762:, and teeth grew continuously throughout an individual's life. Like some therapsids, while there was one functional canine, another canine was growing to replace it when it inevitably broke off. The left and right sides of the jaws did not have to be synchronous, so, for example, the first canine on the left side could be functional while the first canine on the right side was still growing. Such a method might have been in play so as always to have a set of functional canines, as having a single or no canines would have severely impeded hunting, and growing such large teeth took a long time. On the other hand, because the functional canine is typically found in the foremost tooth socket (instead of equal occurrence in either socket), it is possible that canine replacement occurred a finite number of times, and the animal would eventually be left with a single, permanent set of functional canines in these sockets. In 1984, British palaeontologists
2552:. Among the dirk-toothed cats, these predators are suggested to have killed with a well-placed slash to the throat after grappling prey, but gorgonopsians may have been less precise with bite placement, armed with reptilian jaws and tooth arrangements. Instead, gorgonopsians possibly used a bite-and-retreat tactic: the predator would ambush its quarry and take a sizable and debilitating bite out of it, and then follow as the prey tried to escape before succumbing to its injury, whereupon the gorgonopsian would deliver a killing bite. Because the postcanines are reduced or entirely absent, meat would have been forcibly torn away from the carcass and swallowed whole. This "puncture–pull" strategy is also hypothesised to have been used by theropod dinosaurs.
2453:
seasonal wet/dry system, but the swamps were connected to the temperate zones via coastal passages along East
Pangaea, allowing cross-continental migration from what is now South Africa to what is now Russia. Therapsids appear to have evolved in this seasonally humid/dry landscape, expanding even into the temperate zones. At this point, synapsids were the only large terrestrial animals of their environment; and pelycosaurs may not have been able to adapt to the aridification. At about the time of pelycosaur extinction, therapsids experienced a major adaptive
3094:, a therocephalian, or another gorgonopsian—or intraspecific face biting as is commonly exhibited in social predators—such as big cats or monitor lizards, and it has been suggested for several extinct lineages such as theropods, aquatic reptiles, and saber-toothed cats. Social biting is intended to assert dominance or facilitate breeding, and, if correct, suggests at least some Middle Permian gorgonopsians were social carnivores. The tooth was initially overlooked so it is unclear how common this pathology actually is.
7607:
2765:
2431:
124:
3017:
525:
7305:
152:
780:
7317:
8153:
2777:(to some degree, the feet were placed flat on the ground). These adaptations may have made gorgonopsians swifter and more agile than their prey. Gorgonopsians had rather nimble digits, indicative of grasping capability for both the hands and feet, possibly for grappling struggling prey to prevent excessive load bearing on, and consequential fracturing or breaking of, the canines while they were sunk into the victim.
8170:
7640:
7311:
672:
6784:
6017:
1254:"Gorgonopioidea" (families Gorgonopidae, Cyonosauridae, and Galesuchidae) and "Rubidgeoidea" (Rubidgeidae, Phtinosuchidae, and Inostranceviidae). In 2007, biologist Eva V. I. Gebauer, in her comprehensive review of Gorgonopsia (her PhD dissertation), rejected Ivakhnenko's model in favour of Sigogneau-Russell's, and further reduced the number of genera to fourteen in addition to the Russian genera:
2792:
588:
3108:
2486:
6789:
881:
2965:(generating their own body heat) or have had greater control over heat loss (that is, better homeothermy). The parasagittal gait may have aided the latter, as it would have kept most of the body off the ground as well as allowed blood to stay in the abdomen instead of having to circulate through the appendages, both of which would reduce heat transfer to the ground and stabilise
2556:
1170:
1042:, in the northwest of the country. The fossil material, although thin, is described in 2022 by paleontologists Jun Liu and Wan Yiang and confirms that it comes from a gorgonopsian dating from the Upper Permian that actually lived in present-day China. In 2003, Indian palaeontologists Sanghamitra Ray and Saswati Bandyopadhyay assigned some skull fragments from the Late Permian
3006:
2957:, and thus also enhanced ventilation for aerobic activity; but it could have instead been to increase acceleration or agility, which does not necessarily equate to intense aerobic activity, much like in crocodiles. Fibrous lamellar cortical bone, which all early therapsids had, would indicate an increased growth rate, but this may not be linked to metabolic rate.
1363:
6005:
2673:
1060:
1391:(family tree) of the members of Gorgonopsia was published in 2016 by American palaeontologist Christian F. Kammerer, who specifically investigated Rubidgeinae, and re-described both the subfamily and the nine species he assigned to it (reducing the number from thirty-six species). Kammerer also resurrected
2630:, and would have been able to rapidly clamp the jaws shut from a wide gape (which would have been necessary given the long canines). The even larger Rubidgeinae had extremely powerful, heavily built, buttressed skulls, with wide snouts, strongly flanged cheeks, and exceedingly long teeth; the sabres of
2702:
The gorgonopsian shoulder joint has a highly unusual configuration. The humeral head which connects to the shoulder is longer than the glenoid, so it could not fit into the cavity. Consequently, they may have been attached with a large mass of cartilage, with the humerus performing a rolling movement
1129:
lacked an opening in the temporal bone (temporal fenestra), which is a diagnostic feature of
Theriodontia, and so elevated Gorgonopsidae to Gorgonopsia, distinct from Theriodontia. He classified all South African materials bearing both reptilian and mammalian traits into the order "Theriosuchia", and
2960:
Modern large reptiles naturally give off body heat at a slower rate than smaller ones, and are considered "inertial homeotherms", but they maintain a low body temperature of 25–30 °C (77–86 °F). If therapsids required a higher body temperature of 35–40 °C (95–104 °F), they would
2952:
activity; gorgonopsians did not have a bony secondary palate, but possibly had one of soft tissue. Nonetheless, the secondary palate could have instead aided in eating large quantities of food at once rather than in ventilation. The reorganisation of the skeleton (from a sprawling to a parasagittal
2927:
bones) would have needed to become detached from the dentary (jawbone); the gorgonopsian fossil record seems to indicate the postdentary-dentary connection was reduced. Though, given the specialisations required for biting, the condition of an isolating quadrate in gorgonopsians could alternatively
2760:
force (drawing the legs closer to the body), useful in a sprawling gait. It is also conceivable that gorgonopsians primarily engaged this muscle while grappling struggling prey. The shins are relatively short compared to the femur, which suggests gorgonopsians were not well adapted for running long
2739:
at a wide range of angles. In 1982, palaeontologist Tom S. Kemp suggested that early theriodonts, including gorgonopsians, could place the femur at both a horizontal angle in a sprawling gait, as well as a more vertical angle in an erect gait. He compared the locomotory habits of these creatures to
2707:
to exert great force through the forelimb, such as when pinning down struggling prey, or holding down a carcass while ripping off flesh. If the humerus was positioned at a higher angle, this could have permitted enhanced extension forwards and backwards (along the long axis) and thus greater stride
1187:
and 29 genera. Many of Broom's taxa would later be invalidated. Many other contemporary workers created wholly new species or genera based on single specimens. Consequently, Gorgonopsia has been the subject of much taxonomic turmoil, and is one of the most problematic synapsid groups. Because the
3172:
deposits which form in climates with an average temperature of 16–20 °C (61–68 °F) and 100–500 mm (3.9–19.7 in) of seasonal rainfall. The gorgonopsian-bearing
Salarevskian Formation in western Russia was also probably deposited in a semi-arid environment with highly seasonal
2865:
2848:
are proportionally large, with an inner diameter of 1.5 cm (0.6 in) and outer diameter of 2.3 cm (0.9 in), compared to a diameter of 2.8 cm (1.1 in) for the orbit itself, which suggests it made predominantly nocturnal excursions. Among gorgonopsians, the rubidgeine
2535:
was double jointed and made up of somewhat mobile and rotatable bones, which would have allowed them to open their mouths incredibly wide—perhaps in excess of 90°—without having to unhinge the jaw. It has alternatively been suggested (first in 2002 by biologists Blaire Van
Valkenburgh and Tyson
2150:
Formations in North
America, and noted that pelycosaur diversity reduced from six to three in these formations, and that they coexisted with several fragmentary specimens which he interpreted as therapsids. He then suggested the adaptive shift from pelycosaur-grade to therapsid-grade took place
770:
suggested that the canines grew to match the size of the skull, and continually broke off until the animal stopped growing, and that gorgonopsians featured an early version of finite tooth replacement exhibited in many mammals. The tooth replacement patterns of the other teeth are unclear. The
2452:
habitats near the equator (fossils known within 10° of either side of the palaeoequator); beyond this to about 30° was an expansive desert which extended all the way to the coast, separating the swamps from the temperate regions. By the Middle
Permian, the equatorial forests had switched to a
315:
which were likely used as slashing and stabbing weapons. Postcanine teeth are generally reduced or absent. For hunting large prey, they possibly used a bite-and-retreat tactic, ambushing and taking a debilitating bite out of the target, and following it at a safe distance before its injuries
3089:
The adult snout SAM-PK-11490 from an indeterminate Middle
Permian gorgonopsian species has an imbedded tooth from an unidentifiable animal. The bone developed a callus around the tooth, indicating it healed and the individual survived the attack. It either came from a predator—namely a
722:, and some of them had a flange on the lower jaw to sheath the tip of the canine while the mouth was closed. Sabres are generally interpreted as having been used as stabbing or slashing weapons, which would have required an extremely wide gape. Both the upper and lower canines of
2596:(at the back of the skull), and across the cheekbones. The part anchored by the cheeks stabilised the jawbone and allowed it to move side-to-side while closing. This may have been very important in biting, as the cheekbones get stronger in tandem with the canines getting longer.
2523:
ridge, and it may have predominantly gone after prey it could swallow whole. Gorgonopsian taxa did coexist with each other—as many as seven at one time—and the fact that some rubidgeines possess postcanines while some other contemporary ones do not suggests that they practiced
2876:(which connect the nasal cavity to the throat); because respired air would not have passed through them, these are typically interpreted as having been olfactory turbinates, and would have given gorgonopsians a rather highly developed sense of smell. Gorgonopsians possessed a
1211:
in 1956, who split it into twenty families, of which the members of three (Burnetiidae, Hipposauridae, and
Phthinosuchidae) are not considered gorgonopsians anymore. In 1970 and again in 1989, predominantly considering African taxa, Sigogneau-Russell published a comprehensive
735:
than to other synapsids. The palate also features tuberosities and ridges which oftentimes have functional teeth, which may have been used to hold onto struggling prey, diverting these powerful forces away from the fragile canines. Similar ridges have been identified on the
5891:
Benoit, Julien; Kammerer, Christian F.; Dollman, Kathleen; Groenewald, David P.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2024). "Did gorgonopsians survive the end-Permian "Great Dying"? A re-appraisal of three gorgonopsian specimens (Therapsida, Theriodontia) reported from the
Triassic
1182:
The number of South
African genera rapidly grew in the 20th-century, headed principally by Broom, whose extensive work on the Karoo therapsids—from the beginning of his career in the country in 1897 to his death in 1951—led to his description of 57 gorgonopsian
2857:; Kammerer suggested that niche partitioning among rubidgeines (as there have been as many as seven different taxa coexisting in an area), in part, took the form of different species being active at different times of the day, but the sclerotic rings of only
553:
and earlier synapsids. This gait change in therapsids was possibly related to the reduction in tail size and phalangeal formula (the number of bones per digit, which for gorgonopsians was 2.3.4.5.3 like reptiles). Other developments included fibrous lamellar
2694:
on the shoulder blade is strongly angled tailwards, so the limbs had limited forward movement, and they may have had a short stride length. Lizards often move their spines side to side to increase stride length, but the more vertically orientated
548:
Like other Permian therapsids, gorgonopsians had developed several mammalian characteristics. These might have included a parasagittal gait (the limbs were vertically oriented and moved parallel to the spine) as opposed to the sprawling gait of
810:
The dorsals are spool-shaped and all appear about the same as each other. The spinous processes jut out steeply from the centra, and feature sharp keels on the front and back sides. Unlike eutheriodonts, gorgonopsians do not have distinguished
462:
are all very similar in appearance, and consequently many species have been named based on flimsy and likely age-related differences since their discovery in the late 19th century, and the group has been subject to several taxonomic revisions.
2740:
those of crocodilians, which utilise a sprawling gait over short distances, but switch to an erect one while running or moving over longer distances. Though the hip of the specimen GPIT/RE/7113 seems to be anatomically intermediate between
2703:
over the glenoid. This could theoretically make the angle between the humerus and the glenoid anywhere from 80 to 145° when facing the animal. If the angle was on the lower end, this would have been a rather firm joint, allowing the
642:
in the ear (which have to be oriented parallel to the ground), the head of the gorgonopsian specimen GPIT/RE/7124 would have tilted forward by about 41°, increasing the overlap between the visual fields of the two eyes and improving
544:
up to 3.5 m (11 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in body mass. Nonetheless, small gorgonopsians remained abundant until extinction (though small species may actually represent juvenile specimens of other taxa).
1046:
to a medium-sized gorgonopsian, though the gorgonopsian characteristics have also been documented in some therocephalians. In 2008, a large and probably rubidgeine upper jaw fragment and canine was identified at the Late Permian
2828:
in many early synapsids, stretching as far back as the Carboniferous, would suggest that the ability to venture out in low-light conditions evolved much earlier. Based on these aspects, the specimen SAM-PK-K10034 may have had
854:
strongly curve into each other, and the tibia is more robust than the fibula. The joint between the ankle and the heel bones may have been somewhat mobile. The fifth digit for both the hands and feet was not attached to the
1345:. In general, Sigogneau-Russell's model is supported, but there is little consensus on which genera can be assigned to which subfamilies. In 2015, American palaeontologist Christian F. Kammerer and colleagues redescribed
1096:
based on the anatomy of the nostrils (the bony narials)—"Mononarialia" for those with one opening in the skull for the nose as in mammals, "Binarialia" for those with two openings as in reptiles, and "Tectinarialia" for
815:. Nonetheless, the dorsals equating to that series are similar to the lumbars of sabre-toothed cats with steeply oriented zygopophases, useful in stabilising the lower back especially when pinning down struggling prey.
2772:
In regard to how the feet were placed on the ground, gorgonopsians are the only early therapsids which present ectataxony (the last digit bears the most weight), homopody (footprints and handprints look the same), and
570:
Anatomy varies incredibly little between gorgonopsians. Many species are distinguished by vague proportional differences, and consequently smaller species may actually represent juveniles of larger taxa. Notably, the
2498:
Gorgonopsians were likely active predators. The rubidgeines have an especially robust skull among gorgonopsians, comparable to those of enormous macropredators which use their skulls as their primary weapon, such as
2544:. This is exhibited in some modern deer species, but is difficult to test given the lack of living sabre-toothed synapsid predators. In sabre-toothed cats, long-sabred ("dirk-toothed") taxa are thought to have been
4739:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015). "New information on the morphology and stratigraphic range of the mid-Permian gorgonopsian Eriphostoma microdon Broom, 1911".
575:
at the tip of the snout varies among species in terms of the degree of its expansion, as well as the positions, degree of splay, and shape of the 3 ridges. They typically feature a long and narrow skull. Juvenile
2643:
Unlike mammalian carnivores, gorgonopsians (and therocephalians) had reduced or completely lacked postcanines, and the jaw likely could not exert shearing pressure necessary for crushing bones open to access the
799:. Like sabre-toothed cats, the neck is long with well-developed muscles, which would have been especially useful when the canines were sunk into an animal. Like other early synapsids, gorgonopsians have a single
5397:
Turner, J. Scott and Tracey, C. Richard (1986). "Body Size, Homeothermy and the Control of Body Heat in Mammal-like Reptiles". In Hotton, Nicholas III; MacLean, Paul D.; Roth, Jan J.; and Roth, E. Carol (eds.).
1033:
and Ai-Lin Sun found the assigned material to be a random assemblage of which only two have even a remote similarity to Gorgonopsia. In 2011, an incomplete set of teeth were discovered in a locality within the
2690:. They are thought to have been able to move with an erect gait similar to that used by crocodilians, the limbs positioned almost vertically as opposed to horizontally as in the sprawling gait of lizards. The
2155:); however, the classification of those "therapsids" and the age of the formations have since been challenged. Thus, the exact timing of the therapsid takeover is unclear, but the six major therapsid groups (
2948:(maintenance of a high body temperature). The evolution of a secondary palate, and the separation of the mouth from the nasal cavity, may have increased ventilation efficiency associated with high levels of
803:, and the articulation (the joints) of the cervical vertebrae is overall reptilian, permitting side-to-side movement of the head but restricting up-and-down motion. The last cervical is shaped more like the
2973:, which help retain moisture while breathing in large quantities of air, and its evolution is typically associated with the beginning of "mammalian" oxygen consumption rates and the origins of endothermy.
3233:
caused rapid aridification due to: temperature spike (as much as 8–10 °C at the equator, with average equatorial temperatures of 32–35 °C, or 90–95 °F, at the beginning of the Triassic),
2619:
had a box-like skull and resultantly powerful snout, which would have allowed strong bending and torsion movements, and a combination of both KI and SP bite elements. Even bigger gorgonopsians, such as
2648:. It has largely been unclear if bone marrow had even evolved yet in Permian synapsids (fish and many amphibians lack this in present day), but in 2021 it was shown that the Early Permian amphibians
2812:
on the top of the head, which is used to detect daylight (and thus, the optimal temperature to be active). It is possible that other theriodonts lost this due to the evolution of either endothermy,
316:
exhausted it, whereupon the gorgonopsian would grapple the animal and deliver a killing bite. They would have had an exorbitant gape, possibly in excess of 90°, without having to unhinge the jaw.
5783:
Looy, Cindy V.; Ranks, Stephanie L.; Chaney, Dan S.; Sanchez, Sophie; Steyer, Jean-Sébastien; Smith, Roger M.H.; Sidor, Christian A.; Myers, Timothy S.; Ide, Oumarou; Tabor, Neil J. (June 2016).
538:
Earlier gorgonopsids in the Middle Permian were quite small, with skull lengths of 10–15 cm (4–6 in), whereas some later genera attained massive, bear-like sizes with the largest being
1242:. Sigogneau-Russell split Gorgonopidae into three subfamilies—Gorgonopsinae, Rubidgeinae, and Inostranceviinae—and reduced the number of genera to twenty-three. In 2002, Russian palaeontologist
3074:
coating. They are roughly circular—with diameters varying from 0.3–3.9 mm (0.012–0.154 in)—though they become less circular at around the middle point of the root until passing the
5673:
Wilson, Andrew; Flint, Stephen; Payenberg, Tobias; Tohver, Eric; Lanci, Luca (2014). "Architectural Styles and Sedimentology of the Fluvial Lower Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin, South Africa".
3062:
The labial (lip/cheek) side of the tooth root of a functional canine of RB382 presents as many as 8 lesions, clustering along the midline of the tooth, which resemble miniature teeth with a
2708:
length, useful in an attack or short chases. The shoulder blade expands off to the sides of the animal (protrudes laterally), also providing a large attachment for the deltoids. All the
2969:. The reduced tail would have also reduced the total surface area of the animal, further minimising heat loss. Among therapsids, only eutheriodonts (not gorgonopsians) have respiratory
2752:
somewhat reduced—the puboischiofemoralis muscle (a large muscle carried only by reptiles which runs from the pelvis to the femur) extensively attached to the underside of the pubis and
2572:
Gorgonopsians, along with other early carnivores as well as crocodiles, predominantly relied on "Kinetic-Inertial system" (KI) of biting down onto prey, in which the pterygoid and
2472:(which began to greatly increase in size) and the smaller therocephalians. The rubidgeans were the most derived gorgonopsians, and consequently the most massive and heavily built.
2584:
of the jaws and teeth to grapple the victim. Mammalian carnivores, including sabre-toothed cats, instead rely mainly on the "Static-Pressure system" (SP) where the temporalis and
2588:
produce a strong bite force to kill prey. The temporalis and masseter had only separated in mammals, and gorgonopsians instead had a muscle stretching from the underside of the
2712:
had strongly developed attachments, particularly the deltoids. When extending the forelimbs, the deltoids may have raised the front side (anterior margin) of the humerus, and
2813:
3662:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank E.; Asher, Robert J. (eds.).
5202:"The Sixth Sense in Mammalian Forerunners: Variability of the Parietal Foramen and the Evolution of the Pineal Eye in South African Permo-Triassic Eutheriodont Therapsids"
410:
which are not therapsids). The therapsid takeover from pelycosaurs took place by the Middle Permian as the world progressively became drier. Gorgonopsians rose to become
5898:
5789:
1451:, which is in the outclade) form a completely separate clade from the African taxa. Also in 2018, palaeobiologist Eva-Maria Bendel, Kammerer, and colleagues resurrected
351:, and thus were probably comparatively less active. Though gorgonopsians were able to maintain a rather high body temperature, it is unclear if they would have also had
5056:
Estefa, Jordi; Tafforeau, Paul; Clement, Alice M.; Klembara, Jozef; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Berruyer, Camille; and Sanchez, Sophie (2021). Tautz, Diethard (ed.).
2460:
Throughout the Middle Permian, the often gigantic dinocephalians were the dominant animals of their ecosystems. They disappear from the fossil record during the
5151:
Marchetti, Lorenzo; Klein, Hendrik; Buchwitz, Michael; Ronchi, Ausonio; Smith, Roger M. H.; De Klerk, William J.; Sciscio, Lara; Groenewald, Gideon H. (2019).
3262:. Among therapsids, small therocephalians and large herbivorous anomodonts managed to cross the Permian–Triassic boundary, and survived respectively until the
2888:; unlike dicynodonts and therocephalians, there seems to have been a canal connecting the organ with the mouth, indicating it was functional in gorgonopsians.
5399:
709:. They had five incisors in the upper jaw (for most, the first three were the same size as each other, and the last two were shorter) and four on the bottom.
3086:, which previously only extended a few million years back in the fossil record. At 255 million years old, RB382 presents the oldest-known case of odontoma.
5764:
3797:
2130:" and the derived Therapsida. The former comprises cold-blooded creatures with a sprawling gait and presumably lower metabolism which evolved in the
5483:"Investigation of a bone lesion in a gorgonopsian (Synapsida) from the Permian of Zambia and periosteal reactions in fossil non-mammalian tetrapods"
2786:
4046:"Range of Movement in Ray I of Manus and Pes and the Prehensility of the Autopodia in the Early Permian to Late Cretaceous Non-Anomodont Synapsida"
307:, roughly between 265 and 252 million years ago. They are characterised by a long and narrow skull, as well as elongated upper and sometimes lower
3152:
were the most abundant in the gorgonopsian-bearing Russian formations. During the Upper Permian, the South African Beaufort Group was a semi-arid
2980:(small holes which confer with blood vessels), which could potentially point to the existence of loose skin (as opposed to scales), hair, various
3242:
as low as 2 or 3 during eruption and 4 globally, and the subsequent dearth of forests for the first 10 million years of the Triassic), frequent
1188:
skull anatomy differs very little across taxa, many are defined based on vague proportional differences, including even the well-known members.
8298:
4887:
Day, Michael O.; Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel A.; Sadler, Peter M.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Abdala, Fernando; and Rubidge, Bruce S. (2015).
3825:"Aspects of gorgonopsian paleobiology and evolution: insights from the basicranium, occiput, osseous labyrinth, vasculature, and neuroanatomy"
3222:
2448:
The Permian progressively became dryer and dryer. In the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian, pelycosaurs seem to have clung to the everwet
467:
7676:
4955:
4614:
3901:
3976:
Van Valkenburgh, Blaire and Jenkins, Ian (2002). "Evolutionary Patterns in the History of Permo-Triassic and Cenozoic Synapsid Predators".
2615:, had long robust snouts with strongly flared cheeks, which would have supported strong pterygoids and a powerful KI bite. The medium-size
1051:
in Niger (one of the few low-latitude Late Permian tetrapod-bearing formations), and is the first evidence of a low-latitude gorgonopsian.
728:
were elongated, and the animal would have needed an even greater gape. The serration pattern of gorgonopsians was most similar to those of
3430:
specimen shows that some gorgonopsians were already larger in size during the Middle Permian, without, however, reaching similar sizes to
319:
They markedly increased in size as time went on, growing from small skull lengths of 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in the Middle Permian to
8308:
6049:
5721:
Smith, Roger M. H. (1987). "Morphology and depositional history of exhumed Permian point bars in the southwestern Karoo, South Africa".
5153:"Permian-Triassic vertebrate footprints from South Africa: Ichnotaxonomy, producers and biostratigraphy through two major faunal crises"
4889:"When and how did the terrestrial mid-Permian mass extinction occur? Evidence from the tetrapod record of the Karoo Basin, South Africa"
2940:
A major anatomical shift occurred between earlier pelycosaurs and therapsids, which is postulated to have been related to an increasing
4593:
Kammerer, Christian F. (2014), "Theriodontia: Introduction", in Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Fröbisch, Jörg (eds.),
4667:
4641:
4361:
712:
In the majority of gorgonopsians, the incisors were large, and the upper canines were elongated into sabres, much like those of later
2992:; however, some reptiles present a similar patterning of foramina, which are instead related to dental development rather than skin.
5467:
3671:
3571:
1081:
reptiles, despite bearing teeth resembling those of carnivorous mammals. He proposed classifying all of them under the newly coined
5318:
Hillenius, Willem J. (2000). "Septomaxilla of nonmammalian synapsids: Soft-tissue correlates and a new functional interpretation".
4482:
327:, were the most robust of the group and could produce especially powerful bites. Gorgonopsians are thought to have been completely
2907:), allowing the quadrate to independently vibrate to a degree. This may have allowed the detection of air-borne sounds with a low
5760:"Upper Permian paleosols (Salarevskian Formation) in the central part of the Russian Platform: Paleoecology and paleoenvironment"
3453:
2461:
1192:
are distinguished predominantly by traits which are known to be quite variable depending on the age of the individual, including
963:
415:
7606:
5723:
5675:
4302:
1443:
Rubidgeini pending further examination. In 2018, Kammerer and Russian palaeontologist Vladimir Masyutin identified a new genus
4449:"Researches on the structure, organization, and classification of the fossil reptilia.—Part IX. section 1. On the Therosuchia"
2603:(which may actually represent a juvenile of a different species), had gracile skulls and sabres, and may have acted much like
8303:
3051:. This specific condition as well as the fast growth rate are more reminiscent of mammals and dinosaurs than crocodilians or
2183:
5331:
970:, and it is one of the best known and largest gorgonopsians. Since then, only a few more Russian taxa have been described:
2872:
Gorgonopsians have a rather short nasal cavity, like pelycosaurs, but it features abundant longitudinal ridges behind the
2976:
If gorgonopsians were inertial homeotherms, it is not impossible that they had hair. The snout is typically riddled with
422:
and some large therocephalians after the Middle Permian. Despite the existence of a single continent during the Permian,
2929:
1204:
4403:
3025:
SAM-PK-11490 with an imbedded tooth wound (above), and speculative reconstruction of gorgonopsian social biting (below)
2531:
The elongated canines have generally been thought to have been instrumental in their hunting tactics. The gorgonopsian
635:
451:
3270:, but only small-bodied species of cynodonts survived into the Jurassic, whose descendants would include mammals. The
2699:
connecting the vertebrae in gorgonopsians would have made the spine more rigid and stable, encumbering such movement.
2172:
771:
postcanine teeth were replaced more slowly than the other teeth, likely due to their lack of functional significance.
7316:
7304:
5581:"The First Healed Bite Mark and Embedded Tooth in the Snout of a Middle Permian Gorgonopsian (Synapsida: Therapsida)"
4790:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2022). "The earliest gorgonopsians from the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
151:
4112:
Descriptive and illustrated catalogue of the fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the collection of the British museum
4110:
791:(in the neck) are all the same size as each other except for the last one, which is shorter and lower; there is one
5408:
4006:
Kermack, K. A. (1956). "Tooth replacement in mammal-like reptiles of the suborders Gorgonopsia and Therocephalia".
2881:
2189:, roughly dating a little later to the Wordian/Capitanian boundary, is the oldest identifiable gorgonopsian taxon.
7669:
3137:. Through the Middle to Upper Permian, in South Africa the dicynodonts were the most common animals, whereas the
3035:(a forearm bone) of the gorgonopsian specimen NHCC LB396 presents a circular bony lesion, featuring irregular-to-
4483:"The Reptilian Subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the Early History of the Diaptosauria. Volume I. Part VIII"
3160:) rivers and floodplains draining water sources much farther north into the Karoo Sea, with some occurrences of
2515:, instead probably used their canines for slashing, much more similar to sabre-toothed cats. The postcanines of
6128:
4215:
3388:
1154:, to house the "mammal-like reptiles", including Theriodontia. He also challenged Seeley's claim and relegated
1030:
8152:
4382:
3799:
Phylogeny and Evolution of the Gorgonopsia with a Special Reference to the Skull and Skeleton of GPIT/RE/7113
8293:
6155:
6042:
4712:
4297:
3368:
2713:
2532:
6009:
3396:
3332:
2764:
2430:
8190:
7508:
7310:
6783:
5943:"Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution"
4478:
4196:
3488:
Bendel, Eva-Maria; Kammerer, Christian F.; Kardjilov, Nikolay; Fernandez, Vincent; Fröbisch, Jörg (2018).
3344:
2687:
1251:
1135:
328:
293:
7853:
3348:
1291:
8260:
7415:
7389:
5461:
3823:
Araújo, Ricardo; Fernandez, Vincent; Polcyn, Michael J.; Fröbisch, Jörg; and Martins, Rui M. S. (2017).
3642:
3604:(Synapsida, Gorgonopsidae), and reflections on the possible presence of streptostyly in gorgonopsians".
3449:
3408:
3392:
2728:
2709:
2454:
1436:
1246:, considering the Russian taxa, instead considered Gorgonopsia a suborder, and grouped it together with
4265:"A gorgonopsian from the Wutonggou Formation (Changhsingian, Permian) of Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China"
2152:
626:
was also rather reptilian, and is also comparatively smaller and not as thick as those of mammals. The
470:
taking place at the very end of the Permian, in which major volcanic activity (which would produce the
4537:
3646:
3356:
1026:
607:
8288:
8247:
8173:
7662:
7473:
7441:
5907:
5847:
5798:
5684:
5164:
4984:
4840:"The origin and early radiation of the therapsid mammal-like reptiles: a palaeobiological hypothesis"
4799:
4749:
4676:
4511:
4370:
4311:
4229:
4057:
4015:
3613:
3505:
3295:
2821:
2721:
2139:
652:
247:
6788:
4428:
4357:"The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Permian of Niger. VI. First evidence of a gorgonopsian therapsid"
2171:. The oldest gorgonopsian specimen is a partial snout belonging to an undeterminable genus from the
7531:
3075:
2954:
2864:
2147:
2143:
2131:
928:
639:
584:(at the back of the skull) is rectangular (wider than tall) and concave, as opposed to triangular.
243:
138:
5836:"Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction"
5363:"The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure"
3806:
323:-like proportions of up to 60 cm (2 ft) in the Upper Permian. The latest gorgonopsians,
123:
7758:
7643:
7190:
7049:
7002:
6035:
5982:
5923:
5816:
5740:
5700:
5449:
5343:
5223:
5182:
4869:
4815:
4765:
4692:
4386:
4327:
4245:
3577:
2920:
2525:
1243:
1043:
698:
447:
372:
146:
5736:
5109:"Evolution of bone microanatomy of the tetrapod tibia and its use in palaeobiological inference"
3246:(though they were already rather common throughout the Permian), and potential breakdown of the
1015:
Gorgonopsians are conspicuously absent beyond these two areas. In 1979, Chinese palaeontologist
927:), meaning 'aspect'. In Africa, gorgonopsians have also been found in Karoo outcroppings in the
8265:
3125:
Following the extinction of the dinocephalians and (in South Africa) the basal therocephalians
2808:
Unlike eutheriodonts, but like some ectothermic creatures today, all gorgonopsians possessed a
524:
7130:
7103:
5974:
5873:
5655:
5561:
5512:
5335:
5272:
5133:
5089:
5012:
4951:
4941:
4918:
4861:
4721:
4637:
4610:
4407:
4176:
4085:
3953:
3897:
3856:
3745:
3667:
3567:
3533:
3352:
3083:
3016:
2877:
2717:
2573:
2545:
2541:
2468:. The exact cause of their extinction is unclear, but they were replaced by gorgonopsians and
2167:, Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia, and Cynodontia) had evolved by 265 million years ago during the
1197:
1184:
1035:
860:
800:
788:
713:
392:
8228:
6021:
4971:
Randau, Marcela; Carbone, Chris; and Turvey, Samuel T. (2013). Evans, Alistair Robert (ed.).
4430:
Catalogue of the fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British Museum (Natural history) Part IV
3922:"Convergent dental adaptations in the serrations of hypercarnivorous synapsids and dinosaurs"
3407:
In more recent classifications, the family Gorgonopsidae is generally defined to exclude the
331:
and could walk with a semi-erect gait, with a similar terrestrial locomotory range as modern
7160:
6899:
6759:
6402:
5964:
5954:
5915:
5863:
5855:
5806:
5732:
5692:
5645:
5635:
5613:
5592:
5551:
5543:
5502:
5494:
5441:
5377:
5327:
5300:
5262:
5254:
5213:
5172:
5123:
5079:
5069:
5002:
4992:
4945:
4908:
4900:
4851:
4807:
4757:
4684:
4602:
4549:
4460:
4424:
4378:
4319:
4278:
4237:
4166:
4156:
4075:
4065:
4023:
3985:
3943:
3933:
3889:
3846:
3836:
3735:
3725:
3709:
3621:
3559:
3523:
3513:
3328:
2966:
2949:
2816:
in the eyes—in tandem with the loss of colour vision and a shift to nocturnal life—or both.
2537:
2218:
2135:
1196:
size, snout length, and number of postcanine teeth. Thus, it is possible that some taxa are
1110:
1093:
1048:
898:
819:
812:
804:
779:
644:
559:
431:
427:
388:
380:
923:
7226:
7069:
7009:
6869:
6825:
6113:
5481:
Kato, Kyle M.; Rega, Elizabeth A.; Sidor, Christian A.; and Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2020).
3881:
3551:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3324:
3271:
3263:
3210:
3185:
at higher elevations. The Moradi Formation was an arid desert, primarily dominated by the
3126:
3036:
2970:
2841:
2837:
2585:
2566:
2549:
1440:
1235:
1193:
1189:
1138:
completely reworked the classification of Reptilia in 1903, and erected two major groups:
1089:
1082:
792:
767:
615:
501:
5107:
Kriloff, A.; Germain, D.; Canoville, A.; Vincent, P.; Sache, M. & Laurin, M. (2008).
5911:
5851:
5802:
5688:
5168:
4988:
4803:
4753:
4680:
4636:. Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology. Vol. 17 B/I. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
4374:
4315:
4233:
4061:
4019:
3617:
3509:
2853:
has unusually small sclerotic rings, indicating it had photopic vision and was strictly
8129:
8022:
7906:
7554:
7485:
7183:
7112:
7032:
6995:
6953:
6944:
6696:
6600:
6545:
6534:
6491:
6457:
6367:
6242:
6140:
5969:
5942:
5868:
5835:
5650:
5617:
5556:
5531:
5507:
5482:
5267:
5242:
5084:
5057:
5007:
4972:
4913:
4888:
4553:
4171:
4136:
4080:
4045:
3948:
3921:
3851:
3824:
3740:
3713:
3528:
3489:
3427:
3372:
3336:
3267:
3259:
3230:
3226:
3052:
2900:
2895:, unlike earlier pelycosaurs, indicated by the reduction of the connection between the
2868:
Early mammal (above) vs. pelycosaur (below) jaw configuration with relevance to hearing
2830:
2825:
2802:
2704:
2691:
2661:
2656:
2593:
2581:
2507:
dinosaurs. Less robust gorgonopsians with longer canines and much weaker bite, such as
2465:
2442:
2330:
1866:
1590:
1405:
1016:
972:
955:
894:
796:
581:
497:
475:
471:
419:
411:
300:
39:
5362:
5108:
4569:"A review of Robert Broom's therapsid holotypes: Have they survived the test of time?"
4323:
4241:
2861:
among this subfamily have been identified, making this hypothesis highly speculative.
8282:
8015:
7984:
7899:
7628:
7497:
7256:
7248:
7169:
7119:
7089:
7079:
7016:
6876:
6834:
6631:
6616:
6589:
6568:
6430:
6423:
6339:
5927:
5820:
5744:
5704:
5382:
5186:
5128:
4973:"Canine Evolution in Sabretoothed Carnivores: Natural Selection or Sexual Selection?"
4856:
4839:
4819:
4811:
4769:
4696:
4658:
4390:
4356:
4331:
4249:
3877:
3581:
3432:
3422:
3300:
3186:
3134:
3112:
3056:
3032:
2911:
of less than 1 mm (0.039 in), but the eardrum would have been supported by
2896:
2636:
2438:
2343:
2280:
1842:
1659:
1607:
1459:
1325:
1239:
1159:
932:
763:
718:
706:
555:
540:
530:
344:
304:
133:
81:
5785:"Biological and physical evidence for extreme seasonality in central Permian Pangea"
5759:
5347:
5243:"Nocturnality in synapsids predates the origin of mammals by over 100 million years"
5227:
4710:
Ivakhnenko, Mikhail F. (2002). "Taxonomy of East European Gorgonopia (Therapsida)".
4448:
1203:
Among the first attempts to organise the clade was carried out by British zoologist
671:
8136:
8107:
8090:
8063:
7942:
7881:
7832:
7633:
7623:
7587:
7447:
7404:
7378:
7240:
7176:
6981:
6967:
6960:
6883:
6855:
6582:
6498:
6437:
6381:
6374:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6267:
5986:
4873:
4533:
4507:
4444:
4106:
3625:
3340:
3254:
bombardment by 400% at the equator and 5000% at the poles). A possible specimen of
3251:
3191:
3130:
3091:
3071:
3063:
2885:
2797:
2749:
2745:
2732:
2305:
2268:
2255:
2243:
2160:
2156:
2127:
1915:
1815:
1510:
1399:
1377:
1319:
1268:
1247:
1208:
1175:
1147:
1122:
1118:
1085:
1021:
1008:
984:
902:
827:
759:
737:
694:
677:
651:, the semi-circular canals are flat, probably because they were wedged between the
611:
596:
435:
384:
308:
222:
43:
2791:
587:
335:. They may have been more agile than their prey items, but were probably inertial
5919:
5811:
5784:
5200:
Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Manger, Paul R.; and Rubidge, Bruce S. (2016).
5058:"New light shed on the early evolution of limb-bone growth plate and bone marrow"
4997:
4606:
4282:
4070:
3518:
638:(which stabilises gaze while moving the head). Judging by the orientation of the
8222:
8114:
8100:
8002:
7991:
7963:
7920:
7913:
7846:
7839:
7430:
7233:
7212:
6988:
6848:
6841:
6806:
6749:
6739:
6667:
6575:
6470:
6298:
6276:
6257:
5547:
4269:
4008:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
3893:
3437:
3247:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3118:
3107:
3044:
2985:
2945:
2932:(rotatable quadrate) in order to widen the gape rather than facilitate hearing.
2774:
2696:
2645:
2561:
2490:
2485:
1828:
1765:
1676:
1566:
1542:
1411:
1351:(which was labelled as an indeterminate theriodont) as a gorgonopsian, and sunk
1347:
1303:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1227:
1065:
990:
978:
746:
741:
492:
487:
458:. These places were semi-arid areas with highly seasonal rainfall. Gorgonopsian
352:
336:
324:
56:
6016:
5031:
4568:
1166:
skull discovered by the Reverend John H. Whaits, Broom reinstated Gorgonopsia.
880:
8056:
8049:
8040:
8029:
7727:
7577:
7567:
7520:
7347:
7334:
7268:
7198:
7146:
6930:
6862:
6709:
6624:
6609:
6519:
6512:
6484:
6409:
6395:
4464:
3989:
3320:
3258:
suggests that some smaller taxa may have survived up to the latest Permian or
3202:
3197:
3174:
3138:
3040:
2981:
2941:
2924:
2854:
2809:
2736:
2626:
2589:
2555:
2469:
2449:
2358:
2230:
1980:
1939:
1890:
1447:
as the basalmost known gorgonopsians, and found that all Russian taxa (except
1393:
1373:
1368:
1337:
1331:
1217:
1169:
1151:
1078:
835:
751:
686:
631:
403:
368:
340:
332:
209:
101:
66:
8213:
5597:
5580:
5177:
5152:
4725:
3920:
Whitney, M. R.; LeBlanc, A. R. H.; Reynolds, A. R.; and Brink, K. S. (2020).
1162:, dissolving Gorgonopsia. In 1913, especially in light of an almost complete
8121:
7977:
7970:
7956:
7874:
7867:
7743:
7718:
7364:
7219:
6920:
6645:
6505:
6416:
6360:
6353:
6291:
6221:
6208:
6167:
6058:
5622:
gen. et sp. nov.) from the Permian Kotelnich locality, Kirov Region, Russia"
4598:
4355:
Smiley, Tara M.; Sidor, Christian A.; Maga, Abdoulaye; Ide, Oumarou (2008).
3563:
3445:
3364:
3360:
3275:
3235:
3178:
3165:
3157:
3048:
2962:
2912:
2908:
2817:
2757:
2716:
lowered the back side (posterior margin). When retracting the forelimb, the
2650:
2293:
2205:
2164:
1741:
1717:
1693:
1486:
1453:
1388:
1313:
1231:
1213:
1143:
1002:
996:
907:
886:
660:
656:
627:
623:
603:
599:
550:
505:
479:
402:
The major therapsid groups had all evolved by 275 million years ago from a "
376:
296:
196:
163:
106:
50:
5978:
5959:
5877:
5859:
5758:
Yakimenko, Elena; Inozemtsev, Svyatoslav A.; Naugolnykh, Sergey V. (2004).
5659:
5565:
5516:
5498:
5339:
5276:
5258:
5218:
5201:
5137:
5093:
5016:
4922:
4904:
4865:
4180:
4089:
4027:
3957:
3938:
3860:
3749:
3537:
3221:
Most gorgonopsians went extinct at the end of the Upper Permian during the
3043:, which grew rapidly over a single growing season. This is consistent with
2548:, whereas short-toothed ("scimitar-toothed") taxa are thought to have been
2519:
were replaced by a smooth ridge unlike dicynodonts which have a blade-like
430:(primarily in South Africa, but also in Tanzania, Zambia, and Malawi), the
17:
6004:
4298:"Late Permian vertebrate community of the Pranhita–Godavari valley, India"
3005:
1457:. In 2022, Kammerer and fellow palaeontologist Bruce S. Rubidge described
1362:
749:(the latest gorgonopsians) did not have postcanines in the lower jaw, and
8239:
8207:
8070:
7709:
7205:
7059:
6974:
6729:
6719:
6652:
6638:
6561:
6554:
6309:
6284:
6088:
6082:
4135:
Kammerer, Christian F. and Masyutin, Vladimir (2018). Young, Mark (ed.).
3283:
3279:
3243:
3079:
2977:
2916:
2678:
2577:
2536:
Secco, though in reference to cats) that sabres evolved primarily due to
2504:
2500:
2434:
1963:
1381:
1222:
1139:
1131:
1039:
732:
729:
724:
702:
513:
509:
483:
439:
407:
348:
183:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
5941:
Sookias, Roland B.; Butler, Richard J.; and Benson, Roger B. J. (2012).
5696:
5074:
4634:
Theriodontia I: Phthinosuchia, Biarmosuchia, Eotitanosuchia, Gorgonopsia
7949:
6388:
6097:
5640:
5453:
4950:. Bloomington, Indiana: University of Indiana Press. pp. 204–207.
4220:
4161:
3841:
3730:
3182:
3169:
3067:
2989:
2892:
2753:
2672:
2520:
2168:
1782:
1158:
back to Theriodontia, but he placed it into his newly erected subgroup
959:
940:
843:
831:
690:
619:
423:
396:
360:
356:
312:
286:
111:
86:
5304:
4761:
1059:
606:, has a relatively large hindbrain compared to the forebrain, a large
7703:
7537:
6527:
6076:
2904:
2873:
2748:
expanded more in the headwards direction than the tailwards, and the
2604:
951:
944:
936:
916:
912:
856:
851:
842:
is slightly s-shaped, and is short but longer and slenderer than the
823:
648:
580:
appear to have had snouts wider than long. Unlike eutheriodonts, the
364:
280:
276:
173:
8184:
5445:
4688:
4264:
2624:, had a shorter and more convex snout like the earlier sphenecodont
2134:. Through the middle to late 20th-century, American palaeontologist
5332:
10.1002/1097-4687(200007)245:1<29::AID-JMOR3>3.0.CO;2-B
5294:
4194:
Young, Chung C. (1979). "A Late Permian fauna from Jiyuan, Henan".
1220:), and recognised only two families: Watongiidae and Gorgonopidae.
1077:
and several other taxa he described from the Karoo Supergroup were
716:. Some gorgonopsians had exceptionally long upper canines, such as
6346:
5626:
3206:
3106:
2891:
Early theriodonts (including gorgonopsians) may have possessed an
2863:
2790:
2763:
2671:
2554:
2484:
2429:
2115:
Phylogeny of Gorgonopsia according to Kammerer and Rubidge (2022)
1361:
1168:
1106:
1058:
879:
847:
839:
778:
745:. The postcanine teeth were reduced in both size and number; many
670:
586:
572:
523:
459:
455:
443:
289:
8252:
3420:
The publication in 2022 of the official description of the genus
3133:, gorgonopsians evolved from small and uncommon forms into large
591:
Gorgonopsian brain reconstruction (A. top, B. side, C. underside)
562:
separating the mouth from the nasal cavity, prohibiting chewing.
359:
and related structures). Their brains were reminiscent of modern
5530:
Whitney, Megan R.; Mose, Larry; and Sidor, Christian A. (2017).
2953:
gait) has been postulated to be indicative of the presence of a
1200:
with each other, and represent different stages of development.
864:
320:
8188:
7696:
7658:
7332:
6804:
6206:
6069:
6031:
2820:
behaviour has long been assumed to have originated in mammals (
893:
In 1876, the first gorgonopsian remains were identified in the
826:
by the first vertebra. The pelvis is reptilian, with separated
7654:
3884:(1984). "Dentitions, Tooth-Replacement and Jaw Articulation".
2608:
1250:
into the order "Gorgodontia". He divided Gorgonopsia into the
681:
showing tooth arrangement, dual canines, and canine root depth
4218:; Sun, Ai-Lin (1981). "A brief review of Chinese synapsids".
6027:
5432:
Van Velan, Leigh (September 1960). "Therapsids as Mammals".
4538:"On the Gorgonopsia, a Suborder of the Mammal-like Reptiles"
3805:(PhD). Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen. Archived from
1109:
for "covered, roofed, decked"). In 1890, English naturalist
4632:
Sigogneau-Russell, Denise (1989). Wellnhofer, Peter (ed.).
3600:
Laurin, Michel (1998). "New data on the cranial anatomy of
3239:
3225:, which was primarily caused by volcanism which formed the
3181:
plants in coastal areas, as well as more drought-resistant
3055:. Among early synapsids, the only other pathology noted is
3039:
spikes made of cortical bone surrounded by a thin layer of
2494:
has the proportionally longest canines of any gorgonopsian.
1101:
because its opening was overshadowed by a thick bone roof (
5579:
Benoit, Julien; Browning, Claire; Norton, Luke A. (2021).
5296:
Nasal turbinates and the evolution of mammalian endothermy
3714:"Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)"
3556:
Vertebrate Evolution: From Origins to Dinosaurs and Beyond
618:, and an overall elongated shape; all-in-all resembling a
558:
and deeply-set teeth. Like reptiles, gorgonopsians lack a
27:
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
4383:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[543:TVFOTU]2.0.CO;2
3554:(18 April 2022). "20. Synapsids: The Origin of Mammals".
2464:
caused by volcanic activity which has formed the Chinese
3205:, and has environmentally been compared to the interior
466:
Most gorgonopsians became extinct during a phase of the
5532:"Odontoma in a 255-Million-Year-Old Mammalian Forebear"
4627:
4625:
4296:
Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (March 2003).
2664:(red blood cell-producing) bone marrow in their limbs.
2126:
Synapsida has traditionally been split into the basal "
5612:
Kammerer, Christian F. and Masyutin, Vladimir (2018).
3274:
gorgonopsians left open were eventually filled by the
2138:
investigated synapsid diversity in the Middle Permian
2844:. The diameters of the sclerotic rings for the small
1121:
of the family Gorgonopsidae. British palaeontologist
1092:
Reptilia). He decided to subdivide Theriodontia into
901:
of South Africa, by the biologist and paleontologist
478:
caused rapid aridification due to temperature spike,
7583:
7573:
7563:
7494:
7459:
7427:
7401:
7375:
7360:
7157:
7142:
7100:
7085:
7075:
7065:
7055:
7045:
6941:
6926:
6916:
6822:
6755:
6745:
6735:
6725:
6715:
6705:
6467:
6254:
6238:
3078:. This is roughly consistent with the human ailment
2457:(all carnivores) continuing into the Upper Permian.
371:(active during the day) though some could have been
8197:
8088:
8039:
8001:
7930:
7891:
7816:
7769:
7742:
7552:
7519:
7493:
7484:
7458:
7426:
7400:
7374:
7345:
7267:
7156:
7129:
7099:
7030:
6940:
6897:
6821:
6694:
6666:
6599:
6544:
6466:
6455:
6308:
6266:
6253:
6219:
6166:
6139:
6112:
4115:. Printed by order of the Trustees. pp. 27–29.
2814:
intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells
2686:Gorgonopsians are considered to have been strictly
2559:Reconstruction of a gorgonopsian chasing a herd of
2178:of the Karoo Basin, roughly dating to the Wordian.
966:. In a posthumous publication, it was described as
4659:"A reevaluation of the enigmatic Permian synapsid
3971:
3969:
3967:
3164:after sudden, heavy rainfall; the distribution of
2756:, which would have allowed it to produce a strong
2720:may have pushed the anterior margin down, and the
5899:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5840:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A
5790:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5487:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
4597:, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology,
4490:Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History
2884:—which would have been placed at the base of the
1439:), but he decided to classify all of them in the
962:under the supervision of Russian palaeontologist
647:—useful to a predator. Unlike either reptiles or
634:, is proportionally large, and is related to the
406:" ancestor (a poorly defined group including all
395:("Jacobson's organ"), and possibly a rudimentary
5299:(PhD). Oregon State University. pp. 74–76.
5288:
5286:
4433:. British Museum (Natural History). p. 111.
4145:) from the Permian Kotelnich locality of Russia"
379:(active at night). They are thought to have had
5407:. Smithsonian Institution Press. Archived from
5401:The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like reptiles
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4542:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
4130:
4128:
4126:
4124:
4122:
3703:
3651:. British Museum (Natural History). p. 33.
2437:distribution and temperature belts through the
1431:all represent the same taxon or not (for which
783:Skeleton of a specimen numbered as GPIT/RE/7113
4001:
3999:
3915:
3913:
3872:
3870:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3664:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
7670:
6043:
5896:Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, South Africa".
4350:
4348:
4039:
4037:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3637:
3635:
1146:, and in 1905, South African palaeontologist
8:
5716:
5714:
4936:
4934:
4932:
3818:
3816:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
2824:), but the large orbit size and presence of
954:in the 1890s at the Sokolki locality on the
534:(reconstructed with long lips and some hair)
426:, gorgonopsians have only been found in the
5737:10.1306/212F8A8F-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D
4833:
4831:
4829:
4595:Early Evolutionary History of the Synapsida
4101:
4099:
3383:; pgll, pituitary gland lateral lobes; pf,
367:. Most species may have been predominantly
8185:
8007:
7934:
7824:
7813:
7748:
7739:
7693:
7677:
7663:
7655:
7490:
7353:
7342:
7329:
7135:
7038:
6909:
6905:
6818:
6814:
6801:
6691:
6476:
6463:
6263:
6231:
6227:
6216:
6203:
6145:
6118:
6109:
6066:
6050:
6036:
6028:
5241:Angielczyk, K. D. and Schmitz, L. (2014).
122:
31:
5968:
5958:
5867:
5810:
5649:
5639:
5596:
5555:
5506:
5381:
5370:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
5266:
5217:
5176:
5127:
5083:
5073:
5006:
4996:
4912:
4855:
4657:Reisz, Robert R.; Laurin, Michel (2004).
4170:
4160:
4079:
4069:
3947:
3937:
3850:
3840:
3739:
3729:
3527:
3517:
3047:most likely stemming from subperiosteal
2787:Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles
2182:known from the lowermost end of Karoo's
1130:considered Gorgonopsia and Theriodontia
863:, and instead connected directly to the
5765:Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas
3469:
3440:. However, large gorgonopsians such as
3312:
1025:" based on teeth from the Late Permian
950:Gorgonopsians were first identified in
595:The gorgonopsian brain, like other non-
446:, with probable remains known from the
391:), a keen sense of smell, a functional
263:For the list of valid genera, see below
5459:
4663:and of its stratigraphic significance"
4453:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
4263:Liu, Jun; Yang, Wan (September 2022).
2919:instead of bone. If correct, then the
2735:could theoretically have fit into the
2731:configuration. The somewhat flattened
2565:, based on the Late Permian Tanzanian
915:, a mythological beast, with the word
685:Like many mammals, gorgonopsians were
387:(which detects sunlight and maintains
3886:The Evolution of Mammalian Characters
3490:"Cranial anatomy of the gorgonopsian
3452:to smaller representatives after the
3031:The anterolateral aspect of the left
2576:rapidly clamped the jaws shut, using
614:on the top of the head), an enlarged
528:Size comparison between a person and
434:of Niger, western Russia, and in the
7:
4512:"On the use of the term Anomodontia"
414:of their environments following the
363:brains, rather than those of living
5032:"The Mode of Life of Gorgonopsians"
3411:representatives of the Gorgonopsia.
2880:("Jacobson's organ")—a part of the
2336:
2311:
2286:
2261:
2236:
2211:
2201:
1955:
1931:
1907:
1882:
1858:
1834:
1807:
1757:
1733:
1709:
1651:
1582:
1558:
1534:
1526:
1502:
1478:
1470:
1366:Artist's impression of the head of
1073:Upon discovery, Owen presumed that
1000:. One of the Russian genera named,
262:
5947:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
5585:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
5247:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4893:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4668:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
4554:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1913.tb07574.x
4362:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3978:The Paleontological Society Papers
3606:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2528:and pursued different prey items.
1216:on Gorgonopsia (defining it as an
1019:described a Chinese gorgonopsian "
490:. However, some smaller taxa like
25:
4792:Journal of African Earth Sciences
4044:Kümmell, S. B.; Frey, E. (2014).
3391:; vc=spa, vidian canal where the
3387:; rob, right olfactory bulb; vc,
3282:) during the early stages of the
3229:. The resultant massive spike in
3223:Permian–Triassic extinction event
2923:(which in early mammals form the
1069:, one of the oldest gorgonopsians
822:, and the series attached to the
486:, and potential breakdown of the
474:) and resultant massive spike in
468:Permian–Triassic extinction event
8169:
8168:
8151:
7639:
7638:
7605:
7315:
7309:
7303:
6787:
6782:
6015:
6003:
5383:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00226.x
5129:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01512.x
4857:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01076.x
4812:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104631
3015:
3004:
2961:either have needed to have been
2724:pulled the posterior margin up.
2611:. Bigger gorgonopsians, such as
2462:Capitanian mass extinction event
1134:of it. American palaeontologist
1029:, but in 1981, palaeontologists
964:Vladimir Prokhorovich Amalitskii
416:Capitanian mass extinction event
150:
5724:Journal of Sedimentary Research
5676:Journal of Sedimentary Research
5116:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4844:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
4303:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
3708:Kammerer, Christian F. (2016).
3367:; ibic, internal branch of the
3168:is consistent with present-day
2727:The pelvis joint has the usual
2599:Smaller gorgonopsians, such as
1244:Mikhail Feodosievich Ivakhnenko
905:. He classified the fossils as
4601:: Springer, pp. 165–169,
4412:An Elementary Latin Dictionary
3648:Fossil amphibians and reptiles
3626:10.1080/02724634.1998.10011105
3059:in several pelycosaur groups.
1:
8299:Guadalupian first appearances
5466:: CS1 maint: date and year (
5293:Hillenius, Willem J. (1992).
5206:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5030:Cruikshank, A. R. I. (1973).
4324:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00050-0
4242:10.1016/S0016-6995(81)80012-5
3250:(possibly briefly increasing
2682:walking with a sprawling gait
2634:are longer than the teeth of
1207:and American palaeontologist
5920:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112044
5812:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.016
4998:10.1371/journal.pone.0072868
4607:10.1007/978-94-007-6841-3_10
4516:Records of the Albany Museum
4283:10.1016/j.palwor.2022.04.004
4071:10.1371/journal.pone.0113911
3519:10.1371/journal.pone.0207367
3082:, the most frequent type of
1205:David Meredith Seares Watson
917:
602:, lacks an expansion of the
496:may have survived up to the
375:(active at dawn or dusk) or
281:
279:, a mythological beast, and
5548:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.5417
3894:10.1007/978-1-4684-7817-4_5
3796:Gebauer, Eva V. I. (2007).
3494:based on CT-reconstruction"
3156:featuring large, seasonal (
2899:(at the jaw hinge) and the
2151:during the Middle Permian (
610:(found in creatures with a
504:would be taken over by the
8325:
8309:Taxa named by Harry Seeley
4137:"Gorgonopsian therapsids (
3375:; ob, olfactory bulb; ot,
3278:(including crocodiles and
2882:accessory olfactory system
2801:with proportionally large
2784:
922:
8164:
8149:
8010:
7937:
7827:
7812:
7793:
7751:
7738:
7692:
7618:
7603:
7356:
7341:
7328:
7301:
7138:
7041:
6912:
6908:
6817:
6813:
6800:
6780:
6690:
6479:
6234:
6230:
6215:
6202:
6148:
6121:
6108:
6065:
4567:Wyllie, Alistair (2003).
4465:10.1080/00222939408677718
4216:Sigogneau-Russell, Denise
3990:10.1017/S1089332600001121
3558:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2356:
2341:
2334:
2316:
2309:
2291:
2284:
2266:
2259:
2241:
2234:
2216:
2209:
1977:
1960:
1953:
1936:
1929:
1912:
1905:
1887:
1880:
1863:
1856:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1805:
1779:
1762:
1755:
1738:
1731:
1714:
1707:
1690:
1673:
1656:
1649:
1604:
1587:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1507:
1500:
1483:
1476:
1415:. Kammerer was unsure if
1006:, is now considered as a
508:(namely crocodilians and
355:or fur (and by extension
259:
254:
147:Scientific classification
145:
130:
121:
34:
5598:10.3389/fevo.2021.699298
5178:10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.009
5039:Palaeontologica Africana
1376:known from fossils from
1088:(which he placed in the
1031:Denise Sigogneau-Russell
5618:"A new therocephalian (
4742:Papers in Palaeontology
4713:Paleontological Journal
4576:Palaeontologia Africana
4414:, Harper & Brothers
3564:10.1201/9781003128205-4
3173:rainfall, and featured
2714:coracobrachialis muscle
1150:created a third group,
968:Inostrancevia alexandri
697:, and postcanine teeth
689:, with clearly defined
636:vestibulo–ocular reflex
452:Pranhita–Godavari Basin
134:Inostrancevia alexandri
5960:10.1098/rspb.2011.2441
5860:10.1098/rsta.2017.0076
5834:Benton, M. J. (2018).
5499:10.1098/rstb.2019.0144
5259:10.1098/rspb.2014.1642
5219:10.4202/app.00219.2015
4905:10.1098/rspb.2015.0834
4197:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
4028:10.1098/rstb.1956.0013
3939:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0750
3666:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
3122:
2869:
2805:
2769:
2768:Gorgonopsian footprint
2710:scapulohumeral muscles
2683:
2569:
2495:
2445:
1384:
1179:
1136:Henry Fairfield Osborn
1070:
1022:Wangwusaurus tayuensis
911:, combining the Greek
890:
784:
755:lacked them entirely.
682:
592:
535:
500:. The large predatory
8304:Lopingian extinctions
8261:Paleobiology Database
5894:Lystrosaurus declivis
5620:Gorynychus masyutinae
5320:Journal of Morphology
4838:Kemp, Tom S. (2006).
3454:Capitanian extinction
3397:vena capitis dorsalis
3393:sphenopalatine artery
3333:vena capitis medialis
3110:
2867:
2794:
2767:
2744:and mammals—with the
2729:ball-and-socket joint
2675:
2558:
2488:
2433:
1365:
1172:
1062:
883:
782:
674:
590:
527:
418:which killed off the
6012:at Wikimedia Commons
5361:Kemp, T. S. (2006).
3349:vagoaccessory nerves
3296:Evolution of mammals
2822:nocturnal bottleneck
2722:subscapularis muscle
2540:as a form of mating
1301:(under the informal
1173:Head restoration of
1063:Head restoration of
933:Upper Luangwa Valley
876:Fossil bearing sites
678:Aelurosaurus felinus
640:semi-circular canals
343:unlike contemporary
5953:(1736): 2180–2187.
5912:2024PPP...63812044B
5852:2018RSPTA.37670076B
5803:2016PPP...451..210L
5697:10.2110/jsr.2014.28
5689:2014JSedR..84..326W
5169:2019GondR..72..139M
5075:10.7554/eLife.51581
4989:2013PLoSO...872868R
4804:2022JAfES.19404631K
4754:2015PPal....1..201K
4681:2004CaJES..41..377R
4375:2008JVPal..28..543S
4316:2003JAESc..21..643R
4234:1981Geobi..14..275S
4062:2014PLoSO...9k3911K
4020:1956RSPTB.240...95K
3882:Kermack, Kenneth A.
3618:1998JVPal..18..765L
3552:Prothero, Donald R.
3510:2018PLoSO..1307367B
3195:and the pareiasaur
3076:cervix of the tooth
2944:and the origins of
2132:Upper Carboniferous
1647:African clade
1530:Russian clade
1463:from South Africa.
758:Gorgonopsians were
139:Museo delle Scienze
5641:10.7717/peerj.4933
4899:(1811): 20150834.
4162:10.7717/peerj.4954
3888:. pp. 71–79.
3842:10.7717/peerj.3119
3731:10.7717/peerj.1608
3492:Cynariops robustus
3450:niche partitioning
3448:may have left the
3123:
3084:odontogenic tumour
3041:subperiosteal bone
2870:
2806:
2770:
2684:
2676:Reconstruction of
2574:temporalis muscles
2570:
2526:niche partitioning
2496:
2446:
2153:Olson's Extinction
1385:
1355:and the next year
1185:holotype specimens
1180:
1071:
1044:Kundaram Formation
891:
884:Reconstruction of
789:cervical vertebrae
785:
714:sabre-toothed cats
683:
593:
536:
448:Kundaram Formation
8276:
8275:
8191:Taxon identifiers
8182:
8181:
8160:
8159:
8147:
8146:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8079:
7808:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7789:
7788:
7652:
7651:
7614:
7613:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7548:
7547:
7324:
7323:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7131:Sphenacodontoidea
7104:Palaeohatteriidae
7026:
7025:
6893:
6892:
6796:
6795:
6778:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6686:
6685:
6662:
6661:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6008:Media related to
5614:Sues, Hans-Dieter
5157:Gondwana Research
4957:978-0-253-01042-1
4762:10.1002/spp2.1012
4616:978-94-007-6841-3
4425:Lydekker, Richard
4408:Charlton T. Lewis
3903:978-1-4684-7817-4
3878:Kermack, Doris M.
3710:Sues, Hans-Dieter
3353:hypoglossal nerve
3203:voltzian conifers
2921:postdentary bones
2878:vomeronasal organ
2874:internal nostrils
2718:pectoralis muscle
2491:Smilesaurus ferox
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2119:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1794:
1793:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1125:in 1895 believed
1036:Turpan Depression
931:of Tanzania, the
801:occipital condyle
393:vomeronasal organ
270:
269:
250:
16:(Redirected from
8316:
8269:
8268:
8256:
8255:
8243:
8242:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8186:
8172:
8171:
8155:
8008:
7935:
7825:
7814:
7749:
7740:
7733:
7732:
7694:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7656:
7642:
7641:
7609:
7585:
7575:
7565:
7496:
7491:
7461:
7429:
7403:
7377:
7362:
7354:
7343:
7330:
7319:
7313:
7307:
7161:Sphenacodontidae
7159:
7144:
7136:
7102:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7057:
7047:
7039:
6943:
6928:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6900:Haptodontiformes
6824:
6819:
6815:
6802:
6791:
6786:
6760:Protoclepsydrops
6757:
6747:
6737:
6727:
6717:
6707:
6692:
6477:
6469:
6464:
6403:Lalieudorhynchus
6264:
6256:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6217:
6204:
6146:
6119:
6110:
6103:
6102:
6067:
6052:
6045:
6038:
6029:
6020:Data related to
6019:
6007:
5991:
5990:
5972:
5962:
5938:
5932:
5931:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5871:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5814:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5718:
5709:
5708:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5653:
5643:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5559:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5478:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5457:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5367:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5238:
5232:
5231:
5221:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5180:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5131:
5113:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5077:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5036:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5010:
5000:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4938:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4859:
4850:(4): 1231–1247.
4835:
4824:
4823:
4787:
4774:
4773:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4479:Osborn, Henry F.
4475:
4469:
4468:
4445:Seeley, Harry G.
4441:
4435:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4352:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4132:
4117:
4116:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4003:
3994:
3993:
3973:
3962:
3961:
3951:
3941:
3917:
3908:
3907:
3874:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3844:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3804:
3793:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3733:
3705:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3630:
3629:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3531:
3521:
3504:(11): e0207367.
3485:
3457:
3444:and other large
3418:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3369:internal carotid
3357:epiphyseal nerve
3345:glossopharyngeal
3329:trigeminal nerve
3317:
3231:greenhouse gases
3103:Paleoenvironment
3019:
3008:
2971:nasal turbinates
2967:core temperature
2936:Thermoregulation
2928:be explained as
2775:semi-plantigrady
2586:masseter muscles
2550:ambush predators
2538:sexual selection
2337:
2312:
2287:
2262:
2237:
2219:Sphenacodontidae
2212:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2136:Everett C. Olson
1956:
1932:
1908:
1883:
1859:
1835:
1808:
1758:
1734:
1710:
1652:
1583:
1559:
1535:
1527:
1503:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1234:paleontologists
1111:Richard Lydekker
1049:Moradi Formation
1027:Jiyuan Formation
926:
920:
908:Gorgonops torvus
899:Karoo Supergroup
846:. For most, the
820:sacral vertebrae
818:There are three
813:lumbar vertebrae
805:dorsal vertebrae
645:binocular vision
630:, a lobe of the
608:epyphysial nerve
560:secondary palate
476:greenhouse gases
432:Moradi Formation
428:Karoo Supergroup
389:circadian rhythm
381:binocular vision
285:'aspect') is an
284:
275:(from the Greek
242:
237:
155:
154:
141:, Trento, Italy
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
8324:
8323:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8279:
8278:
8277:
8272:
8264:
8259:
8251:
8246:
8238:
8236:
8227:
8226:
8221:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8193:
8183:
8178:
8156:
8143:
8076:
8035:
7997:
7926:
7887:
7821:
7800:
7785:
7765:
7734:
7699:
7698:
7688:
7683:
7653:
7648:
7610:
7593:
7544:
7515:
7480:
7454:
7422:
7396:
7370:
7350:
7337:
7320:
7283:
7263:
7227:Secodontosaurus
7152:
7125:
7095:
7070:Hypselohaptodus
7035:
7022:
7010:Remigiomontanus
6936:
6902:
6889:
6870:Stereophallodon
6826:Ophiacodontidae
6809:
6792:
6766:
6682:
6658:
6595:
6540:
6460:
6443:
6304:
6249:
6224:
6211:
6182:
6162:
6135:
6129:Tetrapodomorpha
6114:Tetrapodomorpha
6104:
6072:
6071:
6061:
6056:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5940:
5939:
5935:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5720:
5719:
5712:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5542:(7): 998–1000.
5529:
5528:
5524:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5458:
5446:10.2307/2405973
5431:
5430:
5426:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5292:
5291:
5284:
5240:
5239:
5235:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5034:
5029:
5028:
5024:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4942:Antón, Mauricio
4940:
4939:
4930:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4789:
4788:
4777:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4689:10.1139/e04-016
4656:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4617:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4571:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4485:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4402:
4398:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4336:
4334:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4134:
4133:
4120:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4056:(12): e113911.
4043:
4042:
4035:
4014:(670): 95–133.
4005:
4004:
3997:
3975:
3974:
3965:
3926:Biology Letters
3919:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3757:
3707:
3706:
3681:
3674:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3641:
3640:
3633:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3574:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3487:
3486:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3419:
3415:
3406:
3402:
3385:pontine flexure
3381:pituitary gland
3377:olfactory tract
3325:olfactory nerve
3318:
3314:
3309:
3292:
3219:
3211:Lake Eyre basin
3127:Scylacosauridae
3105:
3100:
3053:monitor lizards
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2998:
2996:Palaeopathology
2938:
2842:photopic vision
2826:sclerotic rings
2803:sclerotic rings
2789:
2783:
2670:
2567:Usili Formation
2546:pursuit hunters
2483:
2478:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2187:Assemblage Zone
2176:Assemblage Zone
2124:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2047:
2038:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1795:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1236:Robert R. Reisz
1230:in 2004 by the
1190:Nominal species
1057:
878:
873:
777:
768:Kenneth Kermack
669:
616:pituitary gland
568:
522:
345:therocephalians
241:
235:
149:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8322:
8320:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8294:Apex predators
8291:
8281:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8270:
8257:
8244:
8234:
8219:
8203:
8201:
8195:
8194:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8133:
8130:Paragalerhinus
8126:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8096:
8094:
8086:
8085:
8082:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8067:
8060:
8053:
8045:
8043:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8026:
8023:Ruhuhucerberus
8019:
8011:
8005:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7960:
7953:
7946:
7938:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7907:Pravoslavlevia
7903:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7828:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7752:
7746:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7721:
7712:
7706:
7697:
7690:
7689:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7659:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7571:
7560:
7558:
7555:Incertae sedis
7550:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7534:
7525:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7502:
7500:
7488:
7486:Eutheriodontia
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7467:
7465:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7444:
7435:
7433:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7409:
7407:
7398:
7397:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7383:
7381:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7357:
7351:
7346:
7339:
7338:
7333:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7282:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7273:
7271:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7253:
7245:
7237:
7230:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7187:
7184:Ctenospondylus
7180:
7173:
7165:
7163:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7139:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7116:
7113:Palaeohatteria
7108:
7106:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7053:
7042:
7036:
7033:Sphenacodontia
7031:
7028:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6996:Melanedaphodon
6992:
6985:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6954:Bohemiclavulus
6949:
6947:
6945:Edaphosauridae
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6913:
6903:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6828:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6798:
6797:
6794:
6793:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6753:
6743:
6733:
6723:
6713:
6702:
6700:
6697:Incertae sedis
6688:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6672:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6649:
6642:
6635:
6628:
6621:
6613:
6605:
6603:
6601:Varanodontinae
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6550:
6548:
6546:Mesenosaurinae
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6535:Thrausmosaurus
6531:
6524:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6492:Archaeovenator
6488:
6480:
6474:
6461:
6458:Eupelycosauria
6456:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6368:Cotylorhynchus
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6336:
6329:
6322:
6314:
6312:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6281:
6272:
6270:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6243:Diadectomorpha
6235:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6156:Reptiliomorpha
6149:
6143:
6141:Reptiliomorpha
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6122:
6116:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6079:
6070:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6024:at Wikispecies
6013:
5999:
5998:External links
5996:
5993:
5992:
5933:
5883:
5826:
5775:
5750:
5710:
5683:(4): 326–348.
5665:
5604:
5571:
5522:
5473:
5440:(3): 304–313.
5424:
5389:
5376:(4): 473–488.
5353:
5310:
5282:
5233:
5212:(4): 777–789.
5192:
5143:
5122:(3): 807–826.
5099:
5048:
5022:
4963:
4956:
4928:
4879:
4825:
4775:
4748:(2): 201–221.
4731:
4720:(3): 283–292.
4702:
4675:(4): 377–386.
4649:
4643:978-3437304873
4642:
4621:
4615:
4585:
4559:
4548:(2): 225–230.
4525:
4499:
4470:
4436:
4416:
4396:
4369:(2): 543–547.
4344:
4310:(6): 643–654.
4288:
4277:(3): 383–388.
4255:
4207:
4186:
4141:gen. nov. and
4118:
4095:
4033:
3995:
3963:
3909:
3902:
3866:
3812:
3809:on 2012-07-22.
3755:
3679:
3672:
3654:
3643:Swinton, W. E.
3631:
3612:(4): 765–776.
3587:
3572:
3543:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3426:and a similar
3413:
3400:
3373:olfactory bulb
3337:abducens nerve
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3268:Upper Triassic
3260:Early Triassic
3227:Siberian Traps
3218:
3215:
3201:. It featured
3135:apex predators
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3024:
3023:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2937:
2934:
2901:pterygoid bone
2831:mesopic vision
2782:
2779:
2692:glenoid cavity
2679:Rubidgea atrox
2669:
2666:
2662:haematopoietic
2657:Discosauriscus
2632:Rubidgea atrox
2594:squamosal bone
2592:, back to the
2582:kinetic energy
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2466:Emeishan Traps
2443:Early Triassic
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2331:Eutheriodontia
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2185:Tapinocephalus
2123:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:Ruhuhucerberus
1862:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:Pravoslavlevia
1586:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1406:Ruhuhucerberus
1353:Scylacognathus
1280:Scylacognathus
1056:
1055:Classification
1053:
1017:Yang Zhongjian
973:Pravoslavlevia
956:Northern Dvina
895:Beaufort Group
877:
874:
872:
869:
776:
773:
668:
665:
661:supraoccipital
582:occipital bone
567:
564:
521:
518:
498:Early Triassic
472:Siberian Traps
420:dinocephalians
412:apex predators
268:
267:
266:
265:
257:
256:
252:
251:
233:
226:
225:
220:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
40:Middle Permian
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8321:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8267:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8235:
8230:
8224:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8187:
8175:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8154:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8092:
8087:
8073:
8072:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8052:
8051:
8047:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8017:
8016:Aelurognathus
8013:
8012:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7989:
7987:
7986:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7931:African clade
7929:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7902:
7901:
7900:Inostrancevia
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:Russian clade
7890:
7884:
7883:
7879:
7877:
7876:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7815:
7811:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7779:
7778:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7729:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7673:
7668:
7666:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7645:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7629:Phthinosuchia
7627:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7608:
7590:
7589:
7582:
7580:
7579:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7551:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7518:
7510:
7509:Therocephalia
7506:
7505:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7498:Therocephalia
7492:
7489:
7487:
7483:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7457:
7449:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7425:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7373:
7367:
7366:
7359:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7340:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7259:
7258:
7257:Tetraceratops
7254:
7251:
7250:
7249:Tappenosaurus
7246:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7174:
7172:
7171:
7170:Cryptovenator
7167:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7155:
7149:
7148:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7120:Pantelosaurus
7117:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7105:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7090:Tetraceratops
7084:
7082:
7081:
7080:Kenomagnathus
7074:
7072:
7071:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7054:
7052:
7051:
7044:
7043:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7018:
7017:Xyrospondylus
7014:
7012:
7011:
7007:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6951:
6950:
6948:
6946:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6886:
6885:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:Stereorhachis
6874:
6872:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6839:
6837:
6836:
6835:Archaeothyris
6832:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6803:
6799:
6790:
6785:
6762:
6761:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6744:
6742:
6741:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6698:
6693:
6689:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6632:Tambacarnifex
6629:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:Mycterosaurus
6614:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6592:
6591:
6590:Microvaranops
6587:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6569:Elliotsmithia
6566:
6564:
6563:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6475:
6472:
6465:
6462:
6459:
6454:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6431:Ruthenosaurus
6428:
6426:
6425:
6424:Phreatophasma
6421:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6412:
6411:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6340:Callibrachion
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6244:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6023:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5779:
5776:
5772:(1): 110–119.
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5754:
5751:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5717:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5669:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5536:JAMA Oncology
5533:
5526:
5523:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5414:on 2021-01-20
5410:
5403:
5402:
5393:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5049:
5045:(1–2): 65–67.
5044:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4983:(8): e72868.
4982:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4959:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4735:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4534:Broom, Robert
4529:
4526:
4522:(4): 266–269.
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:Broom, Robert
4503:
4500:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4437:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4107:Owen, Richard
4102:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3673:9783110275902
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3573:9780367473167
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3433:Inostrancevia
3429:
3428:indeterminate
3425:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:passes; vcd,
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3301:Therocephalia
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:Inostrancevia
3109:
3102:
3098:Palaeoecology
3097:
3095:
3093:
3092:biarmosuchian
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3070:, and a thin
3069:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3057:osteomyelitis
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3018:
3007:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:quadrate bone
2894:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2795:The skull of
2793:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2637:Tyrannosaurus
2633:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:Inostrancevia
2510:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2476:Palaeobiology
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2440:
2439:Upper Permian
2436:
2432:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2409:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:Therocephalia
2339:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2281:Neotherapsida
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:Aelurognathus
1837:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:Inostrancevia
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1326:Aelurognathus
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:superfamilies
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:Michel Laurin
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:was moved to
1225:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:Therocephalia
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:Ruhuhu Valley
925:
919:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
889:
888:
882:
875:
870:
868:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
781:
774:
772:
769:
765:
761:
760:polyphyodonts
756:
754:
753:
748:
744:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
726:
721:
720:
719:Inostrancevia
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
680:
679:
673:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
598:
589:
585:
583:
579:
574:
565:
563:
561:
557:
556:cortical bone
552:
546:
543:
542:
541:Inostrancevia
533:
532:
531:Inostrancevia
526:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
314:
310:
306:
305:Upper Permian
302:
298:
295:
294:sabre-toothed
291:
288:
283:
278:
274:
264:
261:
260:
258:
253:
249:
245:
240:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
49:265–252
45:
41:
35:Gorgonopsians
33:
30:
19:
8198:
8137:Wangwusaurus
8135:
8128:
8120:
8113:
8108:Broomisaurus
8106:
8099:
8091:Nomina dubia
8089:
8069:
8064:Leontosaurus
8062:
8055:
8048:
8028:
8021:
8014:
7990:
7983:
7976:
7969:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7943:Arctognathus
7941:
7919:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7882:Viatkogorgon
7880:
7873:
7866:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7845:
7838:
7833:Aelurosaurus
7831:
7818:
7796:
7795:
7770:
7723:
7714:
7685:
7634:Theriodontia
7624:Pelycosauria
7588:Niaftasuchus
7586:
7576:
7566:
7553:
7462:
7416:Dinocephalia
7405:Dinocephalia
7390:Biarmosuchia
7379:Biarmosuchia
7363:
7308:
7255:
7247:
7241:Steppesaurus
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7189:
7182:
7177:Ctenorhachis
7175:
7168:
7145:
7118:
7111:
7088:
7078:
7068:
7058:
7048:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6982:Ianthasaurus
6980:
6973:
6968:Glaucosaurus
6966:
6961:Edaphosaurus
6959:
6952:
6929:
6919:
6884:Varanosaurus
6882:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6856:Echinerpeton
6854:
6847:
6840:
6833:
6758:
6748:
6738:
6728:
6718:
6708:
6695:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6615:
6608:
6588:
6583:Mesenosaurus
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6533:
6526:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6499:Ascendonanus
6497:
6490:
6483:
6438:Trichasaurus
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6382:Ennatosaurus
6380:
6375:Datheosaurus
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6333:Arisierpeton
6331:
6326:Angelosaurus
6324:
6319:Alierasaurus
6317:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6275:
6268:Eothyrididae
6241:
6093:
6087:Superclass:
5950:
5946:
5936:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5794:
5788:
5778:
5769:
5763:
5753:
5731:(1): 19–20.
5728:
5722:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5631:
5625:
5619:
5607:
5588:
5584:
5574:
5539:
5535:
5525:
5490:
5486:
5476:
5462:cite journal
5437:
5433:
5427:
5416:. Retrieved
5409:the original
5400:
5392:
5373:
5369:
5356:
5326:(1): 29–50.
5323:
5319:
5313:
5295:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5209:
5205:
5195:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5119:
5115:
5102:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5042:
5038:
5025:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4946:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4847:
4843:
4795:
4791:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4652:
4633:
4594:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4562:
4545:
4541:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4502:
4493:
4489:
4473:
4456:
4452:
4439:
4429:
4419:
4411:
4399:
4366:
4360:
4337:24 September
4335:. Retrieved
4307:
4301:
4291:
4274:
4268:
4258:
4225:
4219:
4210:
4204:(2): 99–113.
4201:
4195:
4189:
4152:
4148:
4143:Viatkogorgon
4142:
4138:
4111:
4053:
4049:
4011:
4007:
3981:
3977:
3929:
3925:
3885:
3832:
3828:
3807:the original
3798:
3721:
3717:
3663:
3657:
3647:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3555:
3546:
3501:
3497:
3491:
3441:
3431:
3421:
3416:
3403:
3389:vidian canal
3371:; lob, left
3341:facial nerve
3315:
3255:
3252:UV radiation
3220:
3207:Namib Desert
3196:
3192:Moradisaurus
3190:
3162:flash floods
3147:
3141:
3131:Lycosuchidae
3124:
3117:
3111:
3088:
3061:
3030:
2986:sweat glands
2975:
2959:
2939:
2930:streptostyly
2890:
2886:nasal septum
2871:
2858:
2850:
2846:Viatkogorgon
2845:
2834:
2807:
2798:Viatkogorgon
2796:
2771:
2741:
2733:femoral head
2726:
2701:
2697:facet joints
2685:
2677:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:Arctognathus
2616:
2612:
2600:
2598:
2571:
2560:
2530:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2497:
2489:
2459:
2447:
2357:
2342:
2318:
2317:
2306:Theriodontia
2292:
2269:Dinocephalia
2267:
2256:Eutherapsida
2244:Biarmosuchia
2242:
2217:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2161:Dinocephalia
2157:Biarmosuchia
2128:Pelycosauria
2125:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1961:
1938:
1937:
1916:Leontosaurus
1914:
1913:
1889:
1888:
1865:
1864:
1841:
1840:
1816:Arctognathus
1814:
1813:
1781:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1740:
1739:
1716:
1715:
1692:
1691:
1675:
1674:
1658:
1657:
1606:
1605:
1589:
1588:
1565:
1564:
1541:
1540:
1511:Viatkogorgon
1509:
1508:
1485:
1484:
1474:Gorgonopsia
1458:
1452:
1449:Viatkogorgon
1448:
1444:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:Leontosaurus
1416:
1410:
1404:
1400:Leontosaurus
1398:
1392:
1386:
1378:South Africa
1367:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1320:Arctognathus
1318:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1269:Aelurosaurus
1267:
1261:
1255:
1248:Dinocephalia
1221:
1209:Alfred Romer
1202:
1181:
1176:Arctognathus
1174:
1163:
1155:
1148:Robert Broom
1126:
1123:Harry Seeley
1119:type species
1114:
1102:
1098:
1086:Theriodontia
1079:cold-blooded
1074:
1072:
1064:
1020:
1014:
1009:nomen dubium
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
985:Viatkogorgon
983:
977:
971:
967:
949:
906:
903:Richard Owen
892:
885:
867:/heel bone.
817:
809:
786:
757:
750:
740:
738:machairodont
723:
717:
711:
684:
676:
612:parietal eye
597:mammaliaform
594:
577:
569:
547:
539:
537:
529:
491:
465:
436:Turpan Basin
401:
385:parietal eye
353:sweat glands
339:rather than
333:crocodilians
318:
309:canine teeth
272:
271:
238:
229:
223:Theriodontia
216:
203:
190:
132:
131:Skeleton of
44:Late Permian
29:
8289:Gorgonopsia
8229:Gorgonopsia
8223:Wikispecies
8199:Gorgonopsia
8115:Cerdorhinus
8101:Arctosuchus
8003:Rubidgeinae
7992:Smilesaurus
7964:Eriphostoma
7921:Suchogorgon
7914:Sauroctonus
7847:Cyonosaurus
7840:Aloposaurus
7819:Gorgonopsia
7797:Gorgonopsia
7771:Gorgonopsia
7686:Gorgonopsia
7474:Gorgonopsia
7463:Gorgonopsia
7448:dicynodonts
7442:Anomodontia
7431:Anomodontia
7234:Sphenacodon
7213:Macromerion
7003:Ramodendron
6989:Lupeosaurus
6849:Clepsydrops
6842:Baldwinonus
6807:Metopophora
6750:Mastersonia
6740:Knoxosaurus
6668:Metopophora
6576:Heleosaurus
6471:Varanopidae
6299:Vaughnictis
6277:Asaphestera
6258:Caseasauria
6022:Gorgonopsia
6010:Gorgonopsia
5797:: 210–226.
4270:Palaeoworld
3984:: 273–275.
3438:rubidgeines
3343:; cnIX-XI,
3327:; cnV +vcm—
3256:Cyonosaurus
3248:ozone layer
3187:captorhinid
3154:cold steppe
3149:Scutosaurus
3143:Deltavjatia
3139:pareiasaurs
3119:Scutosaurus
3045:periostitis
2982:skin glands
2946:homeothermy
2835:Cyonosaurus
2761:distances.
2688:terrestrial
2660:likely had
2646:bone marrow
2601:Cyonosaurus
2562:Endothiodon
2509:Smilesaurus
2470:dicynodonts
2319:Gorgonopsia
2294:Anomodontia
2174:Eodicynodon
2165:Anomodontia
1903:Rubidgeini
1829:Rubidgeinae
1766:Smilesaurus
1677:Eriphostoma
1567:Sauroctonus
1543:Suchogorgon
1412:Smilesaurus
1348:Eriphostoma
1304:nomen nudum
1275:Sauroctonus
1263:Cyonosaurus
1257:Aloposaurus
1228:Varanopidae
1066:Eriphostoma
991:Suchogorgon
979:Sauroctonus
775:Postcranium
747:rubidgeines
742:Homotherium
687:heterodonts
622:brain. The
520:Description
493:Cyonosaurus
488:ozone layer
482:, frequent
373:crepuscular
337:homeotherms
329:terrestrial
325:Rubidgeinae
273:Gorgonopsia
239:Gorgonopsia
18:Gorgonopsid
8283:Categories
8057:Dinogorgon
8050:Clelandina
8041:Rubidgeini
8030:Sycosaurus
7780:see below↓
7728:Therapsida
7622:See also:
7578:Kamagorgon
7568:Dinosaurus
7532:Cynodontia
7521:Cynodontia
7348:Therapsida
7335:Therapsida
7278:see below↓
7269:Therapsida
7199:Dimetrodon
7147:Shashajaia
6931:Milosaurus
6863:Ophiacodon
6710:Dimacrodon
6677:see below↓
6625:Ruthiromia
6610:Aerosaurus
6520:Nitosaurus
6513:Dendromaia
6485:Apsisaurus
6410:Martensius
6396:Euromycter
6177:see below↓
5906:: 112044.
5591:: 699298.
5418:2020-09-26
5305:1957/35986
4947:Sabertooth
4798:: 104631.
4496:: 451–466.
4459:(6): 375.
4228:(2): 276.
3464:References
3446:therapsids
3321:cerebellum
3276:archosaurs
3217:Extinction
3198:Bunostegos
3175:hygrophyte
3166:carbonates
2963:endotherms
2942:metabolism
2925:middle ear
2859:Clelandina
2851:Clelandina
2810:pineal eye
2785:See also:
2742:Dimetrodon
2737:hip socket
2668:Locomotion
2627:Dimetrodon
2590:skull roof
2521:keratinous
2517:Clelandina
2450:coal swamp
2359:Cynodontia
2231:Therapsida
2195:Synapsida
2140:San Angelo
1981:Clelandina
1940:Dinogorgon
1891:Sycosaurus
1433:Dinogorgon
1425:Dinogorgon
1421:Clelandina
1394:Dinogorgon
1387:The first
1374:rubidgeine
1369:Dinogorgon
1338:Clelandina
1332:Sycosaurus
1218:infraorder
1198:synonymous
1152:Therapsida
787:The seven
752:Clelandina
699:homologous
659:bone) and
653:opisthotic
632:cerebellum
600:therapsids
551:amphibians
506:archosaurs
404:pelycosaur
341:endotherms
297:therapsids
210:Therapsida
8122:Leogorgon
7978:Lycaenops
7971:Gorgonops
7957:Cynariops
7875:Scylacops
7868:Nochnitsa
7759:Synapsida
7744:Synapsida
7719:Synapsida
7702:Kingdom:
7536:includes
7446:includes
7365:Raranimus
7220:Neosaurus
6921:Ianthodon
6646:Varanodon
6506:Eoscansor
6417:Oromycter
6361:Caseopsis
6354:Caseoides
6292:Oedaleops
6222:Synapsida
6209:Synapsida
6168:Synapsida
6089:Tetrapoda
6075:Kingdom:
6059:Synapsida
5928:267080711
5821:131336926
5745:130393112
5705:129643680
5634:: e4933.
5434:Evolution
5187:133781923
5068:: 51581.
4820:249977414
4770:128762256
4726:0031-0301
4697:129233127
4599:Dordrecht
4391:131082914
4332:140601673
4250:129556772
4155:: e4954.
4139:Nochnitsa
3835:: e3119.
3724:: e1608.
3602:Lycaenops
3582:246318785
3365:flocculus
3361:forebrain
3351:; cnXII,
3339:; cnVII,
3280:dinosaurs
3244:wildfires
3236:acid rain
3179:halophyte
3158:ephemeral
3049:haematoma
2984:(such as
2955:diaphragm
2917:ligaments
2913:cartilage
2909:amplitude
2818:Nocturnal
2758:adducting
2651:Seymouria
2613:Gorgonops
2533:jaw hinge
2501:mosasaurs
2455:radiation
2206:Synapsida
2148:Chickasha
2144:Flowerpot
2122:Evolution
1742:Lycaenops
1718:Cynariops
1694:Gorgonops
1487:Nochnitsa
1454:Cynariops
1445:Nochnitsa
1389:phylogeny
1359:into it.
1357:Eoarctops
1314:Lycaenops
1288:Gorgonops
1284:Eoarctops
1214:monograph
1194:eye orbit
1164:G. torvus
1156:Gorgonops
1144:Synapsida
1132:suborders
1127:Gorgonops
1115:Gorgonops
1099:Gorgonops
1075:Gorgonops
1003:Leogorgon
997:Nochnitsa
887:Gorgonops
733:dinosaurs
703:premolars
675:Skull of
657:inner ear
628:flocculus
624:braincase
620:reptilian
604:neocortex
512:) in the
510:dinosaurs
484:wildfires
480:acid rain
408:synapsids
377:nocturnal
361:reptilian
349:cynodonts
299:from the
197:Synapsida
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
8253:42329454
8237:BioLib:
8208:Wikidata
8174:Category
8071:Rubidgea
7710:Chordata
7708:Phylum:
7704:Animalia
7644:Category
7206:Eosyodon
7191:Cutleria
7060:Haptodus
7050:Cutleria
6975:Gordodon
6730:Gorgodon
6720:Driveria
6653:Watongia
6639:Varanops
6562:Cabarzia
6555:Anningia
6310:Caseidae
6285:Eothyris
6083:Chordata
6081:Phylum:
6077:Animalia
5979:22298850
5878:30177561
5846:(2130).
5660:29900076
5566:27930769
5517:31928188
5493:(1793).
5348:22452028
5340:10861830
5277:25186003
5253:(1793).
5228:59143925
5138:18312321
5094:33648627
5017:23951334
4977:PLOS ONE
4944:(2013).
4923:26156768
4866:16780524
4661:Watongia
4582:(39): 2.
4536:(1913).
4510:(1905).
4481:(1903).
4447:(1895).
4427:(1890).
4181:29900078
4109:(1986).
4090:25517726
4050:PLOS ONE
3958:33321067
3861:28413721
3750:26823998
3645:(1954).
3538:30485338
3498:PLOS ONE
3335:; cnVI,
3290:See also
3284:Triassic
3189:reptile
3183:conifers
3116:hunting
3080:odontoma
2990:whiskers
2978:foramina
2903:(at the
2838:scotopic
2705:deltoids
2580:and the
2578:momentum
2505:theropod
2503:or some
2435:Tetrapod
1964:Rubidgea
1437:priority
1429:Rubidgea
1382:Tanzania
1343:Rubidgea
1232:Canadian
1223:Watongia
1140:Diapsida
1094:families
1040:Xinjiang
871:Taxonomy
795:and one
730:theropod
725:Rubidgea
691:incisors
578:Rubidgea
514:Mesozoic
440:Xinjiang
357:whiskers
313:incisors
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
8214:Q131806
7985:Phorcys
7950:Arctops
7538:mammals
6389:Eocasea
6098:Amniota
5987:1231897
5970:3321709
5908:Bibcode
5869:6127390
5848:Bibcode
5799:Bibcode
5685:Bibcode
5651:5995100
5616:(ed.).
5557:5824274
5508:7017433
5454:2405973
5268:4173690
5165:Bibcode
5163:: 159.
5085:7924947
5008:3738559
4985:Bibcode
4914:4528552
4874:3184629
4800:Bibcode
4750:Bibcode
4677:Bibcode
4410:(1891)
4371:Bibcode
4312:Bibcode
4230:Bibcode
4221:Geobios
4172:5995105
4081:4269487
4058:Bibcode
4016:Bibcode
3949:7775981
3852:5390774
3741:4730894
3712:(ed.).
3614:Bibcode
3529:6261584
3506:Bibcode
3442:Phorcys
3436:or the
3423:Phorcys
3363:; fcl,
3323:; cnI,
3209:or the
3170:caliche
3068:dentine
2988:), and
2950:aerobic
2893:eardrum
2855:diurnal
2754:ischium
2622:Arctops
2605:jackals
2542:display
2180:Phorcys
2169:Wordian
1783:Arctops
1660:Phorcys
1460:Phorcys
1309:Njalila
960:Siberia
941:Chiweta
897:of the
844:humerus
832:ischium
695:canines
663:bones.
649:mammals
450:in the
424:Pangaea
397:eardrum
369:diurnal
365:mammals
303:to the
287:extinct
255:Genera
137:at the
7860:nasuta
7856:Dixeya
6528:Pyozia
5985:
5977:
5967:
5926:
5876:
5866:
5819:
5743:
5703:
5658:
5648:
5564:
5554:
5515:
5505:
5452:
5346:
5338:
5275:
5265:
5226:
5185:
5136:
5092:
5082:
5015:
5005:
4954:
4921:
4911:
4872:
4864:
4818:
4768:
4724:
4695:
4640:
4613:
4404:tectus
4389:
4330:
4248:
4179:
4169:
4088:
4078:
3956:
3946:
3932:(12).
3900:
3880:&
3859:
3849:
3748:
3738:
3670:
3580:
3570:
3536:
3526:
3379:; pg,
3359:; fb,
3355:; en,
3272:niches
3264:Middle
3238:(with
3072:enamel
3037:radial
3033:radius
2905:palate
2833:, and
2781:Senses
2146:, and
1427:, and
1409:, and
1341:, and
1298:nasuta
1294:Dixeya
1103:tectus
994:, and
952:Russia
945:Malawi
939:, and
937:Zambia
913:Gorgon
861:tarsus
857:carpus
852:fibula
838:. The
834:, and
824:pelvis
707:molars
502:niches
460:genera
301:Middle
277:Gorgon
244:Seeley
8266:39095
8240:18804
7724:Clade
7715:Clade
6347:Casea
6094:Clade
5983:S2CID
5924:S2CID
5817:S2CID
5741:S2CID
5701:S2CID
5627:PeerJ
5450:JSTOR
5412:(PDF)
5405:(PDF)
5366:(PDF)
5344:S2CID
5224:S2CID
5183:S2CID
5112:(PDF)
5062:eLife
5035:(PDF)
4870:S2CID
4816:S2CID
4766:S2CID
4693:S2CID
4572:(PDF)
4486:(PDF)
4387:S2CID
4328:S2CID
4246:S2CID
4149:PeerJ
3829:PeerJ
3803:(PDF)
3718:PeerJ
3578:S2CID
3409:basal
3307:Notes
2750:pubis
2746:ilium
2609:foxes
1441:tribe
1113:made
1107:Latin
1090:class
1083:order
848:tibia
840:femur
836:pubis
828:ilium
793:atlas
764:Doris
701:with
667:Teeth
573:vomer
566:Skull
456:India
444:China
290:clade
230:Clade
217:Clade
204:Clade
191:Clade
7757:see
7530:see
7507:see
7472:see
7440:see
7414:see
7388:see
6154:see
6127:see
5975:PMID
5874:PMID
5656:PMID
5562:PMID
5513:PMID
5468:link
5336:PMID
5273:PMID
5134:PMID
5090:PMID
5013:PMID
4952:ISBN
4919:PMID
4862:PMID
4722:ISSN
4638:ISBN
4611:ISBN
4546:1913
4339:2022
4177:PMID
4086:PMID
3954:PMID
3898:ISBN
3857:PMID
3746:PMID
3668:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3534:PMID
3347:and
3331:and
3319:ce,
3266:and
3177:and
3146:and
3129:and
3064:pulp
2654:and
2607:and
2481:Bite
2441:and
1435:has
1380:and
1372:, a
1311:"),
1238:and
1142:and
1117:the
865:ulna
850:and
797:axis
766:and
705:and
655:(an
383:, a
347:and
321:bear
311:and
248:1895
57:PreꞒ
8248:EoL
5965:PMC
5955:doi
5951:279
5916:doi
5904:638
5864:PMC
5856:doi
5844:376
5807:doi
5795:451
5733:doi
5693:doi
5646:PMC
5636:doi
5593:doi
5552:PMC
5544:doi
5503:PMC
5495:doi
5491:375
5442:doi
5378:doi
5374:147
5328:doi
5324:245
5301:hdl
5263:PMC
5255:doi
5251:281
5214:doi
5173:doi
5124:doi
5080:PMC
5070:doi
5003:PMC
4993:doi
4909:PMC
4901:doi
4897:282
4852:doi
4808:doi
4796:194
4758:doi
4685:doi
4603:doi
4550:doi
4461:doi
4406:in
4379:doi
4320:doi
4279:doi
4238:doi
4167:PMC
4157:doi
4076:PMC
4066:doi
4024:doi
4012:240
3986:doi
3944:PMC
3934:doi
3890:doi
3847:PMC
3837:doi
3736:PMC
3726:doi
3622:doi
3560:doi
3524:PMC
3514:doi
2915:or
2840:or
2511:or
1105:is
958:in
935:of
918:óps
454:of
438:of
292:of
282:óps
8285::
8263::
8250::
8225::
8210::
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