911:'Mohammed Mediane, head of the Algerian secret service', and 'General Smain Lamari', head of 'the counter intelligence agency' and ... 'In 1992 Smain created a special group, L'Escadron de la Mort (the Squadron of Death)... The death squads organized the massacres ... ' including 'at least' two of the bombs in Paris in summer 1995. That operation was (allegedly) 'run by Colonel Souames Mahmoud, alias Habib, head of the secret service at the Algerian embassy in Paris.' According to Ahmed, "Joseph's testimony has been corroborated by numerous defectors from the Algerian secret services." (Ahmed also claims that the "British intelligence believed the Algerian Government was involved in atrocities, contradicting the view the Government was claiming in public".)
784:) all those Algerians who had not joined its ranks. In London Abu Hamzu criticised the communique and two days later (September 29) announced the end of his support and the closure of the bulletin, cutting off GIA's communication with international Islamist community and the rest of the outside world. In Algeria, the slaughters drained the GIA of popular support (although evidence showed security forces cooperated with the killers preventing civilians from escaping, and may even have controlled the GIA). A week earlier the AIS insurgents announced it would declare a unilateral truce starting in October. These events marked the end of "organized jihad in Algeria," according to one source (Gilles Kepel)
833:, a new law gave amnesty to most guerrillas, motivating large numbers to "repent" and return to normal life. The violence declined substantially after Antar Zouabri was killed in 2002, Rachid Abou Tourab succeeded him and was allegedly killed by close aides in July 2004. He was replaced by Boulenouar Oukil. By 2004, GIA membership had dwindled, and they only had around 30 members left. On 7 April 2005, the GIA was reported to have killed 14 civilians at a fake road block. Three weeks later on 29 April, Oukil was arrested. Nourredine Boudiafi was the last known "emir" of the GIA. He was arrested sometime in November 2004, his arrest was announced by the Algerian government in January 2005.
1358:| p. 20. note 27: "Some fundamentalist leaders have attempted to distance themselves from these massacres and claimed that the State was behind them or that they were the work of the State-armed self-defense groups. Some human rights groups have echoed this claim to some extent. Inside Algeria, and particularly among survivors of the communities attacked, the view is sharply different. In many cases, survivors have identified their attackers as the assailants enter the villages unmasked and are often from the locality. In one case, a survivor identified a former elected FIS officials as one of the perpetrators of a massacre. Testimonies Collected by Zazi Sadou."
937:, as a commonplace reaction to the generally counterproductive effects of terrorist violence, but notes that it is a fallacy to assume that the perpetrators and beneficiaries of terrorism must be the same. Abrahms cites Mohammed Hafez, an academic expert on the subject who concluded: "The evidence does not support the claim that security forces were the principal culprits behind the massacres, or even willing conspirators in the barbaric violence against civilians. Instead, the evidence points to the GIA as the principal perpetrator of the massacres."
615:(MIA). It was led by the ex-soldier "General" Abdelkader Chebouti, and was "well-organized and structured and favored a long-term jihad" targeting the state and its representatives and based on a guerrilla campaign like that of the War of Independence. From prison, Ali Benhadj issued a fatwa giving the MIA his blessing. In March 2006, Abdelhak Layada was released from prison, amnesty measures provided for in the Charter for Peace and Reconciliation launched by the president,
222:
282:
270:
608:, or an individual obligation of adult male Muslims. Layada threatened not just security forces but journalists ("grandsons of France") and the families of Algerian soldiers. From its inception on, the GIA called for and implemented the killing of anyone collaborating with or supporting the authorities, including government employees such as teachers and civil servants. Layada did not last long and was arrested in Morocco in May 1993.
294:
258:
821:
stately officials. They used violence as a means of social control on the civilian population as well. They would commit theatrical assassinations in front of large groups of people so they could spread fear and have people support their cause. Two notable assassinations by the GIA was the assassination of
Abdelkader Alloula, a theater director in Algeria and Cheb Hasni the most popular Raï music singer.
198:
780:, Beni Messous. Pregnant women were sliced open, children were hacked to pieces or dashed against walls, men's limbs were hacked off one by one, and, as the attackers retreated, they would kidnap young women to keep as sex slaves. The GIA issued a communiques signed by Zouabri claiming responsibility for the massacres and justifying them—in contradiction to his manifesto—by declaring impious (
210:
186:
817:
to have a social transformation within
Algeria. The state, in the eyes of the GIA, was an enemy of Islam. There was a rhetoric that the state was the incarnation of taghout. In order to destroy it, they would use a strategy of organized rural and urban guerrillas. The society backed fighters would have the capabilities to overthrow the state and create a new regime based on Sharia law.
234:
246:
883:
Algerian opposition sources allege that the group may have been manipulated at times by elements within ruling military and intelligence circles. A series of massacres in the summer of 1997 - in which many hundreds of people were killed - took place near
Algerian army barracks, but no-one came to the
820:
In order to destabilize the state, the GIA instigated terror throughout the country. Using acts of violence such as planned assassinations, vehicle bombings, kidnappings. They often attacked members of the
Algerian army and the police force. As time passed the GIA did not limit their violence to only
816:
In
Algeria, the desire to have a violent and armed version of Islamism wasn't the primary mode of action for the GIA. There was no idea to use violence as a notion of sacrifice or martyrdom, which is quite common in other Islamist groups. In this case, the GIA used violence as an instrument of change
753:
Antar
Zouabri, was the longest serving "emir" (1996–2002) was nominated by a faction of the GIA "considered questionable by the others". The 26-year-old activist was a "close confidant" of Zitouni and continued his policy of "ever increasing violence and redoubled purges". Zouabri opened his reign
584:
The economic state of
Algeria was in a dire situation, where the majority of the young people were unemployed. In Algeria, there was no middle class, there were the rich and there were the poor, leaving many young people no hope for the future. The GIA was able to act as a place for young men to feel
771:
restarted the Al-Ansar bulletin/magazine in London. During the month of
Ramadan (January–February 1997) hundreds of civilians were killed in massacres some with their throats cut. The massacres continued for months and culminated in August and September when hundreds of men women and children were
716:
However, the very next day Said
Mekhloufi announced his withdrawal from the GIA, claiming that the GIA had deviated from Islam and that this "Caliphate" was an effort by Mohammed Said to take over the GIA, and Haddam soon afterwards denied ever having joined it, asserting that this Caliphate was an
639:), saying that "The journalists who fight against Islamism through the pen will perish by the sword." The GIA explicitly affirmed that it "did not represent the armed wing of the FIS", and issued death threats against several FIS and MIA members, including MIA's Heresay and FIS's Kebir and Redjam.
807:
Zouabri was himself killed in a gun battle with security forces 9 February 2002. The GIA, torn by splits and desertions and denounced by all sides even in the
Islamist movement, was slowly destroyed by army operations over the next few years; by the time of Antar Zouabri's death it was effectively
704:
joined the GIA; a blow to the FIS and surprise since the GIA had been issuing death threats against the three since November 1993. This was interpreted by many observers as either the result of intra-FIS competition or as an attempt to change the GIA's course from within. On 26 August, the group
787:
Although Zouabri was seldom heard of after this and the jihad exhausted, massacres "continued unabated" through 1998 led by independent amirs with added "ingredients of vendetta and local dispute" to the putative jihad against the government. Armed groups "that had formerly belonged to the GIA"
654:
The GIA soon broadened its attacks to civilians who refused to live by their prohibitions, and then foreigners living in Algeria. A hostage released on 31 October 1993 carried a message ordering foreigners to "leave the country. We are giving you one month. Anyone who exceeds that period will be
910:
claims that 'Yussuf-Joseph'—an anonymous 14-year "career secret agent" in Algeria's sécurité militaire who defected to Britain in 1997 and claims to have had access to "all the secret telexes"—told Ahmed that GIA atrocities were not the work of 'Islamic extremists', but were 'orchestrated' by
581:), founding his own Jihadi group around July 1992. Meliani was arrested in July and executed in August 1993. Meliani was replaced by Mohammed Allal, aka Moh Leveilley, who was killed on 1 September 1992 by the Algerian military when they attacked a meeting held to unify command of the jihad.
1021:
758:, presenting Algerian society as resistant to jihad and lamented that the majority of the people had "forsaken religion and renounced the battle against its enemies," but was careful to deny that the GIA had ever accused Algerian society itself of impiety (
631:
On August 21, 1993, Seif Allah Djafar, aka Mourad Si Ahmed, aka Djafar al-Afghani, a 30-year-old black marketer with no education beyond primary school, became GIA amir. Violence escalated under Djafar, as did the GIA's base of support outside of Algeria.
390:
the GIA sought not to pressure the government into concessions but to destabilise and overthrow it, to "purge the land of the ungodly". Its slogan inscribed on all communiques was: "no agreement, no truce, no dialogue". GIA's ideology was inspired by the
803:
to be the most effective armed group remaining inside Algeria. Both the GIA and GSPC leadership continue to proclaim their rejection of President Bouteflika's amnesty, but in contrast to the GIA, the GSPC has stated that it avoids attacks on civilians.
1128:, Verso: London 2003, p. 269: "Hassan Hattab's GSPC which has condemned the GIA's indiscriminate attacks on civilians and, since going it alone, has tended to revert to the classic MIA-AIS strategy of confining its attacks to guerrilla forces",
788:
continued to kill, some replacing jihad with simple banditry, others settling scores with the pro-government "patriots" or others, some enlisting themselves in the services of landowners and frightening illegal occupants off of property.
3606:
791:
In 1999 the "Law on Civil Concord" granting amnesty to fighters was officially rejected by the GIA but accepted by many rank-and-file Islamist fighters; an estimated 85 percent surrendered their arms and returned to civilian life.
650:
as a GIA propaganda outlet. Abu Qatada "provided the intellectual and ideological firepower" to justify GIA actions, and the journal became "a trusted source of news and information about the GIA for Islamists around the world."
426:). It attacked and killed other Islamists who had left the GIA or attempted to negotiate with the government. It also targeted foreign civilians living in Algeria, killing more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country.
3586:
844:(GSPC), rejected the amnesty. It dissociated itself from the previous indiscriminate killing of civilians and reverted to the classic MIA-AIS tactics of targeting combatant forces. This break away was led by
3591:
2551:
918:, "It was clear that armed Islamist groups were responsible for many of the killings of both civilians and security force members that had been attributed to them by the authorities. According to
688:, aka Abu Abdallah Ahmed, became amir March 10, 1994. Under him, the GIA reached its "high water mark", and became the "undisputed principal Islamist force" in Algeria. In May, Islamist leaders
922:, Algerians such as Zazi Sadou, have collected testimonies by survivors that their attackers were unmasked and were recognised as local radicals - in one case even an elected member of the FIS.
1767:
3601:
1675:
869:
1351:
2856:
1486:
433:. The "undisputed principal Islamist force" in Algeria in 1994, by 1996, militants were deserting "in droves", alienated by its execution of civilians and Islamist leaders.
2544:
1803:
1326:
524:
who founded the GIA, the idea of forming an armed group to fight jihad against the Algerian government was developed not after the coup but in 1989 after leaders of the
2449:
Derradji Abder-Rahmane, Concise History of Political Violence in Algeria: Brothers in Faith Enemies in Amrs, Volume no.1 the Edwin Mellen Press, NY, USA, September 2002.
2452:
Derradji Abder-Rahmane, Concise History of Political Violence in Algeria: Brothers in Faith Enemies in Amrs, Volume no.2 the Edwin Mellen Press, NY, USA, November 2002.
1428:
3533:
2921:
2455:
3566:
1150:
3097:
2537:
929:, "the false flag allegation arose because the civilian attacks hurt the GIA—not because of any evidence" to support it. Abrahms describes the proliferation of
3443:
429:
The group established a presence outside Algeria, in France, Belgium, Britain, Italy and the United States, and launched terror attacks in France in 1994 and
3528:
1302:
1022:"Jihad in Algeria: Sayyid Qutb's Legacy on the Groupe Islamique Armé/Armed Islamic Group (GIA) and the Armée Islamique du Salut/Islamic Salvation Army (AIS)"
796:
3571:
1647:
Abdelhak Layada, one of the founders of the GIA, was quoted as saying "political pluralism is equivalent to sedition." See Jeune Afrique, January 27, 1994.
642:
About the time al-Afghani took power of GIA, a group of Algerian jihadists returning from Afghanistan came to London. Together with Islamist intellectual
2876:
3107:
440:
motivated large numbers of jihadis to "repent". The remnants of the GIA proper were hunted down over the next two years, leaving a splinter group the
3523:
1634:
1268:
3556:
3496:
3102:
2327:
841:
441:
415:
860:. It has focused on kidnapping for ransom as a means of raising funds and is estimated to have raised more than $ 50 million from 2003 to 2013.
1454:
897:
in 2010: called the GIA "a bastard child of the encounter between the Islamists and the security services of the regime." John Schindler in
2806:
2371:
562:
in Algeria. Support base of the GIA mainly consisted of the educationally and economically underprivileged classes of the Algerian society.
3576:
3112:
2709:
3470:
3581:
1345:
721:, and in late August added a new one to its list, threatening schools which allowed mixed classes, music, gym for girls, or not wearing
551:
371:
177:
2021:
1777:
601:
as a spiritual guide, and Layada affirmed that "political pluralism is equivalent to sedition". He also believed jihad in Algeria was
532:, were freed from prison, but was not acted on due to the spectacular electoral political success of the FIS. Embracing Sayyid Qutb's
3207:
2702:
2474:
2404:
2277:
1968:
1903:
1831:
1565:
3454:
3413:
2043:
3611:
3092:
1180:
162:
1234:
713:, Mohammed Said as head of government, the US-based Haddam as foreign minister, and Mekhloufi as provisional interior minister.
3392:
3052:
3037:
2846:
868:
Various claims have been made that the GIA was heavily infiltrated at top level by agents of Algerian intelligence such as the
857:
620:
3596:
2493:
2443:
2298:
1821:
1450:
1420:
46:
2811:
2439:
1933:
1891:
2246:
2211:
717:
invention of the security services. The GIA continued attacking its usual targets, notably assassinating artists, such as
3247:
3087:
2986:
2866:
2801:
1508:
872:(DRS), who drove the organisation towards excessive violence against civilians in order to undermine its popular support.
659:
170:
3486:
2951:
2891:
2564:
2497:
1142:
154:
89:
3465:
3322:
2946:
2941:
2901:
2841:
2714:
1926:
955:
Seif Allah Djaafar aka Mourad Si Ahmed, aka Djaafar al-Afghani: from August 1993 until his death February 26, 1994.
414:
and targeted not only security forces but civilians. Between 1992 and 1998, the GIA conducted a violent campaign of
3387:
2744:
2662:
1294:
3561:
3187:
3077:
3047:
3032:
2881:
2786:
903:
stated, "Much of GIA's leadership consisted of DRS agents, who drove the group into the dead end of mass murder"
1535:
554:
regime as apostates and called upon Algerians to rise up, pledge allegiance to them and violently overthrow the
3117:
3011:
2996:
2529:
1349:, Submitted by: International Women’s Human Rights Law Clinic and Women Living Under Muslim Laws| January, 1999
934:
597:, who declared his group independent of the FIS and MIA and not obedient to its orders. It adopted the radical
3227:
799:) splinter faction appears to have eclipsed the GIA since approximately 1998 and is currently assessed by the
3491:
3252:
3177:
3042:
2961:
2931:
2729:
2724:
2682:
2657:
2396:
2150:
1960:
742:
643:
367:
3282:
3152:
3147:
3072:
3067:
2956:
2936:
2629:
674:
612:
578:
525:
383:
379:
333:
150:
106:
1630:
693:
3157:
3122:
2821:
2791:
2507:
1033:
958:
Cherif Gousmi aka Abu Abdallah Ahmed: from March 10, 1994, to his death in combat on September 26, 1994.
907:
899:
574:
2321:
1369:"Registro Público de Personas y Entidades vinculadas a actos de Terrorismo y su Financiamiento (RePET)"
689:
1749:
1398:
3501:
3362:
3352:
3257:
3202:
3197:
3182:
3172:
3057:
2991:
2981:
2906:
2896:
2861:
2734:
1799:
1676:"Argelia- Argelia libera al antiguo líder del GIA Abdelhak Layada, dentro de las medidas de amnistía"
1260:
830:
616:
566:
464:
430:
158:
1461:
701:
378:(commanders) who were killed or arrested one after another. Unlike the other main armed groups, the
3372:
3242:
2513:
991:
685:
598:
348:
3438:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3367:
3302:
3217:
3192:
3016:
2774:
2677:
2363:
1807:
1561:
1330:
1196:
915:
504:
363:
356:
128:
3428:
1950:
3515:
3357:
3327:
3287:
3142:
3001:
2976:
2911:
2634:
2624:
2470:
2400:
2273:
1964:
1954:
1899:
1827:
1773:
853:
777:
419:
1347:
Shadow Report on Algeria, To The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
3459:
3397:
3342:
3297:
3267:
3082:
2971:
2831:
2826:
2739:
2697:
2017:
986:
893:
635:
Under him, the group named and assassinated specific journalists and intellectuals (such as
166:
2151:"Las fuerzas de seguridad argelinas matan al principal dirigente del Grupo Islámico Armado"
856:
announced a "blessed union" between the two groups. In 2007, the group changed its name to
3377:
3307:
3292:
3167:
2966:
2926:
2871:
2584:
1937:
1610:
1355:
1208:
1046:
949:
666:
was kidnapped and executed after "refusing to issue a fatwa endorsing the GIA's tactics."
655:
responsible for his own sudden death." By the end of 1993 26 foreigners had been killed.
594:
529:
324:
316:
2123:
2051:
1557:
3337:
3332:
3317:
3262:
3232:
3222:
3162:
2886:
2836:
2816:
2769:
2687:
961:
738:
663:
500:
496:
492:
287:
275:
116:
2176:
1536:"Narrative Summaries of Reasons for Listing (ISIL & Al-Qaida Sanctions Committee)"
1174:
17:
3550:
3382:
3277:
3237:
3212:
3006:
2796:
2759:
2749:
2719:
2672:
2667:
1615:
1230:
845:
773:
619:, even offering himself as a mediator to seek a truce between the government and the
559:
468:
423:
407:
387:
352:
299:
67:
3347:
3312:
2916:
2851:
2591:
2517:
2294:
741:
who became GIA head on October 27, 1994. He was the responsible for carrying out a
697:
636:
570:
521:
449:
142:
658:
In November 1993 Sheik Mohamed Bouslimani "a popular figure who was prominent" in
418:, sometimes wiping out entire villages in its area of operation (notably those in
1931:
2523:
2236:
2201:
1700:
1513:
926:
888:
767:
Convinced of Zouabri's salafist orthodoxy, Egyptian veteran of the Afghan jihad
488:
437:
396:
263:
402:
The group desired to create "an atmosphere of general insecurity" and employed
2601:
930:
718:
546:
538:(excommunication) of secular governments and assertion that engaging in armed
403:
146:
132:
3272:
2764:
2608:
2463:
1854:
768:
706:
555:
472:
456:
203:
611:
Besides the GIA, the other major branch of the Algerian resistance was the
2503:
3448:
2692:
2579:
2560:
2241:
2206:
849:
445:
411:
392:
344:
120:
102:
98:
2781:
2596:
2196:
2194:
837:
476:
460:
215:
191:
124:
94:
78:
1368:
45:
2124:"Spoiler Management During Algeria's Civil War: Explaining the Peace"
781:
710:
534:
480:
239:
227:
82:
366:
and arrest and internment of thousands of officials in the Islamist
3607:
Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the United States
2349:
The War on Truth: 9/11, Disinformation and the Anatomy of Terrorism
1025:
2754:
2231:
2229:
760:
726:
722:
540:
484:
251:
2272:. Cambridge University: Cambridge University Press. p. 121.
670:
603:
2533:
1169:
1167:
1126:
The Battlefield Algeria, 1988-2002: Studies in a Broken Polity
876:
800:
2393:
Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History
27:
1993–2004 Islamist insurgent group in the Algerian Civil War
3587:
Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom
1487:"Lists associated with Resolutions 1267/1989/2253 and 1988"
452:
and manipulated by Algerian security services is disputed.
836:
A splinter group of the GIA that formed on the fringes of
976:
Nourredine Boudiafi: arrested sometime in November 2004.
1564:(c. 11, sched. 2). UK Public General Acts. 2000-07-20.
1401:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain
362:
It was created from smaller armed groups following the
1373:
Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la Nación
3592:
Organizations based in Africa designated as terrorist
2857:
Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
2526:
Advanced Research Network on Insurgency and Terrorism
2295:"Islamists pose threat to French interests in Africa"
946:
Mansour Meliani: July 1992, arrested that same month.
745:. He was killed by a rival faction on July 16, 1996.
709:", or Islamic government for Algeria, with Gousmi as
848:. In October 2003, they announced their support for
829:
In 1999, following the election of a new president,
499:,. The GIA remains a Proscribed Organisation in the
370:(FIS) party after that party won the first round of
338:
3479:
3406:
3135:
3025:
2650:
2643:
2617:
2572:
2270:
Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1769:
Silence Is Death: The Life and Work of Tahar Djaout
729:. He was killed in combat on September 26, 1994.
550:societies was mandatory; GIA leaders condemned the
448:in October 2003. The extent to which the group was
176:
138:
112:
88:
74:
62:
52:
32:
2462:
1120:
1118:
2098:
2096:
2018:"Hundreds murdered in widespread Algeria attacks"
1984:
1982:
1980:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1399:"Bahrain Terrorist List (individuals – entities)"
1288:
1286:
2922:Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
1804:Human Rights Abuses in Algeria: No One is Spared
1377:Ministry of Justice and Human Rights (Argentina)
1327:Human Rights Abuses in Algeria: No One is Spared
1085:
1083:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
374:in December 1991. It was led by a succession of
3602:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada
1956:Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism
2044:"World Report 1999. Human Rights Developments"
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1136:
1134:
964:: from October 27, 1994, until July 16, 1996.
870:Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité
145:assassination, Djillali Liabes assassination,
3098:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
2545:
2181:Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business
795:The Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (
8:
2364:"Terrorist case collapses after three years"
1633:. Combating Terrorism Center at West Point.
1254:
1252:
967:Antar Zouabri: from 1996 to 9 February 2002.
569:, a former aid to Bouyali, along with many "
35:
1896:Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict
1322:
1320:
2647:
2552:
2538:
2530:
2514:Who Really Bombed Paris by Naima Bouteldja
1427:. Government of Canada. 21 December 2018.
840:(north central coast) in 1998, called the
737:Cherif Gousmi was eventually succeeded by
593:Leveilley was replaced in January 1993 by
395:writings of the Egyptian Islamist scholar
29:
3108:Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
2440:In the Spotlight: the Armed Islamic Group
2145:
2143:
1631:"THE FRENCH APPROACH TO COUNTERTERRORISM"
973:Boulenouar Oukil: arrested 29 April 2005.
864:Claims of Algerian Government involvement
558:government in pursuit of establishing an
3444:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
1341:
1339:
914:However, according to Andrew Whitley of
754:as emir by issuing a manifesto entitled
444:(GSPC), which announced its support for
3497:Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
3103:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
2877:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
2362:Richard Norton-Taylor (21 March 2000),
1028:on 31 August 2017 – via Academia.
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
842:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
621:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
442:Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
1489:. New Zealand Police. 24 February 2020
1204:
1194:
1042:
1031:
520:According to Algerian veterans of the
2351:, New York: Interlink, pp. 65–77
2117:
2115:
1143:"Al-Qaeda's Far-Reaching New Partner"
970:Rachid Abou Tourab: killed July 2004.
673:February 26, 1994 during the raid on
646:, they started up a weekly magazine,
7:
3113:Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
2710:Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
2481:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.
2177:"Terrorism: An Algerian Perspective"
1823:Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice
1293:Schindler, John R. (July 10, 2012).
743:series of bombings in France in 1995
340:al-Jamāʿa al-ʾIslāmiyya al-Musallaḥa
2465:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
1772:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 19.
1629:Rault, Charles (January 13, 2010).
459:organisation by the governments of
328:
36:
3572:Factions of the Algerian Civil War
2807:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
2293:Corera, Gordon (14 January 2013).
2202:"Algeria's top GIA rebel captured"
1701:"Islamist leader freed in Algeria"
1141:Whitlock, Craig (5 October 2006).
692:(allegedly representing the FIS),
25:
3567:Algeria–France military relations
3208:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
2703:Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
2326:, New Internationalist Magazine,
2237:"Algeria reveals rebel crackdown"
1538:. United Nations Security Council
1455:"国際テロリスト財産凍結法第３条に基づき公告された国際テロリスト"
1431:from the original on 1 March 2020
1259:Ajami, Fouad (January 27, 2010).
1231:"Antar Zouabri: A violent legacy"
347:insurgent groups that fought the
3093:Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
2504:Algeria accepts the unacceptable
1568:from the original on 2013-01-21.
573:", broke with his former friend
292:
280:
268:
256:
244:
232:
220:
208:
196:
184:
163:Murder of the monks of Tibhirine
44:
3471:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3393:Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
3038:al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2847:Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
2419:
2374:from the original on 2017-03-05
2330:from the original on 2011-03-12
2320:Nafeez Ahmed (1 October 2009),
2301:from the original on 2013-01-19
2249:from the original on 2008-12-19
2214:from the original on 2007-01-01
2122:Khatib, Sofiane (Winter 2005).
2102:
2083:
2024:from the original on 2015-09-24
1988:
1927:Institute for Counter Terrorism
1874:
1826:. Routledge. pp. 119–120.
1733:
1658:
1637:from the original on 2015-06-04
1594:
1578:
1305:from the original on 2015-06-04
1271:from the original on 2015-06-04
1237:from the original on 2015-06-04
1229:Saleh, Heba (9 February 2002).
1183:from the original on 2004-06-22
1153:from the original on 2017-08-10
1105:
1089:
1070:
952:: from January 1993 to May 1993
858:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
178:Designated as a terrorist group
3557:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria
2444:Center for Defense Information
2175:Jazairy, Idriss (2004-01-01).
1802:, 20 November 1993, quoted in
1451:National Police Agency (Japan)
1295:"The Ugly Truth about Algeria"
1:
3248:Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
3088:Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
2987:Harakat Ansar Allah al-Awfiya
2867:Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
2802:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
1509:"Proscribed terrorist groups"
1460:(in Japanese). Archived from
1176:Algerian group backs al-Qaeda
933:conspiracy theories, such as
171:Hidroelektra workers massacre
3487:Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
3455:Libyan Crisis (2011–present)
3414:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2565:Middle East and North Africa
2498:Council on Foreign Relations
2469:. Harvard University Press.
2268:Dalacoura, Katerina (2011).
1898:. Lulu. 2009. p. 2.07.
1820:Brachman, Jarret M. (2009).
920:the Shadow Report on Algeria
585:a part of something larger.
386:(AIS), in its pursuit of an
155:January 1995 Algiers bombing
3577:Islamic terrorism in France
3323:Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
2947:Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
2942:Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
2902:Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
2842:Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
2812:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
2715:Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
1421:"Currently listed entities"
906:Another source, journalist
875:According to Heba Saleh of
339:
3628:
3582:Jihadist groups in Algeria
3388:Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
2663:Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
2456:GIA Magazine November 1991
1558:"Proscribed Organisations"
772:killed in the villages of
410:, and bombings, including
343:) was one of the two main
329:الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة
37:الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة
3510:
3188:Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
3048:Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
3033:Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
2952:Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
2882:Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
2787:Palestinian Islamic Jihad
711:Commander of the Faithful
43:
3118:Tunisian Combatant Group
3012:Hassan Al-Basri Brigades
2997:1920 Revolution Brigades
2020:. cnn. January 6, 1998.
1961:Rowman & Littlefield
1261:"The Furrows of Algeria"
935:9/11 conspiracy theories
749:Antar Zouabri and takfir
455:The GIA is considered a
380:Mouvement Islamique Arme
3612:Rebel groups in Algeria
3492:ISIL territorial claims
3466:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3253:Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
3178:Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
3043:Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
2932:Shield of Islam Brigade
2730:Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
2725:Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
2683:Al-Mustafa Army in Iraq
2658:Abdullah Azzam Brigades
2397:Oxford University Press
372:parliamentary elections
368:Islamic Salvation Front
3283:Abu Mohammad al-Julani
3153:Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
3148:Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
3078:al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
3073:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
3068:Derna Protection Force
2937:Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
2630:Islamic fundamentalism
2461:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
1766:Sukys, Julija (2007).
1041:Cite journal requires
886:
675:Air France flight 8969
671:French security forces
613:Islamic Armed Movement
579:Islamic Armed Movement
526:Islamic Armed Movement
436:In 1999, a government
384:Islamic Salvation Army
320:
151:Air France Flight 8969
107:Islamic Fundamentalism
18:Groupe Islamique Armée
3597:Qutbist organisations
3520:Militant Islamism in
3158:Abu Suleiman al-Naser
3123:Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade
2822:Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
2792:Islamic State of Iraq
2508:Le Monde Diplomatique
2391:Abrahms, Max (2018).
2347:Nafeez Ahmed (2005),
1953:(10 September 2017).
1299:The National Interest
900:The National Interest
881:
669:Djafar was killed by
321:Groupe Islamique Armé
149:assassination, 1994,
3502:Holy Shrine Defender
3363:Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
3353:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
3258:Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
3203:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
3198:Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
3183:Abdul Nasser Qardash
3173:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
3058:Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
2992:Promised Day Brigade
2962:Kata'ib Jund al-Imam
2862:Masada al-Mujahideen
2735:Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
2155:El País (in Spanish)
1800:Agence France-Presse
1453:(18 February 2022).
1425:Public Safety Canada
987:Atlas Trappist Monks
884:help of the victims.
831:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
812:The GIA and Violence
617:Abdelaziz Bouteflika
382:(MIA) and later the
159:1995 France bombings
3373:Abu Muhsin al-Masri
3243:Abdelmalek Droukdel
3063:Armed Islamic Group
2957:Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
2524:Athena Intelligence
2494:Armed Islamic Group
2054:on 13 November 2008
1858:, 20 November 1993.
1806:By Andrew Whitley,
1329:By Andrew Whitley,
1179:. 23 October 2003.
992:Abdelkader Mokhtari
349:Algerian government
309:Armed Islamic Group
129:aircraft hijackings
75:Active regions
66:The creation of an
33:Armed Islamic Group
3534:Sub-Saharan Africa
3439:Terrorism in Egypt
3434:Algerian Civil War
3424:Iranian Revolution
3419:Lebanese Civil War
3368:Abu Khayr al-Masri
3303:Juhayman al-Otaybi
3228:Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
3218:Mokhtar Belmokhtar
3193:Abu Ayyub al-Masri
3017:Islamic Dawa Party
2775:Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
2678:Al-Ashtar Brigades
2399:. pp. 80–81.
2245:. 4 January 2005.
2048:Human Rights Watch
1936:2006-10-04 at the
1808:Human Rights Watch
1619:, 27 January 1994.
1562:Terrorism Act 2000
1379:] (in Spanish)
1354:2016-03-04 at the
1331:Human Rights Watch
916:Human Rights Watch
577:and left the MIA (
575:Abdelkader Heresay
505:Terrorism Act 2000
416:civilian massacres
364:1992 military coup
357:Algerian Civil War
54:Dates of operation
3544:
3543:
3358:Ayman al-Zawahiri
3328:Nasir al-Wuhayshi
3288:Omar Abdel-Rahman
3143:Abu Ali al-Anbari
3131:
3130:
3002:Turkish Hezbollah
2982:Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
2977:Sabireen Movement
2912:Badr Organization
2907:Kata'ib Hezbollah
2897:Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
2635:Islamic terrorism
2625:Islamic extremism
2561:Militant Islamism
2446:, 5 February 2003
2210:. 29 April 2005.
2157:. 9 February 2002
2005:Al seif al battar
854:Ayman al-Zawahiri
690:Abderrezak Redjam
627:Djafar al-Afghani
337:
305:
304:
16:(Redirected from
3619:
3562:1990s in Algeria
3460:Syrian civil war
3398:Wathiq al-Battat
3343:Ibrahim al-Banna
3298:Hassan Nasrallah
3268:Saleh Al-Qaraawi
3083:Takfir wal-Hijra
2972:Liwa Zainebiyoun
2832:Jundallah (Iran)
2827:Jund Ansar Allah
2740:Army of Conquest
2698:Al-Qaeda in Iraq
2648:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2531:
2483:
2468:
2438:Colin Robinson,
2427:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2233:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2128:web.stanford.edu
2119:
2110:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2050:. Archived from
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1975:
1974:
1951:Guidère, Mathieu
1947:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1888:
1882:
1872:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1817:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1763:
1757:
1750:Sid Ahmed Mourad
1747:
1741:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1626:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1365:
1359:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1029:
1024:. Archived from
1017:
941:Leaders, "amirs"
894:The New Republic
700:, and the MEI's
342:
332:
330:
298:
296:
295:
286:
284:
283:
274:
272:
271:
262:
260:
259:
250:
248:
247:
238:
236:
235:
226:
224:
223:
214:
212:
211:
202:
200:
199:
190:
188:
187:
55:
48:
39:
38:
30:
21:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3506:
3475:
3402:
3378:Qais al-Khazali
3308:Muqtada al-Sadr
3293:Osama bin Laden
3168:Anwar al-Awlaki
3127:
3021:
2967:Liwa Fatemiyoun
2927:Saraya al-Jihad
2892:Tawhid al-Jihad
2872:Peace Companies
2639:
2613:
2585:Salafi jihadism
2568:
2558:
2490:
2477:
2460:
2435:
2433:Further reading
2430:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2101:
2094:
2082:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1978:
1971:
1963:. p. 488.
1949:
1948:
1944:
1938:Wayback Machine
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1873:
1862:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1719:
1710:
1708:
1707:. 13 March 2006
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1682:. 13 March 2006
1674:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1611:Abdelhak Layada
1609:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1467:on 2 March 2022
1464:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1356:Wayback Machine
1344:
1337:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1216:
1203:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1149:. p. A01.
1147:Washington Post
1140:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1081:
1069:
1054:
1040:
1030:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1005:
1000:
983:
950:Abdelhak Layada
943:
866:
827:
814:
808:incapacitated.
756:The Sharp Sword
751:
735:
683:
629:
595:Abdelhak Layada
591:
589:Abdelhak Layada
567:Mansour Meliani
565:Early in 1992,
530:Mustafa Bouyali
518:
513:
293:
291:
290:
281:
279:
278:
269:
267:
266:
257:
255:
254:
245:
243:
242:
233:
231:
230:
221:
219:
218:
209:
207:
206:
197:
195:
194:
185:
183:
169:assassination,
139:Notable attacks
105:
101:
97:
53:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3529:Southeast Asia
3526:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3462:(2012–present)
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3338:Khalid Batarfi
3335:
3333:Qasim al-Raymi
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Shukri Mustafa
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Saeed al-Masri
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3233:Massoud Rajavi
3230:
3225:
3223:Tariq al-Dahab
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Ahmed al-Assir
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Ansar ul Islam
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2887:Tahrir al-Sham
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2837:Khorasan group
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Jaysh al-Islam
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2770:Quwat al-Ridha
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2688:Al-Nusra Front
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2528:
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3238:Maryam Rajavi
3236:
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3213:Mohammed Atef
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1754:Jeune Afrique
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925:According to
923:
921:
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904:
902:
901:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
878:
873:
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859:
855:
852:and in 2006,
851:
847:
846:Hassan Hattab
843:
839:
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724:
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708:
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699:
696:, the exiled
695:
694:Mohammed Said
691:
687:
686:Cherif Gousmi
681:Cherif Gousmi
680:
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582:
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568:
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560:Islamic state
557:
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469:United States
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408:assassination
405:
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388:Islamic state
385:
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300:United States
289:
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167:Lounès Matoub
164:
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137:
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126:
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113:Major actions
111:
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96:
93:
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87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
68:Islamic state
65:
61:
57:
51:
47:
42:
31:
19:
3348:Ahmed Yassin
3313:Saif al-Adel
3062:
3026:North Africa
2917:Mukhtar Army
2852:Levant Front
2592:Pan-Islamism
2518:The Guardian
2480:
2464:
2421:
2415:
2392:
2386:
2376:, retrieved
2368:The Guardian
2367:
2357:
2348:
2342:
2332:, retrieved
2322:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2288:
2269:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2240:
2216:. Retrieved
2205:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2159:. Retrieved
2154:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2104:
2085:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2047:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2012:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1955:
1945:
1925:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1876:
1853:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1822:
1815:
1810:, 1994, p.54
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1768:
1761:
1753:
1752:, quoted in
1745:
1735:
1709:. Retrieved
1704:
1695:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:Europa Press
1679:
1670:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1639:. Retrieved
1624:
1614:
1613:, quoted in
1606:
1596:
1590:
1580:
1574:
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1512:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1424:
1415:
1403:. Retrieved
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1376:
1372:
1363:
1346:
1333:, 1994, p.54
1307:. Retrieved
1298:
1273:. Retrieved
1265:New Republic
1264:
1239:. Retrieved
1233:. BBC News.
1185:. Retrieved
1175:
1155:. Retrieved
1146:
1125:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1077:: p.260, 266
1072:
1034:cite journal
1026:the original
924:
919:
913:
908:Nafeez Ahmed
905:
898:
892:
887:
882:
874:
867:
835:
828:
819:
815:
806:
794:
790:
786:
766:
759:
755:
752:
736:
715:
705:declared a "
698:Anwar Haddam
684:
668:
657:
653:
647:
641:
637:Tahar Djaout
634:
630:
610:
602:
592:
583:
564:
545:
539:
533:
522:Afghan jihad
519:
454:
435:
428:
401:
375:
361:
312:
308:
306:
143:Tahar Djaout
3451:(2003–2011)
2651:Middle East
2253:14 February
2218:14 February
2187:(1): 11–20.
1514:Home Office
1383:20 February
1205:|work=
927:Max Abrahms
891:writing in
889:Fouad Ajami
660:Hamas party
489:New Zealand
450:infiltrated
438:amnesty law
397:Sayyid Qutb
264:New Zealand
153:hijacking,
3551:Categories
3524:South Asia
2602:Khomeinism
2426:: p.267-71
2378:2016-12-11
2334:2011-01-28
2305:20 January
2161:2021-12-13
2133:2017-03-18
1756:, 27/1/94.
1711:2021-12-12
1686:2021-12-12
1187:7 November
1157:2017-09-20
1112:: p.269-70
1003:References
931:false flag
719:Cheb Hasni
644:Abu Qatada
503:under the
404:kidnapping
147:Cheb Hasni
133:kidnapping
70:in Algeria
3273:Haji Bakr
2765:Hezbollah
2618:Phenomena
2609:Wahhabism
2090:: p.272-3
2007:, p.39-40
1892:"Algeria"
1855:The Times
1207:ignored (
1197:cite book
769:Abu Hamza
707:Caliphate
556:socialist
528:(MIA) of
473:Argentina
457:terrorist
412:car bombs
334:romanized
204:Argentina
121:massacres
58:1993–2004
3516:Islamism
3514:Part of
3449:Iraq War
2693:Al-Qaeda
2580:Jihadism
2573:Ideology
2372:archived
2328:archived
2299:Archived
2247:Archived
2242:BBC News
2212:Archived
2207:BBC News
2022:Archived
1934:Archived
1705:BBC News
1635:Archived
1566:Archived
1429:Archived
1352:Archived
1303:Archived
1269:Archived
1235:Archived
1181:Archived
1151:Archived
981:See also
850:Al-Qaeda
778:Bentalha
544:against
516:Founding
495:and the
446:Al-Qaeda
420:Bentalha
393:Jihadist
345:Islamist
125:bombings
103:Jihadism
99:Islamism
90:Ideology
3480:Related
3136:Leaders
2782:Houthis
2597:Qutbism
2563:in the
2420:Kepel,
2297:. BBC.
2109:: p.274
2103:Kepel,
2084:Kepel,
2058:11 June
2028:11 June
1995:: p.272
1989:Kepel,
1881:: p.264
1875:Kepel,
1740:: p.263
1734:Kepel,
1665:: p.261
1659:Kepel,
1601:: p.259
1595:Kepel,
1585:: p.257
1579:Kepel,
1542:2 March
1520:2 March
1493:2 March
1471:2 March
1435:2 March
1405:3 March
1106:Kepel,
1096:: p.265
1090:Kepel,
1071:Kepel,
838:Kabylie
825:Endgame
571:Afghans
547:Jaahili
511:History
477:Bahrain
461:Algeria
355:in the
336::
315:, from
216:Bahrain
192:Algeria
95:Qutbism
79:Algeria
63:Motives
3407:Events
2567:region
2473:
2424:, 2002
2403:
2276:
2107:, 2002
2088:, 2002
1993:, 2002
1967:
1911:4 June
1902:
1879:, 2002
1839:4 June
1830:
1785:3 June
1776:
1738:, 2002
1663:, 2002
1641:4 June
1599:, 2002
1583:, 2002
1309:4 June
1275:4 June
1241:2 June
1110:, 2002
1094:, 2002
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