621:
102:
501:. After the defeat, Fernández de Córdoba withdrew to implement a rigorous training program and reorganize his army. The Spanish employed effective guerrilla tactics, striking quickly to disrupt French supply lines and avoiding large-scale battles. Gradually Fernández de Córdoba regained a foothold in the country and then assaulted the French-occupied Italian cities. Within a year, Fernández de Córdoba achieved a decisive victory at Atella, capturing the French viceroy and expelling the remaining French forces from Naples. He also recovered the Roman port of
547:
51:
485:, a cousin to Ferdinand of Aragon. The French easily overwhelmed the Neapolitan defenses and on 12 May 1495 Charles had himself crowned Emperor of Naples. The Catholic Monarchs were anxious to reverse French success in Naples and selected Fernández de Córdoba to lead an expeditionary force against Charles. Fernández de Córdoba landed in Naples shortly after Charles' coronation with a force of about 5,000 infantry and 600 light cavalry. Fearful of being trapped in Italy, Charles installed
612:, had assumed the rain-swollen river was impassable and were taken by complete surprise. Fernández de Córdoba and his army decisively defeated the French with their formations of pikes and arquebuses. Fernández de Córdoba continued to pursue the French and captured the Italian city of Gaeta in January 1504. Unable to mount a defense after these losses, the French were allowed to evacuate Italy by sea and forced to sign the Treaty of Blois in 1505, relinquishing their hold on Naples.
569:
692:
652:, out of power temporarily in Castile and forced him to defend his interests in Aragon. Naples was an Aragonese kingdom but Gonzalo was a Castilian and widely popular. As a result, Ferdinand suspected his loyalty and also felt that Gonzalo spent too freely from the treasury. In 1507 Ferdinand traveled to Naples, removed him from office and ordered him to return to Spain with a promise that he would be installed as master of the
455:
376:
513:
When Fernández de Córdoba returned to Spain he drew on the lessons from the
Italian campaign to restructure the Spanish forces and military strategy. In the open field, the loose formation and short swords of the Spanish infantry were unable to withstand a charge of heavy cavalry and infantry armed
492:
Initially, the light infantry and cavalry under Fernández de Córdoba command were no match against the heavily armed French. A lack of training and poor coordination between
Spanish and Italian forces compounded the problem. In their first major engagement on 28 June 1495, Fernández de Córdoba was
534:
succeeded
Charles as king of France in 1498, he quickly declared his intention to re-invade Italy and once again seize Naples. To buy time, Spain negotiated the Treaty of Granada with France in 1500, agreeing to partition Naples between the two countries. Fernández de Córdoba returned to Italy
403:, the last remaining Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula. Fernández de Córdoba was an active participant in the fighting and distinguished himself as a brave and competent military leader. He gained renown for participation in the sieges of several walled towns including Loja, Tajara,
601:, was killed early in the battle. After withstanding two French charges, Fernández de Córdoba, El Gran Capitán, went on the offensive and drove the French off the field. This was the first time in history that a battle had been won largely through the strength of firearms.
752:. His remains were transferred there in 1552, together with some 700 war trophies (captured banners). His daughter, Elvira, and his wife, Maria, are also buried there, along with a number of other family members. Elvira died in 1524, and Maria died in 1527.
327:
de
Mendoza). In 1455, when Gonzalo was two years old, his father died. His older brother, Alonso, inherited all of their father's estates, leaving Gonzalo to seek his own fortune. In 1467, Gonzalo was first attached to the household of
663:, he never received the promised appointment to lead the Santiago military order. Ferdinand continued to praise him but gave him nothing else to do; he eventually retired to one of his country estates. Fernández de Córdoba died of
522:. To increase tactical flexibility he assigned different sections of his forces to specific roles, rather than using them as one general force. These new sections could maneuver more independently and act with greater flexibility.
608:. Separated by the river, a stalemate ensued with neither side able to make progress. But Fernández de Córdoba strung together a pontoon bridge and stole across the river on the night of 29 December 1503. The French, commanded by
596:
with pikemen tightly packed in the center and arquebusiers and swordsmen on the flanks. The French unsuccessfully attacked the front and were assailed by gunfire coming from the flanks. The French commander, the
535:
leading a large force on the pretext of joining with France and Venice to attack the
Ottomans in the Ionian Sea. For a time Fernández de Córdoba did fight the Turks, seizing the strongly held island of
411:. At Montefrío he was reported to be the first attacker over the walls. In 1492, Fernández de Córdoba captured the city of Granada, bringing an end to the war. The skills of a military engineer and a
242:
A masterful military strategist and tactician, he was among the first
Europeans to introduce the successful use of firearms on the battlefield and the first to reorganize the infantry to include
763:, in 1810/11. The remains of Fernández de Córdoba were illegally exhumed and mutilated, and the 700 banners were burned. Stone from the tower was used to build the Puente Verde bridge over the
303:
went to consider him "...the most esteemed person that lived in these times, for such princes, either desired to have him for a friend, or were wary that he might become their enemy."
323:(himself the son of Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, 1390–1424 and of Leonor de Arellano) and of Elvira de Herrera (daughter of Pedro Núñez de Herrera y Guzmán, d. 1430, and Blanca
1255:
1265:
756:
675:
Fernández de Córdoba first married in 1474 to his cousin María de
Sotomayor; about a year later she died giving birth to a stillborn son. On 14 February 1489 he married María
252:, were instrumental in making the Spanish army the dominant force in Europe for more than a century and a half. For his extensive political and military success, he was made
31:
1260:
1240:
1195:
363:. In 1479, he fought in the final against the Portuguese by leading 120 lancers. Cárdenas praised him for his service. When the war ended, Isabella and her husband
1200:
1101:
730:
680:
329:
1006:
703:. He revolutionized 16th-century military strategy by integrating firearms into the Spanish infantry and directed the first battle in history won by
1245:
561:
abdicated, the French and
Spanish fought a guerilla war while negotiating the partition of the kingdom. Spain was outnumbered and besieged in
940:
679:
y
Figueroa (also known as María Manrique de Lara y Espinosa, d. 1527) from a powerful and wealthy noble family. His only surviving daughter,
166:
101:
1225:
598:
573:
741:
540:
1250:
901:
551:
171:
246:
in effective defensive and offensive formations. The changes implemented by Fernández de Córdoba, leading to the formation of the
1230:
1220:
348:
223:(1 September 1453 – 2 December 1515) was a Spanish general and statesman who led successful military campaigns during the
131:
1048:
1034:
620:
486:
1056:
Martín Gómez, Antonio L. El Gran Capitán: Las Campañas del Duque de
Terranova y Santángelo. Madrid, Spain: Almena, 2000.
498:
275:
Córdoba rose to international prestige during his career, maintaining active relationships not only with the crowns of
1215:
1053:
Duro, Cesáreo Fernández. Armada Española, desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón. Madrid: Museo Naval, 1972
196:
316:
300:
388:
996:
1205:
581:
565:
by the French. Gonzalo refused to be drawn into a full-scale battle until he received sufficient reinforcements.
1154:
991:
749:
265:
179:
141:
1235:
1210:
1059:
Ruiz Domènec, José Enrique. El Gran Capitán, Retrato de una época. Madrid, Spain: Ediciones Peninsula, 2002.
50:
951:
1136:
1084:
649:
609:
558:
482:
474:
459:
364:
343:
When King Henry IV died in 1474, Isabella proclaimed herself a successor as queen, disputing the right of
320:
588:
When his army was adequately reinforced, Fernández de Córdoba engaged the French on 28 April 1503 at the
1080:
785:
Razón de linaje y lesa majestad: El Gran Capitán, Venecia y la corte de Fernando el Católico (1507–1509)
592:
where 6,000 Spanish troops faced a French army of 10,000. Gonzalo formed his infantry into units called
463:
337:
1091:
1026:
546:
356:
253:
648:
died, depriving him of his most ardent supporter. Isabel's death also effectively pushed her husband,
1190:
1185:
700:
352:
324:
745:
715:
645:
589:
577:
568:
400:
344:
333:
292:
224:
190:
987:
Prescott, William, and Albert D. McJoynt. The Art of War in Spain. London: Greenhill Books, 1995.
494:
380:
276:
146:
691:
1143:
1119:
1044:
1030:
936:
897:
653:
641:
637:
604:
Fernández de Córdoba occupied the city of Naples and pushed the French forces back across the
478:
423:
396:
360:
351:
between the followers of Isabella and Juana, there was also conflict with Portugal since King
296:
284:
280:
261:
257:
236:
211:
722:
which dominated European battlefields for the 16th and early 17th century), and he pioneered
629:
235:("The Great Captain"). He also negotiated the final surrender of Granada and later served as
1066:
734:
605:
412:
152:
347:(the king's 13-year-old daughter and her niece) to ascend the throne. During the ensuing
930:
760:
184:
158:
90:
375:
1179:
1165:
1001:
723:
676:
660:
269:
243:
995:
726:
warfare by combining the use of infantry, cavalry and artillery with naval support.
502:
470:
443:
288:
228:
489:
as Viceroy of Naples and returned to France with about half of the French forces.
408:
384:
17:
415:
were equally useful. Because of his knowledge of Arabic and his familiarity with
718:
of 1503. He helped found the first modern standing army (the nearly invincible
136:
970:
Tucker, Spencer C. (2015). "Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernández, Conde de (1453–1515)".
755:
The tomb was desecrated by Napoleonic troops under the command of the Corsican
707:
536:
427:
399:
had consolidated their rule, they embarked in 1481 on a ten-year campaign to
1010:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–140.
704:
695:
Coat of arms on the wall of the monastery church of San Jerónimo in Granada.
531:
454:
431:
336:. After Alfonso died in 1468, Gonzalo devoted himself to Alfonso's sister,
231:. His military victories and widespread popularity earned him the nickname
737:, was alleged to be an illegitimate daughter to Fernández de Córdoba too.
711:
636:
When the French were driven out of Naples, Fernández de Córdoba was made
562:
519:
312:
77:
664:
514:
with pikes. To overcome this weakness, Fernández de Córdoba introduced
416:
419:, Gonzalo was chosen as one of the officers to arrange the surrender.
719:
625:
515:
404:
248:
767:. The monastery was fully restored at the end of the 19th century.
764:
690:
619:
567:
545:
453:
446:, holding command twice and earning the name "The Great Captain".
374:
477:
marched into Italy with 25,000 men to make good his claim to the
319:. He was the younger son of Pedro Fernández de Córdoba, Count of
659:
Although Fernández de Córdoba was awarded the additional title,
729:
He left no sons, and was succeeded in his dukedoms by daughter
505:
and returned the captured territories to the Italians by 1498.
355:
sided with his niece Juana. Gonzalo fought for Isabella under
311:
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba was born on 1 September 1453 at
434:
in Granada as well as silk production rights in the region.
911:
Gerli, E. Michael (2003). "Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo".
518:
armed with pikes and a heavy, shoulder-fired gun called an
667:
on 2 December 1515 at his villa near Granada at age 62.
683:, would inherit all his titles upon his death in 1515.
442:
Gonzalo was an important military commander during the
299:, all of which sought out his services. Chronicler
207:
125:
117:
109:
96:
84:
71:
60:
41:
557:Fernández de Córdoba returned to Naples and after
1021:Rafael Arce Jiménez y Lourdes Belmonte Sánchez:
963:Isabella of Castile: The First Renaissance Queen
953:The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
550:Bronze bust of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba,
32:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (disambiguation)
8:
866:
462:took power as the second inheriting son of
1062:
974:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 170–172.
929:Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012).
924:(2nd ed.). New York University Press.
624:Statue of Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba in
49:
38:
1023:El Gran Capitán: repertorio bibliográfico
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
27:Spanish general and statesman (1453–1515)
816:
814:
812:
572:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba gazes upon
422:For his service he was rewarded with an
1256:People of the Italian Wars of 1499–1504
776:
656:, a powerful and prestigious position.
367:were the rulers of Castile and Aragon.
1266:People of the Italian War of 1494–1495
854:
832:
830:
828:
826:
731:Elvira Fernández de Córdoba y Manrique
681:Elvira Fernández de Córdoba y Manrique
1041:El Gran Capitán. Retrato de una época
997:"Córdoba, Gonzalo Fernandez de"
922:Spain Under the Hapsburgs, Volume One
896:. New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday.
783:Álvarez-Ossorio Alvariño, A. (2001).
7:
1201:Military leaders of the Italian Wars
836:Encyclopedia of World Biography 2000
699:The "Gran Capitán" was a pioneer of
644:in 1504. Later that same year Queen
1241:People of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars
25:
1196:People from Campiña Sur (Córdoba)
894:Isabella : the warrior queen
599:Louis d'Armagnac, Duke of Nemours
1261:Ottoman–Venetian War (1499–1503)
1096:10 March 1497 – 2 December 1515
979:"Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba".
913:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
100:
981:Encyclopedia of World Biography
552:Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos
132:War of the Castilian Succession
1246:15th-century Neapolitan people
1:
956:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
935:. Pearson Education Limited.
497:against French forces led by
379:El Gran Capitán battling the
733:. María Cerezo, who married
221:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
43:Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba
1226:16th-century Spanish people
1102:Elvira Fernández de Córdoba
1039:José Enrique Ruiz-Domènec:
932:The Italian Wars, 1494–1559
332:, the half-brother of King
330:Alfonso, Prince of Asturias
1282:
972:500 Great Military Leaders
29:
1251:Spanish military officers
1163:
1152:
1141:
1128:
1117:
1098:
1089:
1072:
1065:
742:Monastery of San Jerónimo
539:in December 1500 after a
499:Bernard Stewart d'Aubigny
88:2 December 1515 (aged 62)
55:Posthumous portrait, 1877
48:
892:Downey, Kirstin (2014).
740:His burial place in the
516:a new infantry formation
167:3rd Turkish-Venetian War
1231:Spanish Roman Catholics
1221:15th-century Castilians
1170:1507 – 2 December 1515
1159:1507 – 2 December 1515
1148:1507 – 2 December 1515
1124:1502 – 2 December 1515
1007:Encyclopædia Britannica
867:Mallett & Shaw 2012
1137:Ferdinand II of Aragon
992:Hannay, David McDowall
950:Purcell, Mary (1962).
696:
650:Ferdinand II of Aragon
633:
610:Ludovico II of Saluzzo
585:
554:
509:Military restructuring
475:Charles VIII of France
466:
460:Frederick IV of Naples
392:
359:, grand master of the
965:. St. Martin's Press.
961:Rubin, Nancy (1991).
694:
623:
576:lifeless body at the
571:
549:
464:Ferdinand I of Naples
457:
378:
110:Years of service
67:("The Great Captain")
920:Lynch, John (1981).
458:Italy in 1494, when
353:Afonso V of Portugal
30:For other uses, see
716:Battle of Cerignola
671:Marriage and family
646:Isabel I of Castile
590:Battle of Cerignola
578:Battle of Cerignola
473:began in 1494 when
371:Conquest of Granada
345:Juana la Beltraneja
338:Isabella of Castile
334:Henry IV of Castile
317:province of Córdoba
293:Italian city-states
225:Conquest of Granada
1216:Viceroys of Naples
1092:Duke of Santángelo
757:General Sebastiani
697:
634:
586:
555:
526:Second Italian War
495:Battle of Seminara
487:Gilbert de Bourbon
467:
393:
385:Siege of Montefrío
357:Alonso de Cárdenas
254:Duke of Santángelo
244:pikes and firearms
18:Gonzalo de Córdoba
1174:
1173:
1120:Duke of Terranova
1113:
1099:Succeeded by
1027:Manuel Ruiz Luque
942:978-0-582-05758-6
750:Renaissance style
654:Order of Santiago
642:Viceroy of Naples
638:Duke of Terranova
616:Viceroy of Naples
582:Casado del Alisal
479:Kingdom of Naples
450:First Italian War
438:Italian campaigns
424:Order of Santiago
397:Catholic Monarchs
361:Order of Santiago
297:Holy Roman Empire
237:Viceroy of Naples
233:"El Gran Capitán"
218:
217:
212:Viceroy of Naples
16:(Redirected from
1273:
1206:Spanish generals
1155:Duke of Montalto
1107:
1067:Spanish nobility
1063:
1011:
999:
984:
975:
966:
957:
946:
925:
916:
907:
879:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
843:
837:
834:
821:
818:
807:
804:
787:
781:
735:Amerigo Vespucci
720:Spanish infantry
677:Manrique de Lara
606:Garigliano River
493:defeated at the
413:guerilla fighter
283:, but also with
104:
75:1 September 1453
53:
39:
21:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1158:
1147:
1139:
1135:
1134:New creation by
1132:
1123:
1106:
1103:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1078:New creation by
1076:
990:
978:
969:
960:
949:
943:
928:
919:
910:
904:
891:
888:
883:
882:
877:
873:
865:
861:
853:
849:
844:
840:
835:
824:
819:
810:
805:
790:
782:
778:
773:
748:, was built in
710:(in this case,
689:
673:
618:
541:two-month siege
528:
511:
452:
440:
430:, the manor of
401:conquer Granada
389:José de Madrazo
373:
309:
301:Jerónimo Zurita
208:Other work
180:2nd Italian War
142:1st Italian War
89:
76:
65:El Gran Capitán
56:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1279:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:Dukes of Sessa
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:Dukes of Spain
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1144:Duke of Andría
1140:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1088:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1037:
1013:
1012:
1002:Chisholm, Hugh
988:
985:
976:
967:
958:
947:
941:
926:
917:
908:
903:978-0385534116
902:
887:
884:
881:
880:
871:
859:
857:, p. 171.
847:
838:
822:
808:
788:
775:
774:
772:
769:
761:Peninsular War
701:modern warfare
688:
685:
672:
669:
640:and appointed
617:
614:
527:
524:
510:
507:
451:
448:
439:
436:
372:
369:
308:
305:
216:
215:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
194:
188:
177:
176:
175:
164:
163:
162:
156:
150:
139:
134:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
98:
94:
93:
91:Granada, Spain
86:
82:
81:
73:
69:
68:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1168:
1167:
1166:Duke of Sessa
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:, Biblioteca
1024:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
986:
983:. Gale. 2000.
982:
977:
973:
968:
964:
959:
955:
954:
948:
944:
938:
934:
933:
927:
923:
918:
914:
909:
905:
899:
895:
890:
889:
885:
875:
872:
869:, p. 32.
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
817:
815:
813:
809:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
789:
786:
780:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
727:
725:
724:combined arms
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
693:
686:
684:
682:
678:
670:
668:
666:
662:
661:Duke of Sessa
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
627:
622:
615:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
595:
591:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
564:
560:
553:
548:
544:
542:
538:
533:
525:
523:
521:
517:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
461:
456:
449:
447:
445:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
386:
382:
377:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
213:
210:
206:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
173:
170:
169:
168:
165:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
99:
95:
92:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1129:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1090:
1073:
1040:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1005:
980:
971:
962:
952:
931:
921:
915:. Routledge.
912:
893:
874:
862:
850:
841:
806:Purcell 1962
784:
779:
754:
739:
728:
698:
674:
658:
635:
603:
593:
587:
574:d'Armagnac's
559:Frederick IV
556:
529:
512:
491:
483:Ferdinand II
471:Italian Wars
468:
444:Italian Wars
441:
421:
394:
342:
310:
289:Papal States
274:
247:
241:
232:
229:Italian Wars
220:
219:
126:Battles/wars
64:
36:
1191:1515 deaths
1186:1453 births
1085:Ferdinand V
855:Tucker 2015
820:Tucker 2015
759:during the
214:(1504–1507)
137:Granada War
61:Nickname(s)
1180:Categories
1110:as duchess
1104:y Manrique
1081:Isabella I
1049:8483074605
1035:848961945X
886:References
878:Lynch 1981
845:Rubin 1991
712:arquebuses
708:small arms
630:Manuel Oms
594:coronelías
537:Cephalonia
428:encomienda
307:Early life
197:Garigliano
97:Allegiance
1130:New title
1074:New title
705:gunpowder
532:Louis XII
481:ruled by
409:Montefrío
395:Once the
365:Ferdinand
349:civil war
258:Terranova
191:Cerignola
172:Kefalonia
113:1482–1504
1043:, 2002,
1029:, 2000,
994:(1911).
563:Barletta
520:arquebus
325:Enríquez
313:Montilla
295:and the
272:(1507).
266:Montalto
260:(1502),
256:(1497),
227:and the
147:Seminara
78:Montilla
1016:Spanish
1004:(ed.).
746:Granada
714:), the
665:malaria
632:, 1883)
417:Boabdil
383:at the
321:Aguilar
315:in the
277:Castile
249:tercios
121:General
80:, Spain
1047:
1033:
939:
900:
687:Legacy
626:Madrid
584:, 1866
530:After
432:Órgiva
407:, and
405:Illora
391:, 1838
291:, the
287:, the
285:France
281:Aragon
262:Andría
199:(1503)
193:(1503)
187:(1503)
174:(1500)
161:(1497)
155:(1496)
153:Atella
149:(1495)
1000:. In
771:Notes
765:Genil
580:, by
503:Ostia
426:, an
381:Moors
270:Sessa
159:Ostia
105:Spain
1083:and
1045:ISBN
1031:ISBN
937:ISBN
898:ISBN
469:The
279:and
268:and
185:Ruvo
118:Rank
85:Died
72:Born
744:in
387:by
1182::
825:^
811:^
791:^
543:.
340:.
264:,
239:.
945:.
906:.
628:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
