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leaves over the centuries were chemically analyzed. The experts recommended that the statue be kept in a steady climate and not exposed to agitation. Cologne wood restorers Ria Röthinger and
Michaela von Welck consolidated the wood of the stool, silversmith Peter Bolg polished the metal leaves of the coating and the child's right silver arm which had tarnished black over the years. The restoration was overseen by a commission of art historians and restorers led by Dr. Brigitta Falk, curator of the Essen treasury. The Madonna was returned to its habitual place in the cathedral in December 2004. A detailed restoration report is due to appear in an anthology in 2007 along with further research papers on the statue and Essen Abbey.
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but not about the exact location of the sanctuary. A document detailing the whereabouts was deposited in a Dutch diocese in case the middleman was killed. The plan worked so well that to this day it is unknown where exactly the treasure was hidden at that time. The only certainty is that it was packed in shabby cardboard suitcases and taken to some place in the
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sculpture's surface is entirely covered with sheets of gold leaf less than 0.25 millimetres (0.01 in) thick, which are held in place by minute golden bolts. The size of the individual gold leaves varies to suit the surface texture. The faces of both mother and child are pounded out of one single leaf each. The coloured eyes of the figures are made of
148:) drawn over her shoulders. On her head she wears a veil, the ends of which are covered by the cloak. In her right hand she holds aloft a globe with her thumb and two fingers, while her left hand supports the infant in her lap. The Christ figure himself wears a pontifical gown and presses a book against his breast with his left hand.
360:. The voucher deposited in the Netherlands was destroyed after the treasure was finally brought back to Essen in 1925 when the political situation seemed stable. In the summer of 1925 the goldsmith from Aachen and his son retrieved the treasure from its sanctuary and brought it back to Essen, travelling in a fourth-class
254:, the so-called “child’s crown”, which is also part of the treasure to this day. Since this first mention the Madonna has always been in the cathedral save in wartime. Apparently the bitter conflict between the diocese of Cologne and the Lords of Isenberg over control of Essen Abbey that resulted in the murder of
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necessitated the first evacuation of the sculpture. In 1634 the then abbess of Essen, Maria Clara von Spaur, Pflaum und Valör, sought shelter in
Cologne and took the cathedral treasure with her. It would remain there until the end of the war in 1648. In these years the Madonna and the now lost Marsus
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The most recent restoration was undertaken on site in 2004. A workshop was installed in the cathedral's treasure chamber to examine the condition of the sculpture. X-rays and endoscopy were used to detect remaining cavities, and both wood from the core and the sooty film that had accreted on the gold
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betokens his significance as ruler of the heavens, the book his role as herald of the faith. Bearing in mind other medieval portrayals of Christ as teacher, it may be supposed that the child's lost right arm was originally raised in a gesture of blessing. However, Christ's face is turned towards his
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The
Madonna remained in Essen throughout World War I but was again evacuated in its aftermath. After the communist revolt in the Ruhr area in the spring of 1920, the authorities of St. Johannes parish, fearing another uprising, decided to hide the statue in a safe place that would be unknown even to
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The image of a mother holding the power over the world for her son may have had far-reaching political implications at the time of the sculpture's creation. Emperor Otto II, uncle to
Mathilde, the then abbess of Essen, died in 983 in Rome, leaving as heir to the throne only his son Otto, a child of
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was assigned to find a hiding place, and he finally negotiated with another German diocese that the
Madonna and the rest of the Essen treasure was to be concealed in a place that only the goldsmith and a designated guardian would know about: even the bishop was only informed about the general plan,
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the cavities to remove bore dust, impregnated them with insecticides and finally filled them with a mixture of glue, chalk and water, turning the figure around repeatedly in the process so as to reach every nook and angle. The surface holes were then sealed with bolts of oak. The restoration cost a
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enamel. While the eyes of the mother are inset into carved fittings, those of the child are merely pasted on the wooden core. The child's hand is made of cast silver and was added only in the 14th century; the original right hand is lost. There are traces of original tenth century adornments on the
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During and after World War II the statue suffered from hasty evacuation transports; many gold leaves came loose and the wood was again infested with wood boring insects. A second restoration was undertaken by the Essen goldsmith
Classen, who gassed the sculpture with pesticides and filled the bore
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The statue measures 74 centimetres (29 inches) in height; the pedestal is 27 centimetres (10.6 inches) in width. The core of the sculpture was carved from a single piece of wood, most likely from a poplar tree, though earlier art historians have assumed it to be pear, plum or lime. The
398:. From April to June 1949 it was shown in an exhibition in Brussels, then through October in Amsterdam, and finally returned to Essen. Until the reconstruction of Essen Cathedral was completed the treasure was stored in the vault of Essen's savings bank. The Madonna has not left the city since.
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of Essen Abbey. From her creation she seems to have been normally kept in the
Treasury, and only brought out for major feast-days and other special occasions. She was paraded in all major processions, and the altar dedicated to Mary in the cathedral was the place where deeds of donation to the
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religious community were received and deposited, thus putting them under the symbolic custody of the Virgin. It is however uncertain whether it was in fact the Golden
Madonna who presided over these deeds, since the abbey inventories list two other Mary figures besides the golden one.
470:. The statue shows the Virgin in a rather plain gown, while the oversized Christ child figure in her lap wears a precious pontifical gown. The size is meant to illustrate the importance of Christ as redeemer. In contrast Mary is depicted in a serving role, in accordance with
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40 days after
Christmas. In a steady ritual, the treasuress handed over the sculpture to the youngest canon of the parish on the eve of the procession, who then concealed it under his cloak and brought it to St. Gertrude's church in the City of Essen, today known as the
342:. Ownership of the Madonna passed to the Roman Catholic parish of St. Johannes, which used the former abbey church as its parish church. Throughout the 19th century the sculpture mostly remained locked away in the treasury and was hardly ever examined by art historians.
390:, where it was discovered by American troops by the end of the war. Because the treasury in Essen had been destroyed by air raids, the Madonna could not return to its natural place until the 1950s. It was first brought to the Hessian State Museum in
431:, the oldest such object to be described, and many similar figures in precious metal, all now vanished, are recorded in large Anglo-Saxon churches and elsewhere. Most often they are crucifixes, and sometimes accompanying figures of Mary and
78:. It is the only full-length survival from what appears to have been a common form of statue among the wealthiest churches and abbeys of 10th and 11th century Northern Europe; some of these were life-size, especially figures of the
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Whether and exactly when the statue was commissioned, acquired or donated is unknown, and documents referring to the
Madonna are scarce for the first couple of centuries of its existence. It seems certain that it was part of the
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mother, while from any position Mary's look seems directed towards the beholder. Thus Mary may arguably not only be interpreted as a passive devotee but also assumes the role of mediator between the people and the Redeemer.
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reached the city of Essen – though not the abbey –, and the parish of St. Gertrude was converted to the Lutheran faith. The medieval tradition of the coronation of Mary was revived in 1978 by Essen's first bishop Cardinal
106:(1039–1058), the abbey acquired what is today considered the most precious of the works of art of the Essen treasury. The creator of the sculpture is unknown, but it is generally presumed to have been crafted in either
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leads historians to assume that the sculpture was shown exclusively during processions and was stored out of public sight for the rest of the year. Suggested repositories include the fortress-like
657:) was established in 1959, Mary was elected as its patron saint under the title “Mother of Good Counsel”, and thus came to be a symbol for the whole Ruhr area. The first bishop of Essen, Cardinal
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114:. Hildesheim is home to a Madonna slightly younger than the one in Essen, while Cologne seems more likely as the home of the artist since the folds in the Madonna's gown resemble those of the
661:, decided to make the statue accessible to the public. Since 1959 the Madonna has been on display in a climate-controlled high-security showcase in the northern side chapel of the cathedral.
458:. The overall form of the Madonna indicates that the sculptor was not experienced in carving free-standing sculptures, since profile, front and rear view do not match up to a harmonic whole.
549:. According to this theory then, Mary is holding the whole world in her hands, and she is holding it on behalf of the one who is in fact its sovereign, i.e. the infant in her lap.
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The Golden Madonna is both the oldest known sculpture of the Madonna and the oldest free-standing sculpture north of the Alps. It is also one of only two extant medieval gilded
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may have donated the “Child’s crown” of the treasury on his visit to the abbey out of gratitude for its loyalty in the power struggle that took place when he was a mere child.
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theory. While such an object may not have been part of the coronation ceremony of the Holy Roman Empire until the next century, the idea of an orb symbolizing power over the
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527:, Mary now proffers the beholder an apple symbolizing the redemption she has brought to the world by incarnating Christ. She thus appears as "the New Eve".
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Mary is depicted sitting on a stool, with a slightly oversized Christ child figure sitting on her lap. She wears a tight, long-sleeved tunic and a cloak (
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602:(Market Church). On the following morning the statue was veiled and carried in a solemn procession back to the cathedral, where it was laid down on the
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shrine of the Essen treasure were paraded in processions, outshining the treasures of Cologne's cathedral, as the annals of Essen Abbey proudly claim.
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The seal of the city of Essen of 1244 shows the Madonna between Saints Cosmas and Damian. The first documented mention of the Madonna is from the 1370
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610:. The crowned Madonna was then carried back into the minster under the eyes of the congregation, just as Mary had been welcomed by the people of the
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557:, formerly Duke of Bavaria and male next of kin to Otto. The Madonna could thus be construed as an expression of Theophanu's insistence on being,
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three years. Until her death in 991, Otto's mother Theophanu served as regent for her underage son and defended his title against the claims of
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in Southern France not many of those artifacts survive. We know Charlemagne had a life-size crucifix with the figure of Christ in gold in his
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565:(d. 982), who in 976 had been granted the Dukedom of Bavaria after Henry's revolt. This would further suggest that the eventual Emperor
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dated 982 which is also part of the Essen treasury but was doubtless created by a Cologne goldsmith as it shares many features with the
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and the oldest free-standing medieval sculpture north of the Alps, and is also one of the few major works of art to survive from
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and took the Golden Madonna along. The two processions met about halfway between the two monasteries at a chapel dedicated to
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Falk, Brigitta. “„ein Mutter gottesbild mit gold plattirt“ – Zum Erhaltungszustand der Goldenen Madonna des Essener Doms.”
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There are several possible interpretations for the orb Mary is holding in her right hand. It has been construed as the
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Gerchow, Jan. “Der Schatz des Essener Frauenstifts bis zum 15. Jahrhundert. Zur Geschichte der Institution.”
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upon her arrival there according to the scripture. The Purification processions ceased in 1561 when the
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orb in the Virgin's right hand, on the right back leg of the stool, as well as on the child's book and
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times. To this day it remains an object of veneration and symbol of identity for the population of the
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415:. Gilded sculptures are frequently mentioned in medieval documents, but apart from an image of Saint
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only since the 19th century. A liturgical manuscript dating from around 1370 simply describes it as "
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in 972, although statues on this large scale were completely outside Byzantine traditions after the
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in 1225 did not affect the sculpture, nor did the centuries-long quarrel over whether the city of
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showing an eagle and seemingly pinning Mary's cloak is an early thirteenth century addition; the
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Another procession in which the Madonna was shown took place every year on the Monday preceding
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It is therefore safer to interpret the orb as an "apple of salvation" —in much the same way as
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The fact that the Essen statue is free-standing and its enamel eyes point to the influence of
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Konnegen, Lydia. “Verborgene Schätze. Der Essener Münsterschatz in Zeiten des Ruhrkampfes.”
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630:. On this day the nuns, canons and scholars of the abbey and its daughter house in nearby
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Mitteilungsblatt d. Vereins fĂĽr die Erhaltung des Essener MĂĽnsters. Essen 2005, S. 67ff.
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Pothmann, Alfred. “Der Essener Kirchenschatz aus der Frühzeit der Stiftsgeschichte.”
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And Mary said, Behold the handmaid of the Lord; be it unto me according to thy word.
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its own priest so as to prevent discovery by treason or extortion. A goldsmith from
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tunnels and threatened to collapse. The restorers carefully wrapped the statue in a
102:. Under her reign and those of her successors Sophia of Gandersheim (1012–1039) and
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Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold.
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719:"The Golden Madonna (Diocese of Essen)", The Catholic Church in the European Union
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The statue is dated around the year 980 and was thus created during the tenure of
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Noch ein gross Marienbelt, sitzend uff einen sthuell mit lauteren golt uberzogen
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the orb is always shown held by the full hand and all fingers, not just three.
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Alfred Pothmann – Hüter und Bewahrer – Forscher und Erzähler – Gedenkschrift.
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Alfred Pothmann – Hüter und Bewahrer – Forscher und Erzähler – Gedenkschrift.
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Pygmalion’s Power: Romanesque Sculpture, the Senses, and Religious Experience
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holes with “liquid wood”, a plastic then commonly used in wood restorations.
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Herrschaft, Bildung und Gebet – Gründung und Anfänge des Frauenstifts Essen.
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is not attested as part of the Holy Roman regalia until the coronation of
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and its spreading to the Holy Roman Empire after the marriage of Emperor
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308:("nother image of Mary, sitting on a chair and covered with pure gold").
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received the Madonna from the hands of the treasuress for processions on
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Dated around the year 980, it is both the oldest known sculpture of the
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was first restored in 1905. By then the statue's core was riddled with
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Gold-covered statue of the Virgin and Child in Essen Cathedral, Germany
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carriage and carrying the treasure inconspicuously as hand luggage.
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Like many medieval works of art, the Madonna displays a very complex
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beneath has Gothic features and is dated to the fourteenth century.
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but had to be stopped in 2000 due to the restorer's concerns.
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During World War II the Essen treasure was first evacuated to
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The second evacuation was in 1794 before the advance of the
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Hlawitschka, Eduard. “Kaiserinnen Adelheit und Theophanu.”
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The most important procession took place on the day of the
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Memorial cross in Essen-Bredeney showing the Golden Madonna
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The Golden Madonna has always held a special place in the
328:. It was hidden in the orphanage of the nearby town of
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in 1024, and besides in the habitual depiction of the
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in Saxony and finally moved to an air-raid shelter in
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Sitting on her lap is the Christ child, whose ornate
332:. Essen Abbey ceased to exist in 1803 following the
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39:. It is a wooden core covered with sheets of thin
530:Another interpretation of the orb is akin to the
296:The sculpture has been known by its current name
371:The Golden Madonna is kept in a side-chapel of
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523:held the apple of damnation plucked from the
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756:, University of Michigan Press, 1967, p. 295
642:in what is today the neighbourhood of Essen-
336:of ecclesiastical principalities under the
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1460:Die Kunstwerke der MĂĽnsterkirche zu Essen.
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1957:Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church
1453:Frauen des Mittelalters in Lebensbildern.
573:Liturgical significance, past and present
482:as the Throne of Solomon is described in
634:held a formal meeting with the monks of
1425:Die goldene Madonna im Essener MĂĽnster.
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435:are mentioned, as for example those by
43:. The piece is part of the treasury of
138:Closeup view of the Madonna with child
504:of the Holy Roman Empire. However, a
270:or rather a dependency of the abbey.
250:paid the abbey a visit and donated a
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1220:Approved, with widespread liturgical
462:Religious and political significance
23:The Golden Madonna of Essen (c. 980)
1476:Fredebeul & Koenen, Essen 1966.
1222:veneration endorsed by the Holy See
754:Death and Life in the Tenth Century
1427:edition tertius, Ostfildern 1996,
525:Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil
478:At the same time she embodies the
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312:Evacuations in early modern times
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198:, part of which was paid by the
59:, and is kept on display at the
2402:Sculptures of women in Germany
2284:Saint Luke painting the Virgin
1705:Miracle at the Wedding at Cana
1700:Finding of Jesus in the Temple
1136:Congregation of Marian Fathers
884:Consecrations and entrustments
293:, an annex to the south nave.
1:
1472:Leonard KĂĽppers, Paul Mikat:
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339:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
302:dat gulden bild onser vrouwen
1146:Marianists (Society of Mary)
450:with the Byzantine princess
394:, then to Schloss Dyck near
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1474:Der Essener MĂĽnsterschatz.
1199:Queen of Angels Foundation
1189:Marian Movement of Priests
1171:World Apostolate of Fátima
1141:Company of Mary (Montfort)
752:Duckett, Eleanor Shipley.
595:Purification of the Virgin
116:Cross of Otto and Mathilde
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1751:Bilocation to Saint James
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1455:Styria Verlag, Graz 1997.
947:Our Lady, Star of the Sea
822:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
676:Roman Catholic Marian art
429:Palatine Chapel in Aachen
326:French revolutionary army
289:of the cathedral and the
47:, formerly the church of
1803:Protoevangelium of James
1194:Fatima Family Apostolate
1184:Our Lady's Rosary Makers
1101:Seven Joys of the Virgin
932:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
927:Our Lady of Good Counsel
734:, Penn State Press, 2020
2382:10th-century sculptures
2194:Golden Madonna of Essen
1783:Woman of the Apocalypse
1506:Golden Madonna of Essen
1236:Three Secrets of Fátima
1124:Movements and societies
547:illuminated manuscripts
439:in the 11th century.
291:armarium dictum sychter
29:Golden Madonna of Essen
2071:Alma Redemptoris Mater
2020:Our Lady of Navigators
1483:Klartext, Essen 2000,
1372:Catholicism portal
616:Protestant Reformation
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260:Friedrich von Isenberg
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53:North Rhine-Westphalia
31:is a sculpture of the
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2256:Theotokos of Vladimir
1685:Presentation of Jesus
1622:Immaculate Conception
1542:Mary, mother of Jesus
1508:at Wikimedia Commons
1352:Immaculate Conception
1288:Key Marian feast days
1106:Seven Sorrows of Mary
1039:Mary, Mother of Grace
817:Immaculate Conception
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555:Henry the Quarrelsome
370:
358:Diocese of Hildesheim
246:by 993, when Emperor
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94:, a granddaughter of
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2353:51.45583°N 7.01361°E
1179:Mariological Society
1161:Schoenstatt Movement
1131:Sodality of Our Lady
1086:Consecration to Mary
1075:Devotional practices
922:Mother of the Church
869:Devotional practices
730:Dale, Thomas E. A.,
456:Byzantine iconoclasm
256:Archbishop Engelbert
173:Preservation efforts
2397:Ottonian sculptures
2349: /
2238:Madonna del Rosario
2142:Maria mater gratiae
2118:Sub tuum praesidium
2076:Ave Regina caelorum
2030:Our Lady of Victory
2025:Our Lady of Sorrows
1668:Virginal motherhood
1642:Perpetual virginity
1467:MĂĽnster am Hellweg.
1423:Fehrenbach, Frank.
1049:Sub tuum praesidium
970:(Refuge of Sinners)
968:Refugium Peccatorum
942:Our Lady of Victory
937:Our Lady of Sorrows
559:by the Grace of God
433:John the Evangelist
2407:Statues in Germany
2279:Life of the Virgin
1995:Life-giving Spring
1985:Help of Christians
1695:Return to Nazareth
1637:Marriage to Joseph
1081:Acts of Reparation
612:Heavenly Jerusalem
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382:, then to Schloss
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244:cathedral treasure
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2200:The Golden Virgin
1920:Catholic churches
1892:
1891:
1811:
1810:
1690:Flight into Egypt
1680:Nativity of Jesus
1587:Brothers of Jesus
1504:Media related to
1406:
1405:
1225:
1029:Immaculata prayer
1024:Hail Mary of Gold
686:The Golden Virgin
671:Cross of Mathilde
318:Thirty Years' War
219:Medieval mentions
124:Cologne Cathedral
2419:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2320:
2308:
2307:
2172:
2157:Three Hail Marys
2113:Ave maris stella
1990:Immaculate Heart
1901:
1822:
1710:Passion of Jesus
1609:
1599:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1462:DĂĽsseldorf 1904.
1398:
1391:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1263:Miraculous Medal
1218:
1111:Three Hail Marys
1059:
1058:
833:
831:
828:
813:
783:
776:
765:
749:
743:
727:
721:
716:
705:
702:
651:Diocese of Essen
419:in the abbey of
275:Liber Ordinarius
258:at the hands of
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2288:
2267:
2220:
2211:Queen of Heaven
2161:
2049:
2035:Star of the Sea
1961:
1888:
1872:
1807:
1789:
1736:
1648:
1600:
1591:
1544:
1539:
1497:
1458:Humann, Georg.
1402:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1279:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1203:
1156:Marist Brothers
1126:
1116:
1115:
1091:First Saturdays
1076:
1068:
1067:
999:
985:
984:
980:Virgin of Mercy
975:Untier of Knots
962:Queen of Poland
952:Queen of Heaven
912:(Mother of God)
904:
894:
893:
844:
834:
829:
824:
803:Catholic Church
800:
774:
769:
768:
750:
746:
728:
724:
717:
708:
703:
699:
694:
667:
659:Franz Hengsbach
653:(the so-called
621:Franz Hengsbach
575:
532:globus-cruciger
514:globus cruciger
506:globus cruciger
501:globus cruciger
464:
409:
404:
373:Essen Cathedral
348:
314:
236:Essen Cathedral
221:
216:
194:total of 3,200
175:
132:
98:, as abbess of
88:
45:Essen Cathedral
35:and the infant
17:
12:
11:
5:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2314:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2098:Fátima prayers
2095:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:Seat of Wisdom
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1515:
1496:
1495:External links
1493:
1492:
1491:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1421:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1338:(12 September)
1332:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1166:Legion of Mary
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Marist Fathers
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:Fátima prayers
1006:
1000:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
977:
972:
964:
959:
957:Queen of Peace
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
905:
902:Titles of Mary
900:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
840:
839:
836:
835:
814:
806:
805:
794:
793:
785:
784:
773:
770:
767:
766:
744:
722:
706:
696:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
683:
681:Seat of Wisdom
678:
673:
666:
663:
574:
571:
480:Seat of Wisdom
463:
460:
408:
405:
403:
400:
347:
344:
334:secularization
313:
310:
298:Golden Madonna
266:was legally a
220:
217:
215:
212:
174:
171:
131:
128:
96:Emperor Otto I
87:
86:Date of origin
84:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2424:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Essen Minster
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2325:
2324:
2323:Saints Portal
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:Agiosoritissa
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Black Madonna
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:of all graces
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1489:3-88474-907-2
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:3-00-012328-8
1444:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:3-930717-23-9
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:3-00-012328-8
1416:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1346:(21 November)
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1330:(8 September)
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Mother of God
1293:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:Dowry of Mary
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
994:
989:
988:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
969:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
911:
907:
906:
903:
898:
897:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Hymns to Mary
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
843:
838:
837:
823:
819:
818:
812:
808:
807:
804:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
782:
778:
777:
771:
764:
763:9780472061723
760:
757:
755:
748:
745:
742:
741:9780271085180
738:
735:
733:
726:
723:
720:
715:
713:
711:
707:
704:Pothmann, 138
701:
698:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
632:Rellinghausen
629:
628:Ascension Day
624:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
588:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
548:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:
496:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Byzantine art
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Albrechtsburg
381:
374:
369:
365:
363:
359:
354:
345:
343:
341:
340:
335:
331:
327:
322:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
233:
230:
225:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
180:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
149:
147:
146:
136:
129:
127:
125:
121:
120:Gero crucifix
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2392:Gold objects
2334:
2321:
2309:
2236:
2216:Stabat Mater
2198:
2193:
2086:Regina caeli
2081:Salve Regina
1980:Coredemptrix
1975:Christotokos
1935:month of May
1744:: later life
1725:Resurrection
1663:Annunciation
1632:Presentation
1615:: early life
1498:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1441:Essen 2003,
1438:
1424:
1413:Essen 2003,
1410:
1354:(8 December)
1344:Presentation
1312:Annunciation
1306:(2 February)
1062:Marian hymns
1061:
1014:Flos Carmeli
967:
909:
815:
753:
747:
731:
725:
700:
654:
648:
636:Werden Abbey
625:
607:
603:
599:
592:
584:
551:
535:
531:
529:
518:
513:
505:
499:
497:
487:
475:
465:
441:
410:
377:
349:
346:20th century
337:
323:
315:
305:
301:
297:
295:
290:
283:Purification
274:
272:
240:
208:
204:
187:plaster cast
176:
150:
143:
141:
89:
65:
28:
26:
2356: /
2246:Derzhavnaya
1908:Apparitions
1715:Crucifixion
1322:(15 August)
1298:(1 January)
1212:Apparitions
1174:(Blue Army)
830: 1675
608:child crown
600:Marktkirche
540:Carolingian
468:iconography
413:cult images
402:Iconography
191:insufflated
130:Description
100:Essen Abbey
80:Crucifixion
49:Essen Abbey
33:Virgin Mary
2371:Categories
2341:51°27′21″N
2263:Hodegetria
2184:Assumption
2137:Magnificat
1942:Feast days
1897:Veneration
1861:Protestant
1795:Apocryphal
1773:Coronation
1768:Assumption
1720:Deposition
1675:Visitation
1320:Assumption
1314:(25 March)
1268:Walsingham
1253:La Salette
1034:Magnificat
889:Veneration
655:Ruhrbistum
640:Saint Mark
437:Spearhafoc
407:Influences
362:Reichsbahn
112:Hildesheim
2344:7°00′49″E
2093:Ave Maria
2066:Antiphons
2045:Theotokos
2000:Mediatrix
1947:Patronage
1930:Devotions
1925:Christmas
1826:Christian
1817:Mariology
1778:Queenship
1756:Dormition
1742:Tradition
1732:Pentecost
1613:Tradition
1582:Elizabeth
1560:(husband)
1336:Holy Name
1304:Candlemas
1243:Guadalupe
1019:Hail Mary
917:Mediatrix
910:Theotokos
879:Societies
854:Antiphons
798:Mariology
649:When the
510:Conrad II
452:Theophanu
421:Saint-Foy
196:Goldmarks
154:cloisonné
104:Theophanu
76:Ruhr Area
61:cathedral
41:gold leaf
2311:Category
2147:Memorare
2108:Akathist
1866:Lutheran
1856:Orthodox
1839:Catholic
1834:Anglican
1578:(mother)
1572:(father)
1328:Nativity
1044:Memorare
842:Overview
790:a series
788:Part of
665:See also
644:Bredeney
567:Otto III
544:Ottonian
492:chasuble
380:Warstein
287:westwork
248:Otto III
232:westwork
229:Ottonian
200:Prussian
183:woodworm
92:Mathilde
72:Ottonian
2272:Related
2061:Angelus
2054:Prayers
2015:Panagia
2010:New Eve
1952:Shrines
1884:Islamic
1844:history
1653:In the
1570:Joachim
1258:Lourdes
1004:Angelus
993:Prayers
849:Prayers
801:of the
772:Sources
587:liturgy
486:10:18:
484:1 Kings
448:Otto II
425:Conques
392:Marburg
214:History
202:state.
179:Madonna
108:Cologne
68:Madonna
57:Germany
2251:Eleusa
2152:Rosary
2130:Loreto
2125:Litany
1967:Titles
1558:Joseph
1550:Family
1487:
1445:
1431:
1417:
1231:Fátima
1096:Rosary
874:Saints
859:Titles
792:on the
761:
739:
536:Mundus
474:1:38:
396:Rheydt
388:Siegen
353:Aachen
330:Steele
167:fibula
163:agrafe
161:. The
2206:PietĂ
2103:Hymns
1877:Other
1849:papal
1655:Bible
1627:Birth
1566:(son)
1564:Jesus
1248:Knock
997:hymns
692:Notes
604:steyn
417:Fides
279:canon
264:Essen
252:crown
145:palla
51:, in
37:Jesus
27:The
2225:East
2176:West
1913:list
1761:Tomb
1605:Life
1576:Anne
1485:ISBN
1443:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1415:ISBN
995:and
759:ISBN
737:ISBN
563:Otto
542:and
472:Luke
316:The
227:The
177:The
159:halo
82:.
2377:980
2167:Art
820:by
521:Eve
423:in
234:of
122:of
110:or
2373::
827:c.
709:^
189:,
126:.
63:.
55:,
2006:)
2002:(
1534:e
1527:t
1520:v
1397:e
1390:t
1383:v
1224::
832:)
825:(
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