93:
predict when these events should occur during a growing season regardless of differences in temperatures from year to year. Growing degrees (GDs) is defined as the number of temperature degrees above a certain threshold base temperature, which varies among crop species. The base temperature is that temperature below which plant growth is zero. GDs are calculated each day as maximum temperature plus the minimum temperature divided by 2, minus the base temperature. GDUs are accumulated by adding each day's GDs contribution as the season progresses.
1765:
863:
before calculating the average. Likewise, the maximum temperature is usually capped at 30 °C because most plants and insects do not grow any faster above that temperature. However, some warm temperate and tropical plants do have significant requirements for days above 30 °C to mature fruit
92:
Unless stressed by other environmental factors like moisture, the development rate from emergence to maturity for many plants depends upon the daily air temperature. Because many developmental events of plants and insects depend on the accumulation of specific quantities of heat, it is possible to
96:
GDUs can be used to: assess the suitability of a region for production of a particular crop; estimate the growth-stages of crops, weeds or even life stages of insects; predict maturity and cutting dates of forage crops; predict best timing of fertilizer or pesticide application; estimate the heat
97:
stress on crops; plan spacing of planting dates to produce separate harvest dates. Crop specific indices that employ separate equations for the influence of the daily minimum (nighttime) and the maximum (daytime) temperatures on growth are called crop heat units (CHUs).
721:
1524:
The optimal base temperature is often determined experimentally based on the life cycle of the plant or insect in question. Common baselines for crops are either 5 °C for cool-season plants and 10 °C for warm-season plants and most insect development.
359:
1769:
509:
603:
189:
784:
843:
1804:"Observations du thermometre, faites a Paris pendant l'annees 1735, comparees a celles qui ont ete faites sous la ligne, a l'Isle de France, a Alger et en quelques-unes de nos isles de l'Amerique"
608:
245:
920:
1680:
In the cases of some plants, not only do they require a certain minimum temperature to grow, but they will also stop growing above a warmer threshold temperature. In such cases, a
994:
415:
1049:
264:
1696:
GDDs may be calculated in either
Celsius or Fahrenheit, though they must be converted appropriately; for every 9 GDD there are 5 GDD, or in conversion calculation:
2002:
81:
or disease, plants grow in a cumulative stepwise manner which is strongly influenced by the ambient temperature. Growing degree days take aspects of local
420:
514:
1618:
66:
1688:
is an example of this: it starts growing at 10 °C and stops at 30 °C, meaning any growing degree-days above 30 °C do not count.
2017:
2057:
118:
1718:
higher than the corresponding degree day (1 Celsius degree-day is 8.64×10 K·s; 1 Fahrenheit degree-day is 4.8×10 K·s).
1919:
2052:
730:
1781:
251:
A simpler, approximately equivalent formulation uses the average of the daily maximum and minimum temperatures compared to a
789:
872:
For example, a day with a high of 23 °C and a low of 12 °C (and a base of 10 °C) would contribute 7.5 GDDs.
1997:
1803:
1684:
is used: the growing degree days are calculated at the lower baseline, then at the higher baseline, which is subtracted.
925:
As a second example, a day with a high of 13 °C and a low of 5 °C (and a base of 10 °C) would contribute:
716:{\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\max {\left({\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} }}{2}}-T_{\mathrm {base} },0\right)}}
1828:
Prentice, I. Colin; Cramer, Wolfgang; Harrison, Sandy P.; Leemans, Rik; Monserud, Robert A.; Solomon, Allen M. (1992).
1483:
methods so they are applying the procedure or treatment at the point that the pest is most vulnerable. For example:
197:
2037:
1973:
878:
2007:
1476:
2013:
University of
Massachusetts Amherst Extension, Integrated Pest management Tools, web site accessed Jan 2005
932:
1830:"Special Paper: A Global Biome Model Based on Plant Physiology and Dominance, Soil Properties and Climate"
1814:
1621:
measure heat zones in GDD above 30 °C; for many plants this is significant for seed maturation, e.g.
2062:
2047:
1493:
385:
1002:
2042:
1844:
1829:
2012:
354:{\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}={\frac {T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} }}{2}}-T_{\mathrm {base} }.}
1887:
1715:
1662:
1443:
1992:
1868:
1742:
1737:
1302:
1150:
1860:
2067:
1852:
1703:
1669:
1472:
1332:
1775:
1848:
1512:
are now researching the correlation between growing degree-days and the life cycle of a
1777:
Report for
Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition
1732:
1652:
2031:
1952:
1927:
1747:
1658:
1646:
1487:
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1241:
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1135:
46:
2022:
1974:
Jaramillo R., A. and Guzman M., O. Relationship between temperature and growth in
17:
1640:
1120:
1073:
504:{\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} })/2<T_{\mathrm {base} }}
1727:
1629:) requires at least some days reaching this temperature to mature viable seeds
1622:
1382:
1287:
105:
GDD are calculated by taking the integral of warmth above a base temperature,
86:
1864:
598:{\displaystyle (T_{\mathrm {max} }+T_{\mathrm {min} })/2=T_{\mathrm {base} }}
1752:
1612:
1608:
1570:
1559:
1509:
1165:
1104:
1089:
42:
38:
1490:
larvae have grown large enough to start causing economic damage at 165 GDD
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1551:
1513:
1374:
1196:
50:
1872:
1584:
1563:
1555:
1256:
849:
GDDs are typically measured from the winter low. Any temperature below
82:
78:
2023:
Turf
Growing Degree Days Calculator for sports stadia and golf courses
57:
to predict plant and animal development rates such as the date that a
1711:
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1574:
1539:
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1397:
1271:
58:
54:
1856:
1685:
1604:
1580:
1535:
1412:
1347:
1317:
1211:
1993:
Good explanation of
Growing Degree Day calculations with examples
605:. The resulting GDD is 0. This can be written more compactly as:
1588:
1363:
1226:
62:
1547:
1543:
1428:
184:{\displaystyle {\text{GDD}}=\int (T(t)-T_{\mathrm {base} })dt}
1665:, standard baseline for insect and mite pests of woody plants
65:
will reach maturity. GDD is credited to be first defined by
1467:
development and growing degree days are also used by some
258:
to calculate degree-days for a given day. As an equation:
779:{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }<T_{\mathrm {base} }}
77:
In the absence of extreme conditions such as unseasonal
1978:
L. var. Caturra. Cenicafé (Colombia) 35(3):57-65. 1984.
1423:
143-178 GDD to emergence and 1550-1680 GDD to maturity
1407:
125-162 GDD to emergence and 1290-1540 GDD to maturity
838:{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }=T_{\mathrm {base} }}
61:
will bloom, an insect will emerge from dormancy, or a
2008:
GDDs to various stages of maturity for selected crops
1704:
1005:
935:
881:
792:
733:
611:
517:
423:
388:
267:
200:
121:
89:, even to control) the plants' pace toward maturity.
85:
into account and allow gardeners to predict (or, in
1392:130 GDD to emergence and 1400-1500 GDD to maturity
1068:Number of growing degree days baseline 10 °C
1043:
988:
914:
837:
778:
715:
597:
503:
409:
353:
239:
183:
1802:Ferchault de Réaumur, René Antoine (2023-02-06).
45:. GDD are a measure of heat accumulation used by
1998:Current year-to-date GDDs for selected US cities
936:
620:
194:(where integration is over the time period with
112:(plant type dependant, see baseline section):
1947:
1945:
8:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
240:{\displaystyle T(t)>T_{\mathrm {base} }}
1499:Boxwood leafminer emerges at about 250 GDD
1058:
1811:Mémoire de l'Académie royale des sciences
1021:
1004:
957:
934:
915:{\displaystyle {\frac {23+12}{2}}-10=7.5}
882:
880:
819:
818:
798:
797:
791:
760:
759:
739:
738:
732:
685:
684:
658:
657:
637:
636:
629:
623:
612:
610:
579:
578:
563:
547:
546:
526:
525:
516:
485:
484:
469:
453:
452:
432:
431:
422:
394:
393:
387:
332:
331:
305:
304:
284:
283:
276:
268:
266:
221:
220:
199:
156:
155:
122:
120:
1888:"Phenology and its value to beekeepers"
1794:
1714:. A quantity of kelvin-seconds is four
1373:1100-1300 GDD to maturity depending on
1953:"National Weather Service Glossary: G"
1453:207 - Emergence of first spring moths
989:{\displaystyle \max((13+5)/2-10,0)=0}
7:
2003:a table of GDDs necessary for grapes
1920:"Explanation of Growing Degree Days"
1886:Ellsworth, Denise (April 2, 2015).
1924:Midwestern Regional Climate Center
829:
826:
823:
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802:
799:
770:
767:
764:
761:
746:
743:
740:
695:
692:
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659:
644:
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638:
589:
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583:
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551:
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533:
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410:{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {min} }}
401:
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231:
228:
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166:
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25:
1357:800 to 2700 GDD to crop maturity
1768: This article incorporates
1763:
1475:to time their use of organic or
1342:begins flowering at 550-650 GDD
1327:begins flowering at 450-500 GDD
1312:begins flowering at 400-450 GDD
1297:begins flowering at 330-400 GDD
1282:begins flowering at 330-400 GDD
1266:begins flowering at 250-330 GDD
1251:begins flowering at 140-160 GDD
1044:{\displaystyle (13+10)/2-10=1.5}
378:one, there exist two variants:
1782:Congressional Research Service
1221:begin flowering at 80-110 GDD
1206:begin flowering at 80-110 GDD
1191:begins flowering at 50-80 GDD
1176:begins flowering at 50-80 GDD
1160:begins flowering at 30-50 GDD
1145:begins flowering at 30-50 GDD
1084:begins flowering at <1 GDD
1018:
1006:
977:
954:
942:
939:
560:
518:
466:
424:
210:
204:
172:
145:
139:
133:
1:
1099:begins flowering at 1-27 GDD
1676:Modified growing degree days
1130:begin flowering at 1-27 GDD
1115:begin flowering at 1-27 GDD
1682:modified growing degree day
364:If the minimum temperature
27:Heuristic tool in phenology
2084:
1955:. National Weather Service
1438:1500-1750 GDD to maturity
868:Example of GDD calculation
2058:Meteorological quantities
1236:full bloom at 80-110 GDD
999:version B: 1.5 GDDs, as:
382:variant A: Do not change
1583:(including sweet corn),
1496:emerges at about 130 GDD
192:
1837:Journal of Biogeography
1477:biological pest control
2053:Meteorological indices
1770:public domain material
1202:Aesculus hippocastanum
1045:
990:
929:version A: 0 GDD, as:
916:
839:
780:
717:
599:
505:
411:
355:
241:
185:
2018:Online GDD calculator
1046:
991:
917:
840:
781:
718:
600:
506:
412:
356:
242:
186:
1377:and soil conditions
1247:Robinia pseudoacacia
1003:
933:
879:
790:
731:
609:
515:
421:
386:
265:
198:
119:
35:growing degree units
1849:1992JBiog..19..117P
1716:orders of magnitude
1663:European corn borer
1444:European corn borer
1293:Sambucus canadensis
33:(GDD), also called
31:Growing degree days
1743:Weather derivative
1738:Heating degree day
1449:Ostrinia nubilalis
1369:Phaseolus vulgaris
1303:Purple loosestrife
1156:Fraxinus americana
1041:
986:
912:
835:
776:
727:variant B: Change
713:
595:
501:
407:
351:
237:
181:
18:Growing degree day
1930:on March 26, 2019
1473:horticulturalists
1457:
1456:
1419:Triticum aestivum
1308:Lythrum salicaria
1187:Cytisus scoparius
1055:Plant development
898:
675:
615:
322:
271:
125:
16:(Redirected from
2075:
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1971:
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1935:
1926:. Archived from
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1883:
1877:
1876:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1799:
1785:
1767:
1766:
1699:GDD = 5/9 * GDD
1670:Green cloverworm
1338:Buddleia davidii
1262:Catalpa speciosa
1217:Syringa vulgaris
1141:Acer platanoides
1059:
1050:
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2038:Agrometeorology
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1857:10.2307/2845499
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1774:Jasper Womach.
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1761:
1724:
1702:The equivalent
1694:
1678:
1636:
1617:30 °C the
1531:
1522:
1506:
1494:Azalea lace bug
1462:
1403:Hordeum vulgare
1232:Prunus maritima
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1987:External links
1985:
1982:
1981:
1976:Coffea arabica
1966:
1941:
1904:
1878:
1843:(2): 117–134.
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1733:Growing season
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1655:
1653:Alfalfa weevil
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1333:Butterfly bush
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1126:Acer saccharum
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37:(GDUs), are a
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1748:Winkler scale
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1659:Black cutworm
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1647:Corn rootworm
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2063:Pest control
2048:Horticulture
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1481:pest control
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1460:Pest control
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1434:Avena sativa
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1348:Corn (maize)
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1323:Rhus typhina
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1242:Black locust
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1182:Common broom
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1140:
1136:Norway maple
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1062:Common name
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73:Introduction
34:
30:
29:
2043:Climatology
1959:February 7,
1892:Bee Culture
1668:11 °C
1641:Stalk borer
1579:10 °C
1415:(hard red)
1121:Sugar maple
1095:Acer rubrum
1074:Witch-hazel
1065:Latin name
87:greenhouses
2032:Categories
1759:References
1728:Degree day
1651:9 °C
1645:7 °C
1639:6 °C
1627:Phragmites
1613:lima beans
1609:snap beans
1569:8 °C
1510:beekeepers
1383:Sugar beet
1288:Elderberry
1227:Beach plum
864:or seeds.
856:is set to
417:. Only if
1934:April 19,
1865:0305-0270
1753:Phenology
1571:sunflower
1566:purposes"
1560:asparagus
1520:Baselines
1504:Honeybees
1479:or other
1277:Ligustrum
1166:Crabapple
1151:White ash
1110:Forsythia
1105:Forsythia
1090:Red maple
1079:Hamamelis
1030:−
966:−
901:−
678:−
325:−
149:−
131:∫
69:in 1735.
51:gardeners
43:phenology
39:heuristic
1722:See also
1593:soybeans
1552:flaxseed
1516:colony.
1514:honeybee
1508:Several
1375:cultivar
1353:Zea mays
41:tool in
2068:Seasons
1897:May 18,
1873:2845499
1845:Bibcode
1815:Alt URL
1706:is the
1585:sorghum
1564:canning
1556:lettuce
1469:farmers
1257:Catalpa
83:weather
79:drought
67:Reaumur
55:farmers
1871:
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1712:second
1708:kelvin
1605:grapes
1601:coffee
1597:tomato
1575:potato
1540:barley
1465:Insect
1398:Barley
1272:Privet
511:, set
59:flower
53:, and
1869:JSTOR
1833:(PDF)
1807:(PDF)
1789:Notes
1772:from
1692:Units
1634:Pests
1581:maize
1536:wheat
1529:Crops
1413:Wheat
1364:beans
1318:Sumac
1279:spp.
1173:spp.
1171:Malus
1112:spp.
1081:spp.
1961:2019
1936:2019
1899:2017
1861:ISSN
1686:Corn
1623:reed
1619:USDA
1589:rice
1548:oats
1471:and
1429:Oats
1362:Dry
861:base
854:base
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1544:rye
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614:GDD
369:min
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