20:
1566:
Pascale M. Bonin, Wojciech Jȩdral, Marek S. Odziemkowski, and Robert W. Gillham (2000): "Electrochemical and Raman spectroscopic studies of the influence of chlorinated solvents on the corrosion behaviour of iron in borate buffer and in simulated groundwater". Corrosion
Science 42, pages 1921–1939.
1347:
J.-M. R. Génin, A. A. Olowe, B. Resiak, N. D. Benbouzid-Rollet, M. Confente and D. Prieur (1993): "Identification of sulphated green rust 2 compound produced as a result of microbially induced corrosion of steel sheet piles in harbour". In Marine
Corrosion of Stainless Steels: Chlorination and
1635:
J. K. Fredrickson, J. M. Zachara, D. W. Kennedy, H. Dong, T. C. Onstott, N. Hinman, and S. M. Li (1998): "Biogenic iron mineralization accompanying the dissimilatory reduction of hydrous ferric oxide by a groundwater bacterium". Geochimica et
Cosmochimica Acta, volume 62, issues 19–20, pages
1806:
A. A. Olowe, B. Pauron, J.-M. R. Génin (1991): "The influence of temperature on the oxidation of ferrous hydroxide in sulphated aqueous medium: Activation energies of formation of the products and hyperfine structure of magnetite" Corrosion
Science, volume 32, issue 9, pages 985–1001.
1789:
S. H. Drissi, Ph. Refait, M. Abdelmoula, and J.-M. R. Génin (1995): "The preparation and thermodynamic properties of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxide-carbonate (green rust 1); Pourbaix diagram of iron in carbonate-containing aqueous media". Corrosion
Science, volume 37, pages 2025–2041.
1727:
J.-M. R. Génin, A. A. Olowe, Ph. Refait, and L. Simon (1996): "On the stoichiometry and
Pourbaix diagram of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxy-sulphate or sulphate-containing green rust 2: An electrochemical and Mössbauer spectroscopy study". Corrosion Science, volume 38, pages 1751–1762.
1540:
G. Ona-Nguema, M. Abdelmoula, F. Jorand, O. Benali, A. Géhin, J. C. Block, and J.-M. R. Génin (2002): "Iron(II,III) hydroxycarbonate green rust formation and stabilization from lepidocrocite bioreduction". Environmental
Science & Technology, volume 36, pages
1283:
M. Abdelmoula, F. Trolard, G. Bourrié and J.-M. R. Génin (1998): "Evidence of the Fe(II)–Fe(III) green rust `fougerite' mineral occurrence in a hydromorphic soil and its transformation with depth". Hyperfine
Interactions, volume 111, pages 231–238.
898:) in a solution of the third anion. This suspension is oxidized by stirring under air, or bubbling air through it. Since the product is very prone to oxidation, it is necessary to monitor the process and exclude oxygen once the desired ratio of
1251:
M. Abdelmoula, Ph. Refait, S. H. Drissi, J. P. Mihe, and J.-M. R. Génin (1996): "Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies of the formation of carbonate-containing green rust one by corrosion of metallic iron in
1437:
Ludovic
Legrand, Léo Mazerolles and Annie Chaussé (2004): "The oxidation of carbonate green rust into ferric phases: Solid-state reaction or transformation via solution". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, volume 68, issue 17, pages 3497—3507.
1583:
S. Savoye, L. Legrand, G. Sagon, S. Lecomte, A. Chaussé, R. Messina, and P. Toulhoat (2001): "Experimental investigations on iron corrosion products formed in bicarbonate/carbonate-containing solutions at 90 °C. Corrosion
Science 43, pages
1625:
F. Trolard, J.-M. R. Génin, M. Abdelmoula, G. Bourrié, B. Humbert, and A. Herbillon (1997): "Identification of a green rust mineral in a reductomorphic soil by Mössbauer and Raman spectroscopies. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, pages
1479:
Hans C. B. Hansen, Christian Bender Koch, Hanne Nancke-Krogh, Ole K. Borggaard and Jan Sørensen (1996): "Abiotic nitrate reduction to ammonium: Key role of green rust". Environmental Science & Technology, volume 30, pages 2053–2056.
1148:
In a more recent variant, solutions of both iron(II) and iron(III) salts are first mixed, then a solution of NaOH is added, all in the stoichiometric proportions of the desired green rust. No oxidation step is then necessary.
883:
Green rust compounds can be synthesized at ambient temperature and pressure, from solutions containing iron(II) cations, hydroxide anions, and the appropriate intercalatory anions, such as chloride, sulfate, or carbonate.
1690:
J. Detournay, L. de Miranda, R. Derie, and M. Ghodsie (1975): "The region of stability of green rust II in the electrochemical potential-pH diagram in sulphate medium". Corrosion Science, volume 15, pages 295–306.
1749:
A. Géhin, C. Ruby, M. Abdelmoula, O. Benali, J. Ghanbaja, Ph. Refait, and J.-M. R. Génin (2002): "Synthesis of Fe(II-III) hydroxysulfate green rust by coprecipitation". Solid State Science, volume 4, pages 61–66.
346:(iron(III), ferric). Each triple layer AcB, which is electrically neutral in the hydroxide, becomes positively charged. The anions then intercalate between those triple layers and restore the electroneutrality.
1185:-pH diagrams of Fe(II)-Fe(III) green rust compounds; hyperfine interaction characteristics and stoichiometry of hydroxy-chloride, -sulphate and –carbonate". Hyperfine Interactions, volume 111, pages 313–318.
1769:
L. Legrand, S. Savoye, A. Chaussé, and R. Messina (2000): "Study of oxidation products formed on iron in solutions containing bicarbonate/carbonate". Electrochimica Acta, volume 46, issue 1, pages 111–117.
1710:
A. A. Olowe and J.-M. R. Génin (1991): "The mechanism of oxidation of Fe(II) hydroxide in sulphated aqueous media: importance of the initial ratio of the reactants". Corrosion Science 32, pages 965–984.
1500:. In: K. Auerswald, H. Stanjek, & J. M. Bigham (Eds.), Soils and environment: soil processes from mineral to landscape scale. Advances in GeoEcology, volume 30, pages 373–393. Catena Verlag.
1519:
Hans C. B. Hansen and Christian Bender Koch (1998): "Reduction of nitrate to ammonium by sulphate green rust: activation energy and reaction mechanism". Clay Minerals, volume 33, pages 87–101.
611:. Depending on the cations in the solution, the nitrate anions replaced the sulfate in the intercalation layer, before the reduction. It was conjectured that green rust may be formed in the
1672:
Ph. Refait and J.-M. R. Génin (1993): "The oxidation of Fe(II) hydroxide in chloride-containing aqueous media and Pourbaix diagrams of green rust I. Corrosion Science 34, pages 797–819.
1326:
J. D. Bernal, D. R. Dasgupta, and A. L. Mackay (1959): "The oxides and hydroxides of iron and their structural inter-relationships". Clay Minerals Bulletin, volume 4, pages 15–30.
1616:
R. M. Taylor (1980): "Formation and properties of Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxycarbonate and its possible significance in soil formation. Clay Minerals, volume 15, pages 369–382.
1470:
R. M. Taylor (1982): "Stabilization of colour and structure in the pyroaurite compounds Fe(II)Fe(III)Al(III) hydroxycarbonates". Clay Minerals, volume 17, pages 369–372.
1303:
W. Feitknecht and G. Keller (1950): "Über die dunkelgrünen Hydroxyverbindungen des Eisens". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, volume 262, pages 61–68.
1226:
Hans C. B. Hansen (1989): "Composition, stabilization, and light absorption of Fe(II)Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate ('green rust')". Clay Minerals, volume 24, pages 663–669.
1357:
L. Vins, J. Subrt, V. Zapletal, and F. Hanousek (1987): "Preparation and properties of green rust type substances". Collect. Czech. Chem. Comm. volume 52, pages 93–102.
1414:
I. R. McGill, B. McEnaney, and D. C. Smith (1976): "Crystal structure of green rust formed by corrosion of cast iron". Nature, volume 259, pages 1521–1529.
1681:
U. Schwertmann and H. Fechter (1994): "The formation of green rust and its transformation to lepidocrocite. Clay Minerals, volume 29, pages 87–92.
775:
774:
Hexagonal crystals of green rust (carbonate and/or sulfate) have also been obtained as byproducts of bioreduction of ferric oxyhydroxides by
349:
There are two basic structures of green rust, "type 1" and "type 2". Type 1 is exemplified by the chloride and carbonate varieties. It has a
870:
which provided the carbonate anions for the formation of green rust. The active bacteria were necessary for the formation of green rust.
1395:
Anions and Anoxic Formation of Iron(II)−Iron(III) Hydroxy-Selenate Green Rust. Environmental Science Technology, 34 (5), pp 819–825
1550:
G. Butler and J. G. Beynon (1967): "The corrosion of mild steel in boiling salt solutions". Corrosion Science 7, pages 385–404.
517:, even though they do not penetrate the structure. Some variety of green rust is stabilized also by an atmosphere with high
858:), in the form of hexagonal platelets with diameter ~7 μm. In this process, the formate was oxidized to bicarbonate
1834:
1454:
R. Allmann (1968): "The crystal structure of pyroaurite". Acta Crystallographica, series B, volume 24, pages 972–977.
1348:
Microbial Effects, European Federation Corrosion Series, The Institute of Materials, London; volume 10, pages 162–166.
298:
666:
Green rust compounds were identified in green corrosion crusts that form on iron and steel surfaces, in alternating
713:
1082:
426:
116:
1839:
780:
36:
282:
of green rust can be understood as the result of inserting the foreign anions and water molecules between
1366:
J. R. Gancedo, M. L. Martinez, and J. M. Oton (1983): "Formación de 'herrumbre verde' en soluciones de NH
1081:) for green rust to form; however, too much of it will produce instead an insoluble basic iron sulfate,
1206:
P. P. Stampfl (1969): "Ein basisches Eisen II-III Karbonat in Rost. Corrosion Science 9, pages 185–187.
1157:
Carbonate green rust films have also been obtained from the electrochemical oxidation of iron plates.
1593:
F. N. Ponnamperuma (1972): "The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24, pages 173–189.
567:
1656:
en milieu chlorure". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, volume 427, pages 265–273.
1117:
1497:
1829:
690:
287:
50:
622:
and may be connected to the disappearance of oxidized species like nitrate in that environment.
430:
354:
1127:
888:
728:
once exposed to air. Green rust has been conjectured to be present in the form of the mineral
279:
1047:
with NaOH, and proceeding to the oxidizing step. The suspension must have a slight excess of
1808:
1791:
1771:
1751:
1729:
1712:
1692:
1657:
1637:
1568:
1551:
1520:
1501:
1481:
1455:
1439:
1415:
1396:
1327:
1304:
1285:
1261:
1227:
1186:
1033:
947:
924:
529:
19:
1652:
J. Detournay, R. Derie, and M. Ghodsie (1976): "Etude de l’oxydation par aération de Fe(OH)
934:
For example, carbonate green rust can be prepared by mixing solutions of iron(II) sulfate
619:
381:). The layers are stacked in the sequence AcBiBaCjCbAkA ...; where A, B, and C represent
931:
salt of the third anion is added, and the suspension is oxidized by stirring under air.
414:
cations, and i, j, and k are layers of the intercalated anions and water molecules. The
1844:
1142:
1006:
804:
1775:
1755:
1733:
1696:
1641:
1572:
1555:
1823:
1812:
1795:
1716:
1265:
819:
496:
1331:
480:
350:
1231:
1181:
J.-M. R. Génin, Ph. Refait, L. Simon, and S. H. Drissi (1998): "Preparation and E
1116:
An alternate preparation of carbonate green rust first produces a suspension of
815:
675:
674:
conditions, by water containing anions such as chloride, sulfate, carbonate, or
1459:
1443:
1289:
1190:
1308:
1524:
729:
682:
630:
302:
267:
259:
69:
54:
1661:
1602:
W. L. Lindsay (1979): "Chemical Equilibria in Soils . Wiley Interscience.
615:
571:
510:
506:
488:
419:
241:
198:
85:
1505:
827:
808:
689:). Green rust may be formed either directly from metallic iron or from
552:
514:
283:
226:
184:
100:
47:
1485:
1400:
716:, green rust is suspected to occur as mineral in certain bluish-green
505:
of the carbonate variety can be retarded by wetting the material with
1419:
928:
321:
212:
807:. This process has been conjectured to occur in soil solutions and
457:) group, with layers probably stacked in the sequence AcBiAbCjA...
425:
Type 2 green rust is exemplified by the sulfate variety. It has an
1382:
solutions"). Anales de Química, Série A, volume 79, pages 470–472.
1108:. The production of green rust is lower as temperature increases.
800:
785:
725:
721:
679:
671:
667:
612:
586:
536:
502:
466:
263:
18:
1260:+ NaCl) solutions". Corrosion Science, volume 38, pages 623–633.
846:, turned dark green due to the conversion of the hydroxide to GR(
717:
686:
629:
in water react over a few days producing a black precipitate of
317:
119:(LDH) structure. The most studied varieties are the following:
301:, with layer sequence AcBAcB... , where A and B are planes of
1391:
P. Refait, L. Simon, J.-M. R. Génin (2000): Reduction of SeO
16:
Generic name for various green iron layered double hydroxide
973:
Sulfate green rust can be obtained by mixing solutions of
927:(NaOH) to form the ferrous hydroxide suspension. Then the
1498:"Reduction of nitrate to ammonium by sulfate green rust"
685:
of iron to form iron(III) oxyhydroxides (ordinary brown
946:
and sodium hydroxide; then adding sufficient amount of
1496:
Christian Bender Koch and Hans C. B. Hansen (1997):
422:
for the carbonate, and about 24 Å for the chloride.
678:. They are considered to be intermediates in the
625:Suspensions of carbonate green rust and orange γ-
923:One method first combines an iron(II) salt with
183:Other varieties reported in the literature are
53:containing iron(II) and iron(III) cations, the
970:solution, followed by the air oxidation step.
39:conditions in the absence of dissolved oxygen.
469:environment, green rust generally turns into
266:surfaces. It occurs in nature as the mineral
8:
1765:
1763:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1032:A more direct method combines a solution of
1706:
1704:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1515:
1513:
1410:
1408:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1029:and proceeding to the air oxidation step.
842:), incubated for 3 days with a culture of
1785:
1783:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1299:
1297:
1122:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1001:
894:
757:
753:
448:
444:
440:
436:
418:crystallographic parameter is 22.5–22.8
392:planes, a, b, and c are layers of mixed
372:
368:
364:
360:
293:
1165:
509:-containing organic compounds such as
1112:Stoichiometric Fe(II)/Fe(III) methods
535:Sulfate green rust has been shown to
258:Green rust was first recognized as a
7:
776:dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria
46:is a generic name for various green
68:) anion, and another anion such as
14:
1374:" ("Formation of green rust in NH
618:conditions below the surface of
770:Biologically mediated formation
720:that are formed in alternating
1332:10.1180/claymin.1959.004.21.02
887:The result is a suspension of
351:rhombohedral crystal structure
1:
1776:10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00563-6
1756:10.1016/S1293-2558(01)01219-5
1734:10.1016/S0010-938X(96)00072-8
1697:10.1016/S0010-938X(75)80011-4
1642:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00243-9
1573:10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00027-5
1556:10.1016/S0010-938X(67)80052-0
1232:10.1180/claymin.1989.024.4.08
1813:10.1016/0010-938X(91)90017-J
1796:10.1016/0010-938X(95)00096-3
1717:10.1016/0010-938X(91)90016-I
1266:10.1016/0010-938X(95)00153-B
708:Reducing conditions in soils
427:hexagonal crystal structure
299:hexagonal crystal structure
1861:
1083:iron(II) sulfate hydroxide
814:In one experiment, a 160 m
1460:10.1107/S0567740868003511
1444:10.1016/j.gca.2004.02.019
826:in a solution containing
1309:10.1002/zaac.19502620110
1059:(in the ratio of 0.5833
1005:then immediately adding
998:and NaOH to precipitate
662:Iron and steel corrosion
335:cations get oxidized to
117:layered double hydroxide
1525:10.1180/000985598545453
1290:10.1023/A:1010802508927
1191:10.1023/A:1012638724990
844:Shewanella putrefaciens
781:Shewanella putrefaciens
1662:10.1002/zaac.654270311
1141:solution, and bubbles
874:Laboratory preparation
714:Mössbauer spectroscopy
324:. In green rust, some
40:
879:Air oxidation methods
818:suspension of orange
724:conditions, and turn
305:ions, and c those of
22:
297:. The latter has an
124:carbonate green rust
35:) synthesized under
1506:10.5555/19981900648
1118:iron(III) hydroxide
461:Chemical properties
429:as minerals of the
353:similar to that of
144:chloride green rust
1835:Hydroxide minerals
784:, that couple the
691:iron(II) hydroxide
585:, with concurrent
288:iron(II) hydroxide
262:crust on iron and
163:sulfate green rust
51:chemical compounds
41:
1486:10.1021/es950844w
1401:10.1021/es990376g
1128:iron(II) chloride
889:ferrous hydroxide
280:crystal structure
1852:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1778:
1767:
1758:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1699:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1650:
1644:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1548:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1494:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1435:
1422:
1420:10.1038/259200a0
1412:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1324:
1311:
1301:
1292:
1281:
1268:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1207:
1204:
1193:
1179:
1153:Electrochemistry
1140:
1139:
1138:
1125:
1107:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1034:iron(II) sulfate
1028:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1004:
997:
995:
994:
984:
983:
982:
969:
968:
967:
959:
958:
948:sodium carbonate
945:
944:
943:
925:sodium hydroxide
919:
918:
917:
908:
907:
906:
897:
869:
868:
867:
857:
856:
855:
841:
840:
839:
825:
798:
797:
796:
765:
751:
750:
747:
742:
741:
738:
712:On the basis of
699:
695:
652:
651:
650:
642:
641:
628:
620:marine sediments
610:
609:
608:
599:
598:
597:
584:
583:
582:
565:
564:
563:
550:
549:
548:
530:partial pressure
528:
527:
526:
494:
486:
479:
478:
477:
456:
413:
412:
411:
402:
401:
400:
391:
390:
389:
380:
345:
344:
343:
334:
333:
332:
315:
314:
313:
296:
286:-like layers of
254:
253:
252:
249:
239:
238:
237:
224:
223:
222:
210:
209:
208:
196:
195:
194:
176:
175:
174:
156:
155:
154:
137:
136:
135:
114:
113:
112:
98:
97:
96:
83:
82:
81:
67:
66:
65:
34:
33:
32:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1788:
1781:
1768:
1761:
1748:
1739:
1726:
1722:
1709:
1702:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1518:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1449:
1436:
1425:
1413:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1325:
1314:
1302:
1295:
1282:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1237:
1225:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1184:
1180:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
989:
988:
986:
981:
978:
977:
976:
974:
966:
963:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
952:
950:
942:
939:
938:
937:
935:
916:
914:
913:
912:
910:
905:
903:
902:
901:
899:
896:
892:
881:
876:
866:
863:
862:
861:
859:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
838:
835:
834:
833:
831:
823:
795:
793:
792:
791:
789:
772:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
744:
739:
736:
735:
733:
710:
703:
697:
693:
664:
659:
649:
646:
645:
644:
640:
637:
636:
635:
633:
626:
607:
605:
604:
603:
601:
596:
594:
593:
592:
590:
581:
578:
577:
576:
574:
562:
559:
558:
557:
555:
547:
544:
543:
542:
540:
525:
522:
521:
520:
518:
492:
484:
476:
474:
473:
472:
470:
463:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
410:
408:
407:
406:
404:
399:
397:
396:
395:
393:
388:
386:
385:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
342:
340:
339:
338:
336:
331:
329:
328:
327:
325:
320:(II), ferrous)
312:
310:
309:
308:
306:
295:
291:
276:
250:
247:
246:
244:
236:
233:
232:
231:
229:
221:
219:
218:
217:
215:
207:
205:
204:
203:
201:
193:
191:
190:
189:
187:
178:
173:
170:
169:
168:
166:
158:
153:
151:
150:
149:
147:
139:
134:
131:
130:
129:
127:
111:
108:
107:
106:
104:
95:
93:
92:
91:
89:
80:
77:
76:
75:
73:
64:
62:
61:
60:
58:
31:
28:
27:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1840:Iron compounds
1837:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1799:
1779:
1759:
1737:
1720:
1700:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1653:
1645:
1628:
1618:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1576:
1559:
1543:
1528:
1509:
1489:
1472:
1463:
1447:
1423:
1404:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1350:
1335:
1312:
1293:
1269:
1257:
1253:
1235:
1208:
1194:
1182:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1143:carbon dioxide
1135:
1113:
1110:
1076:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1023:
1014:
1007:sodium sulfate
991:
979:
964:
955:
940:
915:
904:
880:
877:
875:
872:
864:
852:
836:
805:organic matter
794:
771:
768:
761:
709:
706:
701:
663:
660:
658:
655:
647:
638:
606:
595:
579:
560:
545:
523:
475:
462:
459:
452:
409:
398:
387:
376:
341:
330:
311:
275:
272:
234:
220:
206:
192:
181:
180:
171:
160:
152:
141:
132:
109:
94:
78:
63:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1363:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1119:
1111:
1109:
1101:
1084:
1035:
1030:
1008:
971:
949:
932:
930:
926:
921:
920:is achieved.
890:
885:
878:
873:
871:
845:
829:
821:
820:lepidocrocite
817:
812:
810:
806:
802:
787:
783:
782:
777:
769:
767:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
692:
688:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
656:
654:
632:
623:
621:
617:
614:
588:
573:
569:
554:
538:
533:
531:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
498:
497:lepidocrocite
490:
482:
481:oxyhydroxides
468:
460:
458:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
356:
352:
347:
323:
319:
304:
300:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
256:
243:
228:
214:
200:
186:
164:
161:
145:
142:
125:
122:
121:
120:
118:
102:
87:
71:
56:
52:
49:
45:
38:
21:
1802:
1723:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1648:
1631:
1621:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1562:
1546:
1492:
1475:
1466:
1450:
1387:
1362:
1353:
1156:
1147:
1145:through it.
1115:
1099:
1031:
972:
933:
922:
886:
882:
843:
813:
779:
773:
711:
665:
624:
534:
501:
464:
424:
415:
348:
277:
257:
182:
162:
143:
123:
43:
42:
23:Green rust (
1636:3239–3257.
676:bicarbonate
483:, namely α-
48:crystalline
1824:Categories
1626:1107–1111.
1584:2049–2064.
1256:and (NaHCO
1161:References
778:, such as
657:Occurrence
431:sjogrenite
355:pyroaurite
44:Green rust
1830:Corrosion
1070:for each
801:oxidation
799:with the
786:reduction
760:]·3H
730:fougerite
683:corrosion
680:oxidative
672:anaerobic
631:magnetite
587:oxidation
503:Oxidation
467:oxidizing
303:hydroxide
274:Structure
268:fougerite
260:corrosion
70:carbonate
55:hydroxide
37:anaerobic
809:aquifers
756:][CO
616:alkaline
613:reducing
572:ammonium
568:solution
539:nitrate
511:glycerol
507:hydroxyl
491:) and γ-
489:goethite
451:·4H
375:·4H
242:selenate
199:fluoride
115:), in a
86:chloride
828:formate
734:[Fe
668:aerobic
553:nitrite
515:glucose
322:cations
284:brucite
227:nitrate
185:bromide
101:sulfate
1541:16–20.
1126:in an
1121:Fe(OH)
1098:·
1000:Fe(OH)
929:sodium
893:Fe(OH)
537:reduce
292:Fe(OH)
240:, and
213:iodide
165:– GR (
146:– GR (
126:– GR (
99:), or
1845:Redox
1252:NaHCO
1094:)(OH)
824:FeOOH
726:ochre
722:redox
718:soils
627:FeOOH
493:FeOOH
485:FeOOH
264:steel
1131:FeCl
1049:FeSO
1037:FeSO
975:FeCl
936:FeSO
909:and
752:(OH)
687:rust
670:and
551:and
443:(OH)
403:and
367:(OH)
318:iron
278:The
1809:doi
1792:doi
1772:doi
1752:doi
1730:doi
1713:doi
1693:doi
1658:doi
1638:doi
1569:doi
1552:doi
1521:doi
1502:doi
1482:doi
1456:doi
1440:doi
1416:doi
1397:doi
1328:doi
1305:doi
1286:doi
1262:doi
1228:doi
1187:doi
1090:(SO
860:HCO
832:HCO
803:of
788:of
766:).
600:to
589:of
570:to
566:in
513:or
499:).
465:In
245:SeO
179:· .
159:· ;
140:· ;
84:),
1826::
1782:^
1762:^
1740:^
1703:^
1607:^
1531:^
1512:^
1426:^
1407:^
1378:NO
1370:NO
1338:^
1315:^
1296:^
1272:^
1238:^
1211:^
1197:^
1168:^
1086:Fe
1072:OH
1061:Fe
1019:SO
1010:Na
985:·4
960:CO
951:Na
911:Fe
900:Fe
848:CO
822:γ-
811:.
790:Fe
754:12
746:3+
743:Fe
737:2+
704:.
698:OH
694:Fe
653:.
634:Fe
602:Fe
591:Fe
575:NH
556:NO
541:NO
532:.
519:CO
471:Fe
447:CO
445:16
439:Fe
435:Mg
405:Fe
394:Fe
383:OH
371:CO
369:16
363:Fe
359:Mg
337:Fe
326:Fe
307:Fe
290:,
270:.
255:.
248:2−
230:NO
225:,
211:,
197:,
188:Br
177:):
167:SO
157:):
148:Cl
138:):
128:CO
105:SO
90:Cl
74:CO
59:OH
25:SO
1811::
1794::
1774::
1754::
1732::
1715::
1695::
1660::
1654:2
1640::
1571::
1554::
1523::
1504::
1484::
1458::
1442::
1418::
1399::
1393:4
1380:3
1376:4
1372:3
1368:4
1330::
1307::
1288::
1264::
1258:3
1254:3
1230::
1189::
1183:h
1136:2
1123:3
1106:O
1104:2
1102:H
1100:n
1096:2
1092:4
1088:2
1054:4
1042:4
1024:4
1015:2
1002:2
996:O
992:2
987:H
980:2
965:3
956:2
941:4
895:2
891:(
865:3
853:3
837:2
830:(
816:M
764:O
762:2
758:3
749:2
740:4
732:(
702:2
700:)
696:(
648:4
643:O
639:3
580:4
561:2
546:3
524:2
495:(
487:(
455:O
453:2
449:3
441:2
437:6
433:(
420:Å
416:c
379:O
377:2
373:3
365:2
361:6
357:(
316:(
294:2
251:4
235:3
216:I
202:F
172:4
133:3
110:4
103:(
88:(
79:3
72:(
57:(
30:4
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