421:
663:
971:
546:'s time, and suggests that the original version from which these two accounts derive was current prior to the reign of Constantine. It was written that while sitting down at dinner, Gallienus was told that Aureolus and his men were approaching the camp. Gallienus rushed to the front lines, ready to give orders, when he was struck down by a commander of his cavalry. In a different and more controversial account, Aureolus forges a document in which Gallienus appears to be plotting against his generals and makes sure it falls into the hands of the emperor's senior staff. In this plot,
1011:, or king; imperator in this context simply means "victorious general"; and dux Romanorum looks like yet another version of corrector totius orientis" (Potter, 263). These titles suggest that Odaenathus's position was inheritable. In Roman culture, the status gained in procuring a position could be passed on, but not the position itself. It is possible that the thin line between office and the status that accompanied it were dismissed in the Palmyrene court, especially when the circumstance worked against the interests of a regime that was able to defeat
42:
851:. But because Heraclianus was not actually in the east in 268 (instead, at this time, he was involved in the conspiracy of Gallienus's death), this cannot be correct. But the confusion evident in this passage, which also places the bulk of Scythian activity during 269 a year earlier, under Gallienus, may stem from a later effort to pile all possible disasters in this year into the reign of the former emperor. This would keep Claudius's record of being an ancestor of
765:, one of the consuls of 270, who was an urban prefect the year before, would continue to hold his office for the following year. A colleague of Antiochianus, Virius Orfitus, also the descendant of a powerful family, would continue to hold influence during his father's term as prefect. Aurelian's colleague as consul was another such man, Pomponius Bassus, a member of one of the oldest senatorial families, as was one of the consuls in 272, Junius Veldumnianus.
596:
859:
817:
334:
901:, a more reasoned contemporary view shows Claudius as less grand. Claudius's successes in the year 269 were not continued in his next year as emperor. As the Scythians starved in the mountains or surrendered, the legions pursuing them began to see an epidemic spreading throughout the men. Also, Claudius's unwillingness to do anything at the siege of
1015:, which a number of Roman emperors had failed to do. Vaballathus stressed the meanings of titles, because in the Palmyrene context, the titles of Odaenathus meant a great deal. When the summer of 270 ended, things were looking very different in the empire than they did a year before. After its success,
369:
is an anachronism, since it is known that the garrison at
Thermopylae appeared in 254. Historian François Pashau suggests that this passage was invented in order to contrast the successful pagan commander Claudius with the unlucky Christian generals who allowed the ruin of Greece by the Gothic leader
388:
It is possible
Claudius gained his position and the respect of the soldiers by being physically strong and especially cruel. A legend tells of Claudius knocking out a horse's teeth with one punch. When Claudius performed as a wrestler in the 250s, he supposedly knocked out the teeth of his opponent
463:
ruling a de facto independent kingdom within the Roman Empire in the East. By 268, this situation had changed, as
Odaenathus was assassinated, most likely due to court intrigue, and Gallienus fell victim to a mutiny in his own ranks. Upon the death of Odaenathus, power fell to his younger son, who
1447:
of the
Cavalry and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Armies) would suggest a serious rift between himself and Gallienus. It is possible, but there is no evidence for it in any of the ancient sources; even Zosimus, who is notably cool towards Claudius, gives no hint of it. The most likely
1084:
dated
Claudius' death to April, citing a document of Aurelian that he dated to 25 May 270. However, modern scholars believe this document to be dated to 271. The date is strangely given as the "3rd" and "1st year", which most likely refers to the third year of Claudius and first of Aurelian (who
932:'s fabled arrival might have been an effort to reassert central control after the death of Odaenathus, but, if so, it failed. Although coins were never minted with the face of Odaenathus, soon after his death coins were made with image of his son – outstripping his authority under the emperor.
487:
city. When victory appeared to be near, Gallienus made the mistake of approaching the city walls too closely and was gravely injured, compelling him to cease his campaign against
Postumus. Over the next three years, Gallienus's troubles only got worse. The Scythians successfully invaded the
558:
to succeed him. Accounts tell of people hearing the news of the new emperor, and reacting by murdering
Gallienus's family members until Claudius declared he would respect the memory of his predecessor. Claudius had the deceased emperor deified and buried in a family tomb on the
519:
The death of
Gallienus was surrounded by conspiracy and betrayal, as were many emperors' deaths. Different accounts of the incident have been recorded, but they agree that senior officials wanted Gallienus dead. According to two accounts, the prime conspirator was
550:
is added as a possible conspirator. The tale of his involvement in the conspiracy might be seen as at least partial justification for the murder of
Aurelian himself under circumstances that seem remarkably similar to those in this story.
364:
was ordered to supply him with soldiers. However, there is no evidence that the Goths who invaded at that time threatened the region, since their activities did not extend beyond the middle
Balkans. Most likely the account in the
1899:"Now when the war with the Goths was finished, there spread abroad a most grievous pestilence, and then Claudius himself was stricken by the disease, and, leaving mankind, he departed to heaven, an abode befitting his virtues." (
286:
The future emperor Marcus Aurelius Claudius was born on 10 May 214. Some researchers suggest a later date – 219 or 220. Nevertheless, most historians adhere to the first version. Moreover, as the 6th century Byzantine historian
998:
avoid claims to imperial power: he remains vir consularis, rex, imperator, dux Romanorum, a range of titles that did not mimic those of the central government. The status vir consularis was, as we have seen, conferred upon
591:
had already inflicted some damage on them at the Battle of Nestus, Claudius, not long after being named emperor, followed this up by winning his greatest victory, and one of the greatest in the history of Roman arms.
812:
revolted, declaring itself for Claudius, the central government made no moves to support it. As a result, the city went through a siege, lasting many weeks, until it was finally captured and sacked by Victorinus.
710:, the prefect involved in the conspiracy against Gallienus, from Traianus Mucianus, who also gave a dedication to Heraclianus's brother, Aurelius Appollinaris, who was the equestrian governor of the province of
615:, the Romans took thousands of prisoners and destroyed the Gothic cavalry as a force. The victory earned Claudius his surname of "Gothicus" (conqueror of the Goths). The Goths were soon driven back across the
420:
515:
on a naval expedition. Despite this, scholars assume Gallienus's efforts were focused on Aureolus, the officer who betrayed him, and the defeat of the Herulians was left to his successor, Claudius Gothicus.
662:
1204:
of 1493 AD, involved the Roman priest being martyred during a general persecution of Christians. The text states that St. Valentine was beaten with clubs and finally beheaded for giving aid to
483:. After four years of delay, Postumus had established some control over the Empire. In 265, when Gallienus and his men crossed the Alps, they defeated and besieged Postumus in an (unnamed)
2383:
1180:, a work published in the 5th or 6th century. Twentieth-century historians agree that the accounts from this period cannot be verified. The legend refers to "Emperor Claudius", but
761:, a member of the prominent senatorial family, the Paterni, who had supplied consuls and urban prefects throughout Gallienus's reign, and thus were quite influential. In addition,
855:
from being tainted. If this understanding of the sources is correct, it might also be correct to see the expedition of Heraclianus to the east as an event of Claudius's time.
1433:, 14. It is in fact doubtful that Claudius was a military tribune at the time of Gallienus's murder. At that time a military tribune was usually the commander of a legionary
1452:, writing in the Fourth Century AD after the Constantinian reform of the army, had no notion what the term 'tribune' denoted in the seventh decade of the previous century.
1085:
dated his reign from Claudius' death). The last confirmed document is dated to 20 September 270, although another undated papyri could be tentatively dated to October.
4090:
784:, which had served as Laelianus's headquarters. This proved to be his downfall, for out of anger, Postumus's army mutinied and murdered him. Selected by the troops,
374:
in 396. In addition, Trebellius Pollio reveals that Decius rewarded Claudius after he demonstrated his strength while fighting another soldier at the Games of Mars.
990:
recording the rebuilding of a temple destroyed by the Palmyrene army, then these violent acts could be interpreted the same way. Yet they apparently were not. As
1214:
of 1260 AD recounts how St. Valentine refused to deny Christ before the "Emperor Claudius" in 270 AD and as a result was beheaded. Since then, February 14 marks
916:
was the breaking point between Claudius and Zenobia, the sequence of events point to the siege as an important factor. The issue at hand was the position that
1858:
1062:
Historians date Claudius's death in either January, April, August, or September. These discrepancies are the result of the various conflicting sources. The
2547:
1019:
was in a state of inactivity and the empire was failing in the east. Insufficient resources plagued the state, as a great deal of silver was used for the
344:
Before coming to power, Claudius served with the Roman army, where he had a successful career and secured appointments to the highest military posts. The
385:
to spare the lives of Gallienus's family and supporters. He was less magnanimous toward Rome's enemies and it was to this that he owed his popularity.
554:
Whichever story is true, Gallienus was killed in the summer of 268, probably between July and October, and Claudius was chosen by the army outside of
2676:
634:
in the late fall of 268, a few months after the Battle of Naissus. For this he was awarded the title of "Germanicus Maximus." He then turned on the
3201:
928:, the son of Zenobia, was given this title when Zenobia claimed it for him. From then on, tension between the two empires would only get worse.
291:
reports, at the time of his death Claudius was 56 years old. The birthplace of Claudius is unknown. He might have been born somewhere near the
1336:
951:
in the late summer. At this time, the prefect of Egypt was Tenagino Probus, described as an able soldier who not only defeated an invasion of
3995:
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2500:
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241:
The most significant source for Claudius II (and the only one regarding his early life) is the collection of imperial biographies called the
982:
Generally, when a Roman commander is killed it is taken as a sign that a state of war is in existence, and if we can associate the death of
4065:
3208:
2602:
1031:
Claudius did not live long enough to fulfil his goal of reuniting all the lost territories of the empire. Late in 269 he had travelled to
768:
In his first full year of power, Claudius was greatly assisted by the sudden destruction of the imperium Galliarum. When Ulpius Cornelius
1076:
both give "1 year and 9 months". Some Alexandrian coins have been dated to his third year, suggesting that he died in September 270 (the
4100:
4055:
3831:
1111:. Hinting that Claudius "revived the tradition of the Decii", Victor illustrates the senatorial view, which saw Claudius's predecessor,
563:. The traitor Aureolus was not treated with the same reverence, as he was killed by his besiegers after a failed attempt to surrender.
4060:
2330:
1983:
1680:
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was in serious danger from several incursions, both inside and outside its borders. The most pressing of these was an invasion of
1536:
4070:
3797:
3780:
3607:
3595:
1130:
1931:
3768:
3560:
3522:
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1051:), and died early in 270. Before his death, he is thought to have named Aurelian as his successor, though Claudius's brother
4028:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
924:(imparting overall command of the Roman armies and authority over the Roman provincial governors in the designated region).
3983:
3809:
3636:
3602:
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would take the throne. Four inscriptions provide an insight into the government at the time. The first is a dedication to
2277:
4095:
3624:
2669:
2320:
2147:
1273:
1960:
1195:), so people believe he was Claudius II even though this emperor spent most of his time warring outside his territory.
654:
and the Rhone river valley of Gaul. This set the stage for the later destruction of the Gallic Empire under Aurelian.
3705:
3384:
2850:
1721:
409:
1415:
726:, another leading general by the time that Gallienus died. The fourth honours Julius Placidianus, the prefect of the
714:
in 267–68 AD. Because these men shared the family name, Marcus Aurelius, a name given to those made citizens by the
4105:
4015:
3971:
3949:
3900:
3787:
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of auxiliary cavalry. For Claudius to have been demoted to this level from the heights he had previously occupied (
1379:"Many think this man was fathered by Gordian, when, as a youth, he was being prepared by a grown woman for a wife."
695:
576:
4075:
3922:
3890:
3715:
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into the plot. The removal of Claudius from the conspiracy may be due to his later role as the progenitor of the
535:
2083:
Rathbone, D. W. (1986). "The Dates of the Recognition in Egypt of the Emperors from Caracalla to Diocletianus".
3932:
3885:
3432:
3079:
2512:
Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284)
2032:
Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (235-284)
1623:
1439:
1173:
1081:
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It is still unknown why Claudius did nothing to help the city of Autun, but sources tell us his relations with
528:. One version of the story tells of Heraclianus bringing Claudius into the plot while the account given by the
970:
808:. Luckily, it was there that Placidianus stopped and Victorinus's position stabilized. In the next year, when
471:
Under threat of invasion in the Balkans by multiple Germanic tribes, Gallienus's troubles primarily lay with
3740:
3720:
3494:
3374:
2662:
2346:
Curran, John R. Pagan City and Christian Capital: Rome in the Fourth Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000. Print
2316:
1192:
820:
Medallion of Claudius. An attempt of his to reform Roman currency is commemorated on the reverse with three
715:
251:, is riddled with fabrications and obsequious praises. In 4th century, Claudius was declared a relative of
4010:
3989:
3895:
2685:
2573:
2312:
1434:
1227:
785:
746:(another emperor in waiting) was also of Balkan background, and from a family enfranchised in the time of
743:
631:
2541:
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by the nomadic tribes to the south in 269, but also was successful in hunting down Scythian ships in the
3944:
3939:
3915:
3910:
3826:
3663:
3651:
3422:
3047:
2622:
2258:
1956:
1148:
on the other hand claim Chlorus was Claudia's daughter's son. Historians suspect these accounts to be a
1145:
959:. However, he did not see the same success in Egypt, for a group allied to the Palmyrene empire, led by
758:
539:
300:
268:
252:
2017:
25 mai 270 considéré comme la date la plus ancienne d'Aurélien dans les papyrus doit être reporté à 271
263:
should be used with extreme caution and supplemented with information from other sources: the works of
1973:
753:
Although their influence was weakened, there were still a number of men with influence from the older
3927:
3875:
3735:
3710:
3675:
3590:
3504:
3354:
3185:
2654:
2638:
975:
929:
844:
762:
707:
521:
475:, whom he could not attack because his attention was required in dealing with an insurrection led by
500:, declared himself an ally of Postumus and went so far as to claim the imperial throne for himself.
377:
His troops then proclaimed him emperor amid charges, never proven, that he murdered his predecessor
4050:
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3858:
3843:
3821:
3756:
3745:
3700:
3646:
3136:
3074:
3037:
2282:
1951:
1200:
1134:
898:
667:
401:
322:
280:
256:
3905:
3848:
3792:
3774:
3763:
3725:
3695:
3573:
3291:
3195:
2945:
2914:
2907:
2100:
1946:
1643:
1064:
991:
619:
by Aurelian, and nearly a century passed before they again posed a serious threat to the empire.
525:
1670:
1215:
2355:
Potter, David S. "Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.08.01." The Bryn Mawr Classical Review. 2004.
3870:
3816:
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3241:
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2515:
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2030:
2006:
1979:
1837:
1812:
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1396:
1352:
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reports Claudius and Quintillus having another brother named Crispus and through him a niece,
1044:
867:
816:
777:
647:
604:
230:
226:
780:, in the spring of 269, Postumus defeated him, but in doing so, refused to allow the sack of
678:
Claudius was not the only man to reap the benefits of holding high office after the death of
4085:
4080:
4000:
3977:
3880:
3853:
3838:
3804:
3730:
3690:
3680:
3405:
3332:
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3165:
3120:
3115:
2987:
2441:
2267:
2139:
1901:
1635:
1344:
1125:
940:
836:
595:
530:
448:
349:
243:
2378:
963:, undermined Probus, defeated his army, and killed him in a battle near the modern city of
796:, Victorinus was soon in a precarious position, for the Spanish provinces had deserted the
3641:
3631:
3540:
3327:
3235:
3223:
3217:
3069:
2890:
2860:
2803:
2783:
2273:
2249:
1747:
1165:
1103:
1098:
1077:
1073:
476:
405:
393:
276:
264:
174:
41:
404:
Roman emperors following Maximinus's death, Claudius was the first in a series of tough "
2286:
2062:. Harold B. Lee Library. London : Egypt Exploration Fund. pp. 223 (no. 1200).
858:
686:, but afterwards there would only be one emperor who did not hail from the provinces of
503:
At this time, another invasion was taking place. In 268, a tribe or grouping called the
3535:
3499:
3444:
3337:
3260:
3158:
3152:
3084:
3064:
2818:
2778:
2642:
2308:
1218:, a day set aside by the Christian church in memory of the Roman priest and physician.
4039:
4005:
3965:
3509:
3317:
3125:
2536:
1672:
The Roman Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome, 31 BC–AD 476
1647:
1210:
1153:
956:
882:
852:
797:
742:
aristocracy, and all of them appear to owe their prominence to their military roles.
639:
635:
543:
484:
444:
317:
214:
79:
2057:
1875:
1522:
3750:
3545:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3285:
3147:
2788:
2613:
2151:
1149:
1141:
1056:
1020:
699:
616:
572:
440:
382:
337:
288:
682:. Before the rule of Claudius Gothicus, there had only been two emperors from the
333:
2000:
1390:
889:, the site of Claudius's victory in 269. Claudius is also held in high esteem by
630:
and attacked the empire. Claudius responded quickly, routing the Alamanni at the
3614:
3489:
3439:
3364:
2938:
2885:
2828:
2540:
1169:
1138:
995:
983:
925:
801:
754:
731:
381:. However, he soon showed himself to be less than bloodthirsty, as he asked the
357:
153:
1809:
Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC – AD 305
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3022:
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2835:
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2627:
2583:
1639:
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1181:
1052:
1000:
917:
789:
560:
508:
460:
305:
186:
107:
2432:
Kotula, T. (1994). "Autour de Claude II le Gothique: péripéties d'un mythe".
2298:
2096:
1377:
1277:
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was to replace Postumus as ruler. Marius's rule did not last long though, as
3417:
3369:
3279:
3266:
3053:
2982:
2955:
2950:
2919:
2865:
2813:
2748:
2743:
2566:
2387:, volume 4 (II.2), Metzlerscher Verlag (Stuttgart, 1896), columns 2458–2462.
2253:
1927:
1185:
1172:. Contemporary records of his deeds were most probably destroyed during the
1112:
960:
952:
769:
747:
723:
679:
588:
480:
452:
425:
397:
378:
97:
2445:
2349:
Larue, Gerald A. "There They Go Again!" The Humanist Sept. 1999: 1. Print.
1626:(1924). "Zur Chronologie der römischen Kaiser von Decius bis Diocletian".
3685:
3467:
3359:
3312:
3272:
3254:
3174:
3109:
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3059:
3032:
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3002:
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2880:
2875:
2823:
2798:
2793:
2758:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2606:
2035:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 363 (note 52).
1048:
1040:
805:
773:
735:
703:
687:
651:
623:
612:
607:, Claudius and his legions routed a huge Gothic army. Together with his
580:
547:
493:
472:
456:
371:
218:
2104:
17:
3619:
3322:
3229:
3142:
2997:
2773:
2352:
Meijer, Fik. Emperors Don't Die in Bed. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.
1036:
1032:
906:
890:
863:
848:
831:
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727:
711:
683:
671:
608:
504:
489:
465:
272:
169:
3391:
3248:
3130:
2902:
2768:
2166:
Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition
1750:(1976). "Une carrière équestre sous le règne de l'empereur Gallien".
1537:"What were the causes of the 3rd century crisis in the Roman Empire?"
1392:
Emperors and Ancestors: Roman Rulers and the Constraints of Tradition
1069:
1012:
987:
944:
936:
894:
821:
691:
512:
361:
353:
292:
217:
from 268 to 270. During his reign he fought successfully against the
47:
1525:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1337:"Claudius (II) Gothicus, Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor, 268–270 CE"
886:
2394:
Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
2270:, Life of Claudius The accuracy of this source has been questioned.
443:
into three distinct governing entities (the core Roman Empire, the
321:, likely an attempt to further connect him with the future emperor
2992:
2763:
2753:
2733:
2322:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire Volume 1: A.D. 260–395
1108:
1008:
1004:
969:
964:
948:
902:
878:
874:
857:
809:
792:, Postumus's praetorian prefect, defeated him. Now emperor of the
781:
661:
594:
584:
555:
497:
419:
332:
222:
2411:
Paschoud, F. (1992). "Claude II aux Thermopyles? A propos de HA,
1916:
The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337
638:, ruled by a pretender for the past eight years and encompassing
534:
exculpates the soon-to-be emperor and adds the prominent general
2738:
2728:
1016:
913:
800:
and declared their loyalty to Claudius, while in southern Gaul,
793:
643:
627:
2658:
2197:
Jack Oruch, "St. Valentine, Chaucer, and Spring in February",
356:(249–251). The same source describes his being sent to defend
1176:
in early 4th century and a tale of martyrdom was recorded in
1583:. Routledge history of the ancient world (second ed.).
1481:
1479:
1188:
of Jewish followers of "Chrestus" being expelled from Rome;
834:
were waning in the course of 269. An obscure passage in the
451:) placed the whole Roman imperium in a precarious position.
1144:" to strengthen his connection to Constantius. Zonaras and
1059:
immediately deified Claudius as "Divus Claudius Gothicus".
229:. He died after succumbing to a "pestilence", possibly the
2278:
extract: Zonaras: Alexander Severus to Diocletian: 222–284
1726:. Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors. p. 139.
1289:
1287:
1276:. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. Archived from
843:
s life of Gallienus states that he had sent an army under
340:
of Claudius II. Legend: IMPerator Caesar CLAVDIVS AVGustus
1448:
explanation for the suggestion is that the author of the
2002:
Aurélien et Zénobie: l'unité ou la division de l'Empire?
1318:
1316:
1314:
738:
origin themselves, but none of them were members of the
650:. He won several victories and soon regained control of
1675:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 178–182.
1184:
did not persecute Christians (minus the one mention by
2384:
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
2299:
Weigel, Richard D. "Claudius II Gothicus (268 -270)",
1975:
Roman Imperial Titulature and Chronology, A.D. 235–284
1133:, who reportedly married Eutropius and was mother to
897:
tradition seems to have been influenced by Latin. For
881:
tradition, but an admirable choice as an ancestor for
2510:
Hartmann, U.; Gerhardt, T. (2008). Johne K.-P (ed.).
1115:, as too relaxed when it came to religious policies.
209:" (10 May 214 – August/September 270), also known as
1706:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
408:" who would eventually restore the Empire after the
3958:
3404:
3301:
3184:
3011:
2849:
2697:
1864:. No. 102. Jaarboek voor Munt. pp. 15–60.
192:
181:
168:
152:
142:
125:
117:
113:
103:
93:
85:
78:
34:
2361:De Claudio Gothico, Romanorum imperatore (268—270)
1602:
1600:
1560:
1558:
1137:. The same source also gives Claudius the nomina "
974:Portrait bust possibly depicting Claudius at the
389:when his genitalia had been grabbed in the match.
160:Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Claudius Augustus
2396:. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
1723:The Roman Emperor Aurelian: Restorer of the World
1628:Archiv fĂĽr Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete
1498:
1496:
1494:
1198:The legend was retold in later texts, and in the
1068:gives Claudius a reign of "1 year and 4 months",
455:was seriously weakened by his failure to defeat
259:, and, consequently, of the ruling dynasty. The
912:Although it is not proven that the invasion of
308:, although this is doubted by some historians.
2056:Grenfell, Bernard P.; Hunt, Arthur S. (1898).
1574:
1572:
1570:
826:, personifications of gold, silver, and bronze
757:. Claudius assumed the consulship in 269 with
722:. The third inscription reveals the career of
233:that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire.
2670:
2370:Kaiser Claudius II. Goticus (268—270 n. Chr.)
1793:
1791:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1101:in AD 361 states that Claudius consulted the
8:
2551:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2455:The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine
496:, a commander of the Roman cavalry based in
1335:Drinkwater, John Frederick (7 March 2016),
1152:fabrication intended to link the family of
1093:A short history of imperial Rome, entitled
1035:and was preparing to go to war against the
847:to the region that had been annihilated by
718:, these men did not come from the imperial
360:, in connection with which the governor of
247:. However, his story, like the rest of the
3181:
2677:
2663:
2655:
2555:
2085:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Papyrologie und Epigraphik
40:
31:
2421:Publications de l'École française de Rome
2005:(in French). Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego.
571:At the time of Claudius's accession, the
2214:
2212:
2210:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
1461:
1395:. Oxford University Press. p. 225.
1341:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics
815:
479:and the threats created by the invading
304:, he was thought to be a bastard son of
4091:Illegitimate children of Roman emperors
2220:Chaucer and the cult of Saint Valentine
1521:Lightfoot, Christopher (October 2000).
1349:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1624
1322:
1293:
1239:
986:in 270, as well as an inscription from
50:) depicting Claudius Gothicus. Legend:
2341:Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire
1834:Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen
1003:; the title rex, or king, is simply a
139:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1523:"The Roman empire (27 B.C.-393 A.D.)"
1305:
1246:
1164:Claudius Gothicus has been linked to
1156:to that of a well-respected emperor.
283:, as well as coins and inscriptions.
7:
734:, or Marcianus may not have been of
439:During the 260s, the breakup of the
2493:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180—395
1880:Virtuelles AntikenMuseum Goettingen
1581:The Roman empire at bay, AD 180-395
1107:prior to his campaigns against the
873:The victories of Claudius over the
459:in the West, and his acceptance of
1119:Links to the Constantinian dynasty
877:would not only make him a hero in
66:
25:
2542:"Claudius, Marcus Aurelius"
1978:. Amsterdam: Gieben. p. 42.
1043:. However, he fell victim to the
315:refers to him as a member of the
53:
2204:.3 (July 1981 pp 534–565) p 535.
1485:
1274:"Claudius II Gothicus (268—270)"
492:in the early months of 268, and
400:birth. After a period of failed
298:According to the fourth-century
69:
62:
2603:P. Licinius Egnatius Marinianus
2457:. London, New York: Routledge.
905:likely provoked a quarrel with
430:
2474:Aurelian and the Third Century
2415:. 16,1, Zosime 5,5 et Eunape,
2325:. Cambridge University Press.
776:, declared himself emperor in
658:Government and foreign affairs
611:commander, the future Emperor
59:
56:
1:
2514:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1933:Chronicle of the City of Rome
730:. Heraclianus, Appollinaris,
464:was dominated by his mother,
129:
27:Roman emperor from 268 to 270
862:Ruins of Imperial Palace at
599:The Roman Empire in 268 A.D.
323:Flavius Valerius Constantius
221:and decisively defeated the
4066:Crisis of the Third Century
2168:. OUP Oxford. p. 225.
2029:Johne, Klaus-Peter (2014).
1832:Southern, Patricia (2008).
1579:Potter, David (2004). "7".
1272:Weigel, Richard D. (2001).
1023:, which was again diluted.
967:in the late summer of 270.
666:Possible bust of Claudius,
410:Crisis of the Third Century
4122:
4101:People from Roman Dalmatia
4056:3rd-century Roman emperors
3950:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3901:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3788:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
2434:Revue des Études Anciennes
2263:Breviarium ab urbe condita
1055:briefly seized power. The
622:Around the same time, the
267:, Pseudo-Aurelius Victor,
4061:3rd-century Roman consuls
4026:
3923:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3891:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3716:Constantine IX Monomachos
2635:
2611:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2164:Hekster, Olivier (2015).
1972:Peachin, Michael (1990).
1640:10.1515/apf.1924.7.1-2.30
1389:Hekster, Olivier (2015).
922:corrector totius orientis
536:Lucius Aurelius Marcianus
159:
147:
138:
39:
3886:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2301:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2276:, Compendium of History
1999:Kotula, Tadeusz (1997).
1857:Claes, Liesbeth (2015).
1174:Diocletianic Persecution
772:, a high official under
203:Marcus Aurelius Claudius
148:Marcus Aurelius Claudius
132:August (?) 270 (aged 55)
46:Gold medallion (worth 8
3741:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3375:Tiberius II Constantine
2548:Encyclopædia Britannica
1807:Young, Gary K. (2003).
1193:Suetonius on Christians
1178:Passio Marii et Marthae
716:constitutio Antoniniana
4071:Deified Roman emperors
3896:Michael IX Palaiologos
2491:Potter, D. S. (2004).
2453:Southern, Pat (2001).
2059:The Oxyrhynchus papyri
1420:, The Life of Claudius
1228:List of Roman emperors
1039:, who were raiding in
994:writes, "The coins of
979:
870:
827:
786:Marcus Aurelius Marius
744:Marcus Aurelius Probus
675:
632:Battle of Lake Benacus
600:
436:
341:
3990:Thessalonian emperors
3984:Trapezuntine emperors
3945:John VIII Palaiologos
3940:Manuel II Palaiologos
3911:John VI Kantakouzenos
3827:Andronikos I Komnenos
3664:Constantine Lekapenos
2692:and empresses regnant
2495:. London: Routledge.
2476:. London: Routledge.
2472:Watson (2004). "A.".
2446:10.3406/rea.1994.4592
2372:. Leipzig: Dieterich.
2254:Epitome de Caesaribus
1957:Epitome de Caesaribus
1080:began on 29 August).
973:
861:
819:
665:
598:
423:
416:Downfall of Gallienus
336:
301:Epitome de Caesaribus
253:Constantine the Great
237:Early life and origin
3928:John VII Palaiologos
3876:Theodore II Laskaris
3736:Constantine X Doukas
3676:Nikephoros II Phokas
2639:Flavius Antiochianus
2392:Kienast, D. (2017).
2368:Damerau, P. (1934).
1720:White, John (2015).
976:Worcester Art Museum
930:Aurelius Heraclianus
845:Aurelius Heraclianus
763:Flavius Antiochianus
708:Aurelius Heraclianus
540:house of Constantine
522:Aurelius Heraclianus
4096:People from Sirmium
3859:Theodore I Laskaris
3844:Alexios III Angelos
3822:Alexios II Komnenos
3746:Romanos IV Diogenes
3701:Romanos III Argyros
3647:Romanos I Lekapenos
1876:"Claudius Gothicus"
1473:Aurelius Victor, 33
1201:Nuremberg Chronicle
1135:Constantius Chlorus
668:Santa Giulia Museum
396:before him, was of
348:says that he was a
257:Constantius Chlorus
3978:Britannic emperors
3972:Palmyrene emperors
3906:John V Palaiologos
3849:Alexios IV Angelos
3798:Constantine Doukas
3793:Alexios I Komnenos
3781:Constantine Doukas
3764:Michael VII Doukas
3726:Michael VI Bringas
3292:Romulus Augustulus
2915:Trebonianus Gallus
2908:Herennius Etruscus
2690:Byzantine emperors
2591:Political offices
2363:. Paris: H. Jouve.
1859:"Coins with power"
1280:on 30 August 2011.
1065:Chronograph of 354
980:
885:, who was born at
871:
828:
676:
601:
526:Praetorian Prefect
437:
342:
185:Unknown, possibly
4106:Illyrian emperors
4033:
4032:
3871:John III Vatatzes
3817:Manuel I Komnenos
3556:Michael I Rangabe
3400:
3399:
3242:Petronius Maximus
2841:Severus Alexander
2809:Septimius Severus
2653:
2652:
2636:Succeeded by
2599:Aspasius Paternus
2581:Succeeded by
2521:978-3-05-008807-5
2502:978-0-415-10058-8
2483:978-1-134-90815-8
2464:978-0-415-23943-1
2403:978-3-534-13289-8
2359:Homo, L. (1903).
2293:Secondary sources
2175:978-0-19-105655-0
2069:978-0-85698-065-7
2042:978-3-05-008807-5
2012:978-83-229-1638-4
1843:978-1-4411-4248-1
1836:. A&C Black.
1818:978-1-134-54793-7
1733:978-1-4738-4569-5
1710:Southern, pg. 110
1698:Southern, pg. 109
1590:978-1-315-88256-7
1402:978-0-19-873682-0
1358:978-0-19-938113-5
1045:Plague of Cyprian
868:Sremska Mitrovica
778:Germania Superior
648:Iberian Peninsula
605:Battle of Naissus
231:Plague of Cyprian
227:Battle of Naissus
200:
199:
164:
163:
35:Claudius Gothicus
16:(Redirected from
4113:
4076:Gothicus Maximus
3881:John IV Laskaris
3854:Alexios V Doukas
3839:Isaac II Angelos
3805:John II Komnenos
3731:Isaac I Komnenos
3691:Constantine VIII
3681:John I Tzimiskes
3408:Byzantine Empire
3182:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2596:Preceded by
2564:Preceded by
2556:
2552:
2544:
2525:
2506:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2428:
2407:
2388:
2377:Henze, Walter, "
2373:
2364:
2336:
2268:Historia Augusta
2232:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2205:
2195:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2155:
2145:Life of Claudius
2140:Historia Augusta
2136:
2130:
2129:, Claudius, 13:2
2127:Historia Augusta
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1969:
1963:
1943:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1902:Historia Augusta
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1784:
1781:
1772:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1748:Christol, Michel
1744:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1699:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1620:
1607:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1565:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1541:dailyhistory.org
1533:
1527:
1526:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1489:
1488:, Vol 1, p. 209.
1483:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1450:Historia Augusta
1427:
1421:
1418:Historia Augusta
1413:
1407:
1406:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1250:
1244:
1126:Historia Augusta
842:
837:Historia Augusta
698:until 378, when
626:had crossed the
531:Historia Augusta
449:Palmyrene Empire
434:
432:
406:soldier emperors
367:Historia Augusta
352:in the reign of
350:military tribune
346:Historia Augusta
313:Historia Augusta
261:Historia Augusta
249:Historia Augusta
244:Historia Augusta
140:
131:
73:
72:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
55:
44:
32:
21:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4022:
3966:Gallic emperors
3954:
3642:Constantine VII
3423:Constantine III
3410:
3407:
3396:
3305:
3297:
3236:Valentinian III
3224:Constantius III
3218:Priscus Attalus
3202:Constantine III
3188:
3180:
3070:Valerius Valens
3015:
3007:
2853:
2845:
2804:Didius Julianus
2784:Marcus Aurelius
2701:
2693:
2683:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2586:
2577:
2569:
2535:
2532:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2490:
2484:
2471:
2465:
2452:
2431:
2410:
2404:
2391:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2339:Gibbon. Edward
2333:
2313:J.R. Martindale
2307:
2295:
2274:Joannes Zonaras
2250:Aurelius Victor
2246:
2244:Primary sources
2241:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1944:
1940:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1606:Potter, pg. 264
1605:
1598:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1564:Potter, pg. 263
1563:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1271:
1270:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1216:Valentine's Day
1166:Saint Valentine
1162:
1160:Saint Valentine
1123:The unreliable
1121:
1104:Sibylline Books
1099:Aurelius Victor
1091:
1078:Coptic calendar
1074:Aurelius Victor
1029:
1007:translation of
947:and moved into
840:
660:
569:
542:, a fiction of
429:
418:
394:Maximinus Thrax
392:Claudius, like
331:
277:Joannes Zonaras
265:Aurelius Victor
239:
133:
74:
52:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3925:
3920:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3802:
3790:
3785:
3761:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Theodora (III)
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3583:
3571:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Constantine VI
3533:
3528:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Theodosius III
3497:
3492:
3487:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3445:Constantine IV
3442:
3437:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:Eastern Empire
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3264:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:Western Empire
3179:
3178:
3171:
3159:Magnus Maximus
3155:
3153:Valentinian II
3150:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:Constantius II
3082:
3080:Constantine II
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2930:
2912:
2900:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2779:Antoninus Pius
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2702:27 BC – AD 235
2695:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2643:Virius Orfitus
2637:
2634:
2610:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2559:Regnal titles
2554:
2553:
2539:, ed. (1911).
2537:Chisholm, Hugh
2531:
2530:External links
2528:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2469:
2463:
2450:
2440:(3): 499–509.
2429:
2419:. 7, 3, 4-5".
2408:
2402:
2389:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2305:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2224:
2206:
2181:
2174:
2156:
2131:
2119:
2117:Curran, pg. 15
2110:
2075:
2068:
2048:
2041:
2021:
2011:
1991:
1984:
1964:
1938:
1920:
1907:
1892:
1867:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1817:
1799:
1797:Potter, p. 267
1785:
1783:Potter, p. 266
1773:
1771:Potter, p. 265
1761:
1739:
1732:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1681:
1667:Grant, Michael
1653:
1634:(1–2): 30–51.
1608:
1596:
1589:
1566:
1554:
1528:
1513:
1511:Meijer, pg. 98
1504:
1502:Gibbon, Ch. 11
1490:
1475:
1466:
1454:
1422:
1408:
1401:
1381:
1370:
1357:
1327:
1325:, p. 222.
1310:
1298:
1283:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1161:
1158:
1120:
1117:
1097:, written by
1090:
1087:
1028:
1025:
659:
656:
568:
565:
511:and then into
507:moved through
424:Roman emperor
417:
414:
330:
327:
238:
235:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
183:
179:
178:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
136:
135:
127:
123:
122:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
75:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4118:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4025:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3926:
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3921:
3918:
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3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
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3899:
3897:
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3892:
3889:
3887:
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3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3603:Theodora (II)
3601:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3510:Constantine V
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Anastasius II
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
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3441:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Theodosius II
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3126:Valentinian I
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:Constantine I
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Constantius I
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2574:Roman emperor
2568:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:0-521-07233-6
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:Jones, A.H.M.
2306:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:Historia Nova
2284:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:Henry Kelly,
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1985:90-5063-034-0
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1811:. Routledge.
1810:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:0-684-18388-9
1678:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Stein, Arthur
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:Paschoud 1992
1458:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1211:Golden Legend
1208:in Rome. The
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1154:Constantine I
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1095:De Caesaribus
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:Mediterranean
954:
950:
946:
943:army invaded
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:Constantine I
880:
876:
869:
865:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
839:
838:
833:
825:
824:
818:
814:
811:
807:
804:had captured
803:
799:
798:Gallic Empire
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
673:
669:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
636:Gallic Empire
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
562:
557:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:
527:
523:
517:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
445:Gallic Empire
442:
427:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
335:
329:Rise to power
328:
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:
296:
294:
290:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:Roman emperor
212:
208:
204:
195:
191:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
171:
167:
158:
155:
151:
146:
141:
137:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:Roman emperor
77:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3933:Andronikos V
3931:
3914:
3862:
3830:
3808:
3796:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3662:
3656:
3650:
3623:
3606:
3594:
3577:
3565:
3559:
3546:Nikephoros I
3521:
3520:
3514:
3481:
3478:Justinian II
3473:Tiberius III
3463:Justinian II
3454:
3448:
3431:
3383:
3355:Anastasius I
3346:
3290:
3286:Julius Nepos
3278:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3157:
3148:Theodosius I
3135:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3065:Maximinus II
3052:
2962:
2954:
2937:
2924:
2918:
2906:
2894:
2827:
2789:Lucius Verus
2620:
2614:Roman consul
2612:
2572:
2546:
2511:
2492:
2473:
2454:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2393:
2382:
2369:
2360:
2340:
2321:
2300:
2231:Larue, pg. 1
2227:
2219:
2201:
2198:
2165:
2159:
2152:LacusCurtius
2144:
2138:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2058:
2051:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2001:
1994:
1974:
1967:
1955:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1915:
1910:
1900:
1895:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1808:
1802:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1722:
1715:
1671:
1631:
1627:
1580:
1545:. Retrieved
1540:
1531:
1516:
1507:
1469:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1431:Vita Claudii
1430:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1391:
1384:
1373:
1362:, retrieved
1340:
1330:
1323:Kienast 2017
1301:
1294:Damerau 1934
1278:the original
1249:, col. 2458.
1242:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1177:
1163:
1150:genealogical
1124:
1122:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1082:Arthur Stein
1063:
1061:
1030:
1021:antoninianus
992:David Potter
981:
934:
921:
911:
872:
835:
829:
822:
767:
752:
719:
700:Theodosius I
677:
621:
617:Danube River
602:
573:Roman Empire
570:
553:
529:
518:
502:
470:
441:Roman Empire
438:
402:aristocratic
391:
387:
383:Roman Senate
376:
366:
345:
343:
338:Antoninianus
316:
312:
310:
299:
297:
293:Danube river
289:John Malalas
285:
260:
248:
242:
240:
210:
206:
202:
201:
29:
3992:(1224–1242)
3986:(1204–1461)
3775:Konstantios
3652:Christopher
3625:Constantine
3615:Michael III
3596:Constantine
3579:Constantine
3561:Theophylact
3490:Philippicus
3440:Constans II
3365:Justinian I
3261:Severus III
3209:Constans II
2963:Claudius II
2939:Silbannacus
2886:Gordian III
2861:Maximinus I
2829:Diadumenian
2379:Aurelius 82
2091:: 120–125.
1464:, p. 25—26.
1170:Middle Ages
996:Vaballathus
984:Heraclianus
926:Vaballathus
866:, today in
853:Constantine
802:Placidianus
755:aristocracy
732:Placidianus
587:. Although
544:Constantine
435:253–268 AD)
358:Thermopylae
318:gens Flavia
255:'s father,
211:Claudius II
154:Regnal name
94:Predecessor
4051:270 deaths
4046:214 births
4040:Categories
3769:Andronikos
3757:Nikephoros
3706:Michael IV
3671:Romanos II
3591:Theophilos
3586:Michael II
3567:Staurakios
3551:Staurakios
3523:Nikephoros
3516:Artabasdos
3428:Heraclonas
3385:Theodosius
3343:Basiliscus
3103:Nepotianus
3096:Magnentius
3090:Constans I
3043:Severus II
3023:Diocletian
2968:Quintillus
2933:Aemilianus
2926:Volusianus
2871:Gordian II
2836:Elagabalus
2699:Principate
2647:Victorinus
2628:Victorinus
2584:Quintillus
2417:Vitae Soph
2148:1 (note 1)
1445:Hipparchos
1308:, s. 2458.
1306:Henze 1896
1247:Henze 1896
1234:References
1206:Christians
1182:Claudius I
1168:since the
1053:Quintillus
1047:(possibly
1001:Odaenathus
918:Odaenathus
790:Victorinus
646:, and the
561:Appian Way
509:Asia Minor
461:Odaenathus
306:Gordian II
187:Gordian II
121:10 May 214
108:Quintillus
4011:Classical
3996:Empresses
3980:(286–296)
3974:(267–273)
3968:(260–274)
3711:Michael V
3637:Alexander
3450:Heraclius
3418:Heraclius
3370:Justin II
3280:Glycerius
3267:Anthemius
3137:Procopius
3075:Martinian
3054:Maxentius
2983:Florianus
2956:Saloninus
2951:Gallienus
2920:Hostilian
2896:Philip II
2866:Gordian I
2814:Caracalla
2749:Vespasian
2744:Vitellius
2567:Gallienus
2317:J. Morris
2259:Eutropius
2097:0084-5388
1947:Chronicon
1928:Filocalus
1758:: 866–74.
1648:161464046
1429:See SHA,
1186:Suetonius
1146:Eutropius
1113:Gallienus
961:Timagenes
953:Cyrenaica
941:Palmyrene
770:Laelianus
748:Caracalla
724:Marcianus
696:Illyricum
680:Gallienus
589:Gallienus
577:Illyricum
505:Herulians
481:Scythians
477:Macrianus
453:Gallienus
426:Gallienus
398:barbarian
379:Gallienus
269:Eutropius
104:Successor
98:Gallienus
65:claudius
4006:Usurpers
4001:Augustae
3959:See also
3864:Nicholas
3686:Basil II
3483:Tiberius
3468:Leontius
3456:Tiberius
3433:Tiberius
3411:610–1453
3406:Eastern/
3360:Justin I
3313:Arcadius
3273:Olybrius
3255:Majorian
3196:Honorius
3175:Eugenius
3110:Vetranio
3060:Licinius
3033:Galerius
3028:Maximian
3013:Dominate
3003:Numerian
2973:Aurelian
2946:Valerian
2891:Philip I
2881:Balbinus
2876:Pupienus
2824:Macrinus
2799:Pertinax
2794:Commodus
2759:Domitian
2724:Claudius
2719:Caligula
2714:Tiberius
2709:Augustus
2623:Paternus
2607:Postumus
2578:268–270
2427:: 21–28.
2319:(1971).
2222:, pg. 49
2199:Speculum
2105:20186314
1918:, pg. 50
1914:Bowman,
1669:(1985).
1547:2 August
1364:26 April
1296:, s. 39.
1222:See also
1142:Valerius
1089:Religion
1049:smallpox
1041:Pannonia
920:held as
893:, whose
806:Grenoble
774:Postumus
759:Paternus
736:Danubian
704:Hispania
688:Pannonia
674:(Italy).
652:Hispania
624:Alamanni
613:Aurelian
581:Pannonia
548:Aurelian
494:Aureolus
473:Postumus
457:Postumus
447:and the
372:Alaric I
219:Alemanni
207:Gothicus
18:Gothicus
4086:Claudii
4081:Aurelii
4016:Eastern
3916:Matthew
3810:Alexios
3658:Stephen
3620:Basil I
3505:Leo III
3380:Maurice
3323:Marcian
3306:395–610
3230:Joannes
3189:395–480
3143:Gratian
3016:284–610
2998:Carinus
2978:Tacitus
2854:235–285
2774:Hadrian
2632:Sanctus
2283:Zosimus
2239:Sources
1752:Latomus
1139:Flavius
1131:Claudia
1037:Vandals
1033:Sirmium
907:Zenobia
899:Zosimus
891:Zonaras
887:Naissus
864:Sirmium
849:Zenobia
832:Palmyra
823:Monetae
740:Severan
728:vigiles
712:Thracia
684:Balkans
672:Brescia
640:Britain
609:cavalry
603:At the
583:by the
490:Balkans
466:Zenobia
433:
281:Zosimus
273:Orosius
225:at the
196:Unknown
175:Gordian
170:Dynasty
134:unknown
89:268–270
3778:&
3754:&
3661:&
3632:Leo VI
3608:Thekla
3564:&
3531:Leo IV
3453:&
3392:Phocas
3348:Marcus
3333:Leo II
3249:Avitus
3166:Victor
3131:Valens
3121:Jovian
3116:Julian
2988:Probus
2923:&
2903:Decius
2851:Crisis
2769:Trajan
2518:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2400:
2343:(1888)
2329:
2315:&
2303:, 2001
2172:
2103:
2095:
2066:
2039:
2009:
1982:
1952:s. 269
1885:1 July
1840:
1815:
1730:
1679:
1646:
1587:
1543:. 2018
1437:or an
1435:cohort
1399:
1355:
1070:Jerome
1057:Senate
1013:Persia
988:Bostra
945:Arabia
937:Zabdas
935:Under
692:Moesia
524:, the
513:Greece
485:Gallic
362:Achaea
354:Decius
279:, and
213:, was
193:Mother
182:Father
3574:Leo V
3541:Irene
3328:Leo I
2993:Carus
2764:Nerva
2754:Titus
2734:Galba
2686:Roman
2621:with
2413:Claud
2101:JSTOR
1961:s. 34
1862:(PDF)
1644:S2CID
1109:Goths
1027:Death
1005:Latin
965:Cairo
949:Egypt
903:Autun
895:Greek
879:Latin
875:Goths
841:'
810:Autun
794:Gauls
782:Mainz
720:Ă©lite
702:from
585:Goths
567:Reign
556:Milan
498:Milan
223:Goths
143:Names
86:Reign
48:aurei
3930:(w.
3913:(w.
3861:(w.
3832:John
3829:(w.
3807:(w.
3795:(w.
3766:(w.
3748:(w.
3649:(w.
3622:(w.
3605:(w.
3593:(w.
3576:(w.
3558:(w.
3519:(w.
3480:(w.
3447:(w.
3430:(w.
3382:(w.
3345:(w.
3338:Zeno
3205:(w.
3162:(w.
2953:(w.
2917:(w.
2905:(w.
2893:(w.
2826:(w.
2819:Geta
2739:Otho
2729:Nero
2688:and
2516:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2398:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2093:ISSN
2064:ISBN
2037:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1887:2023
1838:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1549:2019
1486:PLRE
1397:ISBN
1366:2024
1353:ISBN
1072:and
1017:Gaul
939:, a
914:Gaul
644:Gaul
628:Alps
579:and
311:The
126:Died
118:Born
63:aurl
3751:Leo
3696:Zoe
2942:(?)
2618:269
2442:doi
2425:159
2381:",
1636:doi
1440:ala
1345:doi
1190:see
1009:mlk
694:or
428:, (
70:aug
67:p f
54:imp
4042::
3772:,
3655:,
2545:.
2438:96
2436:.
2423:.
2311:;
2285:,
2261:,
2252:,
2209:^
2202:56
2184:^
2150:.
2143:,
2099:.
2089:62
2087:.
2015:.
1954:;
1950:,
1930:,
1905:).
1878:.
1788:^
1776:^
1764:^
1756:35
1754:.
1703:^
1691:^
1656:^
1642:.
1630:.
1611:^
1599:^
1569:^
1557:^
1539:.
1493:^
1478:^
1351:,
1343:,
1339:,
1313:^
1286:^
1254:^
909:.
750:.
690:,
670:,
642:,
468:.
431:r.
412:.
325:.
295:.
275:,
271:,
130:c.
3936:)
3919:)
3867:)
3835:)
3813:)
3801:)
3784:)
3760:)
3667:)
3628:)
3611:)
3599:)
3582:)
3570:)
3527:)
3486:)
3459:)
3436:)
3388:)
3351:)
3213:)
3170:)
2959:)
2929:)
2911:)
2899:)
2832:)
2678:e
2671:t
2664:v
2630:,
2625:,
2524:.
2505:.
2486:.
2467:.
2448:.
2444::
2406:.
2335:.
2178:.
2154:.
2107:.
2072:.
2045:.
1988:.
1935:.
1889:.
1846:.
1821:.
1736:.
1685:.
1650:.
1638::
1632:7
1593:.
1551:.
1405:.
1347::
978:.
205:"
177:?
60:m
57:c
20:)
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