3917:, Chapter 15)
3916:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3896:
3893:
3890:, p. 28.
3889:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3876:Mercator 1540
3872:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3760:
3757:, p. 54.
3756:
3751:
3748:
3745:, p. 49.
3744:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3715:
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3708:
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3691:
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3671:
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3644:
3640:
3639:viewed online
3636:
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3405:
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3386:Karrow (2000)
3381:
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3306:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3258:Mercator 1569
3253:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:Mercator 1569
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3217:, Chapter 17
3216:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3155:
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3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:Plantin Press
3133:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3098:
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3090:
3084:
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3055:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3014:, p. 54
3013:
3007:
3004:
3001:, p. 58
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:, p. 33
2915:
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2650:Europe portal
2640:
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2270:Example map:
2269:
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2196:
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2172:
2171:Atlas of 1585
2168:
2167:
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2165:
2161:
2157:
2156:1564 Lorraine
2154:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2140:
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2125:Ortelius copy
2122:
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2105:
2101:
2098:
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2073:1595 version.
2070:
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2037:
2033:
2028:
2027:
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2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:1540 Flanders
1995:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1947:
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1939:Jacob Ziegler
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1765:Google Doodle
1762:
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1740:Edward Wright
1731:
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1708:
1699:
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1645:measurement,
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1531:St. Salvatore
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774:Gemma Frisius
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667:Scholasticism
664:
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623:
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3664:Keuning 1947
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2065:
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1954:View online.
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1363:Julian dates
1358:
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301:cosmographer
231:
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71:5 March 1512
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5825:1594 deaths
5820:1512 births
5601:Hathi Trust
5478:Archive.org
5188:Imago Mundi
4967:Egan (2010)
4954:Egan (2010)
4428:Basson 1604
4356:Taylor 2004
4317:Taylor 2004
4269:Taylor 2004
4203:Barber 1998
4188:Taylor 2004
4125:Taylor 2004
3966:Karrow 1993
3915:Crane (2003
3620:Snyder 1993
3510:German coin
3445:Statues in
3271:Hathi Trust
3187:Mercator's
3060:Melanchthon
3024:Orbis Imago
2901:scriptorium
2870:Ghim (1595)
2779:/ɣɛˈrardʊs/
2686:Pedro Nunes
2664:Maps portal
2591:Hathi Trust
2508:, Antwerp,
2387:Karrow 2000
2357:View online
2250:View online
2160:Lotharingia
2066:1554 Europe
1976:Oronce Fine
1964:Orbis Imago
1917:View online
1802:Elly Dekker
1777:. See also
1726:took over.
1415:Pedro Nunes
1359:Chronologia
1350:Chronologia
1340:Lotharingia
1245: [
1022:sacrificed.
1007:Inquisition
924:Globe, 1541
868:Orbis Imago
748: 1549
741: 1496
574:scriptorium
457:Early years
344:Titan Atlas
317:rhumb lines
57: 1550
5794:Categories
5756:: 171–232.
5495:, Walker,
5309:12 January
5245:A492873066
5057:1595 atlas
4653:Crane 2003
4641:Crane 2003
4617:Crane 2003
4605:Crane 2003
4593:Crane 2003
4581:Crane 2003
4557:Crane 2003
4494:Crane 2003
4479:Crane 2003
4416:Crane 2003
4392:Crane 2003
4380:Crane 2003
4344:Crane 2003
4305:Crane 2003
4293:Crane 2003
4254:Crane 2003
4230:Crane 2003
4176:Crane 2003
4164:Crane 2003
4149:Crane 2003
4137:Crane 2003
4101:Crane 2003
4086:Crane 2003
4074:Crane 2003
4050:Imhof 2012
4026:Crane 2003
3990:Crane 2003
3978:Crane 2003
3939:Crane 2003
3927:Crane 2003
3900:Crane 2003
3888:Osley 1969
3864:Crane 2003
3849:Crane 2003
3818:Crane 2003
3803:Crane 2003
3791:Crane 2003
3779:Crane 2003
3767:Osley 1969
3755:Crane 2003
3743:Horst 2011
3731:Crane 2003
3719:Crane 2003
3707:Crane 2003
3695:Crane 2003
3652:Fine Books
3447:Rupelmonde
3373:Wikisource
3357:Jonge 1990
3344:Zuber 2011
3315:Zuber 2011
3243:, meaning
3215:Crane 2003
3150:Imhof 2012
3146:Voets 1962
3142:Clair 1987
3122:Crane 2003
3097:Crane 2003
3076:Crane 2003
3048:LITERARUM.
3012:Crane 2003
2999:Crane 2003
2995:Horst 2011
2970:Osley 1969
2930:Crane 2003
2914:Crane 2003
2757:"Mercator"
2739:References
2599:title page
2587:title page
2542:, Duisburg
2531:Osley 1969
2426:, Russia,
2353:1595 Atlas
2326:Mauretania
2311:1595 Atlas
2307:1589 Atlas
2297:an atlas.)
2287:1595 Atlas
2283:1585 Atlas
2264:Geographia
2104:1570 atlas
2032:a 1538 map
2013:1613 atlas
2009:1595 atlas
1980:Latin text
1884:Stevenson.
1720:Joan Blaeu
1504:Mauretania
1411:rhumb line
1352:title page
1321:Henry VIII
1039:Rupelmonde
718:Franciscan
702:Lusitanian
675:quadrivium
480:Rupelmonde
466:Rupelmonde
382:chronology
359:astrolabes
340:Cosmologia
313:projection
297:geographer
75:Rupelmonde
5698:166342669
5668:Abstracts
5377:256563091
5273:133997439
5239:: 41–61,
5233:The Globe
5194:: 37–62,
5124:703539131
5089:798942258
4991:830346410
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4569:King 2017
3837:Ghim 1595
3682:Citations
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2775:Neo-Latin
2595:catalogue
2576:165787166
2558:wikiquote
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2428:Lithuania
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1264:Charles V
1242:Baldewein
1075:astrolabe
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785:Charles V
691:Roman Law
687:Canon Law
671:Aristotle
562:Aristotle
421:Christian
398:dynasties
375:astrology
371:astronomy
216:Signature
129:World map
112:Education
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