425:– Attachments for large groomers include: a front blade, a tiller, a renovator and track setter. The leading front blade repositions snow in front of the machine for trailing equipment to recondition. The renovator digs into the snow pack to aerate and mix the old and new snow up to 30 cm deep, as needed. The tiller attached behind the machine conditions the snow into a soft, granular consistency, ready for its comb, which packs the snow into a finished surface. For setting classic tracks, the groomer trails special pans, which mould the tracks. Attachments for snowmobiles perform the same functions at a smaller scale and include a roller to compact the snow over a wide swath and a drag to level the snow behind the roller.
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advocates that courses present a variety of uphills, varying in lengths and gradients between 6% and 12%, and which are arrayed efficiently within the venue. Terms include: definitions of climbs—major (9-18% for more than 30 m), short (9-18% for 10 to 29 m) and steep (greater than 18% for less than 10 m)—and definitions for maximum climb, total climb and for various differences in height, along the way. Course widths vary among 3, 6, 9 and 12 m, depending on the event.
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174:– The trail system should comprise loops with internal connectors and cutoffs that allow the skier discretion in how long to ski. Loop lengths should range from 5 to 15 km with a beginners loop of about 1 km. Minimum clearing widths should range between 3 and 5 meters, depending on what type of skiing is accommodated and whether a steep section would require herringbone technique uphill or turns downhill.
1992:
1982:
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measured from the middle of each track. The depth of the track should be 2-5 cm, even in hard or frozen snow.” FIS Rule 315.3.1 (ICR 2004) requires that for classic technique events a single track should "be set along the ideal skiing line of the competition course," which is normally through the middle of the trail, except for those curves that are too sharp, where the track should disappear.
28:
184:– Trails should be smooth enough and free from protrusions to accommodate grooming when snow depth reaches 0.3 m. A sod surface with mowable vegetation reduces erosion and retains snow. Trails should have gentle curves, especially avoiding sharp turns at the bottom of downhills. Bridges should accommodate 5-tonne maintenance equipment.
190:– Cross-country ski trails are considered compatible with winter snowshoeing and summer hiking and bicycling. They are considered to be incompatible with snowmobiling and wheeled traffic. Cross-country skiing venues should have adequate parking areas, rest areas for skiers, shelters every 15 to 20 km, and appropriate signage.
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of varying length and difficulty that loop back to a starting point. Often trails branch out from a common segment; the more challenging ones then branch off on longer legs. The length of each loop, including segments that coincide with other loops, is typically counted separately. Consequently, the
381:
In its manual, the FIS requires that courses be designed for the following race formats; Interval start, mass start, sprint and team sprint, relay and skiathlon; each has distance requirements and width requirements, which pertain primarily to up hills; each also has requirements for the number and
358:
In its "Cross-country homologation manual," the FIS recognizes that fans of the sport wish to follow it on television. With this in mind, the manual addresses how to design the race course in a manner that not only enhances the experience of spectators, but of viewers, as well—not just to show the
556:
According to the "Cross
Country Canada officials manual," FIS Rule 315.3.2 (ICR 2004) requires the following: “The ski tracks must be prepared so that ski control and gliding are possible without a lateral braking effect by any parts of the bindings. The two tracks should be set 17-30 cm. apart,
382:
types of climbs. The FIS requires that competition venues consist of two separate courses to accommodate the classic and skating components of the skiathlon competition, each 5 km long with cut-offs that create finer course length adjustment. The two combine to be a single 10 km course.
146:
Trail use fees are common at commercial ski venues and may also be found in jurisdictions where skiing occurs on public land; usually there are day, week and annual passes. Venues charging fees may also offer use of heated facilities with a lounge, waxing room, and toilets. In jurisdictions where
394:
Until well into the 20th century and the advent of mechanized trail grooming, cross-country tracks were always made by the first skiers to pass through undisturbed, fresh snow and leave a parallel set of ski tracks behind them. Certain local and regional trails are available where the passage of
385:
A course is expected to test the skier's technical and physical abilities, to be laid out in a manner that takes advantage of the natural terrain, and to provide smooth transitions among uphills, downhills and "undulating" terrain (distributed approximately evenly among the three). The manual
560:
According to the same manual, FIS rule 315.4.1 (ICR 2004) reads: "For interval start competitions in free technique the course must be well-packed for a width of at least 4 meters." Tracks are no longer current practice for free-style races, where the skating technique prevails.
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and freezing of melted water. New-fallen snow may have a density of 150 – 200 kg/m. Whereas a snowmobile can pack snow to a density of 300 – 350 kg/m, the densities required for recreational trails are 450 kg/m and for racing, 500 kg/m or higher.
431:– Grooming is best done with a falling temperature—typically after nightfall—to prevent excessive hardening. Once groomed, the tilled surface needs 1–2 hours to coalesce. Too-frequent grooming can destroy snow crystals and contaminate snow with oil and dirt.
514:
These factors contribute to the metamorphism of snow, i.e. the process of reshaping snow crystals into smaller, more rounded ice grains, which in turn consolidates and settles the snow pack. Increased density increases strength by joining of grains though
419:– Whereas small cross-country venues may use snow machines, race venues typically use large grooming machines, which are between 2.5 and 5.5 m wide and can groom a large area. Snowmobiles are better for setting of classic tracks in an ideal line.
167:, which cites the manual, "Recreational Trail Design and Construction," developed by the Minnesota Extension Service of the University of Minnesota It emphasizes the following aspects of recreational cross-country trail layout and construction:
147:
trail maintenance and grooming has traditionally been funded through taxes, transitions to a user-fee-based system, initiated by increasingly budget-constrained governments, have been met with opposition from those who advocate for the users of
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may be equipped with attachments to groom smooth lanes for skate skiing and for setting classic tracks. Techniques and tools used depend on the condition of the snow, which may range between freshly fallen to congealed and icy.
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Loipen; Klassifizierung, grundlegende graphische
Symbole und Schilder zur Information von Skilangläufern (Cross country tracks; classification, basic graphic symbols and signs for the information of cross country
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total length of loops is greater than the total length of trail structure. In some regions, skiers may travel between cross-country ski resorts, which are linked by point-to-point trails; these include:
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may be governed by standards or practices. In North
America, they follow the practice of the Cross-Country Ski Areas Association. German ski trail signage conforms to
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should usually be less than 5% rise over run for general skiing with occasional sustained pitches of 10% and short (less-than-50-m) pitches of up to 25%.
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Graphische
Symbole und Schilder zur Information der Skifahrer auf Skipisten (Graphic symbols and signs for information of the skiers on skiing slopes)
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Renovation creates a reduction in snow density and may include surface scarification or deep renovation with tools that cut to the desired depth.
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The "USSA Cross-Country
Technical Handbook" provides guidance on equipment and techniques used in modern mechanized snow grooming operations. A
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athletes in action, but to show the ways in which fans enjoy the action. The manual describes considerations regarding race courses, including:
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Conditioning to accelerate the aging processes and increase bonding of snow crystals within the snow pack; this may be done with a tiller.
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Skifernwanderweg: Fernskiwanderweg
Schonach-Belchen, Bayerwaldloipe, Skimagistrale Erzgebirge-Kru Ne Hory, Grande Traversee Du Jura
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is a loanword in
English-language travel guides, referring to cross-country ski trails in Europe. It is a Germanization of the
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officials manual" explains snow conditions, starting with fundamentals of heat gain and loss In the snow layer, which include:
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which originally meant a steep channel used to slide logs downhill into the valleys and which in turn came from the verb
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Wind, whose dominant effect is cooling through evaporation and consequently creates loss of mass in the snow pack
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from sunlight, which heats the snow surface and can cause melting within the top few centimeters of the snowpack.
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As described in the "Cross
Country Canada officials manual," basic grooming involves six processes, as follows:
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Mixing of new snow with older lower snow, using deep cutting implements allows the snow pack to set up better.
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Course layout of the cross-country skiing events at the
Olympic Winter Games at Whistler Winter Park for the
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Rain, which transfers heat directly to the snow and may remain as liquid water in the snowpack.
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53:. Trails may extend point-to-point, but are more typically loops for recreational use or for
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57:. Until the mid-20th Century, trails were tracked by the passage of skiers. More recently,
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standards, which establish coding for the difficulty of the routes and other norms for
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Packing with rollers or other compaction devices achieves an increase in snow density.
348:. Red and blue denotes separate 5-km courses for skiathlon events (classic + skating).
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Surface shaping restores trails to a flat surface, using blades or drag graders.
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is a route that has been laid out, constructed and maintained specifically for
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Schematic example of a cross-country skiing trail network at a ski resort in
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An example of guidance for cross-country ski trail construction comes from
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Snow conditions define the tools and techniques needed for grooming. The "
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Swedish cross-country ski racer on a track set by other skiers, ca. 1935.
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where an automated kiosk system for trail passes was proposed for 2007.
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955:. Betriebssportgemeinschaft der Ostsächsischen Sparkasse Dresden e. V
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Swedish cross-country ski racer on a track set by machine in 2007.
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Power tilling to bring up and mix fresher snow from lower layers.
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Cross
Country Ski Trail - Setting corduroy and classic tracks.
204:
95:
Cross-country ski venues often comprise a system of trails or
218:
1094:(6 ed.). International Ski Federation. Archived from
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Two Planks and a Passion: The Dramatic History of Skiing
504:, which in clear conditions may cool the snow surface.
1236:
1234:
1232:
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Course preparation for classic and skating techniques
1188:. U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association. Archived from
853:
Bousfield, Jonathan; Humphreys, Rob (October 2008),
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within the snow pack from the surface to the ground.
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1063:, DIN 32913:1993-02, Deutsches Institut fĂĽr Normung
1036:, DIN 32912:1983-01, Deutsches Institut fĂĽr Normung
983:. Northern Arizona University. 2001. Archived from
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1080:
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1076:
762:
760:
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571:List of cross-country skiing trails in Switzerland
906:"Tourismus-Branche befĂĽrchtet harte Einschnitte"
825:"Ski Inn-to-Inn on the Catamount Trail, Vermont"
1176:
1174:
1172:
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882:100 Best Cross-Country Ski Trails in Washington
879:Spring, Vicky; Kirkendall, Tom (October 2002),
215:Signage denoting level of difficulty for trails
1319:
738:"Auf Langlaufski über den französischen Jura"
676:. Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. p. 185.
8:
1127:. National Nordic Foundation. Archived from
1007:"Industry professionals & CCSAA members"
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1369:
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1304:
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1355:Glossary of skiing and snowboarding terms
1156:. Dartmouth Outing Club. October 21, 2012
981:"Cross Country Ski Trail Considerations"
76:
1243:"Cross Country Canada officials manual"
1241:Thomson, Jim (editor) (November 2009).
1183:"USSA Cross-Country Technical Handbook"
949:"Forst will jetzt fĂĽr Loipen kassieren"
929:. Sächsische Zeitung. December 12, 2006
927:"Forst will jetzt fĂĽr Loipen kassieren"
908:. Sächsische Zeitung. December 12, 2006
885:, The Mountaineers Books, p. 256,
662:
582:
434:
366:Requirements for different race formats
1269:
1259:
802:
792:
565:Cross-country skiing trails by country
1009:. Cross-Country Ski Areas Association
831:. National Geographic. Archived from
395:skiers is the sole source of tracks.
7:
1087:FIS Cross-Country Committee (2012).
372:Courses for skiers with disabilities
128:Skimagistrale Erzgebirge/Krušné hory
31:Recreational cross-country trail in
1089:"Cross-country homologation manual"
736:Grigorian, Traian (January 2014).
633:can translate as "to get running".
35:, groomed for classic skiing only.
25:
110:Fernskiwanderweg Schonach–Belchen
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318:
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670:Lunn, Peter (January 1, 1984).
947:Editgors (November 27, 2006).
709:. A&C Black. p. 436.
139:, which extends the length of
1:
1215:Snow Machine Recommendations
354:Cross-country skiing (sport)
673:The Guinness Book of Skiing
165:Northern Arizona University
2038:
856:The Rough Guide to Austria
351:
199:The signage for trails or
88:
41:cross-country skiing trail
1976:
1345:
829:America's Best Adventures
703:Huntford, Roland (2009).
859:, Penguin, p. 592,
105:Grande Traversée du Jura
1150:"Wilderness Trail Loop"
1119:Caldwell, John (2013).
744:. Deutsches Alpenverein
172:Trail layout and length
159:Layout and construction
1249:. Cross Country Canada
599:
495:ultra-violet radiation
377:Course design criteria
363:Course design criteria
349:
86:
36:
1996:Category:Snowboarding
343:
80:
65:and smooth lanes for
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2017:Cross-country skiing
1716:Technique / learning
1446:Cross-country skiing
1380:Cross-country skiing
1289:CCC Officials Manual
488:temperature gradient
480:Cross Country Canada
423:Grooming attachments
346:2010 Winter Olympics
188:Other considerations
91:Cross-country skiing
51:cross-country skiing
1483:Olympic disciplines
823:Howells, Robert E.
429:Grooming procedures
1814:List of ski brands
1586:Ski mountaineering
1541:Para-alpine skiing
1451:Backcountry skiing
1272:has generic name (
1154:Dartmouth Outdoors
1005:Webmaster (2014).
835:on August 17, 2010
805:has generic name (
502:infrared radiation
350:
182:Trail construction
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37:
2004:
2003:
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1519:Other disciplines
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1350:History of skiing
399:Grooming guidance
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151:, as occurred in
83:Gresse-en-Vercors
16:(Redirected from
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1601:Freestyle skiing
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2022:Nordic combined
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1986:Category:Skiing
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773:. Taschenbuch.
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137:Catamount Trail
123:Bavarian Forest
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61:set tracks for
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284:More Difficult
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119:Bayerwaldloipe
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1195:on 2014-11-09
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18:Groomed trail
1964:Surface lift
1942:Gondola lift
1891:
1763:Skate skiing
1659:Snowboarding
1576:Night skiing
1559:Other skiing
1546:Speed skiing
1531:Glade skiing
1495:Giant slalom
1439:Recreational
1420:Ski marathon
1339:snowboarding
1293:, retrieved
1288:
1282:
1270:|first=
1251:. Retrieved
1246:
1219:, retrieved
1214:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1158:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:the original
1124:
1114:
1103:. Retrieved
1096:the original
1065:, retrieved
1058:
1048:
1038:, retrieved
1032:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1000:
989:. Retrieved
985:the original
957:. Retrieved
953:www.s-bsg.de
952:
942:
931:. Retrieved
921:
910:. Retrieved
900:
881:
874:
855:
848:
837:. Retrieved
833:the original
828:
784:. Retrieved
769:
746:. Retrieved
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705:
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687:. Retrieved
672:
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267:
253:
251:Green circle
208:
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181:
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127:
118:
114:Black Forest
109:
104:
96:
94:
73:Recreational
67:skate skiing
45:
44:
40:
38:
1959:Hybrid lift
1723:Carved turn
1672:Backcountry
1581:Ski archery
1430:Ski touring
1392:Ski jumping
1373:Competitive
1247:Version 3.4
803:|last=
642:In German,
336:Competition
281:Blue square
239:Difficulty
229:Difficulty
153:East Saxony
55:competition
2011:Categories
1920:detachable
1887:Snowmaking
1877:Ski tunnel
1753:Ski school
1743:Snowplough
1738:Pivot turn
1697:Slopestyle
1682:Freeriding
1649:Slopestyle
1639:Ski ballet
1624:Freeskiing
1619:Freeriding
1536:Heliskiing
1397:Ski flying
1385:Paralympic
1295:2020-10-04
1253:2014-11-09
1221:2020-10-04
1199:2014-11-09
1160:2014-12-31
1135:2014-02-15
1105:2014-11-08
1067:2015-01-02
1040:2015-01-02
1013:2014-12-30
991:2014-12-31
959:2015-01-03
933:2015-01-03
912:2015-01-03
839:2014-12-30
786:2014-12-30
748:2014-12-30
722:2014-12-30
689:2014-12-30
658:References
405:snowmobile
1927:Funicular
1915:Chairlift
1902:Ski lifts
1860:Superpipe
1855:Half-pipe
1843:amenities
1821:Snowboard
1772:Equipment
1728:Jump turn
1692:Half-pipe
1687:Freestyle
1644:Ski cross
1461:Skijoring
1413:Endurance
795:cite book
628:causative
616:Norwegian
592:‹See Tfd›
517:sintering
500:Outgoing
493:Incoming
328:Difficult
1952:tricable
1872:Ski area
1779:Bindings
1566:Biathlon
1510:Combined
1505:Downhill
1262:cite web
1056:(1993),
1030:(1983),
767:Editor.
742:Panorama
417:Groomers
390:Grooming
85:, France
1947:bicable
1937:Funitel
1932:Funifor
1794:Monoski
1677:Big air
1614:Big air
1500:Super-G
1125:Origins
1060:skiers)
646:, pl. –
606:, pl. –
234:Symbol
224:Symbol
195:Signage
141:Vermont
130:in the
121:in the
112:in the
1841:Resort
1789:Helmet
1667:Alpine
1490:Slalom
1335:Skiing
889:
863:
777:
713:
680:
631:løype,
620:løype,
618:word,
596:German
298:Medium
232:German
227:Symbol
209:Loipen
201:loipes
176:Grades
149:loipes
97:loipes
1892:Trail
1867:Piste
1804:Skins
1799:Poles
1784:Boots
1634:Mogul
1193:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
624:laupe
612:loipe
600:Loipe
589:From
577:Notes
407:or a
325:Black
237:Color
46:loipe
33:Tyrol
1826:Suit
1809:Skis
1337:and
1274:help
887:ISBN
861:ISBN
807:help
775:ISBN
711:ISBN
678:ISBN
486:The
268:Easy
265:Blue
254:Easy
1831:Wax
1054:DIN
1028:DIN
602:or
295:Red
211:.:
205:DIN
43:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
