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retailers of the product. Carrier also discusses fictitious commodities, which are things that are not produced in the conventional sense, material or not, and can be appropriated for commercial gain. The conceptual categories of ethicality need to be legible to consumers in order for a consumer to be able to participate in ethical consumption. Sellers use imagery to satisfy that need, and the images they use become emblematic and representational of the values of ethical consumers, and in some ways the presentation of these images fetishize the product, and the pervasiveness of such images begins to shape ethicality, as the absence of these images also signifies the absence of those same values. In short: it is difficult to buy ethical products because there are many aspects to commodities that consumers are unable to be fully aware of; fully informed decisions are almost impossible to make. Consumers see the images that sellers use as a means of virtue signaling, and purchase those products with the intent of ethical consumption because they believe that those images have been produced conscientiously to represent conceptual categories of "ethical."
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the brand names and to promote the ethical use of consumer power." They provide an online searchable database under the name
Corporate Critic or Ethiscore. The Ethiscore is a weightable numerical rating designed as a quick guide to the ethical status of companies, or brands in a particular area, and is linked to a more detailed ethical assessment. "Alonovo" is an online shopping portal that provides similar weightable ethical ratings termed the "Corporate Social Behavior Index".
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political advocacy in non-bureaucratic ways that draw attention to governmental weaknesses. Political consumerism has also been criticised on the basis that "it cannot work", or that it displays class bias. The widespread development of political consumerism is hampered by substantial mundane consumption, which does not afford reflective choice, along with complexities of everyday life, which demand negotiations between conflicting moral and ethical considerations.
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operations to reinforce customer loyalty. However, some companies have taken note of this shift towards conscientious consumerism and started deceptive marketing to convey a false impression that their product is environmentally friendly. This green marketing tactic is called greenwashing, which is prevalent in the cosmetic industry. Greenwashing has a negative impact on consumer trust with brands and cosmetic products that are marketed as green.
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perceived without regard for the labor that is represented by the product, the labor that was involved in allowing that commodity to exist. The goal at a public level is for consumers to use their purchasing power to put pressure on companies to change the way they conduct business. Marx argued that under capitalism, the presentation of goods obscures the people and processes behind their production.
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1580:(CCX). The businesses involved in the partnership display the Verus Carbon Neutral seal in each store front and posted a sign prominently declaring the area's Carbon Neutral status. (CCX ceased trading carbon credits at the end of 2010 due to inactivity in the U.S. carbon markets, although carbon exchanges were intended to still be facilitated.)
1282:, are considered to be part of any purchasing or sourcing decision. However, these terms refer to broader systems of guidance that would, ideally, cause any purchasing decision to disqualify offered products or services based on non-price criteria that affect the moral rather than the functional liabilities of the entire production process.
1766:, while others argue that because it is difficult for consumers to obtain enough information about the outcomes of a given purchase, this prevents them from making informed ethical choices. Critics have also argued that the uneven distribution of wealth prevents consumerism, ethical or otherwise, from fulfilling its democratic potential.
1176:, first used in a study titled "The Gender Gap Reversed: Political Consumerism as a Women-Friendly Form of Civic and Political Engagement" from authors Dietlind Stolle and Michele Micheletti (2003), is identical to the idea of ethical consumerism. However, in this study, the authors found that political consumerism as a form of
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Conscientious consumerism is when people make a habit of buying goods from ethical companies and avoid impulsive buying from unethical ones, in order to contribute positively in political, social, and environmental ways. Such a consumer rationalizes unnecessary and even unwanted consumption by saying
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often went overlooked at the time of writing and needed to be accounted for in future studies of social participation. However, in "From
Ethical Consumerism to Political Consumption", author Nick Clarke argues that political consumerism allows for marginalized groups, such as women, to participate in
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to support the environment, candy and popcorn from school children, greeting cards and gift wrap from charities, and other such often-unwanted objects. The consumer avoids considering whether the price offered is fair, whether a small cash donation would be more effective with far less work, or even
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and produces a "Responsible
Shopper" guide to "alert consumers and investors to problems with companies that they may shop with or invest in." The Ethical Consumer Research Association is a not-for-profit workers' co-operative founded in the UK in 1988 to "provide information on the companies behind
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because they are advertised and because people are urged to visit the landscapes and animals for a fee. For example, parks in
Jamaica show colorful fish and coral growth on pamphlets to attract tourists. These photos fetishize coastal waters by ignoring the other important ecological aspects of the
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created in US in 1898, and
Consumers Council which was established during World War I in Great Britain. During this time workers were neither well-paid nor did they have secure employment with benefit of social protection; similarly, working conditions were decent and the Irish Trade Union movement
1313:. Some theorists believe that it is the clearest way that we express our actual moral choices: if we say we care about something but continue to buy in a way that has a high probability of risk of harm or destruction to that thing, we don't really care about it; we are practising a form of simple
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In response to an increasing demand for ethical consumerism surrounding gift-giving occasions, charities have promoted an alternative gift market, in which charitable contributions are made on behalf of the gift "recipient". The "recipient" receives a card explaining the selected gift, while the
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Critics argue that ethical consumerism has limited ability to affect structural change. Berkey (2021) has argued that ethical consumerism focuses on individual consumer behavior rather than systemic change can create a false sense of efficacy and distract from more effective methods of creating
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ethical reviews are more likely, long-term, to provide democratic, in-depth coverage of a wider range of products and businesses. The Green Stars
Project promotes the idea of including ethical ratings (on a scale of one to five green stars) alongside conventional ratings on retail sites such as
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s ratings tables awarded companies negative marks (and overall scores, starting in 2005) across a range of ethical and environmental categories such as "animal rights", "human rights", and "pollution and toxics", empowering consumers to make ethically informed consumption choices and providing
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packaging. The image suggests self-reliance and ignores the dependence upon immigrant wage workers who harvest the coffee. Fairtrade coffee is viewed as a direct link to the grower without a middle man. However, there are many parties involved such as the roasters, shippers, wholesalers, and
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to argue that ethical consumption does not help consumers lead a more moral life, nor does it influence businesses as intended. The goal of ethical consumption at a personal level is to lead a more moral life, and that capitalism causes commodities to be presented in such a way that they are
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In line with the halo associated with green consumerism, people act more altruistically after mere exposure to green than conventional products. However, people act less altruistically and are more likely to cheat and steal after purchasing green products as opposed to conventional products.
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Conscientious consumerism has become more popular in recent years, with consumers becoming more aware of the impact of their purchases on society and the environment. This trend has led to the growth of companies that prioritize corporate social responsibility and ethical practices in their
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neighborhood became the first Carbon-Neutral Zone in the United States. Seventeen merchants in
Virginia-Highland allowed their carbon footprint to be audited. Now, they are partnered with the Valley Wood Carbon Sequestration Project—thousands of acres of forest in rural Georgia—through the
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, people in industrialized countries began formal consumer movements to ensure that they would get value for their money in terms of the things they purchased. These movements focused on the unfair labor practices of the companies, and on labelling
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Islam, Tahir; Islam, Rauf; Pitafi, Abdul Hameed; Xiaobei, Liang; Rehmani, Mahmood; Irfan, Muhammad; Mubarak, Muhammad
Shujaat (2021). "The impact of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty: The mediating role of corporate reputation, customer satisfaction, and trust".
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argued that green consumers who do not articulate their values are part of "a catastrophic mistake," on the grounds that such consumerism "strengthens extrinsic values" (those that "concern status and self-advancement"), thereby "making future campaigns less likely to succeed".
1321:, which attributes a consumer's choices to their perceived sense of control, social norms, and evaluation of the consequences. However, recent research suggests that a consumer's ethical obligation, self-identity, and virtues may also influence their buying decisions.
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scriptures appears to direct followers towards practising good stewardship of the Earth, under an obligation to a God who is believed to have created the planet for people to share with other creatures. A similar argument presented from a
1622:, France, and Spain. More than half of respondents in Germany and the US believed there is a serious deterioration in standards of corporate practice. Almost half of those surveyed in Britain, France, and Spain held similar beliefs.
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has produced an
Ethical Consumerism Report (formerly the Ethical Purchasing Index) since 2001. The report measures the market size and growth of a basket of 'ethical' products and services, and valued UK ethical consumerism at
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campaigners with reliable information on corporate behaviour. Such criteria-based ethical and environmental ratings have subsequently become commonplace both in providing consumer information and in business-to-business
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provide "environmental, social, and governance" ratings directly to the financial data screens of hundreds of thousands of stock market traders. The nonprofit
Ethical Consumer Research Association continues to publish
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About a third of respondents told researchers they would pay higher prices for ethical brands, though the perception of various companies' ethical or unethical status varied considerably from country to country.
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so that, for example, every item carries the name, phone number and fax number of the factory where it was made so a buyer can inspect its conditions. This can also be used to show that the item was not made by
1250:), that one must accept all personal moral and spiritual liability for all harms done at any distance in space or time to anyone by one's own choices. Some interpretations of the book of Genesis from the
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has offered counter-arguments based on an economic demonstration of this theory of "amoral markets", which lack ethics or morals, versus "moral governments", which are tied to ideas of justice.
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1290:, refers to "comprehensive outcomes" of production services as opposed to the "culminative outcomes" of using the product of such services. Often, moral criteria are part of a shift away from
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One study suggests that "Buying Green" serves as a license for unethical behavior. In their 2009 paper, "Do Green Products Make Us Better People?", Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong write:
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Conscientious consumption involves people who are "more focused on real needs than artificially created craves," such as not continually following trend cycles in consumer industries.
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argues that all purchasing decisions imply some moral choice, and that there is no purchasing that is not ultimately moral in nature. This mirrors older arguments, especially by the
2170:"The Gender Gap Reversed: Political Consumerism as a Women-Friendly Form of Civic and Political Engagement: An Exploratory Study in Canada, Belgium and Sweden. Work in Progress"
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is emphasized rather than the context that leads people to seek ethicality. He believes that more attention should be paid to how the consumer acquired their moral leanings.
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or trust invested in nation-states (or "flags") will continue to decrease, and that placed in corporations (or "brands") will increase. This can only be offset by retrenched
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Carrier begins by giving examples of products that have been presented in a way that misrepresents their context. He first points to the images of growers commonly found on
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Together, the studies show that consumption is more tightly connected to our social and ethical behaviors in directions and domains other than previously thought.
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These labels serve as tokens of some reliable validation process, some instructional capital, much as does a brand name or a nation's flag. They also signal some
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Andrew Wilson, Director of the UK's Ashridge Centre for Business and Society, argues that "Shopping is more important than voting", and that the disposition of
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1087:. People practice it by buying ethically made products that support small-scale manufacturers or local artisans and protect animals and the environment, while
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A number of organizations provide research-based evaluations of the behavior of companies around the world, assessing them along ethical dimensions such as
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requirements of food, cosmetics, drugs, etc. Examples of the consumer movements were the Consumer League which was established in New York, US in 1891,
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The strategic direction of the consumer's attention further mystifies and fetishizes the object of consumption. Carrier points out that the moment of
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1821:, environmentalists argue that tourism has damaged the park. Run-off feeds into the waterways and sea-grass beds integral to local
3014:"Defashionization for Sustainability: from Conspicuous to Conscientious Consumption Breaking Business Cycles for Environmentalism"
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Haydu, Jeffrey (2014). "Consumer Citizenship and Cross-Class Activism: The Case of the National Consumers' League, 1899-1918".
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change, such as collective action and policy reform. Some say the actual effect of ethical consumerism is the preponderance of
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focused the ILO policy of campaigning for decent work wherever there was an opportunity for job improvement or job creation.
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2566:"'God's love is what they pass on' : Fair trade is a mission for a Wittenberg University grad, students and faculty"
1649:(in Spain). Coca-Cola, Danone, Adidas, and Nestlé did not appear anywhere in the UK's list of 15 most ethical companies.
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magazine's key innovation was to produce "ratings tables", inspired by the criteria-based approach of the then-emerging
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laws, and by placing the trust in civil society in such "moral labels". These arguments have been a major focus of the
1226:. When consumers choose and reuse environmentally friendly material like this, they are practicing ethical consumerism.
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Carrier, James G. (2010). "Protecting the Environment the Natural Way: Ethical Consumption and Commodity Fetishism".
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3023:. Proceedings of the 26th Research Association for Interdisciplinary Studies (RAIS) Conference. pp. 146–155.
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actual gift item (frequently agricultural supplies or domestic animals) is sent to a family in a poor community.
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The Bridge at the End of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability
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whether selling the item is consistent with the ostensible mission, such as when sports teams sell candy.
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where all activities, from growing to harvesting to processing to delivery, are considered part of the
2416:"Toward a theory of ethical consumer intention formation: re-extending the theory of planned behavior"
2198:"From Ethical Consumerism to Political Consumption: From ethical consumerism to political consumption"
2005:(2014). "Creating the Responsible Consumer: Moralistic Governance Regimes and Consumer Subjectivity".
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In an effort by churches to advocate moral and ethical consumerism, many have become involved in the
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point of view is that it is simply better for human beings to acknowledge that the planet supports
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A number of standards, labels and marks have been introduced for ethical consumers, such as:
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The term "ethical consumer", now used generically, was first popularised by the UK magazine
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A sign proclaiming carbon neutrality in the Virginia-Highland neighborhood of Atlanta
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and its associated website, which provides free access to ethical rating tables.
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is a not-for-profit membership organization founded in 1982 that provides the
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Berkey, Brian (2001). "Ethical Consumerism, Democratic Values, and Justice".
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appeared in the lists of the other four countries but not in the UK's list.
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1000:
900:
715:
479:
282:
62:
3028:
1646:
3327:
Looking Behind the Label: Global Industries and the Conscientious Consumer
2487:
5825:
5815:
4823:
4275:
3397:
1967:
1882:
1685:
1259:
985:
780:
2255:
5143:
4248:
3132:
2949:
2247:
1615:
1568:
1256:
1141:
1088:
563:
412:
2975:
Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
1669:
54.4 billion) in 2008, and GBP47.2 billion (USD72.5 billion) in 2012.
5593:
5464:
4648:
3912:
2591:
2271:"Will Consumers Save The World? The Framing of Political Consumerism"
1642:
1638:
1492:
1434:
1317:. Ethical consumerism is widely explained by psychologists using the
845:
765:
322:
2107:
1341:
is partnered with Catholic Relief Services and Lutheran World Relief
2018:
5741:
5183:
5067:
4688:
1543:
1502:
1428:
1306:
1247:
1207:
925:
485:
3563:
3021:
Advances in Socially Responsible Investment in Resilience Finance
2148:
2128:"Ethical Consumerism, Part 5: Why we need User-Generated Ratings"
5429:
3179:"Ethical Consumerism Isn't Dead, It Just Needs Better Marketing"
1263:
1223:
1166:
5295:
4590:
3567:
3341:
5726:
3337:
1666:
1662:
1266:
only because of a delicate balance of many different factors.
2087:
1711:
that "it's for a good cause." As a result, the consumer buys
4586:
1344:
Village Markets of Africa sells Fair Trade gifts from the
1152:
Although single-source ethical consumerism guides such as
3095:"Giving well is hard to do: so here's my seasonal guide"
2629:"First Carbon Neutral Zone Created in the United States"
2609:
2270:
1232:
Unequal Freedoms: The Global Market As An Ethical System
4453:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
1513:
of the origins of clothing or food is required in all
2529:
3148:"Value vs. Values: The Myth of the Ethical Consumer"
2685:"ICE cuts staff at Chicago Climate Exchange-sources"
2381:
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
1095:, are tested on animals, or damage the environment.
5783:
5740:
5714:
5612:
5522:
5336:
5126:
4945:
4857:
4811:
4721:
4624:
4442:
4379:
4151:
4078:
3987:
3939:
3911:
3868:
3822:
3789:
3662:
3619:
3518:
3492:
3446:
3385:
3212:"When did fair trade become a consumerist concept?"
2778:Mercuro, Nicholas; Medema, Steven G. (2020-07-21),
1784:article, British environmental writer and activist
2972:
2721:
2508:
1354:has their own Fair Trade mission in CRS Fair Trade
1335:is affiliated with the Mennonite Central Committee
3484:United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
1938:Leon Sullivan § Selective Patronage Movement
2820:"Consumers Changing the Ethical Business Agenda"
2784:, Princeton University Press, pp. 156–207,
2275:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
1309:is the most basic role we play in any system of
5841:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
2316:"Ethical Consumerism: A Guide for Trade Unions"
1812:Carrier extends commodity fetishism to include
4477:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2888:"Ethical Consumer Research Association: About"
2168:Stolle, Dietlind; Micheletti, Michele (2003).
5307:
4602:
3579:
3353:
2909:"Research & Ratings: About the Ethiscore"
1629:The most ethically perceived brands were The
1033:
8:
2863:"Coop American: Responsible Shopping: About"
1794:Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology
1128:ratings such as those provided by Innovest,
1509:Along with disclosure of ingredients, some
5314:
5300:
5292:
4609:
4595:
4587:
4548:
3586:
3572:
3564:
3360:
3346:
3338:
3236:Do Green Products Make Us Better People? (
2568:. The Lutheran. 2012-03-29. Archived from
1591:to reinforce shared national standards in
1517:. This practice has been extended in some
1040:
1026:
362:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
29:
4488:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2979:. USA: Oxford University Press. pp.
2431:
2383:. Theories of Cognitive Self-Regulation.
4516:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
3240:, April, 2010) Nina Mazar, Chen-Bo Zhong
2966:
2964:
2747:"A U.S. Cap-And-Trade Experiment to End"
2269:Jacobsen, Eivind; Dulsrud, Arne (2007).
447:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
5675:Pollutant release and transfer register
3012:Puaschunder, Julia M. (February 2022).
2950:Alonovo Corporate Social Behavior Index
1990:
1302:for which consumers are "responsible".
41:
4086:Corporate environmental responsibility
3061:Sustainable Production and Consumption
2745:Lavelle, Marianne (November 3, 2010).
2551:"About Village Markets and Fair Trade"
2130:. greenstarsproject.org. 22 April 2018
1717:National Breast Cancer Awareness Month
5460:Principles for Responsible Investment
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
2616:. International Cooperative Alliance.
2347:"Ethics is in the eye of the spender"
1583:Some theorists suggest the amount of
432:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
7:
5949:
5274:
4459:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
3325:Bartley, Tim and colleagues (2015).
3377:the philosophy of and activism for
3250:Monbiot, George (12 October 2010).
2650:Auchmutey, Jim (January 26, 2009).
1727:Some of these efforts are based on
5639:Environmental full-cost accounting
4101:Environmental full-cost accounting
1796:, draws on Karl Marx's concept of
1792:James G Carrier, Associate at the
25:
4035:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2865:. Coopamerica.org. Archived from
1077:sustainable and green consumerism
419:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
389:Future Primitive and Other Essays
5948:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5513:
5420:Extended producer responsibility
5273:
5237:
5236:
5226:
4983:Extended producer responsibility
4712:
4547:
4536:
4535:
4505:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
3299:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00768.x
2712:"End of US carbon trading looms"
2660:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2652:"Trying on carbon-neutral trend"
2377:"The theory of planned behavior"
2314:Irish Congress of Trade Unions.
2214:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00170.x
891:
890:
5629:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
4091:Corporate social responsibility
4020:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3959:Community-supported agriculture
3644:Human impact on the environment
3121:Philosophy & Public Affairs
2781:Chapter 3. Public Choice Theory
2710:Weitzman, Hal (November 2010).
2627:Jay, Kate (November 14, 2008).
2063:"Is ESG Data Going Mainstream?"
2061:Lubber, Mindy S. (6 May 2009).
1694:Green American Seal of Approval
1122:corporate social responsibility
328:The Theory of the Leisure Class
5901:Socially responsible marketing
5896:Socially responsible investing
4331:Socially responsible marketing
2196:Clarke, Nick (November 2008).
1948:Socially responsible investing
1216:reused as a center table in a
298:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
5891:Socially responsible business
5149:Container-deposit legislation
4522:Sustainable Development Goals
4326:Socially responsible business
3316:Speth, James Gustave (2008).
1473:Rainforest Alliance certified
347:The Society of the Spectacle
5836:Environmental pricing reform
5367:environmental responsibility
2842:"Ethical Consumerism Report"
2656:Atlanta Journal-Constitution
2393:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
2007:Journal of Consumer Research
1136:, and KLD Analytics. Today,
532:Institute for Social Ecology
5866:Market governance mechanism
5722:Global Reporting Initiative
5692:standards and certification
5599:Social return on investment
4844:Materials recovery facility
4351:Sustainability organization
4136:Standards and certification
3727:Social return on investment
3210:Gee, Tim (March 26, 2014).
3177:Irwin, Julie (2015-01-12).
2414:Sun, William (2020-12-01).
1597:anti-globalization movement
1448:sustainably sourced seafood
1104:, first published in 1989.
1093:exploit children as workers
711:Anti-globalization movement
6013:
5806:Community interest company
5750:Community-based monitoring
5584:Genuine progress indicator
3776:Systemic change resistance
2509:"Catholic Relief Services"
2433:10.1007/s13162-019-00156-6
2375:Ajzen, Icek (1991-12-01).
1745:
1493:Social Accountability 8000
1386:for electricity agreements
1319:theory of planned behavior
1274:Some trust criteria, e.g.
961:Natural resource economics
203:Feminist political ecology
133:Compulsive buying disorder
5924:
5831:Environmental degradation
5680:Sustainability accounting
5544:Ethical positioning index
5511:
5222:
4710:
4531:
3954:Climate-smart agriculture
3601:
3479:Collaborative consumption
3428:Consumer welfare standard
3375:
3073:10.1016/j.spc.2020.07.019
2790:10.1515/9780691216010-004
2287:10.1007/s10806-007-9043-z
2149:"The Green Stars Project"
2108:"The Good Shopping Guide"
1706:Conscientious consumption
1463:Organic Trade Association
1454:(semi-religious standard)
1192:National Consumers League
1075:and also associated with
601:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
108:Collaborative consumption
27:Type of consumer activism
5861:Health impact assessment
5732:Sustainability reporting
5701:Toxics Release Inventory
5495:Transparency (behavioral
5470:Social impact assessment
5359:Corporate accountability
4096:Environmental accounting
3845:Sustainable architecture
3835:Environmental technology
3331:Indiana University Press
1578:Chicago Climate Exchange
1534:was introduced in 1887.
1414:sustainably sourced wood
1352:Catholic Relief Services
1165:or review sites such as
1083:based on the concept of
911:Gross National Happiness
669:Related social movements
544:Rage Against the Machine
471:Organizations and groups
158:Criticism of advertising
5916:Supply chain management
5856:Global justice movement
5655:profit-and-loss account
5174:Reverse vending machine
3969:Sustainable agriculture
3459:Consumer Bill of Rights
3183:Harvard Business Review
2971:Gayle A. Sulik (2010).
2822:. Market Research World
2067:Harvard Business Review
1174:"political consumerism"
931:Influence of mass media
861:Consumption (sociology)
856:Consumption (economics)
706:Anti-corporate activism
303:Sustainable consumption
138:Conspicuous consumption
5881:SDG Publishers Compact
5643:Environmental conflict
5450:Organizational justice
5214:Water recycling shower
5058:Reuse of human excreta
5028:Recycling (ecological)
5013:Material flow analysis
4512:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
4381:Sustainable management
4366:Urban drainage systems
4106:Environmental planning
4070:Water recycling shower
4060:Tidal stream generator
3855:Sustainable industries
3814:Sustainable population
3799:Demographic transition
3781:Tragedy of the commons
3543:Ellen Swallow Richards
3538:Consumers' Association
3526:Consumer organizations
3029:10.5281/zenodo.6414896
2955:June 24, 2008, at the
2930:"Research and ratings"
2596:July 11, 2011, at the
1776:
1593:tax, trade, and tariff
1549:
1227:
1055:(alternatively called
508:Earth Liberation Front
452:So, What's Your Price?
427:The Cultural Creatives
5871:Product certification
5670:Life-cycle assessment
5589:Performance indicator
5480:Social responsibility
5445:Organizational ethics
5375:social responsibility
5003:Interchangeable parts
4998:Industrial metabolism
4404:Humanistic capitalism
4219:Environmental finance
3860:Sustainable packaging
3238:Psychological Science
2890:. Corporatecritic.org
2639:on September 7, 2009.
2468:Ten Thousand Villages
2351:Sustainability at LSE
2043:. Ethicalconsumer.org
1771:
1658:The Co-operative Bank
1547:
1483:Respects Your Freedom
1333:Ten Thousand Villages
1211:
941:Intentional community
771:Libertarian socialism
746:Fossil fuel phase-out
496:Deep Green Resistance
457:What Would Jesus Buy?
408:Escape from Affluenza
5876:Public participation
5811:Conflict of interest
5401:inequality in the UK
5393:in the United States
5385:Environmental racism
5209:Water heat recycling
5199:Waste management law
4371:Urban infrastructure
4065:Water heat recycling
3888:Conservation biology
3732:Steady-state economy
3707:Micro-sustainability
3692:Ecological footprint
3649:Planetary boundaries
3101:. London. 2005-12-22
2553:. Villagemarkets.org
2013:(October): 849–867.
1943:Organic food culture
1873:Critical consumerism
1819:Montego Bay, Jamaica
1601:Public Choice Theory
1589:national sovereignty
1437:(religious standard)
1431:(religious standard)
1359:Standards and labels
1270:Spending as morality
1178:social participation
966:Non-monetary economy
886:Economic materialism
881:Ecological economics
338:The Affluent Society
288:Steady-state economy
258:Planned obsolescence
188:Ecological economics
5982:Ethical consumerism
5846:Ethical consumerism
5796:Benefit corporation
5688:metrics and indices
5490:Sullivan principles
5405:injustice in Europe
5159:Ethical consumerism
5093:Urban lumberjacking
5023:Product stewardship
4973:Eco-industrial park
4472:Earth Summit (1992)
4126:Metrics and indices
3979:Sustainable fishery
3898:Holocene extinction
3717:Product stewardship
3687:Earth Overshoot Day
3433:Ethical consumerism
3423:Consumer revolution
3418:Consumer protection
3408:Consumer capitalism
3379:consumer protection
3158:on 27 February 2017
3146:Devinney, Timothy.
2844:. Co-operative Bank
2759:on November 5, 2010
2752:National Geographic
1953:Sustainable fashion
1798:commodity fetishism
1511:mandatory labelling
1478:Recycled/recyclable
1339:SERRV International
1057:ethical consumption
1053:Ethical consumerism
991:Subsistence economy
916:Heterodox economics
836:Advanced capitalism
691:Anarcho-primitivism
676:Alter-globalization
656:Henry David Thoreau
343:One-Dimensional Man
208:Food loss and waste
198:Ethical consumerism
183:Earth Overshoot Day
143:Consumer capitalism
123:Commodity fetishism
78:Autonomous building
68:Alternative culture
5934:Environment portal
5706:Triple bottom line
5634:Emission inventory
5539:Double bottom line
5485:Stakeholder theory
5232:Environment portal
5103:Waste minimisation
5048:Reusable packaging
4993:Industrial ecology
3931:Sustainable energy
3893:Endangered species
3850:Sustainable design
3764:Consumer behaviour
3469:Consumer education
3464:Consumer complaint
3152:Policy Innovations
3133:10.1111/papa.12191
2911:. Corporate Critic
2248:10.1111/socf.12107
2236:Sociological Forum
1978:Zero-waste fashion
1958:Sustainable living
1933:Intentional living
1888:Double-duty dollar
1748:Alternative giving
1742:Alternative giving
1645:(in Germany), and
1562:green technologies
1550:
1519:developing nations
1488:Shade-grown coffee
1288:natural capitalism
1228:
1214:electric wire reel
1130:Calvert Foundation
1110:ethical investment
1061:ethical purchasing
946:Left-wing politics
851:Consumer behaviour
786:Occupy Wall Street
379:Small Is Beautiful
98:Buddhist economics
51:Theories and ideas
5987:Consumer boycotts
5969:
5968:
5886:Social enterprise
5791:Bangladesh Accord
5651:management system
5647:impact assessment
5624:Carbon accounting
5554:Impact assessment
5505:UN Global Compact
5397:in Western Europe
5349:Aarhus Convention
5289:
5288:
5043:Resource recovery
5033:Refill (campaign)
4978:Ecological design
4958:Dematerialization
4768:Fluorescent lamps
4584:
4583:
4510:Earth Summit 2002
4493:Lisbon Principles
4465:Our Common Future
4143:Sustainable yield
3949:Civic agriculture
3702:Green consumption
3639:Global governance
3561:
3560:
3474:Consumer movement
3454:Consumer activism
3438:Informed consumer
2990:978-0-19-974045-1
2799:978-0-691-21601-0
2202:Geography Compass
1963:Textile recycling
1908:Ethical investing
1848:Carrying capacity
1806:fair trade coffee
1605:James M. Buchanan
1573:Virginia-Highland
1515:developed nations
1292:commodity markets
1286:, a proponent of
1081:consumer activism
1050:
1049:
896:Economic problems
721:Diggers (theater)
686:Anarcho-communism
554:The Venus Project
384:To Have or to Be?
268:Political ecology
223:Green consumption
83:Billboard hacking
18:Green consumerism
16:(Redirected from
6004:
5952:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5932:
5517:
5435:Little Eichmanns
5316:
5309:
5302:
5293:
5277:
5276:
5240:
5239:
5230:
5204:Waste management
5194:Waste collection
5053:Reuse of bottles
4953:Circular economy
4930:Northern Ireland
4716:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4588:
4551:
4550:
4539:
4538:
4483:Agenda 21 (1992)
4454:
4419:Natural resource
4306:Organic movement
4281:Impact investing
4000:Hydroelectricity
3974:Sustainable diet
3926:Renewable energy
3921:Carbon footprint
3903:Invasive species
3840:Natural building
3791:World population
3752:Marketing myopia
3712:Over-consumption
3682:Circular economy
3677:Anti-consumerism
3634:Environmentalism
3588:
3581:
3574:
3565:
3413:Consumer privacy
3403:Anti-consumerism
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3334:
3321:
3320:. Caravan Books.
3303:
3302:
3282:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3154:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3136:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3018:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2978:
2968:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2755:. Archived from
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2720:. Archived from
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:. 12 August 2010
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2662:. Archived from
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:. Archived from
2624:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2600:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2435:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2353:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2321:. Archived from
2320:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2208:(6): 1870–1884.
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:"20th Birthday!"
2037:
2031:
2030:
1995:
1863:Circular fashion
1858:Circular economy
1843:Anti-consumerism
1701:Related concepts
1564:for the future.
1554:carbon footprint
1425:Seal of Approval
1395:Ethical Consumer
1280:implied warranty
1276:creditworthiness
1154:Ethical Consumer
1147:Ethical Consumer
1132:, Domini, IRRC,
1118:
1114:Ethical Consumer
1106:Ethical Consumer
1101:Ethical Consumer
1073:ethical shopping
1069:ethical sourcing
1065:moral purchasing
1042:
1035:
1028:
976:Post-materialism
894:
893:
811:Social anarchism
736:Environmentalism
651:Bernard Stiegler
646:E. F. Schumacher
606:Edward Goldsmith
421:and Global Order
404:
370:
358:
273:Post-consumerism
228:Hyperconsumerism
43:Anti-consumerism
30:
21:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5920:
5779:
5736:
5710:
5615:
5608:
5604:Whole-life cost
5534:Corporate crime
5525:
5518:
5509:
5440:Loss and damage
5410:Ethical banking
5354:Climate justice
5341:
5332:
5320:
5290:
5285:
5218:
5189:Waste-to-energy
5154:Dumpster diving
5122:
5098:Waste hierarchy
5073:Right to repair
4941:
4910:The Netherlands
4865:Rate by country
4853:
4807:
4717:
4708:
4620:
4615:
4585:
4580:
4527:
4452:
4444:
4443:Agreements and
4438:
4375:
4179:Climate finance
4147:
4074:
4030:Reclaimed water
3983:
3935:
3907:
3864:
3818:
3804:Family planning
3785:
3658:
3615:
3597:
3592:
3562:
3557:
3553:Esther Peterson
3514:
3493:Fields of study
3488:
3442:
3381:
3371:
3366:
3324:
3315:
3312:
3310:Further reading
3307:
3306:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3218:. New Statesman
3209:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2991:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2957:Wayback Machine
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2893:
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2800:
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2744:
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2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:Financial Times
2709:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2598:Wayback Machine
2590:
2586:
2575:
2573:
2564:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2535:
2533:
2528:
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2126:
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2112:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2070:
2069:. Blogs.hbr.org
2060:
2059:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
1999:Giesler, Markus
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1898:Ethical banking
1853:Cause marketing
1838:
1830:consumer choice
1823:nutrient cycles
1814:nature reserves
1759:
1750:
1744:
1708:
1703:
1665:36.0 billion (~
1613:
1532:Made in Germany
1507:
1452:No Pork No Lard
1361:
1346:Lutheran Church
1296:service economy
1272:
1252:Judeo-Christian
1206:
1204:Global morality
1201:
1187:
1185:Consumer groups
1116:
1079:) is a type of
1046:
1017:
1016:
1015:
951:McDonaldization
936:Informal sector
830:
822:
821:
820:
751:Green anarchism
701:Anti-capitalism
670:
662:
661:
660:
631:Donella Meadows
580:
570:
569:
568:
473:
463:
462:
461:
442:The Corporation
423:
420:
394:
374:Steal This Book
364:
348:
333:Brave New World
317:
309:
308:
307:
263:Right to repair
253:Overconsumption
243:Microgeneration
163:Culture jamming
118:Commodification
103:Buy Nothing Day
88:Buyer's remorse
73:Anti-capitalism
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6010:
6008:
6000:
5999:
5997:Sustainability
5994:
5989:
5984:
5974:
5973:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5946:
5936:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5762:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5727:GxP guidelines
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5560:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5530:
5528:
5520:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5475:Social justice
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5382:
5377:
5371:responsibility
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5330:accountability
5321:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5271:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5234:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5134:Bottle cutting
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Land recycling
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4925:United Kingdom
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4738:
4736:Automotive oil
4733:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4545:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4518:(Rio+20, 2012)
4513:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4461:
4456:
4448:
4446:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4264:Infrastructure
4261:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Eco-capitalism
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4111:Sustainability
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4079:Accountability
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3945:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3737:Sustainability
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Anthropization
3668:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3595:Sustainability
3593:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3510:Home economics
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3322:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3293:(3): 672–689.
3270:
3242:
3229:
3202:
3169:
3138:
3127:(3): 237–274.
3111:
3086:
3050:
3004:
2989:
2960:
2942:
2921:
2900:
2879:
2854:
2833:
2818:Staff Writer.
2810:
2798:
2770:
2737:
2702:
2676:
2642:
2619:
2601:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2542:
2521:
2500:
2479:
2455:
2426:(3): 260–278.
2406:
2387:(2): 179–211.
2367:
2338:
2306:
2281:(5): 469–482.
2261:
2242:(3): 628–649.
2226:
2188:
2160:
2140:
2119:
2099:
2088:"Shop Ethical"
2079:
2053:
2032:
2019:10.1086/677842
1989:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Ethical eating
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1786:George Monbiot
1758:
1755:
1746:Main article:
1743:
1740:
1729:concept brands
1721:green products
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1682:animal welfare
1612:
1609:
1585:social capital
1558:carbon offsets
1539:social capital
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1418:Grass fed beef
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1397:Best Buy label
1392:
1390:Equal Exchange
1387:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1271:
1268:
1218:Rio de Janeiro
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1158:User-generated
1126:sustainability
1091:products that
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:Sustainability
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
888:
883:
878:
876:Disneyfication
873:
871:Counterculture
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
832:
831:
828:
827:
824:
823:
819:
818:
816:Social ecology
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Green politics
758:
753:
748:
743:
741:Food Not Bombs
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
626:Serge Latouche
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
586:Mauro Bonaiuti
582:
581:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
549:Reverend Billy
546:
541:
538:Monthly Review
534:
529:
522:
517:
510:
505:
502:Democracy Now!
498:
493:
488:
483:
475:
474:
469:
468:
465:
464:
460:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
417:
415:
410:
405:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
359:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
248:Non-possession
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
168:Do it yourself
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
53:
50:
49:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6009:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Protectionism
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5962:
5961:Organizations
5959:
5957:
5956:
5947:
5945:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5821:Disinvestment
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5770:
5769:certification
5766:
5763:
5760:
5759:certification
5756:
5755:Environmental
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5614:Environmental
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:environmental
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5527:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:environmental
5324:
5317:
5312:
5310:
5305:
5303:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5282:
5281:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5262:organizations
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5179:Simple living
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:Pallet crafts
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Waste picking
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Repairability
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Green economy
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4937:United States
4935:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4849:Waste sorting
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Mobile phones
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4499:Earth Charter
4497:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4389:Environmental
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:Refurbishment
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4311:Organizations
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4224:Green economy
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Eco-socialism
4207:
4205:
4204:Eco-investing
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Disinvestment
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Marine energy
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Cultured meat
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Simple living
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Consumer math
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3217:
3216:New Statesman
3213:
3206:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2869:on 2012-07-23
2868:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2821:
2814:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2726:on 2022-12-10
2724:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2666:on 2009-04-13
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2610:"Coop Marque"
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2572:on 2013-01-16
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2464:"Our History"
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2357:on 2016-04-18
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2328:on 2019-11-22
2324:
2317:
2310:
2307:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2123:
2120:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Vegetarianism
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:FIRE movement
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:Cultured meat
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:are removed.
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:niche markets
1756:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:Green America
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:(in France),
1640:
1637:(in the US),
1636:
1633:(in the UK),
1632:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1603:pioneered by
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:MSC-certified
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:Green America
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:FSC-certified
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1369:B corporation
1367:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:John McMurtry
1233:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:dollar voting
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
906:Green economy
904:
902:
899:
897:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
826:
825:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
806:Slow movement
804:
802:
801:Situationists
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Postmodernism
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
731:Eco-socialism
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
666:
665:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:
526:Green Anarchy
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:
477:
476:
472:
467:
466:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
422:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
398:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
368:
363:
360:
356:
352:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:Notable works
313:
312:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Simple living
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
55:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5953:
5845:
5826:Eco-labeling
5801:Child labour
5696:supply chain
5694: /
5690: /
5686: /
5682: /
5653: /
5649: /
5645: /
5641: /
5415:Ethical code
5403: /
5399: /
5395: /
5391: /
5387: /
5373: /
5369: /
5365: /
5361: /
5278:
5158:
5139:Cogeneration
4968:Durable good
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4540:
4464:
4229:Construction
4152:Applications
3870:Biodiversity
3696:
3629:Anthropocene
3432:
3326:
3317:
3290:
3286:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:The Guardian
3255:
3245:
3232:
3220:. Retrieved
3215:
3205:
3194:. Retrieved
3182:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3156:the original
3151:
3141:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3103:. Retrieved
3099:The Guardian
3098:
3089:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3020:
3007:
2974:
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2924:
2913:. Retrieved
2903:
2892:. Retrieved
2882:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2857:
2846:. Retrieved
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2813:
2803:, retrieved
2780:
2773:
2761:. Retrieved
2757:the original
2750:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2715:
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2688:
2679:
2668:. Retrieved
2664:the original
2655:
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2177:umanitoba.ca
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2082:
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2066:
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2035:
2010:
2006:
2003:Veresiu, Ela
1993:
1928:Green brands
1827:
1811:
1803:
1791:
1781:The Guardian
1779:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1751:
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1713:pink ribbons
1709:
1693:
1674:human rights
1671:
1655:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1582:
1566:
1551:
1536:
1528:prison labor
1524:child labour
1508:
1458:Organic food
1379:Dolphin safe
1374:Co-op Marque
1362:
1323:
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1229:
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1060:
1056:
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981:Productivism
971:Permaculture
696:Anarcho-punk
636:Pierre Rabhi
611:Paul Goodman
591:Noam Chomsky
536:
524:
514:Fifth Estate
513:
500:
478:
293:Subvertising
233:Laconophilia
218:Gift economy
197:
178:Durable good
173:Downshifting
153:Conviviality
113:Collapsology
93:Bioeconomics
5906:Stakeholder
5684:measurement
5425:Externality
5380:Dirty hands
5252:by material
5113:Wishcycling
5063:Repurposing
4963:Downcycling
4915:Switzerland
4751:PET bottles
4699:Cooking oil
4684:Refrigerant
4445:conferences
4316:Procurement
4259:Development
4159:Advertising
4121:Measurement
4055:Tidal power
4050:Small hydro
4015:Micro hydro
3878:Biosecurity
3830:Appropriate
3759:Sustainable
3742:Advertising
3664:Consumption
3654:Development
3548:Ralph Nader
3519:Key players
3393:Consumerism
3369:Consumerism
3263:29 December
3067:: 123–135.
2932:. Ethiscore
2488:"Our Story"
1868:Consumerism
1678:environment
1656:In the UK,
1468:Product Red
1300:value chain
1284:Paul Hawken
1240:Anabaptists
1006:Veblen good
866:Cooperative
841:Advertising
776:Neo-Luddism
726:Ecofeminism
641:John Ruskin
621:Ivan Illich
596:Erich Fromm
559:The Yes Men
491:CrimethInc.
393:Fight Club
365: [
148:Consumerism
5976:Categories
5910:engagement
5765:Fair trade
5616:accounting
5549:Higg Index
5526:accounting
5342:principles
5257:by product
5247:by country
5164:Freeganism
5144:Composting
5118:Zero waste
5018:Precycling
4839:Collection
4829:Blue boxes
4731:Appliances
4336:Sanitation
4291:Livelihood
4214:Ecovillage
4199:Eco-cities
4116:Accounting
4025:Pico hydro
4005:Hydropower
3823:Technology
3621:Principles
3196:2022-07-14
3105:2007-05-03
2936:2011-12-18
2915:2011-12-18
2894:2011-12-18
2873:2011-12-18
2848:2010-09-03
2805:2023-04-29
2763:3 February
2730:3 February
2695:3 February
2670:2019-08-29
2576:2013-08-18
2557:2013-08-18
2536:2013-08-18
2515:2013-08-18
2494:2013-08-18
2473:2013-08-18
2420:AMS Review
2361:2019-08-29
2332:2018-12-06
2300:2023-04-25
2182:2018-12-14
2154:2019-05-11
2134:2019-05-11
2113:2019-05-11
2093:2019-05-11
2073:2013-08-18
2047:2013-08-18
1985:References
1918:Fair trade
1817:water. In
1778:In a 2010
1498:Union-made
1441:Local food
1406:Free-range
1328:movement:
1326:Fair Trade
1294:towards a
1244:Mennonites
1221:decoration
1112:movement.
1089:boycotting
1011:Workaholic
1001:Sweatshops
956:Mutual aid
756:Green left
681:Amateurism
616:André Gorz
238:Local food
213:Freeganism
193:Ecovillage
58:Asceticism
5851:Euthenics
5816:Disasters
5775:ISO 19011
5715:Reporting
5665:ISO 14031
5660:ISO 14000
5579:ISO 45001
5574:ISO 26000
5455:Pollution
5389:in Russia
5363:behaviour
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4870:Australia
4858:Countries
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4429:Recycling
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3883:Biosphere
3505:Euthenics
3191:0017-8012
3081:225020032
3037:252650068
2999:535493589
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2450:203466215
2442:1869-8182
2401:0749-5978
2295:154330638
2027:145622639
1923:Frugality
1893:Ecologism
1757:Criticism
1635:Coca-Cola
1567:In 2009,
1401:Fairtrade
1384:EKOenergy
1315:hypocrisy
1311:economics
1172:The term
1138:Bloomberg
1134:TIAA–CREF
901:Frugality
716:Communism
520:Freecycle
480:Adbusters
283:Slow Food
63:Affluenza
5944:Category
5742:Auditing
5563:equality
5242:Category
5127:See also
4946:Concepts
4905:Mongolia
4900:Malaysia
4803:Vehicles
4793:Textiles
4723:Products
4644:Concrete
4542:Category
4341:Sourcing
4276:Greening
4169:Business
4045:Security
4040:Scarcity
3447:Activism
3398:Consumer
3386:Concepts
3287:Antipode
2953:Archived
2594:Archived
2256:43653954
2219:29 April
1968:Veganism
1883:Degrowth
1836:See also
1686:politics
1611:Research
1348:in Kenya
1260:humanist
1234:(1998),
986:Shopping
829:See also
781:New Left
35:a series
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5280:Commons
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4679:Plastic
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4561:Science
4356:Tourism
4249:Geopark
4239:Finance
4234:Fashion
3809:Control
3697:Ethical
3606:Outline
3222:11 June
3162:11 June
3045:4226243
2981:111–132
2826:7 March
2689:Reuters
2633:Reuters
2490:. SERRV
1715:during
1620:Britain
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1569:Atlanta
1408:poultry
1257:secular
1142:Reuters
564:350.org
437:Evasion
413:No Logo
128:Commune
5594:SA8000
5568:social
5524:Social
5465:Racism
5338:Ethics
5323:Social
5078:Symbol
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4875:Brazil
4773:Lumber
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4659:Energy
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4649:Copper
4524:(2015)
4501:(2000)
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4798:Tires
4788:Ships
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4763:Drugs
4704:Water
4689:Scrap
4674:Paper
4664:Glass
4554:Lists
4434:Waste
4346:Space
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3988:Water
3747:Brand
3611:Index
3077:S2CID
3033:S2CID
3017:(PDF)
2446:S2CID
2326:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2291:S2CID
2252:JSTOR
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3187:ISSN
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3041:SSRN
2995:OCLC
2985:ISBN
2828:2007
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