236:
402:
854:(possibly the river Caldo, a tributary of the S.Bartolomeo near Segesta) and seized immense amounts of booty. Later that year, old and possibly blind, he retired. According to Diodorus and Plutarch he had restored democracy to Syracuse, even if real power remained in the hands of the Council of Six Hundred. Syracuse and Sicily thus began a new period of prosperity and redevelopment, with Akragas, Gela, the hinterlands, Kamarina, Megara Hyblea, Segesta and Morgantina all flourishing again.
912:, Hippon Akra and a major naval force with its shipyards and bases. He was still unable to take Carthage itself, however, and news of revolts on Sicily in 307 BC forced him to return there for a time. He then returned to Africa, but his depleted resources and his troops' low morale led him to sue for peace in 306 BC. The settlement left Carthage with Eraclea Minoa, Termini, Solunto, Selinunte and Segesta, but forced it to give up its expansionist aims on Sicily.
287:
470:
521:
311:
303:
33:
628:
640:
demobbed his army. Hermocrates had in the meantime been dismissed from the Aegean fleet and returned with five ships and a small army of refugees and mercenaries, with which he settled in what remained of
Selinunte and attacked Carthage's vassal cities. Syracuse fell into chaos, Diocles was exiled and Hermocrates was killed trying to resettle.
652:
fell, at which point
Dionysius was able to sign a peace treaty delimiting Syracuse's and Carthage's spheres of influence on the island, leaving the Punic, Sicanian and Elymian cities in the latter. It also imposed a tribute to Carthage on Selinunte, Akragas, Himera, Gela and Camarina and forbade them
684:
in a 384 BC campaign. As early as 404 BC he renounced
Syracuse's treaty with Carthage and began to take over several Siculan colonies, pushing as far as Enna. He then attacked and destroyed Naxos and conquered Catania, deporting its inhabitants. He strengthened his army, adopting new weapons such as
696:
was destroyed and its inhabitants slaughtered. In 396 BC the
Carthaginians returned to Sicily in force, taking almost the whole island, destroying Messina and menacing Syracuse itself before a plague forced them to make peace with Dionysius, pay him a large indemnity and return to Carthage. Messina
591:
had broken out in mainland Greece in 431 BC, heavily involving the colonies on Sicily. In 427 BC groups of Siculi became involved again, this time in the war between
Leontini and Syracuse. This also drew in Catania, Naxos and Camarina on Leontini's side and Himera and Gela on Syracuse's side. After
449:
Gelon's rise to power reinforced the Greek-speaking presence on Sicily. The numbers of Siculi and Sicani were rising and so he fought a series of battles aimed at combating this perceived threat, turning
Syracuse into a powerful city with an army and navy, repopulating it by moving people from Gela
259:
trading posts in the west of the island. The growing Greek colonies eventually came into conflict with the
Phoenicians, which led to a series of wars between them. As Greece was absorbed by Rome in a series of conquests and alliances, the Romans carried on the Greco-Punic wars as the Roman-Punic
263:
As the Greeks sought to colonize the island, and the
Phoenicians merely desired sporadic outposts for their trading network with little intent on direct control, conflict between the Greeks and the Siculi took on the nature of a colonizer/colonized relationship, while the Phoenicians frequently
639:
landed with another army, obliterating
Selinunte and massacring its inhabitants. He then marched on Himera, where he met the Syracusan army under Diocles. After heavy losses the Syracusans retreated. The Imeresi also fled, but half of them were killed. Hannibal quickly returned to Carthage and
409:
The 6th century BC proved a period of prosperity and population growth in Sicily, but also saw conflict both within the colonies and between them and the local populations. Some individuals profited from this and took power through despotic and brutal means and expansionist policies. In 570 BC
768:
to request its assistance. He then marched on
Syracuse, which quickly opened its gates and welcomed him, leading to a decade of struggles which drew in Leontini and the other cities and ended with Syracusan control of Sicily weakened. Syracuse was also convulsed by a series of murders, whilst
894:
Sicily began to prosper again, though Agathocles' first decade was marked by conflicts with the oligarchies of Akragas, Gela and Messina, backed by Carthage which in 311 BC invaded Sicily again. Besieged in Syracuse, in mid-August 310 BC Agathocles entrusted the city's defence to his brother
264:
played the role of a third party in playing entities off against each other in however a way best fit their commercial interests. The Phoenicians would consequently align with weaker Greek actors against more dominant Greek actors, or align with the Siculi against Greek settlements.
596:, who wished to focus on the Athenian troops who had landed on the island and who left as a result of treaty. In 422 BC, a civil war in Leontini provided a fresh pretext for intervention in Syracuse. The city was razed to the ground and the victorious oligarchs moved to Syracuse.
915:
It was at this point that Agathocles adopted the Hellenistic-style title of king of Sicily, though this was mainly for a foreign audience, with his style of rule on Sicily remaining unchanged. He turned his ambitions east towards Italy and the outlying Greek islands, conquering
615:
was still unable to defeat the coalition which had gathered at Syracuse in the meantime. At the end of 413 BC the Athenians were routed, with 7,000 of their men captured and sent to the stone quarries, where most of them died. The rest were sold into slavery and Demosthenes and
939:. To convince the mercenaries to leave the city, the Syracusans offered them the port of Messina, which the mercenaries seized, massacring the men and enslaving the women and children. The mercenaries then began raids on the area and also attacked Gela and Camarina. In 282 BC,
653:
to build city walls, but Leontini, Messina and the Siculi were freed and Dionysius was left in control of Syracuse. Thus ended the brief period of democracy. The period from 405 BC right up to the conquest by Rome would be marked by the rulers of Syracuse.
552:
and Inessa (now Etna). Catania therefore re-assumed its former name and was repopulated again, this time with those exiled under Hiero and with Syracusan and Siculi colonists. Messina was freed from the tyranny of Anaxilas' sons around the same time.
987:. However, Carthage was wary of letting Syracuse's power from growing too great and thus forbade Hiero from taking Messina. Hiero's next step was to proclaim himself king and he remained so until his death in 215 BC. He built a fortified palace on
544:
argues that their fall was mainly caused by internal struggles between powerful families. Trasideus was the first to fall, in his case to a coalition of Syracusan insurgents, Siculan troops and soldiers from Akragas, Gela, Selinunte and Himera.
867:
Timoleon's retirement from politics soon led to another period of instability, mainly marked by internal class conflict between the oligarchs and the people of Syracuse. Wars broke out between the cities, paving the way for the long reign of
903:
suffered a humiliating defeat after which he was captured, tortured to death and beheaded, with his head sent to Agathocles in Africa. However, Agathocles did not have enough troops to launch an attack on Carthage and so allied himself with
850:, landing at Taormina in 344 BC and in six years taking the whole of Sicily and removing all the tyrants, almost all of whom were killed, except his friend Andromacus of Taormina. In 339 BC he routed the Carthaginians at the river
704:
without it having to cross Etruscan territory. He also agreed to populate the new colonies with his pro-democratic political opponents and let them set up democratic governments there. This marked the foundation of
643:
In spring 406 BC the Carthaginians returned with a large force, razing Akragas and looting its artworks. A young man named Dionysius was appointed supreme commander of Syracuse, which held out for seven months.
1051:"Θρινακίη" in Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940.
908:'s old officer Ofella, governor of Cyrenaica, who had 10,000 elephants and cavalry at his disposal. Agathocles then murdered Ofella for unknown reasons and took command of the extra forces himself, taking
947:, which he rebuilt in pure Greek style with a city wall, temples and agora. Two years later Syracuse attacked and defeated Akragas, raiding the territory but also triggering a new Carthaginian invasion.
971:. His large army and 200 ships succeeded in neutralising both the Carthaginian and Mamertine threats, but he was unable to take the Carthaginian stronghold at Lilybaeum and soon had to return to Italy.
932:. During his long reign Sicily prospered, as is confirmed by the archaeological record. He was murdered by a family rival in 289 BC, aged 72, but his death quickly led to anarchy and power struggles.
872:
from 317 BC. He played a major part in these wars. The long period of autonomy and self-government for the cities in mainland Greece and Sicily thus ended and the Hellenistic monarchies were born.
999:. Concluding the Roman Republic would soon eclipse Carthage, he made a treaty with the Republic in 263 BC and remained faithful to it until his death, sparing his subjects the consequences of the
235:
887:
of this period he promised the cancellation of debts and the division and distribution of land, promises which it seems from the limited sources that he kept. According to
1061:
624:, who put in place a series of reforms on the Athenian model and a code of laws. Such a policy was helped by Hermocrates' absence commanding a fleet sent to help Sparta.
442:
in 491 BC or 490 BC. After six years, Gelon conquered Syracuse without resistance (485 BC or 484 BC) and made it his capital, becoming its tyrant and leaving his brother
991:
and governed differently from previous sovereigns. From then on he pursued a non-expansionist policy, eschewing military adventures in favour of a focus on trade in the
540:
of Akragas were "violent murderers". Their cruelty seems to have provoked revolts which ended the first period of tyranny among the Greek colonies on Sicily, though
1098:
492:, burned his ships and sold the captured Carthaginian troops into slavery. The resulting peace treaty also imposed a heavy indemnity on the enemy and (according to
584:, where he remained until his death in 440 BC. In the following years Syracuse reconquered almost all the lands he had removed from the Greek sphere of influence.
512:. In 474 BC his fleet defeated an Etruscan one-off Cumae, possibly to counter Etruscan expansion or possibly in response to a request from Cumae for assistance.
891:, the cruel actions attributed to him were limited to his early days and were solely directed at the oligarchic class and never towards the general population.
504:, who in the same year conquered Catania and Naxos, deported their inhabitants to Leontini and refounded Catania as 'Aitna', entrusting it to his son
611:
with a fleet of 250 ships and 25,000 men to assist them, but this Sicilian expedition ended in disaster. Later assistance in 414 BC and 413 BC under
50:
434:, setting up tyrants there loyal to him but ultimately proving unable to conquer Syracuse. Hippocrates then concentrated his troops to march on
484:
of Himera and Anaxilas sought help from Carthage, but Gelon and Teron gathered all the Siceliot forces on Sicily for a decisive engagement at
1393:
1374:
1257:
1221:
1206:
1188:
1124:
883:, 4,000 high-ranking people were killed and 6,000 more exiled. In the end Agathocles was elected sole commander with full powers. Like all
548:
Only Deinomenes remained in power in Aitna until a Siculan-Syracusan coalition forced its population to flee to the surrounding hills of
846:
Political disorder led to a precarious balance. Exiled to Leontini, Iceta sought assistance from Corinth, which sent a small army under
97:
620:
were tried. Syracuse celebrated victory, but this could not guarantee internal peace. Its government was led by one of its generals,
560:, who had fought in the siege of Etna beside the Syracusans, led a vast Siculan league in revolt. Setting off from his birthplace of
1350:
1333:
1311:
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1239:
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1142:
116:
69:
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Antandros and escaped with 14,000 men and 60 ships to invade North Africa. He burned his ships after arriving and based himself in
1068:
360:
and Syracuse were all ports on one of the most important trade routes of the era and became points from which to control them.
76:
54:
635:
In 410 BC Selinunte attacked Segesta. A small force of Carthaginian mercenaries came to help Segesta and the following year
401:
83:
363:
The earliest Greek colonies in Sicily are all on its east coast, showing the importance of the trade route through the
764:, the brother of his father's Syracusan wife. Dion was exiled in 367 BC but ten years later took 1,000 mercenaries to
697:
was repopulated and Dionysius fought with Carthage again, with varying degrees of success, until his death in 367 BC.
65:
454:. In only ten years Gelon became the richest and most powerful man in the Greek world and through an alliance with
899:, directly threatening Carthage itself. Forced to send some of his force back from Sicily to defend his homeland,
485:
183:
The first Greek colonies were founded in eastern Sicily in the 8th century BC when the Chalcidian Greeks founded
836:
757:
795:
In 346 BC Dionysius the Younger returned to Syracuse, though sources on the period are fragmentary. Meanwhile
1417:
816:
661:
533:
505:
43:
267:
In the end, ethnic Greek settlement was substantive on Sicily, while Carthaginian settlement was fleeting.
1412:
940:
869:
489:
134:
804:
379:) names. Once consolidated, the colonies also produced sub-colonies for military or commercial purposes;
770:
1384:
Prag, Jonathan R W (2016). "Finley and Sicily". In Jew, Daniel; Osborne, Robin; Scott, Michael (eds.).
935:
One of those power struggles was between the Syracusans and a group of Italic mercenaries known as the
980:
800:
430:. To secure his power, he conquered the rest of eastern Sicily, subduing Zancle (Messina), Naxos and
90:
943:
tyrant of Akragas took advantage of this and finally destroyed Gela and deported its population to
905:
774:
742:
700:
Around 387 BC Dionysius began to establish colonies on the Adriatic coast to obtain wheat from the
621:
501:
469:
443:
427:
824:
1321:
968:
364:
281:
152:
Over the following centuries many conflicts between the city-states occurred until around 276 BC
142:
581:
1389:
1370:
1346:
1329:
1307:
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1271:
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1250:
Città e monumenti dei greci d'occidente: dalla colonizzazione alla crisi di fine V secolo a.C.
1235:
1217:
1202:
1184:
1166:
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1120:
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took power in Syracuse, made a treaty with the Carthaginians and launched a new attack on the
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925:
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153:
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761:
649:
529:
419:
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353:
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1003:. In fact for some years Roman troops had severely damaged the cities in western Sicily.
580:, though he soon landed a small group of Peloponnesian Greeks back on Sicily and founded
568:, he founded colonies of his own at strategic points to control the territory, including
1024:
1016:
909:
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451:
204:
188:
592:
three years, in 424 BC a peace treaty was signed under the patronage of the Syracusan
520:
1406:
1364:
992:
636:
396:
373:
from which the Greek colonists came were usually also the source of the new cities' (
348:(exclusive aristocracies) after the internal struggles following the return from the
173:
1112:
1099:"Laura Buccino, 'I caratteri generali della colonizzazione greca in Occidente', in
760:, but he was less able than his father and aroused hostility from a faction led by
677:
627:
576:. Around 450 BC he was heavily defeated by the Syracusans and forced into exile in
509:
352:. However, the first sites chosen indicated a commercial strategy; Messina, Naxos,
310:
879:
and other cities in the interior during two days of popular revolts. According to
607:(who had turned to Athens after Carthage refused to help). In 415 BC Athens sent
1020:
734:
612:
593:
537:
302:
32:
984:
936:
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565:
369:
349:
339:
146:
1388:. Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–25.
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catapults and building a powerful fleet by deforesting large areas of Etna.
681:
600:
569:
549:
541:
496:) forced them to renounce human sacrifice, especially of first-born sons at
493:
459:
320:
295:
256:
192:
17:
1165:, curated by Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli, 2ª ed., Milano, Bompiani, 1996,
1181:
Sicilia e Magna Grecia. Archeologia della colonizzazione greca d'Occidente
1163:
I Greci in Occidente. Catalogo della Mostra (Palazzo Grassi, Venezia 1996)
964:
888:
847:
840:
812:
789:
778:
557:
481:
463:
411:
219:
218:(newly founded cities detached from their cities of origin and led by an
1012:
988:
960:
928:. Agathocles then married for a third time, this time to a daughter of
921:
917:
750:
669:
665:
604:
577:
431:
415:
384:
357:
344:
325:
157:
1062:"Delimiting the territory of the Greek linguistic minority of Messina"
963:) replied to Sicilian Greek cities' appeal for assistance, landing at
944:
832:
796:
718:
617:
573:
474:
387:, for example, probably originated as military outposts of Syracuse.
329:
248:
244:
196:
184:
130:
664:
took power by stages and reigned over the whole of Sicily as far as
211:
in 689 BC, with which the first Greek colonisation of Sicily ended.
672:
and into Etruscan territory. He attacked and destroyed the port of
959:(fresh from his eponymous 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans at
924:, the latter given as a dowry when he married off his daughter to
896:
828:
782:
710:
693:
689:
673:
626:
561:
468:
439:
380:
375:
332:' cattle, was later identified with Sicily, and re-interpreted as
309:
301:
285:
252:
234:
145:
around the mid 8th century BC. The Greeks of Sicily were known as
875:
Agathocles seized power in Sicily with the aid of veterans from
645:
435:
423:
208:
336:(Τρινακρία, from τρεῖς and ἄκραι, as " with three headlands").
207:, while on the western coast the Cretans and Rhodians founded
26:
500:. On Gelon's death in 476 BC he was succeeded by his brother
438:(whose site is unknown), but died there and was succeeded by
1212:
Claire L. Lyons, Michael Bennett, Clemente Marconi (ed.s),
1304:
Breve storia della Sicilia dalle origini ai giorni nostri
458:
took control of most of Greek-speaking Sicily other than
1369:(Revised ed.). Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.
1023:
between 1533 and 1534 when fleeing the expansion of the
631:
Reconstruction of the acropolis and temples at Selinunte
156:
managed to conquer the whole island except Carthaginian
1288:, San Giovanni La Punta (CT), Brancato Editore, 2005,
342:
writes that the first Greek colonies were founded by
599:
The conflict also drew in western Sicily; in 416 BC
473:
Reconstruction of the Temple of Victory, erected at
239:
Map of the Greek colonies and sub-colonies in Sicily
199:; in the south-east corner the Corinthians founded
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1103:, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2004"
164:in 241 BC the island was conquered by the Romans.
1214:Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome
1386:M I Finley: an ancient historian and his impact
1230:Valerio Massimo Manfredi and Lorenzo Braccesi,
668:, extending his influence as far as the bay of
477:by the Greeks in memory of their victory there.
141:) began with the foundation of the first Greek
243:The native inhabitants of the island were the
1248:Dieter Mertens and Margareta Schützenberger,
1119:, 8ª ed., Bari-Roma, Laterza Editore, 2009 ,
8:
1153:I greci in Occidente: Magna Grecia e Sicilia
688:He declared open war on Carthage in 398 BC.
1234:, Milano, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1997,
1027:. They were officially recognised in 2012.
508:and repopulating it with settlers from the
488:in 480 BC, where they defeated and killed
603:(with Syracusan support) declared war on
405:Sicily under the Deinomenids (485-465 BC)
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
519:
400:
1341:Lorenzo Braccesi and Giovanni Millino,
1252:, Roma, L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2006,
1035:
556:In 452 BC a Hellenised Siculan called
1306:, Roma, Newton & Compton, 2002 ,
1042:Braccesi e Millino, op. cit., p. 184.
692:surrendered and after a year's siege
7:
1183:, Bari-Roma, Laterza Editore, 2011,
536:(Hiero's successor in Syracuse) and
426:in 505 BC, succeeded by his brother
314:Temple of the Dioscuri at Agrigento.
55:adding citations to reliable sources
785:was also caught up in this period.
756:Dionysius was succeeded by his son
290:Interior of Temple E (known as the
967:in 278 BC, welcomed by the tyrant
25:
1019:minority, which arrived from the
572:near the former sanctuary of the
450:and adding some of the conquered
1328:, ed. Laterza, Roma-Bari, 1999,
1137:, Firenze, Lalli Editore, 1991,
462:and Messina (then controlled by
214:The Greek cities of Sicily were
31:
1179:Gioacchino Francesco La Torre,
1155:, Milano, Rcs MediaGroup, 1996.
564:and destroying Inessa-Etna and
42:needs additional citations for
516:Democratic period (466-405 BC)
231:Relations with other islanders
1:
773:became tyrant of Catania and
1326:Storia della Sicilia, vol. 1
1216:, Getty Publications, 2013,
1201:, Bologna, il Mulino, 2010,
1117:Storia della Sicilia antica
1434:
777:of Leontini. According to
394:
306:The acropolis at Selinunte
279:
171:
138:
1345:, Carocci editore, 2000,
1270:, Milano, Rizzoli, 2005,
1101:Il Mondo dell'Archeologia
858:Hellenistic era (323 BC-)
66:"History of Greek Sicily"
1363:Finley, Moses I (1979).
524:Sicilian cultures 431 BC
255:. There were also small
662:Dionysius I of Syracuse
657:Dionysius I of Syracuse
324:(Θρινακίη from θρῖναξ "
1320:Francesco Benigno and
1135:La leggenda di Akragas
815:was based in Catania,
632:
525:
478:
406:
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299:
240:
758:Dionysius the Younger
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238:
129:The history of Greek
1286:Storia della Sicilia
298:(in Greek Σελινοῦς).
51:improve this article
1232:I Greci d'occidente
1015:is home to a small
906:Alexander the Great
622:Diocles of Syracuse
1322:Giuseppe Giarrizzo
1266:Indro Montanelli,
1133:Francesco Alaimo,
995:, especially with
633:
526:
479:
407:
365:Straits of Messina
328:"), the island of
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282:Greek colonisation
241:
203:and the Megareans
1395:978-1-107-14926-7
1376:978-0-8476-6190-9
1258:978-88-8265-933-2
1222:978-1-60606-133-6
1207:978-88-15-13824-8
1199:La Sicilia antica
1189:978-88-420-9511-8
1125:978-88-420-2532-0
957:Pyrrhus of Epirus
926:Pyrrhus of Epirus
589:Peloponnesian War
456:Theron of Acragas
446:to command Gela.
414:became tyrant of
391:The first tyrants
154:Pyrrhus of Epirus
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16:(Redirected from
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1343:La Sicilia greca
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1302:Santi Correnti,
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1268:Storia dei Greci
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955:At this point
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835:in Zancle and
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418:, followed by
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1074:on 2013-09-03
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107:December 2023
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68: –
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62:Find sources:
56:
52:
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40:This article
38:
34:
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28:
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1385:
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1339:(in Italian)
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1177:(in Italian)
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1159:(in Italian)
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1149:(in Italian)
1134:
1131:(in Italian)
1116:
1110:(in Italian)
1100:
1095:(in Italian)
1089:Bibliography
1076:. Retrieved
1069:the original
1056:
1047:
1038:
1011:The city of
1010:
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954:
934:
914:
893:
874:
866:
845:
825:Apolloniadas
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160:. After the
151:
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113:
104:
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87:
80:
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
18:Greek Sicily
1284:Jean Huré,
1021:Peloponnese
951:Pyrrhic War
613:Demosthenes
594:Hermocrates
538:Thrasydaeus
428:Hippocrates
370:metropoleis
226:Populations
1407:Categories
1078:2016-05-12
1031:References
985:Mamertines
979:In 269 BC
937:Mamertines
885:demagogues
877:Morgantina
870:Agathocles
863:Agathocles
837:Andromacus
743:Stari Grad
609:Alcibiades
566:Morgantina
534:Trasibulus
506:Deinomenes
395:See also:
350:Trojan War
340:Thucydides
280:See also:
257:Phoenician
172:See also:
147:Siceliotes
77:newspapers
969:Tyndarion
930:Ptolemy I
821:Centuripe
817:Nicodemus
805:Apollonia
747:Tragyrion
702:Po valley
682:Cerveteri
648:and then
601:Selinunte
582:Kale Akte
550:Centuripe
542:Aristotle
494:Herodotus
460:Selinunte
452:Megareans
334:Trinakria
321:Thrinacia
296:Selinunte
193:Leontinoi
168:Territory
158:Lilybaeum
1161:AA.VV.,
1151:AA.VV.,
975:Hiero II
965:Taormina
941:Phintias
889:Polybius
848:Timoleon
841:Taormina
813:Mamercus
801:Leptines
790:Timoleon
779:Plutarch
771:Callipus
650:Kamarina
558:Ducetius
490:Hamilcar
482:Terillus
464:Anaxilas
432:Leontini
420:Cleander
412:Phalaris
318:Homeric
251:and the
220:oikistes
216:apoikìai
201:Syracuse
143:colonies
1013:Messina
989:Ortygia
961:Taranto
922:Corcyra
918:Lefkada
852:Crimiso
809:Eugione
775:Hicetas
670:Taranto
666:Solunto
605:Segesta
578:Corinth
416:Akragas
385:Casmene
358:Catania
345:aristoi
326:trident
276:Origins
271:History
139:Σικελία
91:scholar
1392:
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833:Hippon
829:Agirio
797:Troina
745:) and
739:Pharos
719:Ancona
618:Nicias
574:Palici
570:Palikè
486:Himera
475:Himera
376:poleis
367:. The
354:Reggio
330:Helios
260:wars.
249:Siculi
247:, the
245:Sicani
197:Katane
185:Zancle
179:Cities
131:Sicily
93:
86:
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1072:(PDF)
1065:(PDF)
1007:Today
981:Hiero
910:Utica
897:Tunis
783:Plato
766:Minoa
749:(now
741:(now
733:(now
731:Dimos
725:(now
717:(now
715:Ankón
711:Adria
709:(now
707:Adrìa
694:Motia
690:Erice
676:(now
674:Pyrgi
562:Mineo
502:Hiero
498:Tofet
444:Hiero
440:Gelon
381:Akrai
294:) at
253:Elimi
189:Naxos
98:JSTOR
84:books
1390:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1347:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1167:ISBN
1139:ISBN
1121:ISBN
920:and
807:and
751:Traù
735:Hvar
723:Issa
646:Gela
587:The
436:Ibla
424:Gela
383:and
209:Gela
195:and
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