35:
286:”. In Spring 2011, Perry and Fuchs sent the DNA they had found to Sudarshana, who confirmed the virus was GRBaV. In Fall 2012, Sudarshana, Perry, and Fuchs formally presented grapevine red blotch disease as a joint discovery to the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine.
330:
Research indicates that red blotch is not a new disease, but has been overlooked until its discovery at UC Davis in 2008 because its symptoms appear similar to those of grapevine leafroll disease. There are two key symptomatic differences between the diseases. While both diseases result in abnormal
524:
Currently, the only advised method of control is replacing infected vines with new, virus-free grapevines, which results in years of lost production until the new vines mature. Economic analyses suggest replacing individual symptomatic vines if red blotch is present in less than 30% of a vineyard,
302:
symptoms. Foliar symptoms typically begin appearing in mid-summer as irregular blotches on leaf blades at the base of infected grapevines. Over time, the blotches spread upward from the base to the top of the grapevine canopy. In red grape varieties, the blotches are red; in white grape varieties,
192:, the disease affects grapevines of all varieties and is internationally present. Symptoms typically include red blotches on the leaves of red varieties and in pale green or pale yellow blotches on white varieties. It significantly reduces the value of
331:
red coloring on affected grapevine leaves, leafroll affected leaves only turn red in and around the secondary veins of the grapevine leaf; red blotch affected leaves turn red in both the primary and secondary veins as well as in the
326:
and dropping by as much as 6 degrees Brix in some varieties. Premium wine producers in
California estimate that a 100% red blotch infection can reduce the value of a vineyard by as much as $ 68,000 per acre.
335:
zones. Secondly, unlike with leafroll, leaves affected by red blotch do not typically roll inwards at their edges. Symptoms of red blotch may also be mistaken for plant stress or nutritional deficiencies.
501:
areas, which may explain the spread of the disease in some vineyards. Sudarshana and Zalom are currently investigating closely related insect species to identify additional vectors.
525:
and replacing the entire vineyard if red blotch is present in more than 30%. The use of pesticides to control the three-cornered alfalfa treehopper is not currently recommended.
255:
Mysore
Sudarshana discovered the disease was entirely different and named it red blotch. After four years of research, he confirmed the disease was caused by GRBaV through a
822:
322:
factors that reduce the quality and market value of wine made from affected grapes. Sugar accumulation may be significantly reduced, typically dropping by 3 degrees
232:) was confirmed as a vector for the disease in 2016, but there are currently no advised treatments for red blotch other than removing and replacing affected vines.
1119:
650:"Phylogeny of Geminivirus Coat Protein Sequences and Digital PCR Aid in Identifying Spissistilus festinus as a Vector of Grapevine red blotch-associated virus"
620:
591:
903:
880:
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for GRBaV: the three-cornered alfalfa treehopper (Spissistilus festinus). Previously considered a minor vineyard pest in the
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Red blotch disease results in delayed berry ripening, altered berry color, and a smaller berry size. It adversely affects
348:
or grapevine red blotch-associated Virus (GRBaV), a single-stranded circular DNA virus. GRBaV is a member of the genus
34:
1124:
278:
Concurrently, Keith Perry and Marc Fuchs encountered the same virus while DNA-testing a
Cabernet Franc vineyard in
260:
843:
870:
543:
228:
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621:"Cornell and UC Davis Identify a New Virus Associated with Red Blotch Disease - Viticulture and Enology"
263:. Sudarshana also confirmed the virus affected many different varieties of grapevine through testing of
204:
373:
Research suggests a wide geographic distribution, as well as a widespread occurrence in red and white
249:
29:
544:"Establishment of two new genera and creation of two unassigned species in the family Geminiviridae"
542:
Varsani, Arvind; Martin, Darren; Zerbini, F. Murilo; Roumagnac, Philippe; Fuchs, Marc (July 2016).
459:
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GRBaV has been found both in young and mature vineyards, and has been detected in
Cabernet Franc,
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904:"Red Blotch Disease and the Virus Status of CDFA-certified Grapevine Stock « Lodi Growers"
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Bahder, Brian W.; Zalom, Frank G.; Jayanth, Maya; Sudarshana, Mysore R. (October 2016).
282:. Unaware the virus affected many types of grapevines, they initially called the virus “
730:
513:
509:
375:
268:
107:
95:
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Meng, Baozhong; Martelli, Giovanni P.; Golino, Deborah A.; Fuchs, Marc (5 July 2017).
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757:"Grapevine Red Blotch-Associated Virus, an Emerging Threat to the Grapevine Industry"
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119:
1111:
431:
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592:"Researchers seek answers to basic questions about options for red blotch disease"
508:, but there is no evidence that it can be transmitted by mechanical means such as
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365:. Within GRBaV, two groups of genetic variants have been identified so far.
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Resources, University of
California, Division of Agriculture and Natural.
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cultivars. Infected vines have been identified in
California, New York,
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Sudarshana, Mysore R.; Perry, Keith L.; Fuchs, Marc F. (25 June 2015).
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into plant material to pre-digest it. The injection leads to tell-tale
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470:, the three-cornered alfalfa treehopper spreads GRBaV while injecting
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Grapevine
Viruses: Molecular Biology, Diagnostics and Management
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The three-cornered alfalfa treehopper's preferred hosts include
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The discovery of red blotch and GRBaV is jointly credited to
497:. These plants are often found on the edges of vineyards in
307:
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disease had emerged at an experimental research station in
553:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
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collected from the berries of affected vines, costing
170:. The disease is caused by a single-stranded circular
957:"Understanding the Economics of Red Blotch in Grapes"
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454:In 2016, Sudarshana, UC Davis entomology professor
303:the blotches may be pale green to pale yellow.
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8:
1004:"Vector Transmitting Red Blotch Virus Found"
821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
244:and Mike Anderson suspected a new strain of
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18:
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284:grapevine cabernet franc–associated virus
226:. The three-cornered alfalfa treehopper (
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928:
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458:, and UC Davis post-doctoral researcher
399:. A nearly identical virus was found in
1033:"Researchers Confirm Red Blotch Vector"
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697:
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814:
798:"Grapevine Red Blotch Disease (GRBaV)"
705:"Red Blotch Rising - SevenFifty Daily"
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200:owners as much as $ 65,000 per acre.
182:grapevine red blotch-associated virus
7:
643:
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478:at the injection site on grapevine
16:Viral disease affecting grapevines
14:
33:
625:grapesandwine.cals.cornell.edu
294:Red blotch presents with both
240:In 2008, UC Davis researchers
1:
158:(GRBD), also known simply as
731:"Red blotch knowledge grows"
156:Grapevine red blotch disease
774:10.1094/phyto-12-14-0369-fi
667:10.1094/phyto-03-16-0125-fi
462:identified the first known
354:, and is one of only a few
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1098:Grapevine red blotch virus
1068:Grapevine red blotch virus
504:GRBaV is transmittable by
358:currently known to infect
346:grapevine red blotch virus
261:next-generation sequencing
177:grapevine red blotch virus
146:Grapevine red blotch virus
23:Grapevine red blotch virus
892:– via Google Books.
28:
21:
344:Red blotch is caused by
218:, and Keith Perry and
188:. First identified in
943:cemendocino.ucanr.edu
229:Spissistilus festinus
1148:Viral grape diseases
990:ecommons.cornell.edu
596:westernfarmpress.com
250:Oakville, California
30:Virus classification
908:www.lodigrowers.com
493:, and its namesake
222:, virologists from
1008:growingproduce.com
961:growingproduce.com
802:cesonoma.ucanr.edu
408:Cabernet Sauvignon
318:levels, and other
265:Cabernet Sauvignon
246:grapevine leafroll
1135:
1134:
1060:Taxon identifiers
1037:winesandvines.com
851:vinehealth.com.au
660:(10): 1223–1230.
205:Mysore Sudarshana
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363:perennial plants
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1040:. Retrieved
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1012:. Retrieved
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989:
977:
965:. Retrieved
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911:. Retrieved
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886:. Retrieved
875:. Springer.
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805:. Retrieved
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628:. Retrieved
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600:. Retrieved
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555:. Retrieved
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460:Brian Bahder
453:
432:Petit Verdot
428:Petite Syrah
405:
389:Pennsylvania
374:
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369:Epidemiology
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73:Shotokuvirae
72:
61:Monodnaviria
60:
53:
43:(unranked):
22:
1092:Wikispecies
983:"Factsheet"
936:"Factsheet"
844:"Factsheet"
468:North Coast
456:Frank Zalom
351:Grablovirus
333:interveinal
312:anthocyanin
242:Jim Wolpert
166:disease of
133:Grablovirus
1142:Categories
529:References
520:Management
436:Pinot noir
412:Chardonnay
397:Washington
220:Marc Fuchs
212:virologist
190:California
160:red blotch
1083:Q29006927
676:0031-949X
512:or other
444:Zinfandel
424:Mourvèdre
273:Zinfandel
236:Discovery
172:DNA virus
168:grapevine
140:Species:
68:Kingdom:
1077:Wikidata
1042:22 March
1014:22 March
967:22 March
913:22 March
888:22 March
817:cite web
807:22 March
783:25738551
740:22 March
715:22 March
684:27111804
630:22 March
602:22 March
557:22 March
506:grafting
499:riparian
480:petioles
476:girdling
440:Riesling
385:Maryland
381:Virginia
376:vinifera
320:phenolic
314:levels,
290:Symptoms
280:New York
216:UC Davis
209:USDA-ARS
198:vineyard
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
1125:1381007
495:alfalfa
491:legumes
487:grasses
450:Vectors
224:Cornell
162:, is a
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
879:
781:
682:
674:
442:, and
420:Merlot
416:Malbec
401:Canada
395:, and
316:tannin
296:foliar
271:, and
1112:3H8KM
986:(PDF)
939:(PDF)
847:(PDF)
547:(PDF)
393:Texas
360:woody
340:Cause
300:fruit
194:juice
186:GRBaV
164:viral
54:Realm
47:Virus
1120:NCBI
1044:2018
1016:2018
969:2018
915:2018
890:2018
877:ISBN
823:link
809:2018
779:PMID
742:2018
717:2018
680:PMID
672:ISSN
632:2018
604:2018
559:2018
324:Brix
298:and
207:, a
1107:CoL
769:doi
765:105
662:doi
658:106
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
