1071:, and in regions with poor hygiene standards, the rates of infection with this virus are high and the illness is usually contracted in early childhood. As incomes rise and access to clean water increases, the incidence of HAV decreases. In developed countries, though, the infection is contracted primarily by susceptible young adults, most of whom are infected with the virus during trips to countries with a high incidence of the disease or through contact with infectious persons.
475:
38:
6354:
500:
1217:
6365:
6385:
6395:
1080:
6344:
89:
6375:
1308:
of whom were hospitalized. In
Australia in February 2015, a recall of frozen berries was issued after at least 19 people contracted the illness following their consumption of the product. In 2017, California (particularly around San Diego), Michigan, and Utah reported outbreaks of hepatitis A that have led to over 800 hospitalizations and 40 deaths.
1526:
saunas and dark rooms. Acute icteric hepatitis appears after an incubation period of 15–45 days, symptoms last for about 6 weeks, and it is only rarely fatal. Most infections are asymptomatic (but severity increases with age). Infectivity lasts from approximately 2 weeks before the onset of jaundice to 1 week after.
1258:
The most widespread hepatitis A outbreak in the United States occurred in 2018, in the state of
Kentucky. The outbreak is believed to have started in November 2017. By July 2018 48% of the state's counties had reported at least one case of hepatitis A, and the total number of suspected cases was 969
1178:
In the United States, vaccination of children is recommended at 1 and 2 years of age; hepatitis A vaccination is not recommended in those younger than 12 months of age. It is also recommended in those who have not been previously immunized and who have been exposed or are likely to be exposed due to
1307:
and purchased by around 240,000 people were the subject of a recall, after at least 158 people were infected with HAV, 69 of whom were hospitalized. In April 2016, frozen berries sold by Costco were once again the subject of a recall, after at least 13 people in Canada were infected with HAV, three
1204:
for hepatitis A was estimated to be 0.015% for the general population, but ranged up to 1.8–2.1% for those aged 50 and over who were hospitalized with icteric hepatitis. The risk of death from acute liver failure following HAV infection increases with age and when the person has underlying chronic
745:
One serotype and six different genotypes (three human and three simian) have been described. The human genotypes are numbered I–III. Six subtypes have been described (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB). The simian genotypes have been numbered IV–VI. A single isolate of genotype VII isolated from a human
2120:
van
Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego. p672
1525:
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted faeco-orally. There is evidence for sexual transmission between homosexual men with several outbreaks reported. The specific risk factors are not well defined but probably relate to oro-anal or digital-rectal contact, particularly in settings such as public
1242:
Globally, symptomatic HAV infections are believed to occur in around 1.4 million people a year. About 114 million infections (asymptomatic and symptomatic) occurred all together in 2015. Acute hepatitis A resulted in 11,200 deaths in 2015. Developed countries have low circulating levels of
1174:
The vaccine was introduced in 1992 and was initially recommended for persons at high risk. Since then, Bahrain and Israel have embarked on elimination programmes. In countries where widespread vaccination has been practised, the incidence of hepatitis A has decreased dramatically.
914:. Aragonès et al. (2010) theorize that the virus has evolved a naturally highly deoptimized codon usage with respect to that of its cellular host in order to negatively influence viral protein translation kinetics and allow time for capsid proteins to fold optimally.
1243:
hepatovirus A, while developing countries have higher levels of circulation. Most adolescents and adults in developing countries have already had the disease, thus are immune. Adults in midlevel countries may be at risk of disease with the potential of being exposed.
5974:
1191:
No specific treatment for hepatitis A is known. Recovery from symptoms following infection may take several weeks or months. Therapy is aimed at maintaining comfort and adequate nutritional balance, including replacement of fluids lost from vomiting and diarrhea.
1858:
261:. Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is two–six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
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4113:
4098:
276:
are relatively common sources. It may also be spread through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected, they are still able to infect others. After a single infection, a person is
368:
The risk for symptomatic infection is directly related to age, with more than 80% of adults having symptoms compatible with acute viral hepatitis and the majority of children having either asymptomatic or unrecognized infections.
333:, about 90% of children have been infected by age 10, thus are immune by adulthood. It often occurs in outbreaks in moderately developed countries where children are not exposed when young and vaccination is not widespread. Acute
757:
nucleotide substitutions per site per year. The human strains appear to have diverged from the simian about 3600 years ago. The mean age of genotypes III and IIIA strains has been estimated to be 592 and 202 years, respectively.
328:
Globally, around 1.4 million symptomatic cases occur each year and about 114 million infections (symptomatic and asymptomatic). It is more common in regions of the world with poor sanitation and not enough safe water. In the
1170:
The vaccine is given by injection. An initial dose provides protection lasting one year starting 2–4 weeks after vaccination; the second booster dose, given six to 12 months later, provides protection for over 20 years.
1162:
or a live but attenuated virus. Both provide active immunity against a future infection. The vaccine protects against HAV in more than 95% of cases for longer than 25 years. In the United States, the vaccine developed by
1854:
3952:
2346:
308:
is effective for prevention. Some countries recommend it routinely for children and those at higher risk who have not previously been vaccinated. It appears to be effective for life. Other preventive measures include
1883:
1833:
2667:
Kulkarni MA, Walimbe AM, Cherian S, Arankalle VA (December 2009). "Full length genomes of genotype IIIA Hepatitis A Virus strains (1995–2008) from India and estimates of the evolutionary rates and ages".
3722:
1652:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1598:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1208:
Young children who are infected with hepatitis A typically have a milder form of the disease, usually lasting 1–3 weeks, whereas adults tend to experience a much more severe form of the disease.
3911:
1040:), drying, and temperatures up to 60 °C. It can survive for months in fresh and salt water. Common-source (e.g., water, food) outbreaks are typical. Infection is common in children in
365:) after the initial infection. About 90% of children do not have symptoms. The time between infection and symptoms, in those who develop them, is two–six weeks, with an average of 28 days.
4834:
6137:
3752:
3385:
Arankalle VA, Chadha MS, Chitambar SD, Walimbe AM, Chobe LP, Gandhe SS (21 December 2001). "Changing epidemiology of hepatitis A and hepatitis E in urban and rural India (1982-98)".
3933:
2230:
Drexler JF, Corman VM, Lukashev AN, van den Brand JM, Gmyl AP, Brünink S, Rasche A, Seggewiß N, Feng H, Leijten LM, Vallo P, Kuiken T, Dotzauer A, Ulrich RG, Lemon SM (2015-12-08).
1102:
antibodies in the blood means the acute stage of the illness has passed and the person is immune to further infection. IgG antibodies to HAV are also found in the blood following
1167:
and his team was licensed in 1995, and the vaccine was first used in 1996 for children in high-risk areas, and in 1999 it was spread to areas with elevating levels of infection.
2297:
Anthony SJ, St Leger JA, Liang E, Hicks AL, Sanchez-Leon MD, Jain K, Lefkowitch JH, Navarrete-Macias I, Knowles N, Goldstein T, Pugliares K, Ip HS, Rowles T, Lipkin WI (2015).
3974:
3948:
3867:
2358:
6102:
1879:
2578:
de Paula VS, Baptista ML, Lampe E, Niel C, Gaspar AM (January 2002). "Characterization of hepatitis A virus isolates from subgenotypes IA and IB in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil".
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5588:
4257:
6092:
4008:
3178:
6529:
1829:
321:
recommended on an as-needed basis. Infections usually resolve completely and without ongoing liver disease. Treatment of acute liver failure, if it occurs, is with
5269:
872:. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Translation takes place by viral initiation. The virus exits the host cell by lysis and
6488:
6024:
4848:
3718:
4070:
1943:
6277:
5991:
2557:
6215:
281:
for the rest of their life. Diagnosis requires blood testing, as the symptoms are similar to those of a number of other diseases. It is one of five known
4514:
2093:
1252:
868:(liver macrophages). Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates
4345:
3903:
910:, unlike other picornaviruses. The virus must then inefficiently compete for the cellular translational machinery, which may explain its poor growth in
6053:
4385:
1477:
6097:
5959:
880:
are secreted into the bile and released in stool. HAV is excreted in large numbers about 11 days prior to the appearance of symptoms or anti-HAV
2754:"Low efficiency of the 5' nontranslated region of hepatitis A virus RNA in directing cap-independent translation in permissive monkey kidney cells"
6067:
1317:
1028:
is caused by HAV. Infected individuals are infectious prior to onset of symptoms, roughly 10 days following infection. The virus is resistant to
106:
5911:
3889:
6567:
6058:
6006:
4250:
3361:
3280:
2061:
1809:
1711:
1267:
4034:
1087:
Although HAV is excreted in the feces towards the end of the incubation period, specific diagnosis is made by the detection of HAV-specific
6398:
6261:
6072:
6001:
5926:
5745:
4478:
3744:
3925:
3320:
2803:"Hepatitis A virus mutant spectra under the selective pressure of monoclonal antibodies: codon usage constraints limit capsid variability"
265:, fever, and abdominal pain. Around 10–15% of people experience a recurrence of symptoms during the 6 months after the initial infection.
3617:
1815:
6249:
6127:
4535:
2125:
3430:"Impact of Hepatitis A vaccination with a two-dose schedule in Panama: Results of epidemiological surveillance and time trend analysis"
5262:
4046:
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6190:
6175:
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6082:
5861:
4854:
4380:
4337:
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3174:
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hepatitis A infection. It is detectable from 1–2 weeks after the initial infection and persists for up to 14 weeks. The presence of
4769:
6271:
6107:
6038:
6033:
4840:
4243:
2031:
1917:
3692:
2151:
1116:(ALT) is present in the blood at levels much higher than is normal. The enzyme comes from the liver cells damaged by the virus.
6210:
6117:
5981:
5896:
5659:
3596:
2990:"Hepatitis A." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. Web. 25 Oct. 2016.
903:
6239:
6112:
5949:
5916:
4439:
4425:
4004:
1021:
of the HAV virus; no known insect or other animal vectors can transmit the virus. A chronic HAV state has not been reported.
1002:
921:
occurs, presumably because of the virus' own requirement for an intact eIF4G, and liver pathology is likely immune-mediated.
174:
3166:
6015:
5969:
5405:
5255:
3783:
2942:
1408:
746:
has also been described but has been reclassified as subgenotype IIB. Genotype III has been isolated from both humans and
3653:
Jacobsen KH, Wiersma, ST (24 September 2010). "Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence by age and world region, 1990 and 2005".
3567:
6244:
4644:
4638:
4549:
4543:
4433:
797:. In the region that codes for the HAV capsid, highly conserved clusters of rare codons restrict antigenic variability.
794:
3542:
6298:
5996:
5954:
5308:
5007:
4933:
4927:
4600:
1263:). By July 2019 the outbreak had reached 5,000 cases and 60 deaths, but had slowed to just a few new cases per month.
989:, and infections often occur in conditions of poor sanitation and overcrowding. Hepatitis A can be transmitted by the
2869:"Fine-tuning translation kinetics selection as the driving force of codon usage bias in the hepatitis A virus capsid"
2178:
2003:
906:(eIF4G) for the initiation of translation. The requirement for this factor results in an inability to shut down host
499:
1735:
728:
6293:
4067:
3799:
2208:
1939:
778:
361:, but some people, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms typically appear two–six weeks (the
6493:
6323:
6043:
5064:
4671:
2521:
1180:
2444:
Cristina J, Costa-Mattioli M (August 2007). "Genetic variability and molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus".
2380:
Yu JM, Li LL, Zhang CY, Lu S, Ao YY, Gao HC, Xie ZP, Xie GC, Sun XM, Pang LL, Xu JG, Lipkin WI, Duan ZJ (2016).
6185:
5546:
5538:
5381:
4773:
4685:
4590:
4420:
4393:
4365:
4298:
4147:
2078:
737:. This virus appears to have had a common ancestor with the primate-infecting species around 1000 years ago.
6562:
6165:
6077:
5518:
5393:
4569:
3428:
Estripeaut D, Contreras R, Tinajeros O, Castrejón MM, Shafi F, Ortega-Barria E, Deantonio R (22 June 2015).
131:
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272:
It is usually spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. Undercooked or raw
6415:
6233:
6153:
6048:
5871:
5750:
4963:
4941:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4701:
4595:
4556:
2522:"Characterization of the complete genomic sequence of genotype II hepatitis A virus (CF53/Berne isolate)"
1756:
Bellou M, Kokkinos P, Vantarakis A (March 2013). "Shellfish-borne viral outbreaks: a systematic review".
455:
are very uncommon. If they occur, they show an acute onset and disappear upon resolution of the disease.
6255:
6205:
6200:
5944:
5692:
4948:
4529:
4399:
3469:
Cui F, Hadler SC, Zheng H, Wang F, Zhenhua W, Yuansheng H, Gong X, Chen Y, Liang X, et al. (2009).
322:
222:
4370:
3235:
2854:
Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S. & Pfaller, M.A. (2005). Medical
Microbiology 5th ed., Elsevier Mosby.
1855:"Viral hepatitis could cause liver cancer: Here's what you need to know about prevention and treatment"
986:
750:. Most human isolates are of genotype I. Of genotype I isolates, subtype IA accounts for the majority.
162:
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6475:
6368:
5682:
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5366:
5212:
5044:
4679:
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1286:
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Vertebrates such as humans serve as the natural hosts. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and blood.
494:
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6328:
6087:
5785:
4630:
4351:
4132:
1473:"Part 2: Testing guidelines for individual sexually transmitted infections — Hepatitis A, B, and C"
1139:
1132:
1113:
710:
482:
372:
Symptoms usually last less than 2 months, although some people can be ill for as long as 6 months:
338:
305:
266:
203:
136:
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Costa-Mattioli M, Di Napoli A, Ferré V, Billaudel S, Perez-Bercoff R, Cristina J (December 2003).
6572:
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5986:
5939:
5881:
5765:
5437:
4733:
4489:
3949:"Utah's hepatitis A outbreak among the homeless is one of three big flare-ups around the country"
3410:
3217:
3037:"The effects of socioeconomic development on worldwide hepatitis A virus seroprevalence patterns"
2623:"Bayesian coalescent inference of hepatitis A virus populations: evolutionary rates and patterns"
2603:
1781:
1299:
1068:
1045:
1041:
993:, but very rarely by blood and blood products. Food-borne outbreaks are common, and ingestion of
733:
619:
278:
117:
4235:
3560:"Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
3309:
1255:
in the US in 1997, but the number has since dropped to less than 2,000 cases reported per year.
860:
or intestine. The blood carries the virus to its target, the liver, where it multiplies within
716:
6534:
4005:"Grim conditions in public restrooms hurt fight to halt deadly hepatitis outbreak in San Diego"
6462:
6313:
6122:
5808:
5442:
5427:
5409:
5323:
5197:
5148:
5129:
5110:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4805:
4710:
4414:
4292:
4198:
4158:
3840:
3791:
3776:"Hepatitis A outbreak associated with green onions at a restaurant—Monaca, Pennsylvania, 2003"
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3624:
3534:
3500:
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3402:
3367:
3357:
3276:
3209:
3148:
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3017:
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2783:
2734:
2693:
2644:
2595:
2549:
2541:
2502:
2461:
2423:
2328:
2279:
2261:
2057:
1981:
1805:
1799:
1773:
1707:
1681:
1627:
1573:
1516:
1498:
1446:
1400:
907:
888:
376:
362:
190:
101:
2122:
313:
and properly cooking food. No specific treatment is available, with rest and medications for
5964:
5876:
5856:
5704:
5674:
5290:
5172:
4882:
4562:
4494:
4375:
4306:
4043:
3830:
3822:
3662:
3490:
3482:
3441:
3394:
3349:
3286:
3268:
3201:
3138:
3130:
3088:
3048:
3009:
2965:
2890:
2880:
2822:
2814:
2773:
2765:
2724:
2685:
2634:
2587:
2533:
2492:
2453:
2413:
2405:
2318:
2310:
2269:
2251:
1973:
1765:
1671:
1663:
1617:
1609:
1563:
1555:
1506:
1490:
1438:
1164:
1095:
990:
436:
330:
110:
2299:"Discovery of a novel hepatovirus (Phopivirus of seals) related to human hepatitis A virus"
6180:
5886:
5848:
5818:
5664:
5597:
5462:
5447:
5371:
5338:
5096:
5024:
5019:
5001:
4921:
4910:
4781:
4745:
4665:
4451:
4312:
4074:
4062:
4050:
3589:"Men Who Have Sex with Men | Populations and Settings | Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
2129:
1025:
998:
560:
444:
342:
258:
218:
4122:
3092:
2621:
Moratorio G, Costa-Mattioli M, Piovani R, Romero H, Musto H, Cristina J (November 2007).
793:
use within the genome is biased and unusually distinct from its host. It also has a poor
3000:
Steffen R (October 2005). "Changing travel-related global epidemiology of hepatitis A".
2681:
2401:
2247:
51:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6303:
5467:
5432:
5328:
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4055:
3495:
3470:
3291:
3272:
3260:
3143:
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2895:
2868:
2827:
2802:
2418:
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2323:
2298:
2274:
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2027:
1913:
1676:
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1622:
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1568:
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1511:
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1201:
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1018:
1010:
774:
668:
662:
584:
572:
448:
182:
17:
4141:
4137:
3688:
2969:
2778:
2753:
1977:
1667:
1613:
1106:, and tests for immunity to the virus are based on the detection of these antibodies.
6551:
6308:
5828:
5636:
5497:
5477:
5388:
5353:
4327:
4322:
4270:
3398:
2147:
1596:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1033:
865:
536:
391:
3588:
3221:
2769:
2607:
2520:
Lu L, Ching KZ, de Paula VS, Nakano T, Siegl G, Weitz M, Robertson BH (2004-10-01).
1785:
474:
6467:
6358:
6318:
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5654:
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5472:
5318:
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3414:
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911:
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310:
207:
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3348:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 304. pp. 95–114.
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5115:
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4317:
4193:
3689:"Hepatitis A Information for Health Professionals — Statistics and Surveillance"
1103:
869:
861:
674:
596:
298:
294:
290:
286:
6520:
3719:"Hepatitis A numbers down in Kentucky; health officials still urge vaccination"
3559:
2922:
1964:
Ciocca M. (2000). "Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis A infection".
1389:
1123:) and feces of infected people up to 2 weeks before clinical illness develops.
6149:
5901:
5866:
5795:
5582:
5457:
5417:
5286:
5078:
4862:
4619:
4223:
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4212:
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2480:
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1303:) from a contaminated river. In June 2013, frozen berries sold by US retailer
1147:
1037:
895:
884:
857:
853:
747:
432:
3775:
3519:
3205:
2867:
Aragonès L, Guix S, Ribes E, Bosch A, Pintó RM (March 2010). Andino R (ed.).
2545:
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1502:
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5906:
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5714:
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4502:
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4266:
4204:
4169:
4117:
4107:
3353:
2256:
1545:"Hepatitis A immunisation in persons not previously exposed to hepatitis A."
1494:
1486:
1131:
For information about the vaccine, its properties, and its application, see
1029:
1006:
1001:
is associated with a high risk of infection. HAV can also be spread through
994:
873:
524:
400:
358:
334:
282:
273:
178:
3844:
3795:
3674:
3538:
3504:
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3213:
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2904:
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2738:
2697:
2648:
2599:
2553:
2506:
2465:
2427:
2332:
2283:
1999:
1985:
1777:
1685:
1631:
1577:
1520:
1450:
1404:
1079:
3471:"Hepatitis A surveillance and vaccine use in China from 1990 through 2007"
3100:
2787:
2729:
2712:
2639:
2622:
2537:
2314:
2174:
1880:"Indian Immunologicals unveils indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine"
720:) has been isolated from a seal. This virus shared a common ancestor with
88:
6514:
6432:
6170:
5760:
5709:
5565:
5505:
5333:
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123:
3134:
701:. Phylogenetic analysis suggests a rodent origin for human Hepatitis A.
5626:
5343:
5313:
5247:
4974:
1650:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
1143:
1120:
877:
786:
6343:
4090:
2481:"Genetic characterization of wild-type genotype VII hepatitis A virus"
2479:
Ching KZ, Nakano T, Chapman LE, Demby A, Robertson BH (January 2002).
2409:
898:
is released from the protein coat and is translated by the cell's own
5770:
5728:
5298:
4583:
4102:
4038:
2752:
Whetter LE, Day SP, Elroy-Stein O, Brown EA, Lemon SM (August 1994).
2591:
1429:
Connor BA (2005). "Hepatitis A vaccine in the last-minute traveler".
1304:
1094:
in the blood. IgM antibody is only present in the blood following an
1014:
891:
is 15–50 days and risk of death in those infected is less than 0.5%.
782:
690:
678:. Humans and other vertebrates serve as natural hosts of this genus.
386:
314:
6409:
4056:
Virus
Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Picornaviridae
3344:
André FE (2006). "Universal Mass
Vaccination Against Hepatitis A".
5724:
5376:
5234:
4993:
4625:
3904:"Recalled Costco frozen berries linked to 13 cases of Hepatitis A"
3774:
Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2003).
3079:
Stapleton JT (1995). "Host immune response to hepatitis A virus".
1215:
1078:
790:
698:
657:
511:
409:
381:
250:
170:
6480:
4174:
1830:"Hepatitis A outbreaks bring back focus on vaccination in Kerala"
3816:
Wheeler C, Vogt TM, Armstrong GL, et al. (September 2005).
1294:
1271:
405:
6413:
5251:
4239:
3888:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 28 October 2013.
2200:
5621:
4460:
3975:"San Diego is struggling with a huge hepatitis A | Word Range"
3520:"Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis — United States, 2007"
3261:"Maurice Hilleman: Creator of Vaccines That Changed the World"
1270:, affected at least 640 people (killing four) in northeastern
1099:
1088:
881:
686:
269:
may rarely occur, with this being more common in the elderly.
31:
1179:
travel. The CDC recommends vaccination against infection for
1044:, reaching 100% incidence, but following infection, lifelong
902:. Unlike other picornaviruses, this virus requires an intact
399:, a yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes owing to
3745:"Officials: Kentucky's hepatitis A outbreak now worst in US"
2232:"Evolutionary origins of hepatitis A virus in small mammals"
852:
Following ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the
789:
of the virus has been found, but multiple genotypes exist.
2123:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
3818:"An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with green onions"
3346:
Mass Vaccination: Global Aspects — Progress and Obstacles
1083:
Serum IgG, IgM, and ALT following hepatovirus A infection
753:
The mutation rate in the genome has been estimated to be
3860:"118 sickened in hepatitis A outbreak linked to berries"
1060:(2%, 4 hours), beta-propiolactone (0.25%, 1 hour), and
1801:
The Encyclopedia of Hepatitis and Other Liver Diseases
1266:
Another widespread outbreak in the United States, the
1251:
Over 30,000 cases of hepatitis A were reported to the
3236:"Hepatitis A: Vaccine Licensed | History of Vaccines"
2850:
2848:
2846:
2355:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
2090:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1158:
The two types of vaccines contain either inactivated
4080:
408:
is removed from the bloodstream and excreted in the
6504:
6422:
6286:
6224:
6148:
6103:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
5925:
5847:
5794:
5723:
5673:
5645:
5607:
5496:
5404:
5352:
5285:
5211:
5187:
5095:
5018:
4973:
4962:
4791:
4753:
4732:
4700:
4655:
4609:
4488:
4477:
4450:
4277:
4184:
4084:
3712:
3710:
236:
228:
214:
199:
189:
158:
150:
142:
130:
116:
100:
78:
73:
3192:Nothdurft HD (July 2008). "Hepatitis A vaccines".
2382:"A novel hepatovirus identified in wild woodchuck
2207:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
341:occurs each year on July 28 to bring awareness to
165:, eating food or drinking water contaminated with
2052:Mauss S, Berg T, Rockstroh J, Sarrazin C (2012).
1278:in late 2003. The outbreak was blamed on tainted
232:114 million symptomatic and nonsymptomatic (2015)
2956:Lees D (2000). "Viruses and bivalve shellfish".
3112:
3110:
2916:
2914:
2862:
2860:
2801:Aragonès L, Bosch A, Pintó RM (February 2008).
2662:
2660:
2658:
2439:
2437:
2236:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3691:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3074:
3072:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
447:are the possible extrahepatic manifestations.
5263:
4251:
2056:. Germany: Flying publisher. pp. 29–30.
1706:(4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 541–4.
1293:, China, were infected with HAV after eating
1109:During the acute stage of the infection, the
420:Light or clay-colored faeces (acholic faeces)
8:
6278:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
6093:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
5992:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
3648:
3646:
3644:
3310:"Hepatitis A Vaccine: What you need to know"
2142:
2140:
2138:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1543:Irving GJ, Holden J, Yang R, Pope D (2012).
6216:United Kingdom food information regulations
3518:Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A (May 2009).
3304:
3302:
1645:
1643:
1641:
6410:
5270:
5256:
5248:
4970:
4750:
4515:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
4485:
4258:
4244:
4236:
4081:
3117:Musana KA, Yale SH, Abdulkarim AS (2004).
2713:"Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus"
2022:
2020:
2002:. Center for Disease Control. 2009-09-17.
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1388:Matheny SC, Kingery JE (1 December 2012).
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
923:
799:
473:
462:
87:
70:
6054:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
4386:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
3834:
3494:
3445:
3290:
3142:
3052:
2894:
2884:
2826:
2777:
2728:
2638:
2496:
2417:
2322:
2273:
2255:
1697:
1695:
1675:
1621:
1567:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1510:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
6098:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
5960:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
2116:
2114:
2000:"Hepatitis A Information for the Public"
1916:. World Health Organization. July 2013.
122:Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dark urine,
96:A case of jaundice caused by hepatitis A
6068:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
1329:
1318:2019 United States hepatitis A outbreak
1289:. In 1988, more than 300,000 people in
1119:Hepatovirus A is present in the blood (
731:– has been isolated from the woodchuck
6083:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
5660:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
4011:from the original on 25 September 2017
3955:from the original on November 21, 2017
3936:from the original on 19 February 2015.
3181:from the original on 22 February 2009.
3725:from the original on October 27, 2020
1920:from the original on 21 February 2014
1231: Intermediate: between 2% and 7%
1225: High: prevalence higher than 8%
685:are recognized. These species infect
337:A resulted in 11,200 deaths in 2015.
27:Acute infectious disease of the liver
7:
6374:
6262:Institute for Food Safety and Health
6002:Australian meat substitution scandal
5970:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
5746:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
3892:from the original on 12 August 2013.
3870:from the original on 2 January 2017.
3695:from the original on 3 February 2014
2921:Brundage SC, Fitzpatrick AN (2006).
2099:from the original on 18 October 2022
1471:Gilson R, Brook MG (December 2006).
1048:results. HAV can be inactivated by
779:positive-sense, single-strand of RNA
6394:
6250:Food Information and Control Agency
4536:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3947:Ramseth, Luke (November 19, 2017).
3914:from the original on 17 March 2017.
3755:from the original on August 9, 2020
3751:. Associated Press. June 28, 2018.
1017:are the only natural reservoir and
985:The virus primarily spreads by the
3273:10.1016/B978-0-12-804571-8.00003-2
3093:10.1093/infdis/171.Supplement_1.S9
1411:from the original on 9 March 2014.
1200:In the United States in 1991, the
894:Within the liver hepatocytes, the
25:
6267:International Food Safety Network
6191:International Food Safety Network
5912:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
5862:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
5589:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
4855:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
4381:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
3926:"Frozen berries Heptitus A scare"
3175:National Health Service (England)
2211:from the original on 4 March 2018
2181:from the original on 10 July 2015
2154:from the original on 17 June 2015
1732:U.S. National Library of Medicine
6393:
6383:
6373:
6364:
6363:
6352:
6342:
6272:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
6108:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
6039:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
6034:ICA meat repackaging controversy
4841:Middle East respiratory syndrome
3805:from the original on 2011-10-18.
3548:from the original on 2012-05-19.
3399:10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00279.x
3035:Jacobsen KH, Koopman JS (2005).
2945:from the original on 2014-03-09.
1818:from the original on 2017-09-08.
1138:Hepatitis A can be prevented by
498:
249:is an infectious disease of the
36:
6211:Quality Assurance International
6118:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
6088:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
5982:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
5897:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
3599:from the original on 2008-07-26
3570:from the original on 2016-03-06
3326:from the original on 2007-11-20
2770:10.1128/JVI.68.8.5253-5263.1994
2560:from the original on 2024-04-17
2054:Hepatology: A clinical textbook
2034:from the original on 2014-02-21
2006:from the original on 2011-05-22
1946:from the original on 2007-06-02
1942:. eMedicineHealth. 2007-05-17.
1886:from the original on 2024-03-20
1861:from the original on 2024-03-20
1836:from the original on 2024-03-20
1804:. Infobase. 2006. p. 105.
1738:from the original on 2016-11-11
1478:Sexually Transmitted Infections
1399:(11): 1027–34, quiz 1010–1012.
1056:(0.35%, 37 °C, 72 hours),
1032:, acid (pH 1), solvents (e.g.,
904:eukaryotic initiation factor 4G
6240:European Food Safety Authority
6113:Food safety incidents in China
5950:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
5917:Water fluoridation controversy
4440:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
4426:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
2458:10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.005
2201:"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"
2175:"Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release"
1914:"Hepatitis A Fact sheet N°328"
1702:Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004).
1560:10.1002/14651858.CD009051.pub2
1259:with six deaths (482 cases in
1220:Hepatitis A distribution 2005
729:Marmota himalayana hepatovirus
412:, giving it a dark amber color
357:infection can be mistaken for
1:
5136:
3784:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.
3717:Wymer G (December 11, 2019).
3667:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.037
3447:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.100
3317:Vaccine Information Statement
3265:Case Studies in Public Health
2970:10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00248-8
1978:10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00470-3
1668:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1614:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1237: Low : less than 2%
6568:Vaccine-preventable diseases
6245:Food and Drug Administration
5927:Food contamination incidents
4645:Tropical spastic paraparesis
4550:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
3014:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.016
2886:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000797
2690:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.08.009
1704:Sherris Medical Microbiology
1443:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.07.018
1052:treatment (drinking water),
795:internal ribosome entry site
6299:Food and drink prohibitions
6073:Bihar school meal poisoning
5997:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
5955:1900 English beer poisoning
5309:Antibiotic use in livestock
5008:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
4928:Human parainfluenza viruses
4601:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
3440:(28). Elseiver: 3200–3207.
2526:Journal of General Virology
917:No apparent virus-mediated
428:Extrahepatic manifestations
6589:
6294:Curing (food preservation)
5367:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
3387:Journal of Viral Hepatitis
3167:"Hepatitis A — Prevention"
1882:. theeconomictimes. 2024.
1857:. theeconomictimes. 2023.
1548:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
1268:2003 US hepatitis outbreak
1130:
6337:
6324:Genetically modified food
6176:Food labeling regulations
6044:2008 Chinese milk scandal
4672:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
3951:. The Salt Lake Tribune.
3240:www.historyofvaccines.org
2498:10.1099/0022-1317-83-1-53
2077:Knowles N (7 July 2014).
1770:10.1007/s12560-012-9097-6
1181:men who have sex with men
962:Cell receptor endocytosis
625:
618:
493:
481:
472:
465:
146:2–6 weeks after infection
95:
86:
45:This article needs to be
6186:Food safety in Australia
5382:High-fructose corn syrup
4774:Infectious mononucleosis
4591:Chandipura vesiculovirus
4421:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4366:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4299:Hepatocellular carcinoma
4068:Human hepatitis A virus
3858:Weise E (18 June 2013).
3206:10.1586/14760584.7.5.535
639:Simian hepatitis A virus
6166:Acceptable daily intake
6078:2013 horse meat scandal
5519:Clostridium perfringens
4570:Encephalitis lethargica
4271:viral systemic diseases
4044:CDC's hepatitis A links
3354:10.1007/3-540-36583-4_6
3119:"Tests of Liver Injury"
2257:10.1073/pnas.1516992112
1728:"Hepatitis MedlinePlus"
1495:10.1136/sti.2006.023218
1024:About 40% of all acute
634:Human hepatitis A virus
257:(HAV); it is a type of
210:, properly cooking food
126:, fever, abdominal pain
18:Human hepatitis A virus
6234:Centre for Food Safety
6049:2008 Irish pork crisis
5751:Benzene in soft drinks
4942:Human orthopneumovirus
4596:Herpesviral meningitis
4557:Arbovirus encephalitis
3487:10.2188/jea.JE20080087
3259:Tulchinsky TH (2018).
3008:(Suppl 10A): 46S–49S.
2958:Int. J. Food Microbiol
1940:"Hepatitis A Symptoms"
1437:(Suppl 10A): 58S–62S.
1239:
1084:
781:packaged in a protein
727:Another hepatovirus –
724:about 1800 years ago.
6256:Food Standards Agency
6206:Organic certification
6201:Nutrition facts label
5945:Esing Bakery incident
5733:environment pollution
4400:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2730:10.1099/vir.0.19532-0
2640:10.1099/vir.0.83038-0
2538:10.1099/vir.0.80304-0
2315:10.1128/mBio.01180-15
1219:
1082:
818:Genomic segmentation
323:liver transplantation
223:liver transplantation
6025:2006 North American
5683:Acesulfame potassium
5512:Campylobacter jejuni
5406:Intestinal parasites
5279:Consumer food safety
5045:Adenovirus infection
4509:Human polyomavirus 2
4338:Oropharyngeal cancer
3932:. 17 February 2015.
3836:10.1056/NEJMoa050855
2819:10.1128/JVI.01842-07
1662:(10053): 1459–1544.
1608:(10053): 1545–1602.
1287:Monaca, Pennsylvania
1261:Louisville, Kentucky
1069:developing countries
1042:developing countries
495:Virus classification
423:Abdominal discomfort
82:Infectious hepatitis
6329:Conspiracy theories
5882:Heterocyclic amines
5786:Shellfish poisoning
4631:Post-polio syndrome
4267:Infectious diseases
3319:. CDC. 2006-03-21.
3194:Expert Rev Vaccines
3135:10.3121/cmr.2.2.129
2723:(Pt 12): 3191–201.
2682:2009InfGE...9.1287K
2670:Infect. Genet. Evol
2402:2016NatSR...622361Y
2248:2015PNAS..11215190D
2242:(49): 15190–15195.
2205:talk.ictvonline.org
1133:Hepatitis A vaccine
1114:alanine transferase
956:Humans; vertebrates
815:Genomic arrangement
483:Electron micrograph
339:World Hepatitis Day
306:hepatitis A vaccine
267:Acute liver failure
204:Hepatitis A vaccine
175:sexual transmission
137:Acute liver failure
5987:Toxic oil syndrome
5940:Swill milk scandal
5766:Diethylstilbestrol
5438:Diphyllobothriasis
4764:Epstein–Barr virus
4734:Respiratory system
4371:Burkitt's lymphoma
4185:External resources
4073:2021-04-28 at the
4061:2022-10-31 at the
4049:2008-06-05 at the
3930:ABC News Australia
3908:The Canadian Press
3527:MMWR Surveill Summ
3087:(Suppl 1): S9–14.
3054:10.1093/ije/dyi062
2633:(Pt 11): 3039–42.
2384:Marmota himalayana
2128:2023-02-16 at the
1832:. thehindu. 2024.
1758:Food Environ Virol
1300:Anadara subcrenata
1240:
1085:
974:Oral-fecal; blood
887:in the blood. The
734:Marmota himalayana
401:hyperbilirubinemia
353:Early symptoms of
349:Signs and symptoms
107:Infectious disease
6545:
6544:
6506:Hepatitis A virus
6416:Taxon identifiers
6407:
6406:
6314:Food preservation
6123:Foodborne illness
5675:Sugar substitutes
5428:Cryptosporidiosis
5410:parasitic disease
5324:HGH controversies
5291:food contaminants
5245:
5244:
5207:
5206:
4958:
4957:
4889:Influenza virus A
4806:Human coronavirus
4696:
4695:
4686:Herpes of the eye
4233:
4232:
3910:. 19 April 2016.
3363:978-3-540-29382-8
3282:978-0-12-804571-8
3177:. 21 March 2012.
2532:(10): 2943–2952.
2410:10.1038/srep22361
2361:on August 1, 2020
2063:978-3-924774-73-8
1811:978-0-8160-6990-3
1713:978-0-8385-8529-0
1274:and southwestern
978:
977:
908:protein synthesis
889:incubation period
845:Replication cycle
842:
841:
646:
645:
629:Hepatitis A virus
363:incubation period
244:
243:
191:Diagnostic method
68:Medical condition
66:
65:
16:(Redirected from
6580:
6538:
6537:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6497:
6496:
6484:
6483:
6471:
6470:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6411:
6397:
6396:
6387:
6377:
6376:
6367:
6366:
6359:Drink portal
6357:
6356:
6355:
6347:
6346:
6258:(United Kingdom)
6007:Jack in the Box
5978:
5965:Minamata disease
5877:Food irradiation
5857:4-Hydroxynonenal
5705:Sodium cyclamate
5548:Escherichia coli
5540:Escherichia coli
5272:
5265:
5258:
5249:
4971:
4966:digestive system
4883:Orthomyxoviridae
4849:SARS coronavirus
4835:MERS coronavirus
4751:
4563:Orthomyxoviridae
4486:
4452:Immune disorders
4376:Hodgkin lymphoma
4352:Kaposi's sarcoma
4260:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4082:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3981:. Archived from
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3882:"Outbreak Cases"
3878:
3872:
3871:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3823:N. Engl. J. Med.
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3780:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3650:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3623:. Archived from
3622:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3524:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3314:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2927:Am Fam Physician
2918:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2888:
2864:
2855:
2852:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2592:10.1002/jmv.2106
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2357:. Archived from
2343:
2337:
2336:
2326:
2309:(4): e01180–15.
2294:
2288:
2287:
2277:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2144:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1593:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1514:
1468:
1455:
1454:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1393:Am Fam Physician
1385:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1165:Maurice Hilleman
991:parenteral route
987:fecal–oral route
942:Replication site
924:
800:
756:
681:Nine members of
656:is a species of
503:
502:
477:
463:
443:and generalized
437:red cell aplasia
331:developing world
163:Fecal–oral route
111:gastroenterology
91:
71:
61:
58:
52:
40:
39:
32:
21:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6533:
6528:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6500:
6492:
6487:
6479:
6474:
6466:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6418:
6408:
6403:
6353:
6351:
6349:Food portal
6341:
6333:
6282:
6220:
6181:Food libel laws
6144:
5972:
5921:
5887:Modified starch
5849:Food processing
5843:
5790:
5719:
5669:
5665:Sodium benzoate
5641:
5603:
5598:Vibrio cholerae
5492:
5463:Gnathostomiasis
5448:Fasciolopsiasis
5400:
5348:
5339:Mercury in fish
5281:
5276:
5246:
5241:
5203:
5183:
5091:
5065:Gastroenteritis
5023:
5020:Gastroenteritis
5014:
5002:Cytomegalovirus
4965:
4954:
4922:Paramyxoviridae
4911:Avian influenza
4787:
4782:Cytomegalovirus
4746:viral pneumonia
4744:
4741:nasopharyngitis
4740:
4737:
4728:
4692:
4666:Cytomegalovirus
4651:
4605:
4493:
4480:
4473:
4446:
4313:Cervical cancer
4273:
4264:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4180:
4179:
4093:
4079:
4075:Wayback Machine
4063:Wayback Machine
4051:Wayback Machine
4030:
4025:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3886:Viral Hepatitis
3880:
3879:
3875:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3652:
3651:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3600:
3595:. 31 May 2015.
3587:
3586:
3582:
3573:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3364:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3283:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3041:Int J Epidemiol
3034:
3033:
3029:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2964:(1–2): 81–116.
2955:
2954:
2950:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2879:(3): e1000797.
2866:
2865:
2858:
2853:
2844:
2813:(4): 1688–700.
2800:
2799:
2795:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2491:(Pt 1): 53–60.
2478:
2477:
2473:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2184:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2130:Wayback Machine
2119:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1554:(7): CD009051.
1542:
1541:
1532:
1470:
1469:
1458:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1387:
1386:
1331:
1326:
1314:
1283:at a restaurant
1249:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1205:liver disease.
1198:
1189:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1077:
1064:(2 μW/cm/min).
1026:viral hepatitis
1005:, specifically
983:
939:Release details
847:
777:and contains a
764:
754:
743:
651:
614:
562:Pisoniviricetes
497:
461:
445:lymphadenopathy
430:
351:
343:viral hepatitis
259:viral hepatitis
219:Supportive care
69:
62:
56:
53:
50:
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6586:
6584:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6563:Picornaviridae
6560:
6550:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6526:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6485:
6472:
6459:
6444:
6428:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6381:
6371:
6361:
6338:
6335:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6304:Food marketing
6301:
6296:
6290:
6288:
6287:Related topics
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6253:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6162:
6160:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6022:
6013:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5872:Food additives
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5800:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5737:
5735:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5679:
5677:
5671:
5670:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5586:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5498:Microorganisms
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5468:Paragonimiasis
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5433:Cyclosporiasis
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5354:Food additives
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5329:Lead poisoning
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5157:
5145:
5133:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5101:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5010:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4983:
4981:
4968:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4759:
4757:
4748:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4706:
4704:
4702:Cardiovascular
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4615:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4573:
4572:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4497:
4483:
4481:nervous system
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4356:
4355:
4354:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4333:Vaginal cancer
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4215:
4201:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4155:
4144:
4125:
4110:
4094:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:Classification
4078:
4077:
4065:
4053:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4028:External links
4026:
4023:
4022:
3995:
3966:
3939:
3917:
3895:
3873:
3850:
3808:
3790:(47): 1155–7.
3766:
3736:
3706:
3680:
3661:(41): 6653–7.
3640:
3609:
3580:
3566:. 2018-07-27.
3551:
3510:
3481:(4): 189–195.
3461:
3420:
3393:(4): 293–303.
3377:
3362:
3336:
3298:
3281:
3251:
3227:
3184:
3158:
3106:
3081:J. Infect. Dis
3068:
3027:
2992:
2983:
2948:
2933:(12): 2162–8.
2910:
2856:
2842:
2793:
2764:(8): 5253–63.
2744:
2703:
2676:(6): 1287–94.
2654:
2613:
2570:
2512:
2471:
2433:
2372:
2338:
2289:
2222:
2192:
2165:
2134:
2110:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2016:
1991:
1956:
1931:
1896:
1871:
1846:
1821:
1810:
1791:
1748:
1719:
1712:
1691:
1637:
1583:
1530:
1456:
1414:
1390:"Hepatitis A."
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1248:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1202:mortality rate
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1155:
1152:
1128:
1125:
1076:
1073:
1058:peracetic acid
1019:disease vector
1011:digital–rectal
1003:sexual contact
999:polluted water
997:cultivated in
982:
979:
976:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:Tissue tropism
931:
928:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
763:
760:
755:1.73–9.76 × 10
742:
739:
669:Picornaviridae
663:Picornavirales
650:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
636:
631:
623:
622:
616:
615:
608:
606:
602:
601:
594:
590:
589:
586:Picornaviridae
582:
578:
577:
574:Picornavirales
570:
566:
565:
558:
554:
553:
546:
542:
541:
534:
530:
529:
522:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:
491:
490:
479:
478:
470:
469:
460:
457:
449:Kidney failure
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
418:
413:
403:
394:
389:
384:
379:
350:
347:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
230:
226:
225:
216:
212:
211:
201:
197:
196:
193:
187:
186:
183:digital–rectal
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
104:
98:
97:
93:
92:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
67:
64:
63:
57:September 2020
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6585:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6536:
6531:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6495:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6454:Hepatovirus A
6449:
6445:
6440:
6434:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6424:Hepatovirus A
6421:
6417:
6412:
6400:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6370:
6362:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6309:Food politics
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6274:(South Korea)
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6139:
6138:United States
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6059:2011 Germany
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6016:1996 Odwalla
6014:
6012:
6010:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5924:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5647:Preservatives
5644:
5638:
5637:Methamidophos
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5478:Toxoplasmosis
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5389:Vegetable oil
5387:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5254:
5253:
5250:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4934:Parainfluenza
4932:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4770:EBV infection
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4735:
4731:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Poliomyelitis
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Vulvar cancer
4326:
4324:
4323:Penile cancer
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3996:
3985:on 2017-09-25
3984:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3812:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3740:
3737:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3630:on 2020-10-30
3626:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3200:(5): 535–45.
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:(2): 129–31.
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2923:"Hepatitis A"
2917:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:J. Gen. Virol
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:J. Gen. Virol
2624:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:J. Med. Virol
2574:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:J. Gen. Virol
2482:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2028:"Hepatitis A"
2023:
2021:
2017:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1246:
1244:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1161:
1160:Hepatovirus A
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:sexual acts.
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
980:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
948:Transmission
947:
945:Assembly site
944:
941:
938:
936:Entry details
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:Kupffer cells
863:
859:
855:
850:
844:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
767:Hepatovirus A
761:
759:
751:
749:
740:
738:
736:
735:
730:
725:
723:
722:Hepatovirus A
719:
718:
713:
712:
711:hepatovirus B
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
676:
671:
670:
665:
664:
660:in the order
659:
655:
654:Hepatovirus A
648:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
621:
617:
613:
612:
611:Hepatovirus A
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
583:
580:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
538:Orthornavirae
535:
532:
531:
528:
527:
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
496:
492:
488:
487:Hepatovirus A
484:
480:
476:
471:
468:
467:Hepatovirus A
464:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
422:
419:
417:
414:
411:
407:
404:
402:
398:
395:
393:
392:Appetite loss
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
370:
366:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Hepatovirus A
252:
248:
239:
235:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
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167:Hepatovirus A
164:
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132:Complications
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6319:Food quality
6226:Institutions
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6017:
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5892:Nitrosamines
5655:Benzoic acid
5617:Chlorpyrifos
5596:
5590:
5581:
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5554:
5547:
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5531:
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5488:Trichuriasis
5473:Toxocariasis
5443:Enterobiasis
5319:Formaldehyde
5227:
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5189:Pancreatitis
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4717:Pericarditis
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4490:Encephalitis
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4015:25 September
4013:. Retrieved
4007:. LA Times.
3998:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3979:wordrange.us
3978:
3969:
3959:November 21,
3957:. Retrieved
3942:
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3826:
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3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3739:
3729:September 1,
3727:. Retrieved
3697:. Retrieved
3683:
3658:
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3632:. Retrieved
3625:the original
3612:
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2529:
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2452:(2): 151–7.
2449:
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2363:. Retrieved
2359:the original
2354:
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2235:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2204:
2195:
2183:. Retrieved
2168:
2156:. Retrieved
2148:"Viral Zone"
2101:. Retrieved
2089:
2081:Picornavirus
2080:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2036:. Retrieved
2008:. Retrieved
1994:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1948:. Retrieved
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1888:. Retrieved
1874:
1863:. Retrieved
1849:
1838:. Retrieved
1824:
1800:
1794:
1764:(1): 13–23.
1761:
1757:
1751:
1740:. Retrieved
1731:
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1298:
1280:green onions
1276:Pennsylvania
1265:
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1241:
1212:Epidemiology
1207:
1199:
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1177:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1137:
1118:
1111:liver enzyme
1108:
1086:
1066:
1062:UV radiation
1023:
984:
981:Transmission
930:Host details
919:cytotoxicity
916:
912:cell culture
893:
851:
848:
838:Monopartite
832:Nonenveloped
773:; it is not
771:picornavirus
766:
765:
752:
744:
732:
726:
721:
715:
709:
706:member virus
703:
682:
680:
673:
667:
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633:
628:
610:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
550:Pisuviricota
549:
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525:
518:
508:(unranked):
486:
466:
453:pericarditis
441:pancreatitis
431:
371:
367:
354:
352:
327:
311:hand washing
303:
285:viruses: A,
271:
254:
246:
245:
208:hand washing
185:sexual acts.
166:
74:Hepatitis A
54:
46:
29:
6558:Hepatitis A
6448:Wikispecies
6399:WikiProject
6236:(Hong Kong)
5973: [
5935:Devon colic
5809:Breast milk
5781:Nonylphenol
5756:Bisphenol A
5693:controversy
5560:Hepatitis E
5555:Hepatitis A
5533:Enterovirus
5526:Cronobacter
5483:Trichinosis
5453:Fasciolosis
5423:Anisakiasis
5394:controversy
5287:Adulterants
5086:Coronavirus
4827:Common cold
4739:acute viral
4722:Myocarditis
4566:(probable)
4318:Anal cancer
4224:Hepatitis A
4194:MedlinePlus
4035:Hepatitis A
3593:www.cdc.gov
3564:www.cdc.gov
3533:(3): 1–27.
3475:J Epidemiol
3267:: 443–470.
3171:NHS Choices
2873:PLOS Pathog
2586:(1): 22–7.
2349:Hepatovirus
1924:20 February
1154:Vaccination
1140:vaccination
1104:vaccination
953:Hepatovirus
870:endocytosis
862:hepatocytes
826:Icosahedral
823:Hepatovirus
785:. Only one
748:owl monkeys
683:Hepatovirus
675:Hepatovirus
598:Hepatovirus
433:Joint pains
355:hepatitis A
247:Hepatitis A
195:Blood tests
143:Usual onset
79:Other names
6552:Categories
6150:Regulation
6133:death toll
5902:Shortening
5867:Acrylamide
5796:Food fraud
5776:Mycotoxins
5609:Pesticides
5583:Salmonella
5458:Giardiasis
5418:Amoebiasis
5362:Flavorings
5213:Urogenital
5079:Astrovirus
5039:Adenovirus
4863:SARS-CoV-2
4620:Poliovirus
4495:meningitis
4219:Patient UK
4159:DiseasesDB
4003:Smith JE.
3989:2017-09-25
3699:28 January
3634:2017-09-22
3603:2017-12-13
3574:2018-08-15
3330:2007-03-12
3245:2021-02-06
3002:Am. J. Med
2564:2024-04-17
2150:. ExPASy.
2079:"Rename12
2038:2014-02-20
2010:2011-01-08
1950:2007-05-18
1890:2024-03-20
1865:2024-03-20
1840:2024-03-20
1742:2020-06-19
1656:The Lancet
1602:The Lancet
1431:Am. J. Med
1324:References
1148:sanitation
1127:Prevention
1092:antibodies
1038:chloroform
896:RNA genome
885:antibodies
874:viroporins
858:oropharynx
854:epithelium
829:Pseudo T=3
717:Phopivirus
253:caused by
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6573:Hepatitis
6439:Q24722353
6196:ISO 22000
6158:watchdogs
6154:standards
6128:outbreaks
6029:outbreaks
5907:Trans fat
5819:Olive oil
5741:Aflatoxin
5715:Sucralose
5700:Saccharin
5688:Aspartame
5632:Malathion
5577:Rotavirus
5572:Norovirus
5124:RNA virus
5105:DNA virus
5097:Hepatitis
5072:Norovirus
5060:Rotavirus
5054:RNA virus
5033:DNA virus
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4524:RNA virus
4503:DNA virus
4409:RNA virus
4287:DNA virus
4279:Oncovirus
4205:eMedicine
4170:SNOMED CT
3864:USA Today
2546:0022-1317
2446:Virus Res
2396:: 22361.
2266:0027-8424
1503:1472-3263
1489:: 35–39.
1487:BMJ Group
1247:Countries
1196:Prognosis
1187:Treatment
1075:Diagnosis
1030:detergent
995:shellfish
971:Cytoplasm
968:Cytoplasm
900:ribosomes
806:Structure
775:enveloped
762:Structure
741:Genotypes
695:hedgehogs
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605:Species:
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526:Riboviria
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283:hepatitis
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6535:11459942
6521:Q4112120
6515:Wikidata
6481:46698503
6433:Wikidata
6389:Cookbook
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6020:outbreak
6011:outbreak
5761:Dieldrin
5710:Sorbitol
5566:Listeria
5506:Botulism
5334:Melamine
5304:Aldicarb
5222:BK virus
5025:diarrhea
4869:COVID-19
4611:Myelitis
4175:40468003
4071:Archived
4059:Archived
4047:Archived
4009:Archived
3953:Archived
3934:Archived
3912:Archived
3890:Archived
3868:Archived
3845:16135833
3800:Archived
3796:14647018
3759:June 30,
3753:Archived
3723:Archived
3721:. WKYT.
3693:Archived
3675:20723630
3597:Archived
3568:Archived
3543:Archived
3539:19478727
3505:19561383
3456:25981490
3407:11454182
3372:16989266
3321:Archived
3222:22452932
3214:18564009
3179:Archived
3153:15931347
3063:15831565
3022:16271541
2978:10946842
2943:Archived
2939:16848078
2905:20221432
2837:18057242
2807:J. Virol
2758:J. Virol
2739:14645901
2698:19723592
2649:17947528
2608:42775132
2600:11748654
2558:Archived
2554:15448357
2507:11752700
2466:17328982
2428:26924426
2365:12 March
2347:"Genus:
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2284:26575627
2209:Archived
2179:Archived
2152:Archived
2126:Archived
2103:12 March
2094:Archived
2083:species"
2032:Archived
2004:Archived
1986:10683554
1972:: 71–4.
1944:Archived
1918:Archived
1884:Archived
1859:Archived
1834:Archived
1816:Archived
1786:16273385
1778:23412719
1736:Archived
1686:27733281
1632:27733282
1578:22786522
1521:17151052
1451:16271543
1409:Archived
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1312:See also
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5550:O157:H7
5542:O104:H4
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5314:Cyanide
4975:Pharynx
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3292:7150172
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3101:7876654
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2828:2258700
2788:8035522
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2398:Bibcode
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2324:4550696
2275:4679062
2244:Bibcode
2185:15 June
2158:15 June
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1677:5388903
1623:5055577
1569:6823267
1512:2563900
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47:updated
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5725:Toxins
5299:3-MCPD
4639:HTLV-I
4584:Rabies
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1015:Humans
835:Linear
812:Capsid
699:shrews
697:, and
387:Nausea
315:nausea
297:, and
279:immune
240:11,200
237:Deaths
159:Causes
6530:IRMNG
6494:12092
6468:3KW2L
5977:]
5824:Prawn
5804:Bread
5377:Sugar
5235:Mumps
4994:Mumps
4964:Human
4394:MCPyV
4142:070.1
4138:070.0
4123:B15.9
4118:10-CM
3803:(PDF)
3779:(PDF)
3628:(PDF)
3621:(PDF)
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3411:S2CID
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3218:S2CID
2604:S2CID
2097:(PDF)
2086:(PDF)
1782:S2CID
1485:(4).
1295:clams
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803:Genus
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4813:NL63
4809:229E
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3501:PMID
3452:PMID
3403:PMID
3368:PMID
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2645:PMID
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