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360:'s East Wing in Washington DC. Pei's proposed concept of a glass pyramid leading to underground spaces at the center of the Louvre, first designed in late 1983 and presented to the public in early 1984, added to the controversy: ostensibly on esthetic and preservationist grounds, but more substantially as a political proxy for attacks on Mitterrand and his "monarchical" leadership style. The campaign against the pyramid peaked in 1985, with the creation by former Culture Minister
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526:
820:
156:
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27:
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1048:(EPGL), a semi-permanent project organization created on 2 November 1983 and maintained until July 1998. Biasini retired in July 1987 and was succeeded as EPGL President by Pierre-Yves Ligen (1987–1989) and Jean Lebrat (1989–1998); from 1988 to 1992 he was state secretary (junior minister) in charge of the
417:
announced the reversal of the decision to leave the Louvre and took up his office there in mid-April. But
Balladur did not prevail, as other key members of the government, despite being political opponents of Mitterrand, acknowledged the popularity and relevance of the grand Louvre project, which was
261:
in the 1870s had fundamentally altered the logic of their arrangement. In the central courtyard, the two octagonal gardens were poorly maintained and surrounded by the parking lots for
Finance Ministry employees (to the north) and museum staff (to the south). Because of lack of parking space in the
206:
The expansion of the museum's collections, combined with the gradual shift of curatorial practices towards less cluttered displays, meant that the Louvre Museum was increasingly short of space, despite the periodical release of some of its holdings to other museums in Paris. Thus, the pre-Columbian
1080:
The Grand Louvre project cost over a billion euros. It more than tripled the Louvre's surface area, from 57,000 to almost 180,000 square meters. Within that, the exhibition space almost doubled from 31,000 to 60,000 square meters, and the number of exhibits on display increased from 20,600 to over
1103:
as one of France’s most recognizable architectural icons (...) Pei wove together an unprecedented amount of cultural sensitivity, political acumen, innovation, and preservation skill", with one of the jurors adding that it "established a benchmark for new, modern architecture that enriches an
270:, then the head of the French Museum Administration, and subsequently by other experts and curators. But it ran against the considerable power of the Finance Ministry, whose senior bureaucrats had no appetite for abandoning their offices' convenient and highly prestigious Louvre location.
923:
New galleries of foreign sculpture opened on 28 October 1994. More rooms of
Italian paintings and Greek, Etruscan and Roman antiquities opened on 21 January 1997. The renovated Middle Eastern Antiquities spaces, named "Sackler Wing" in 1997 in response to financial support from the
702:
On 18 November 1993, Mitterrand inaugurated the next major phase of the Grand Louvre plan: the renovated North (Richelieu) Wing in the former
Finance Ministry site, the museum's largest single expansion in its entire history, designed by Pei, his French associate Michel Macary, and
252:
Even so, the Louvre Museum was cramped and lacked any space for modern facilities such as reserves, educational spaces, shops, restaurants and cafés, not to mention security screening, cloakrooms or washrooms. Its exterior spaces had also deteriorated from their heyday during the
915:
The third phase was less spectacular than the first two, as it involved the renovation and technical upgrading of spaces that for the most part had already been part of the museum before the Grand Louvre started. Air conditioning was installed in the galleries, not least the
1017:
From the start of the project, Mitterrand endeavored to ring-fence the Grand Louvre project from the hostile finance ministry and the normal interagency decision-making process. By tradition, the Louvre Museum had very little autonomy, with curatorial policy steered by the
1009:'s initiative was not labeled as part of the Grand Louvre. As late as March 2021, the President of the Louvre referred to the "Grand Louvre program" as relevant and "still unfinished", with specific reference to sections of the Denon Wing that still await renovation.
470:(1985–1987). A later campaign in the central and northern sections of the Carrousel Garden took place in 1989–1990. In parallel to the excavations in the Cour Carrée, the façades around the square were renovated and the new space was inaugurated on 26 June 1986.
289:
unexpectedly announced his decision to remove the
Finance Ministry from the Louvre and dedicate the entire building to museum use at the end of his first presidential press conference on 24 September 1981. It is probable that the influence of art historian
1115:
of the
Associations des Ingénieurs Conseils du Canada (1989); the First Prize, Structural-Buildings Category of the New York Association of Consulting Engineers (1988); the Design Award of the European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (1989); the
1091:
obituary noted: "Within a few years the pyramid had become an accepted, and generally admired, symbol of a re-energized Paris." Pei himself had called his time working on the Louvre project, from 1983 to 1993, "the 10 most exciting years of my life."
1001:), initially included in the successive Grand Louvre plans as "trois antiques" (since they blend objects from the three departments of Egyptian, Oriental, and Classical antiquities), opened in September 2012 together with the new department of
718:(inverted pyramid) and designed by Pei and Macary, had opened in stages during October and November 1993. Like in the first phase, this had started in May 1989 with an excavation campaign, which uncovered a long section of the 14th century
1084:
As early as the late 1980s, when the pyramid opened, it had become widely accepted as an architectural success, even by many of its former critics. Pei's project has won further praise since then. On Pei's death at age 102 in 2019, his
928:(that naming was reversed in 2019), opened on 10 October 1997. A large number of additional renovated rooms opened on 21 December 1997 including Egyptian and classical antiquities, Italian paintings and drawings. The new rooms of the
294:, a curator at the Louvre since 1972 and Mitterrand's longstanding, though secret, mistress, played a significant role in the decision, which was also recommended after Mitterrand's election by his high-profile Culture Minister
994:
From the 2000s, any remaining parts of the Grand Louvre's implementation become increasingly indistinguishable from the ongoing operation and projects of the Louvre Museum. New galleries on the Roman-era
Eastern Mediterranean
426:. On 11 July 1989, Bérégovoy, again finance minister, symbolically returned to Mitterrand the keys of the finance ministry's offices in the Louvre, and the demolition and building works swiftly started in the vacated wing.
339:
The project immediately encountered criticism, including on ground of cost, not least from the finance ministry and the powers-that-be it was able to influence, which for that matter included
Mitterrand's Prime Minister
728:
510:
Meanwhile, all new initiatives to renovate the Louvre's exhibition rooms were brought under the Grand Louvre project management. New galleries of 18th- and early 19th-century French paintings on the 2nd floor of the
499:) and the extensive surrounding underground complex, was opened on 29 March 1989. This included the renovated remains of the medieval Louvre, namely the external moat, the internal ditch surrounding the circular
2210:
862:
707:. In January 2000 and July 2001 respectively, a few more rooms opened on the Western end of the Richelieu Wing, of 19th-century decorative arts (first floor) and Northern European paintings (second floor).
265:
The natural solution was to relocate the ministry to another site and to repurpose the North Wing for an expanded museum with improved and larger support facilities. This option was advocated in 1950 by
670:
541:
1059:
899:
147:, which was also the project's most controversial component. The Grand Louvre was substantially completed in the late 1990s, even though its last elements were only finalized in the 2010s.
191:
ceased to be mainly used as a royal palace and became inhabited by artists, civil servants and the occasional royal, as well as hosting various bodies and institutions. Even after the
2203:
1584:
401:
Mitterrand invested significant political capital into the project, however, and was able to bring it to full completion. To create a sense of irreversibility, finance minister
553:
1343:
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422:. A compromise was eventually announced on 29 July 1987, with a ten-year schedule for the project completion. The move of the ministry was again accelerated following
245:
in 1945; and most of its French artworks created after 1848 (except those which had to remain in the Louvre because of binding bequest provisions) were headed for the
1052:. In July 1998, the project was substantially completed and the remaining coordination tasks were transferred to the newly created national service now known as the
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847:
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442:
Work on the first phase of the project started with extensive archaeological excavations, which complemented earlier campaigns that had uncovered parts of the
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2259:
1030:. Each of the seven departments acted as a separate curatorial fiefdom, and human resources issues were partly delegated to the powerful employees' unions.
200:
136:
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was created on 22 December 1992, headed by the
Director of the Louvre Museum. The Louvre's management autonomy was further strengthened in the early 2000s.
599:
629:
214:
1054:
983:, also designed by Yves Lion's architecture firm, opened on 22 May 1999, leading on the first floor to new rooms of Spanish paintings. Meanwhile, the
2274:
2219:
1160:
686:
486:
304:
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171:
1146:
Several of the project's protagonists published books specifically dedicated to their Grand Louvre experience, including
Biasini, Pei, and Lang.
2013:
525:
282:
A full-scale mock-up of the pyramid was erected in 1985 with the intent to persuade the project's critics that it would fit in its surroundings
224:
1652:
1492:
1081:
34,000. Museum attendance more than doubled, from an average 2.8 million visitors per year in 1980–1988 to over 5 million in 1990–2001.
614:
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325:
184:
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139:, which had been located in the Louvre's northern wing since 1871, to a different location. The centerpiece of the Grand Louvre is the
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was first established in 1793, many other activities still existed in the palace. This mixed-use reality was perpetuated in
344:. Meanwhile, on 27 July 1983 Mitterrand announced his decision to entrust the project design to Chinese-American architect
91:
1529:
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44:
63:
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1329:
Galignani's New Paris Guide, for 1870: Revised and Verified by Personal Inspection, and Arranged on an Entirely New Plan
1108:
1019:
405:
moved his office to a temporary location outside of the Louvre in January 1986. Following the trouncing of Mitterrand's
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656:
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2097:
2033:
1998:
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70:
2152:
1511:
1392:
Néguine Mathieux; Vivien Richard (2020), "Archéologie du Louvre et de son quartier : sources et ressources",
37:
2048:
891:
199:, which resulted in the entrenchment of administrative offices in the Louvre's North Wing, from 1871 mainly the
1988:
406:
1872:
77:
2043:
1922:
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1044:, an experienced administrator, first as project manager on 17 September 1982 and then as president of the
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2223:
2113:
286:
128:
1973:
1948:
419:
402:
59:
1993:
1099:
gave Pei's firm its prestigious Twenty-five Year Award in 2017, noting that the pyramid "now rivals the
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1938:
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1983:
1877:
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vicinity, unsightly tourist buses were permanently stationed along the southern side of the palace.
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2003:
1958:
1917:
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1788:
1363:"Fouilles opérées devant la Colonnade du Louvre en 1964 et découverte du soubassement de Le Vau"
361:
965:
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1963:
1953:
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762:
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332:, as well as the new building for the relocated Finance Ministry in the Paris neighborhood of
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1452:"Mobs, Delight and a President for Guide As the Louvre Pyramid Opens to the Public"
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26:
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1736:
Biasini, Émile; Jean Lebrat; Dominique Bezombes; Jean-Michel Vincent (1989).
1104:
historic setting with integrity and respect for both history and progress."
481:, was opened to the public on 14 October 1988, including the copy in lead of
366:
348:, who had acquired fame from successful museum designs such as those for the
2058:
1378:
1188:Émile Biasini; Jean Lebrat; Dominique Bezombes; Jean-Michel Vincent (1989).
887:
446:
in 1866 and 1882 and revealed unfinished 17th-century works in front of the
345:
144:
1751:
1616:"I.M. Pei, Master Architect Whose Buildings Dazzled the World, Dies at 102"
1284:"The architecture of power: François Mitterrand's Grands Travaux revisited"
970:
1567:"Jean-Luc Martinez: Reopening the Louvre's Royal Apartments to the Public"
1344:"Guillaume, Edmond (24 juin 1826, Valenciennes – 20 juillet 1894, Paris)"
1433:
1417:
1245:
1229:
477:("pyramidlets") in late 1987, the open space surrounding it, rebranded
241:; the Louvre's extensive Asian art collections were handed over to the
466:(1984–1986), and by Paul Van Ossel in the southwestern section of the
1530:"Louvre – Salles Percier-Fontaine and Duchâtel / Paris Ier 1997–1998"
353:
192:
132:
905:
One of the second-floor rooms displaying Northern European paintings
473:
Following the completion of the pyramid and its three accompanying
1310:
937:
433:
333:
277:
170:
932:, designed by Atelier de l'Ile, included unprecedented space for
1055:
opérateur du patrimoine et des projets immobiliers de la culture
500:
127:
refers to the decade-long project initiated by French President
2192:
1755:
495:. The pyramid itself, together with the vast lobby beneath it (
462:(1983–1985), by Pierre-Jean Trombetta and Yves de Kisch in the
20:
1493:"Louvre removes Sackler name from museum wing amid protests"
257:, and had never been remodeled after the destruction of the
1367:
Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France
952:. Room renovations in the Denon Wing included that of the
1068:
For the management of the museum itself, a self-standing
1585:"Online Extra: Q&A with the Louvre's Henri Loyrette"
1418:"Organizational Saga of a Superstar Museum: The Louvre"
1634:"2017 Twenty-five Year Award: Grand Louvre – Phase I"
1491:
Angelique Chrisafis; Joanna Walters (17 July 2019).
1396:, Hors-Série sur la recherche au Musée du Louvre: 60
559:
The statue of Louis XIV, copy of marble original by
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2230:
2166:
2145:
2136:
2106:
2080:
2071:
1931:
1830:
1821:
1796:
1787:
1026:and commercial/outreach policy in the hands of the
547:
The pyramid and its three surrounding "pyramidions"
135:– both the building and the museum – by moving the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
377:Paris mystifié: La grande illusion du Grand Louvre
1738:The Grand Louvre: A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993
1688:I. M. Pei; Emile Biasini; Jean Lacouture (2001).
1653:"Louvre Pyramid: The Folly that Became a Triumph"
1190:The Grand Louvre: A Museum Transfigured 1981–1993
975:and executed in 1997–1998. A new entrance at the
944:. On 28 October 1998, the renovated rooms of the
1548:"Louvre – Porte des Lions / Paris Ier 1996–1999"
1143:/ Prix Spécial Grands Projets Parisiens (1989).
1122:Syndicat de la construction métallique de France
868:First-floor decorative arts section designed by
503:, and a partly preserved gothic room dubbed the
18:Project initiated by François Mitterrand in 1981
698:Second Phase: Richelieu Wing and Carrousel Mall
302:, became the most high-profile of Mitterrand's
223:were divided between the Trocadéro museum, the
175:Finance Ministry employees' cars parked in the
920:which had been notorious for its hot summers.
217:; in 1905 the ethnographic collections of the
2204:
1767:
1260:"Architect Unveils Mock-Up of Louvre Pyramid"
8:
2260:Ministry of the Economy and Finance building
1651:Elizabeth Evitts Dickinson (19 April 2017).
996:
976:
959:
953:
394:, with a preface by celebrated photographer
1467:
1465:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
438:The pyramid under construction, August 1987
430:First Phase: Pyramid and underground spaces
371:of an association dedicated to that fight (
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2197:
2189:
2142:
2077:
1827:
1793:
1774:
1760:
1752:
1512:"Ouverture des nouvelles salles du Louvre"
1445:
1443:
1348:INHA Institut national d'histoire de l'art
1331:. Paris: A. and W. Galignani and Co. 1870.
1277:
1275:
1273:
998:Orient méditerranéen dans l'Empire Romain
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1474:"A Grand Opening for the 'Grand Louvre'"
1422:International Journal of Arts Management
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:International Journal of Cultural Policy
710:Further underground spaces known as the
650:Renovated ditch around the medieval keep
154:
131:in 1981 of expanding and remodeling the
1671:"Grand Louvre Modernization, 1983–1993"
1361:Alain Erlande-Brandenburg (1964–1965).
1177:
1135:, Central New York Chapter (1989); and
1070:Établissement Public du Musée du Louvre
724:
521:
373:association pour le renouveau du Louvre
167:in the background, photographed in 1859
143:designed by Chinese-American architect
1723:The Grand Louvre: History of a Project
1707:. Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux.
1183:
1181:
418:actively defended by culture minister
1510:Annie Coppermann (19 December 1997).
1394:Grande Galerie – le Journal du Louvre
1315:Hypothèses / Grands Travaux Culturels
1161:Grands Projets of François Mitterrand
1013:Project management and administration
692:Reconstruction of Charles VI's helmet
450:in 1964. The excavations were led by
375:) and the publication of the polemic
7:
1721:Bezombes, Dominique, editor (1994).
1311:"Chronologie sur le Musée du Louvre"
1215:Au Louvre: Scènes de la vie du musée
1046:Etablissement Public du Grand Louvre
237:followed in the early 1940s, to the
49:adding citations to reliable sources
2275:Centre International de Conferences
948:opened in the southern wing of the
750:Carrousel du Louvre shopping center
489:placed at the exact end of Paris's
2270:Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre
1472:John Rockwell (18 November 1993).
1450:James M. Markham (30 March 1989).
1228:Hubert Delesalle (May–June 1955),
930:Department of Egyptian Antiquities
911:Third Phase: Sully and Denon Wings
676:remains of a ceremonial helmet of
330:Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre
298:. The project, immediately dubbed
213:left in 1887 to the newly created
14:
2158:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
1342:Olivia Tolede (9 February 2010).
1230:"Présentation du musée du Louvre"
608:with Richelieu Wing in background
215:Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro
2283:
2265:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2014:Pierre-François-Léonard Fontaine
1740:. Milan/Paris: Electa Moniteur.
1638:American Institute of Architects
1192:. Milan/Paris: Electa Moniteur.
1097:American Institute of Architects
898:
876:
861:
846:
830:
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794:
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770:
755:
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685:
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643:
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598:
583:
567:
552:
540:
524:
424:Mitterrand's re-election in 1988
326:Bibliothèque nationale de France
324:, and later the new site of the
25:
1898:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
1614:Paul Goldberger (16 May 2019).
1156:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
1131:(1988); the Grand Award of the
197:Napoleon III's Louvre expansion
159:The gardens of what is now the
36:needs additional citations for
2034:Edmond Jean Baptiste Guillaume
2024:Louis-Tullius-Joachim Visconti
1999:Auguste Cheval de Saint-Hubert
1959:Jacques Androuet II Du Cerceau
1591:. 17 June 2002. Archived from
1565:Vincent Noce (24 March 2021).
535:after its mid-1980s renovation
519:, opened on 18 December 1992.
487:equestrian statue of Louis XIV
229:Chinese Museum (Fontainebleau)
185:Louis XIV's move to Versailles
1:
1705:Les Batailles du Grand Louvre
1675:Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
1416:Anne Gombault (Spring 2002).
1258:Marilyn August (3 May 1985).
1109:Pei Cobb Freed & Partners
1853:Petite Galerie of the Louvre
1111:for the project include the
1028:Réunion des Musées Nationaux
825:Escalators in Richelieu Wing
274:Announcement and controversy
1690:L'invention du Grand Louvre
1133:American Concrete Institute
413:, the new finance minister
225:National Antiquities Museum
2357:
987:was recreated on plans by
777:Reopened Passage Richelieu
765:in the Carrousel du Louvre
2281:
2019:FĂ©lix Louis Jacques Duban
955:Salle Percier et Fontaine
936:, e.g. the reconstituted
855:appartements Napoléon III
839:appartements Napoléon III
411:1986 legislative election
1989:Jacques-Germain Soufflot
1782:The Louvre and Tuileries
738:under construction, 1993
680:found in the excavations
590:Spiral staircase in the
578:seen through the pyramid
308:which also included the
2044:Victor-Auguste Blavette
1923:Louvre Inverted Pyramid
1379:10.3406/bsnaf.1965.7193
1234:La Revue administrative
1213:Georges Salles (1950).
991:between 1991 and 2001.
358:National Gallery of Art
137:French Finance Ministry
1725:. Paris: Le Moniteur.
1282:Susan Collard (2008),
997:
977:
960:
954:
940:monastery church from
892:Marie de' Medici cycle
635:Renovated moat of the
439:
379:by respected scholars
283:
180:
168:
2098:Théâtre des Tuileries
1873:Pavillon de l'Horloge
1692:. Paris: Odile Jacob.
1033:Mitterrand appointed
841:in the Richelieu Wing
437:
396:Henri Cartier-Bresson
390:, SĂ©bastien Loste et
281:
249:by the early 1980s.
174:
158:
2250:Arab World Institute
2153:Musée de l'Orangerie
2138:Jardin des Tuileries
2073:Palais des Tuileries
2029:Hector-Martin Lefuel
1984:Ange-Jacques Gabriel
1809:The Louvre Abu Dhabi
1107:Other awards won by
1024:Direction des Musées
1005:, whose creation on
870:Jean-Michel Wilmotte
705:Jean-Michel Wilmotte
483:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
310:Arab World Institute
255:Second French Empire
45:improve this article
2341:I. M. Pei buildings
2305:Parc de la Villette
2224:François Mitterrand
2114:Philibert de l'Orme
2004:Jean-Arnaud Raymond
1949:Pierre II Chambiges
1918:Carrousel du Louvre
1595:on 10 December 2013
853:Dining room of the
736:Carrousel du Louvre
712:Carrousel du Louvre
350:Museum of Fine Arts
287:François Mitterrand
201:Ministry of Finance
129:François Mitterrand
2146:Sections in detail
2093:Pavillon de Marsan
2081:Sections in detail
1994:Maximilien Brebion
1888:Pavillon de Marsan
1831:Sections in detail
1703:Jack Lang (2010).
1657:Architect Magazine
1620:The New York Times
1478:The New York Times
1456:The New York Times
946:Campana collection
714:, centered on the
620:Escalators in the
576:pavillon Richelieu
440:
284:
239:Palais de Chaillot
231:; the rest of the
187:in the 1660s, the
181:
169:
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2181:
2132:
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2088:Pavillon de Flore
2067:
2066:
1964:Jacques Lemercier
1939:Raymond du Temple
1878:Galerie d'Apollon
1863:Pavillon de Flore
1817:
1816:
1571:La Gazette Drouot
1113:prix d'excellence
763:Wall of Charles V
720:Wall of Charles V
716:Pyramide Inversée
663:Salle Saint-Louis
505:salle Saint-Louis
392:Antoine Schnapper
207:artifacts of the
121:
120:
113:
95:
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1974:François d'Orbay
1893:Louvre Colonnade
1828:
1823:Palais du Louvre
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468:Carrousel Garden
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415:Édouard Balladur
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2049:Camille Lefèvre
2009:Charles Percier
1979:Claude Perrault
1927:
1848:Pavillon du Roi
1813:
1804:The Louvre-Lens
1789:Musée du Louvre
1783:
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1240:(45): 258–267,
1227:
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1217:. Paris: Domat.
1212:
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1187:
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678:King Charles VI
674:
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637:Medieval Louvre
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594:
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579:
572:
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529:
497:"Hall Napoléon"
456:Venceslas Kruta
444:Medieval Louvre
432:
407:Socialist Party
383:
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234:Musée de Marine
220:Musée de Marine
210:musée américain
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2252:
2247:
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2243:Louvre Pyramid
2234:
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2228:
2227:
2220:Grands Projets
2218:
2216:
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2174:André Le Nôtre
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2016:
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2006:
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1981:
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1954:Louis MĂ©tezeau
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
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1910:
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1858:Grande Galerie
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1088:New York Times
1077:
1074:
1050:grands travaux
1014:
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964:, designed by
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926:Sackler family
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789:Cour Khorsabad
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492:axe historique
431:
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321:Opéra Bastille
305:Grands Projets
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268:Georges Salles
152:
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141:Louvre Pyramid
119:
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60:"Grand Louvre"
33:
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1166:Yann Weymouth
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918:Grand Gallery
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498:
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488:
484:
480:
479:Cour Napoléon
476:
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464:Cour Napoléon
461:
457:
453:
452:Michel Fleury
449:
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381:Bruno Foucart
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247:Musée d'Orsay
244:
243:Guimet Museum
240:
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216:
212:
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204:
202:
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194:
193:Louvre Museum
190:
189:Louvre Palace
186:
178:
177:Cour Napoléon
173:
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161:Cour Napoléon
157:
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93:
90:
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83:
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69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
16:
2310:Grande Arche
2238:Grand Louvre
2237:
2231:Commissioned
2124:Louis Le Vau
2119:Jean Bullant
2039:Gaston Redon
1969:Louis Le Vau
1908:Grand Louvre
1907:
1737:
1722:
1716:Bibliography
1704:
1698:
1689:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:the original
1588:
1579:
1570:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1497:The Guardian
1496:
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1314:
1287:
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1223:
1214:
1208:
1189:
1145:
1118:prix spécial
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:Eiffel Tower
1094:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1069:
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1016:
993:
922:
914:
886:designed by
884:Salle Rubens
883:
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315:Grande Arche
313:
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300:Grand Louvre
299:
292:Anne Pingeot
285:
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218:
208:
205:
182:
125:Grand Louvre
124:
122:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
15:
1883:Salon Carré
1868:Cour Carrée
1843:Lescot Wing
1137:Le Moniteur
1125: [
1058: [
1038: [
1003:Islamic art
969: [
950:Cour Carrée
942:Upper Egypt
890:, with the
533:Cour Carrée
513:Cour Carrée
475:pyramidions
460:Cour Carrée
384: [
365: [
2325:Categories
2293:Influenced
2167:Architects
2107:Architects
1932:Architects
1076:Assessment
934:Coptic art
813:Cour Marly
801:Cour Puget
517:Italo Rota
362:Michel Guy
183:Following
151:Background
101:April 2021
71:newspapers
2059:I. M. Pei
1516:Les Echos
1428:: 72-84.
966:Yves Lion
888:I. M. Pei
448:Colonnade
346:I. M. Pei
296:Jack Lang
163:with the
145:I. M. Pei
1599:26 April
1434:41064768
1246:40761928
1150:See also
356:and the
328:and the
227:and the
1317:. 2017.
1120:of the
561:Bernini
458:in the
409:at the
85:scholar
2331:Louvre
1744:
1729:
1432:
1244:
1196:
354:Boston
318:, the
312:, the
179:, 1965
133:Louvre
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
1430:JSTOR
1242:JSTOR
1172:Notes
1129:]
1062:]
1042:]
973:]
938:Bawit
388:]
369:]
334:Bercy
92:JSTOR
78:books
1742:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1601:2015
1371:1964
1238:8:45
1194:ISBN
1095:The
958:and
837:The
734:The
574:The
531:The
501:keep
454:and
123:The
64:news
2222:of
1426:4:3
1375:doi
1139:'s
1065:.
1022:'s
722:.
507:.
485:'s
398:.
352:in
336:.
203:.
47:by
2327::
1673:.
1655:.
1636:.
1618:.
1587:.
1569:.
1550:.
1532:.
1514:.
1495:.
1476:.
1464:^
1454:.
1442:^
1424:.
1420:.
1402:^
1369:.
1365:.
1346:.
1313:.
1296:^
1286:,
1272:^
1262:.
1236:,
1232:,
1180:^
1127:fr
1060:fr
1040:fr
971:fr
386:fr
367:fr
2212:e
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1768:t
1761:v
1748:.
1733:.
1677:.
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1640:.
1622:.
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1436:.
1381:.
1377::
1350:.
1266:.
1202:.
995:(
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
