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wooden auger to move material horizontally; the Hopper Boy, a device for stirring and cooling the newly ground flour; the Drill, a horizontal elevator with flaps instead of buckets (similar to the use of a conveyor but easier to build); and the
Descender, an endless strap (leather or flannel) in a trough that is angled downward, the strap helps to move the ground flour in the trough. Most importantly, he integrated these into a single continuous process, the overall design later becoming known as the Automatic (or Automated) mill. In 1790 he received the third Federal patent for his process. In 1795 he published "The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide" which fully described the process.
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587:. The different milling techniques produce visibly different results, but can be made to produce nutritionally and functionally equivalent output. Stone-ground flour is preferred by many bakers and natural food advocates because of its texture, nutty flavour, and the belief that it is nutritionally superior and has a better baking quality than steel-roller-milled flour. It is claimed that, as the stones grind relatively slowly, the wheat germ is not exposed to the sort of excessive temperatures that could cause the fat from the germ portion to
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ground for himself (what would be generally called barter or custom milling). In his book, Evans describes a system that allows the sequential milling of these grists, noting that "a mill, thus constructed, might grind grists in the day time, and do merchant-work at night." Over time, any small, older style flour mill became generally known as a gristmill (as a distinction from large factory flour mills).
363:
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386:) to a proportion on all grain processed in the community. Later, mills were supported by farming communities and the miller received the "miller's toll" in lieu of wages. Most towns and villages had their own mill so that local farmers could easily transport their grain there to be milled. These communities were dependent on their local mill as bread was a staple part of the diet.
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In order to prevent vibrations from the millstones shaking the building apart, they were usually placed on a separate timber foundation, not attached to the mill walls, known as a husk. This foundation isolated the building from vibrations coming from the stones and main gearing and also allowed for
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revolutionized the labor-intensive process of early mills at the end of the eighteenth century when he automated the process of making flour. His inventions included the
Elevator, wood or tin buckets on a vertical endless leather belt, used to move grain and flour vertically upward; the Conveyor, a
377:
Although the terms "gristmill" or "corn mill" can refer to any mill that grinds grain, the terms were used historically for a local mill where farmers brought their own grain and received ground meal or flour, minus a percentage called the "miller's toll". Early mills in
England were almost always
311:
gives a precise count of
England's water-powered flour mills: there were 5,624, or about one for every 300 inhabitants, and this was probably typical throughout western and southern Europe. From this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the
532:
Evans himself did not use the term gristmill to describe his automatic flour mill, which was purpose designed as a merchant mill (he used the more general term "water-mill"). In his book his only reference to "grist" (or "grists") is to the small batches of grain a farmer would bring in to have
460:
to refine the flour, or turning a wooden drum to wind up a chain used to hoist sacks of grain to the top of the mill house. The distance between the stones can be varied to produce the grade of flour required; moving the stones closer together produces finer flour. This process, which may be
340:
240:. The rotating mill is considered "one of the greatest discoveries of the human race". It was a very physically demanding job for workers, where the slave workers were considered little different from animals, the miseries of which were depicted in iconography and
484:) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in
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connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft turning to drive other machinery. This might include driving a mechanical
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and become rancid, which would destroy some of the vitamin content. Stone-milled flour has been found to be relatively high in thiamin, compared to roller-milled flour, especially when milled from hard wheat.
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Modern mills are usually "merchant mills" that are either privately owned and accept money or trade for milling grains or are owned by corporations that buy unmilled grain and then own the flour produced.
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the easy re-leveling of the foundation to keep the millstones perfectly horizontal. The lower bedstone was placed in an inset in the husk with the upper runner stone above the level of the husk.
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running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at around 10
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Senenu
Grinding Grain, c. 1352–1336 BC. The royal scribe Senenu appears here bent over a large grinding stone. This unusual sculpture seems to be an elaborate version of a
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called the "runner stone". The turning force produced by the water on the paddles was transferred directly to the runner stone, causing it to grind against a stationary "
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to make it turn. In most watermills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i.e., edge-on, in the water, but in some cases horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called
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214:", as many were found in Scandinavia. The paddle wheel was attached to a shaft which was, in turn, attached to the centre of the
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583:. The endosperm is ground to create white flour, which may be recombined with the bran and germ to create whole grain or
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gristmills were built in the 9th and 10th centuries in what are now
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. The Egyptian town of
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in 1202. The
Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350.
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From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of grist-milling in
Northern Europe. In England, the
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476:. The sacks are then emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the millstones on the
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619:. Moth larvae produce a web-like material that clogs machinery, sometimes causing grain mills to shut down.
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1388:"NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS of ORGANIC, FRESHLY STONE-GROUND, SOURDOUGH & - CONVENTIONAL BREADS"
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had a grain-processing factory that produced an estimated 300 tons of flour and grain per day.
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number of mills in operation followed population growth, and peaked at around 17,000 by 1300.
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The early mills had horizontal paddle wheels, an arrangement which later became known as the "
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is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the
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95:. The term can refer to either the grinding mechanism or the building that holds it.
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have previously been removed, but historically some mills also housed equipment for
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below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the
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1469:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 371–400.
652:, Virginia, 1938. Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below.
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from the 3rd century AD onwards, and then the widespread expansion of large-scale
449:, is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the
296:. Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by both water and wind. The first
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Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the
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964:
Greek and Roman mechanical water-lifting devices: the history of a technology
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to spin heavy steel, or cast iron, serrated and flat rollers to separate the
1456:(1985). "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report".
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222:", a stone of a similar size and shape. This simple arrangement required no
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from the 8th century onwards. Geared gristmills were built in the medieval
144:, a funerary figurine placed in the tomb to work in place of the deceased.
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Limited extant examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the
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The basic anatomy of a millstone; this diagram depicts a runner stone.
800:
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188:
165:
81:
1465:
Wikander, Örjan (2000). "The Water-Mill". In
Wikander, Örjan (ed.).
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a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king
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1153:(1996). "Engineering". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.).
292:, which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce
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by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by
223:
1533:
1089:
International
Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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and these were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills.
405:). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron
595:
Gristmills only grind "clean" grains from which stalks and
319:. An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on the
1442:"Mingus Mill in the Smokies - Grist Mill Near Cherokee NC"
1181:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
412:
In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear-wheel called the
636:
Gristmill with water wheel, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938
1538:
1371:, Oliver Evans, Philadelphia, 1795, Chapter II, pp.88-90
1210:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
1122:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
1058:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
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gate is opened to allow water to flow onto, or under, a
912:
Denny, Mark (4 May 2007). "Waterwheels and Windmills".
699:
Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in
1278:
The History of Bread from Pre-historic to Modern Times
1418:"Mediterranean Flour Moth (Department of Entomology)"
1386:
Campbell, Judy; Mechtild Hauser; Stuart Hill (1991).
1308:
Practical Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant
1092:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 236.
492:
floor. A similar process is used for grains such as
913:
443:, is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the
1520:History of Cannon River Mills in Southern MN, USA
1394:. Ecological Agriculture Projects. Archived from
1276:Ashton, John (1904). "The miller and his tolls".
461:automatic or controlled by the miller, is called
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1422:Department of Entomology (Penn State University)
1355:"Old Stone Mill - History of the Old Stone Mill"
743:"Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of
268:There was an expansion of grist-milling in the
254:where water with a 19-metre fall drove sixteen
250:. The peak of Roman technology is probably the
1494:(London, Simpkin, Marshall and company, 1898).
916:Ingenium: five machines that changed the world
1156:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
997:Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays
435:The millstones themselves turn at around 120
8:
1502:Volume 1 - Handstone, Slave and Cattle Mills
1392:Ecological Agriculture Projects Publications
703:between 1850 and 1900. Note the underground
615:One common pest found in flour mills is the
45:Allied Mills flour mill on the banks of the
1511:Volume 3 - Feudal Laws and customs of Mills
758:Old turbine wheel at the old grist mill in
707:that powered mills on the west side of the
603:, sorting, and cleaning prior to grinding.
549:, the largest grain milling company in the
571:Modern mills typically use electricity or
382:and had the exclusive right (the right of
325:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda
99:is grain that has been separated from its
1539:The Society for Preservation of Old Mills
1252:"ARTFL Project: Webster Dictionary, 1913"
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1109:
1369:The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide
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888:
1086:Hong-Sen Yan, Marco Ceccarelli (2009).
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834:Water-powered corn mill at Mingus Mill
468:The grain is lifted in sacks onto the
27:Apparatus that grinds grain into flour
727:Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at
369:, a 17th-century operational mill in
176:The old water mill at Decew Falls in
7:
1467:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
1025:Erskine, Andrew (26 December 2012).
335:Classical British and American mills
1515:Volume 4 - Some famous feudal mills
389:Classical mill designs are usually
1490:Richard Bennett & John Elton.
25:
280:milling installations across the
132:List of early medieval watermills
1460:. Vol. 10. pp. 151–79.
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323:in Spain is associated with the
1507:Volume 2 - Water and Wind Mills
1159:. Routledge. pp. 751–795.
1028:A Companion to Ancient History
922:Johns Hopkins University Press
472:at the top of the mill on the
1:
745:George Washington's Gristmill
164:Grinding mechanism in an old
731:in Sturbridge, Massachusetts
1327:Windmills and millwrighting
1282:The Religious Tract Society
1241:, Gollanz, 1976, Chapter 1.
686:Shediac Cape, New Brunswick
664:Gristmill drive machinery,
36:Flour Mill (disambiguation)
1585:
684:Pedal powered wheat mill,
252:Barbegal aqueduct and mill
128:List of ancient watermills
125:
119:
29:
1014:. Bloomsbury. p. 75.
966:. Springer. p. 373.
32:Cornmill (disambiguation)
1325:Freese, Stanley (1971).
1012:Paul, the Fool of Christ
617:Mediterranean flour moth
1492:History of corn milling
1304:Harrison, Samuel Bealey
496:to make flour, and for
309:Domesday survey of 1086
1554:Agricultural buildings
1310:(7 ed.). London:
1151:Hill, Donald Routledge
1031:. Wiley. p. 493.
779:Sudbury, Massachusetts
773:The grist mill at the
729:Old Sturbridge Village
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47:Manchester Ship Canal
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1239:The Medieval Machine
1065:. pp. 163–164.
1398:on 18 February 2003
1314:. pp. iv, 561.
1312:Sweet & Maxwell
1179:Adam Lucas (2006),
378:built by the local
263:Western Han dynasty
232:were in use in the
103:in preparation for
995:Bradley, Keith R.
960:Oleson, John Peter
846:List of watermills
820:Jarrell Plantation
648:Gristmill hopper,
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524:American inventor
522:
512:The automatic mill
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367:Stretton Watermill
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51:North West England
1331:David and Charles
1166:978-0-415-12410-2
1099:978-1-4020-9484-2
935:978-0-8018-8586-0
760:Thorp, Washington
713:St. Anthony Falls
709:Mississippi River
488:on the ground or
380:lord of the manor
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168:-based flour mill
16:(Redirected from
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182:Southern Ontario
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1559:Flour mills
1534:Mill photos
1402:15 December
941:15 December
924:. pp.
797:bevel gears
775:Wayside Inn
701:Minneapolis
666:Thomas Mill
478:stone floor
403:Norse wheel
399:water wheel
353:Wayside Inn
212:Norse wheel
18:Grist mills
1548:Categories
1427:2017-11-14
1280:. London:
1262:2006-09-28
982:9027716935
877:References
851:Hammermill
793:Grain mill
547:Tartu Mill
470:sack floor
426:driveshaft
321:Ebro River
205:Asia Minor
126:See also:
70:flour mill
62:grist mill
1306:(1856) .
1215:Routledge
1183:, p. 65,
1127:Routledge
1063:Routledge
866:Ship mill
856:Tide mill
805:Dordrecht
705:Mill race
601:threshing
581:endosperm
579:from the
502:corn meal
463:tentering
452:stone nut
415:pit wheel
373:, England
286:Near East
238:Vitruvius
216:millstone
193:Geography
122:Watermill
93:middlings
80:) grinds
74:feed mill
66:corn mill
58:gristmill
1207:(2013).
1119:(2013).
1055:(2013).
840:See also
500:to make
421:wallower
407:turbines
384:mulcture
371:Cheshire
242:Apuleius
105:grinding
78:feedmill
1290:6124449
623:Gallery
589:oxidize
482:slipper
302:Bilbays
278:factory
111:History
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189:Strabo
166:Sweden
142:shabti
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597:chaff
498:maize
494:wheat
486:sacks
474:hoist
458:sieve
294:meals
224:gears
101:chaff
97:Grist
89:flour
87:into
85:grain
1471:ISBN
1404:2009
1335:ISBN
1286:OCLC
1219:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1131:ISBN
1094:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1033:ISBN
978:ASIN
968:ISBN
943:2009
930:ISBN
490:meal
288:and
272:and
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