805:
491:
196:
3123:
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41:
864:
346:
949:
Because the main sources on Cnut's housecarls were written at least one century after Cnut's reign, there are several theories about the exact nature and role of these housecarls. Cnut is said to have retained 3,000 to 4,000 men with him in
England, to serve as his bodyguard. One theory is that these
458:
Ketill and Bjôrn, they raised this stone in memory of Þorsteinn, their father; Ônundr in memory of his brother and the housecarls in memory of the just(?) (and) Ketiley in memory of her husbandman. These brothers were the best of men in the land and abroad in the retinue , held their housecarls well.
1273:
Central
Committee, British Archaeological Association; Central Committee, Archaeological Institute of Great Britain Ireland; Council, Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain Ireland; Ireland, Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and; Britain), Royal Archaeological Institute (Great
919:
records only thirty-three landholding housecarls in the kingdom; furthermore, these estates were small. Thus, it does not seem that the
English landholders were deprived of their properties to provide for land grants to the king's housecarls. On the other hand, some of Cnut's housecarls seem to have
950:
men were Cnut's housecarls, and that they served as a well-equipped, disciplined, professional, and quite numerous (for the time) standing army at the service of the king. However, another theory is that there was nothing like an important, standing, royal army in 11th century Anglo-Saxon
England.
838:
defined an etiquette: housecarles were to be seated at the kings' tables according to a number of factors, among which skill in war and nobility. They could be disgraced by being moved to a lower place; this was punishment for minor offences, such as not giving proper care to the horse of a fellow
988:
Yet another theory is that the role of a standing army was not assumed, or was not mostly assumed, by the royal housecarls; but that the housecarls were a smaller body of household troops, partly stationed at the king's court. During the reign of Edward the
Confessor, a number of sailors and
996:
One reason to doubt the existence of a standing army made of housecarls is that, when there was a revolt in 1051, under the reign of Edward the
Confessor, no such standing army was used to crush it, whereas its existence would have allowed for a swift, decisive action against the rebels.
733:) may reflect, in fact, those governing Danish housecarls in the 12th century. But, by the end of the 12th century, housecarls had probably disappeared in Denmark; they had transformed into a new kind of nobility, whose members no longer resided at the king's court.
769:, who were soldiers that were equally adept in land and maritime warfare. Also, there were bands of foreign warriors under the control of foreign commanders, who sometimes served as the retinues of important Anglo-Saxon lords. For example, one version of the
1009:, the housecarls had a crucial role as the backbone of Harold's army at Hastings. Although they were numerically the smaller part of Harold's army, their possibly superior equipment and training meant they could have been used to strengthen the militia, or
936:
The royal housecarls had some administrative duties in peacetime as the King's representatives. Florence of
Worcester recounts how, in 1041, there was a revolt against a very heavy levy in Worcester, and two of king
912:
On one hand, the number of housecarls receiving land grants and estates from the king seems to have been rather limited, from the beginning of Cnut's reign up to the Norman conquest in 1066. At that last date, the
839:
housecarl. After three such offences, the offender could be seated at the lowest place, and no-one was to talk to him, but everyone could throw bones at him at will. The murder of another housecarl was punished by
704:
Under Svein
Forkbeard and Cnut the Great, when the Danish kings came to rule England, a body of royal housecarls was developed there, with institutions that were partly of Norse inspiration, and partly inspired by
745:
England; the housecarls of Cnut were highly disciplined bodyguards. It is unclear, however, whether Cnut's housecarls were all
Scandinavians; some were Slavs according to Domesday Book records and according to
1013:, which made up most of Harold's troops. The housecarls were positioned in the centre, around their leader's standard, but also probably in the first ranks of both flanks, with the fyrdmen behind them. In the
977:(1902). However, more recently, historian Nicholas Hooper criticised Larson and stated that "it is time to debunk the housecarl"; according to Hooper, housecarls were not in effect distinguishable from Saxon
789:
seems to have been a synonym for a mercenary or retainer rather than just royal bodyguards. It also would have been used to differentiate between that of the paid warrior and the unpaid militia known as the
1116:, but seems to mean 'warrior' in the Norse literature. However they were undoubtedly some form of standing force; possibly the Nordic sources referred to the Anglo-Saxon seamen they faced in this manner.
586:): free men in the service of a king or lord, who gave them gifts as payment of said service. It is known from Icelandic sources that in the 1060s, the royal housecarls were paid with Norwegian coins.
723:, Aggesen's grandfather, a member of the retinue, was tried for the murder of a fellow housecarl. Svend Aggesen's account of the law governing Cnut the Great's housecarls in 11th century England (the
479:. Thus, the housecarls mentioned here would be royal bodyguards; in any case, it can be seen here that the word "housecarl" now applied to a person who fought in the service of a different person.
715:). But even after the Danish kings had lost England, housecarls continued to exist in Denmark. Such a group of royal retainers was still in place at the beginning of the 12th century, under
262:
in the 11th century. They were well-trained, and paid as full-time soldiers. In
England, the royal housecarls had a number of roles, both military and administrative, and they fought under
905:("paid men"). Furthermore, the housecarles were not bound to indefinite service; but there was only one day in the year during which they could leave the king's service. That was
1168:
981:, and were mainly retainers who received lands or pay (or both), but without being really a standing army. Hooper asserts that while the Housecarles might well have had superior
855:
as we know it through Svend Aggesen was redacted more than one century after the time of Cnut; thus, we cannot be sure that it presents an accurate picture of Cnut's housecarls.
993:, were paid wages and possibly based in London; those lithsmen were, according to some, the main standing armed force, while the housecarls were only acting as a secondary one.
1291:
967:. This view, still widely held today, mainly stems from Svend Aggesen's 12th-century description of Cnut's housecarls as a group characterized by a strict code (
182:
1580:. American Slavic and East European Review. Vol. 13. Cambridge, MA: The American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. pp. 299–318.
2033:
761:. From the annals, it is not clear whether other paid men were types of housecarl or a different subdivision of retainers. There were groups known as
843:
and exile, whereas treason was punished by death and confiscation of all property. Quarrels between housecarles were decided by a specific tribunal (
3080:
953:
This debate has direct consequences on the assessment of the housecarls' specificities, and whether or not they were an elite troop. For instance,
637:), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e. one who is given a house by another). The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between
3098:
1677:
Gillingham, John (1990). "Chronicles and Coins as Evidence for Levels of Tribute and Taxation in Late Tenth- and Early Eleventh-Century England".
1005:
By the end of the 11th century in England, there may have been as many as 3,000 Englishmen who were royal housecarls. As the household troops of
1980:
1945:
1913:
1886:
1813:
1788:
1759:
1732:
1560:
1495:
1152:
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is underlined as an advantage of entering the king's service. Conversely, retainers were expected to avenge their leader if he was killed.
1172:
985:
and more uniform training and equipment than the average Thegn, they would not necessarily have been a clearly defined military elite.
851:, in the presence of the king; depending on the nature of the quarrel, a varying number of testimonies would be required. However, the
566:-money is the name of the wages or gift which chieftains give". Thus, Sigvat probably referred to an institution similar to the Danish
826:
defines is mainly derived from canon law, directly or through Anglo-Saxon laws. Other possible inspirations include the rules of the
2179:
1419:
1372:
700:
King Sveinn placed the stone in memory of Skarði, his retainer , Skarde, who has sailed in the west , but who then died at Hedeby.
2141:
175:
668:
and Cnut the Great may have "safeguarded the country by a network of forts manned by the royal housecarls, the mercenaries, the
3103:
2311:
3093:
2361:
2166:
2026:
1202:
31:
1045:
495:
3152:
3147:
2242:
626:
622:
502:, Sweden, mentions Assurr/Ôzurr, the housecarl of the owner of the Snottsta estate in whose memory the stone was raised.
3108:
2121:
168:
1776:
1142:
2269:
1222:
758:
618:
236:
543:
3126:
2306:
2213:
2206:
2184:
2019:
812:
According to 12th century Danish historian Svend Aggesen, Cnut's housecarls were governed by a specific law, the
2346:
2331:
2146:
2131:
750:, it is likely that some of them were English, with many Englishmen becoming housecarls early in Cnut's reign.
1092:
is a term that has been translated to mean 'sailor' and 'warrior' but is very likely a combination of the two.
516:
in Norway can be traced back to the ninth century. The texts dealing with royal power in medieval Norway, the
3157:
2461:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2156:
2136:
2093:
1362:
2863:
2296:
2291:
2274:
2218:
2113:
684:
Thurlf, Sven's retainer erected this stone after Erik his fellow, who died when the warriors sat around
1017:, these Housecarls fought after Harold's death, holding their oath to him until the last man was killed.
692:"Sven" is probably king Svein Forkbeard, as elsewhere on the Hedeby stones. Another runestone there, the
40:
2161:
2051:
1530:. The Journal of British Studies. Vol. 24. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 395–414.
898:
890:
313:
646:
406:("men not tied"). Both terms emphasise that they were voluntarily in service of another, as opposed to
1615:(4). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, The North American Conference on British Studies: 375–387.
2252:
2223:
2126:
1990:
Hooper, Nicholas (1994). "Military Developments in the Reign of Cnut". In Alexander R. Rumble (ed.).
925:
924:
was founded either by one of them under the reign of Cnut himself, or by his wife under the reign of
741:
The term entered the English language when Svein Forkbeard and Cnut the Great conquered and occupied
528:("King's Mirror"), make explicit the link between a king or leader and his retainers (housecarls and
476:
299:
228:
1973:
Anglo-Norman Warfare: Studies in Late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman Military Organization and Warfare
1781:
Anglo-Norman warfare: studies in late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman military organization and warfare
3088:
2301:
1065:
536:
524:
259:
255:
645:
are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service.
2471:
2323:
2262:
2151:
2083:
2059:
1857:
1849:
1694:
1659:
1624:
1589:
1531:
1460:
1452:
1285:
1014:
822:. Their organisation in a band or guild was Scandinavian in character, but the legal process the
436:(all meaning "bodyguard", "troop of retainers"). In Denmark, this was also the sense of the word
350:
283:
267:
220:
204:
1226:
1994:. Studies in the Early History of Britain. London: Leicester University Press. pp. 89–100.
1487:
909:, a day on which it was customary for Scandinavian kings to reward their retainers with gifts.
804:
2247:
2098:
2073:
1976:
1941:
1909:
1882:
1809:
1784:
1755:
1728:
1556:
1550:
1491:
1415:
1409:
1368:
1275:
1148:
906:
881:
547:
472:
48:
1903:
1876:
1749:
2670:
2042:
1841:
1686:
1651:
1616:
1581:
1444:
1411:
Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse
1367:. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. Vol. 100. Madison: University of Wisconsin.
1006:
921:
872:
774:
716:
559:
379:
263:
2279:
2257:
2201:
2171:
2055:
1435:
Andrén, Anders (1989). "State and Towns in the Middle Ages: The Scandinavian Experience".
1218:
1021:
963:
665:
551:
468:
240:
200:
145:
111:
1724:
460:
1832:
Sayers, William (2003). "Ships and Sailors in Geiffrei Gaimar's "Estoire des Engleis"".
875:, the pay was monthly. Due to these wages, the housecarls are seen by some as a type of
2953:
2737:
2401:
2088:
1607:
Mack, Katharin (1984). "Changing Thegns: Cnut's Conquest and the English Aristocracy".
1480:
747:
577:
871:
A special tax was levied to provide pay in coin to the royal housecarls. According to
195:
3141:
2814:
2712:
2675:
2635:
2501:
2230:
2189:
1861:
1464:
1025:
915:
720:
693:
677:
673:
614:
602:
451:
490:
422:) came to acquire a specific sense of "retainers", in the service of a lord, in his
2406:
2396:
2379:
2196:
1029:
954:
867:
A coin from the reign of Cnut, such as may have been used to pay Cnut's housecarls.
814:
742:
725:
597:
518:
72:
1806:
Alfred's Wars Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age
1690:
1642:
Darlington, R. R. (1936). "Ecclesiastical Reform in the Late Old English Period".
1968:
1933:
1717:
2888:
2846:
2769:
2682:
2550:
2540:
2451:
2235:
1113:
961:(1885), states that the main advantage of the housecarls at Hastings were their
876:
827:
785:. As Tostig was fighting against the king at the time, then the use of the term
251:
1655:
1510:
863:
3065:
2853:
2836:
2784:
2774:
2759:
2727:
2717:
2595:
2545:
2421:
2416:
2384:
2103:
1955:
Hooper, Nicholas (1985). "The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century".
1555:. Anglo-Norman studies. Vol. VII. Bury St Edmonds: St Edmundsbury Press.
938:
661:
554:(and also to two kings of Denmark), called the retainers of Olaf II of Norway
76:
394:("inside-men") in Denmark. Housecarls were free men, not to be confused with
3060:
3055:
3045:
2978:
2883:
2779:
2742:
2732:
2692:
2645:
2640:
2590:
2530:
2456:
2446:
2426:
2389:
2374:
706:
610:
367:
345:
58:
2006:
572:
506:
In Norway, housecarls were members of the king's or another powerful man's
446:
386:, the "master of the house". In that sense, the word had several synonyms:
1482:
Norse Warfare: the Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings
3033:
3018:
2998:
2983:
2963:
2938:
2923:
2918:
2898:
2868:
2858:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2625:
2610:
2585:
2565:
2535:
2525:
2520:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2411:
2369:
2078:
1070:
1050:
1033:
840:
247:
208:
115:
93:
3050:
3038:
3028:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2968:
2958:
2933:
2873:
2831:
2804:
2722:
2655:
2650:
2630:
2620:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2496:
2481:
2431:
1853:
1628:
1593:
1513:
1448:
1335:
1060:
546:(also known as Sigvat the Skald), a court poet to two kings of Norway,
530:
508:
499:
424:
407:
395:
354:
295:
135:
102:
17:
1698:
1663:
1535:
1456:
534:). There was a special fine for the killing of a king's man, which in
398:(slaves or serfs); to this effect, the Icelandic laws also calls them
3070:
3023:
3008:
2973:
2948:
2913:
2908:
2841:
2826:
2764:
2702:
2687:
2665:
2615:
2605:
2600:
2513:
2508:
2466:
2436:
685:
660:
Johannes Brøndsted suggested that the garrison of the Danish fort of
279:
155:
1845:
1620:
1585:
2011:
1938:
Mercenaries and Paid Men: The Mercenary Identity in the Middle Ages
1204:
Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
969:
2943:
2928:
2903:
2893:
2878:
2821:
2789:
2754:
2749:
2707:
2697:
2580:
2441:
2284:
2005:
The Housecarls according to a reenactment group: Regia Anglorum's
978:
862:
803:
680:(DR 1) is dedicated by a royal retainer to one of his companions:
596:
489:
344:
303:
194:
125:
83:
3013:
2660:
1723:. Wellingborough (UK), Osceola (WI): Osprey Publishing. p.
1055:
1001:
The housecarls of Harold Godwinson: Stamford Bridge and Hastings
792:
63:
2015:
1934:"Household Men, Mercenaries and Vikings in Anglo-Saxon England"
941:'s housecarls, who were acting as tax collectors, were killed.
1840:(2). London: Modern Humanities Research Association: 299–310.
973:); Aggesen having been used as a main source by L.M. Larson's
605:, "placed by king Sveinn in memory of Skarði, his retainer "
1609:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
1364:
The King's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest
1112:
is an ambiguous term which is thought to mean 'sailor' in
975:
The King's Household in England Before the Norman Conquest
1443:(5). New York, Heidelberg, Dordrecht: Springer: 585–609.
382:) had a general sense of "manservant", as opposed to the
1255:
Foote, Peter; Wilson, David M. (1970). "3, "The Free"".
696:(DR 3), was apparently personally raised by king Svein:
1390:
Society and Politics in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla
664:
may have consisted of royal housecarls, and that kings
321:
as a term for all paid warriors and thus is applied to
1992:
The Reign of Cnut: King of England, Denmark and Norway
558:, meaning "gift- (or pay-)receivers". More precisely,
463:, commander of the retinue , the best of landholders.
1528:
What Do We Mean by "Anglo-Saxon" and "Anglo-Saxons"?
3079:
2360:
2322:
2112:
2066:
1975:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 1–16.
1969:"The Housecarls in England in the Eleventh Century"
1878:
The Battle of Hastings: sources and interpretations
753:Housecarls were only one group of paid soldiers or
582:
471:, this Þorsteinn may have commanded the retinue of
1808:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydel Press. p. 155.
1716:
1479:
450:). This meaning can be seen, for instance, on the
1685:(417). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 939–950.
1650:(203). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 385–428.
653:as nothing more than a local (Danish) variant of
1777:"The Housecarls in England in the 11th Century"
808:1904 representation of Cnut with his courtiers.
698:
688:, but he was a commander, a very brave warrior.
682:
456:
311:, meaning a man, or a non-servile peasant. The
800:Organisation as royal bodyguards and courtiers
333:. It is not clear whether these were types of
239:manservant or household bodyguard in medieval
2027:
1231:. lexicon.ff.cuni.cz: Clarendon Press, Oxford
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
176:
8:
1908:. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers.
30:
2058:origin primarily identified as speakers of
1392:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
357:commemorates the housecarl of a local lord.
2034:
2020:
2012:
1710:
1708:
1552:Proceedings of the Battle Conference, 1984
1290:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1228:Cleasby-Vigfusson Old Icelandic Dictionary
1207:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 16–18.
1024:depicts the housecarls as footmen clad in
183:
169:
29:
1827:
1825:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1719:Hastings 1066: the fall of Saxon England
1578:The English Danegeld and the Russian Dan
1511:Project Samnordisk Runtextdatabas Svensk
1403:
1401:
1399:
1100:
1098:
590:The housecarls of the Danish kings: the
3099:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1486:. New York: Hippocrene Books. pp.
1268:
1266:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1128:
1082:
246:The institution originated amongst the
1283:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1032:, and fighting with great, two-handed
719:, when, according to Danish historian
27:Medieval Northern European social rank
601:The Skarthi Stone (DR 3), one of the
378:) (spelled huskarl, pl. huskarlar in
290:, which literally means "house man".
7:
1783:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
390:("home-men") in Norway and Iceland,
1549:Brown, Reginald Allen, ed. (1985).
1361:Larson, Laurence Marcellus (1902).
781:whereas another version calls them
1940:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 143–66.
757:who fought for England before the
418:With time, the term "housecarls" (
25:
1881:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
1779:. In Strickland, Matthews (ed.).
1751:The Art of War in the Middle Ages
1414:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
959:The Art of War in the Middle Ages
859:Pay, land grants, and social role
641:and housecarls: like housecarls,
459:He fell in battle in the east in
3122:
3121:
1171:. web.ff.cuni.cz. Archived from
39:
3104:Christianization of Scandinavia
1971:. In Matthew Strickland (ed.).
1259:. London: Book Club Associates.
889:("men receiving wages"), while
830:and the rules of the Norwegian
711:
3094:Christianization of the Franks
2167:Continental Germanic mythology
1:
1715:Gravett, Christopher (1992).
1679:The English Historical Review
1644:The English Historical Review
1576:Ward, Grace Faulkner (1954).
1201:Hollister, C. Warren (1962).
496:Snottsta and Vreta Runestones
207:housecarl (left), wielding a
1754:. Cornell University Press.
1320:Brøndsted, Johannes (1960).
494:Runestone U 330, one of the
3109:Christianization of Iceland
1691:10.1093/ehr/CV.CCCCXVII.939
920:been quite prosperous; the
3174:
1932:Abels, Richard P. (2008).
1905:Medieval England 1042-1228
1834:The Modern Language Review
1169:"Germanic Lexicon Project"
576:) or to the housecarls of
483:In Norwegian service: the
3117:
2049:
1967:Hooper, Nicholas (1992).
1875:Morillo, Stephen (1996).
1775:Hooper, Nicholas (1992).
1478:Sprague, Martina (2007).
1324:. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
1277:The Archeological Journal
512:. The institution of the
337:or different altogether.
2347:North Germanic languages
2332:Germanic parent language
1656:10.1093/ehr/LI.CCIII.385
1526:Reynolds, Susan (1985).
1144:Saxon, Viking and Norman
325:, but it also refers to
2352:West Germanic languages
2342:East Germanic languages
2337:Proto-Germanic language
2157:Proto-Germanic folklore
2094:Romano-Germanic culture
1280:. Vol. 23. London.
232:
224:
1936:. In J. France (ed.).
1804:Lavelle, Ryan (2010).
1748:Oman, Charles (1885).
1408:Jesch, Judith (2001).
1388:Bagge, Sverre (1991).
1257:The Viking Achievement
1141:Wise, Terence (1979).
868:
809:
702:
690:
606:
503:
465:
414:As combatant retainers
358:
212:
2162:Anglo-Saxon mythology
2052:Ethnolinguistic group
1902:Purser, Toby (2004).
1223:Vigfússon, Guðbrandur
899:William of Malmesbury
891:Florence of Worcester
866:
807:
771:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
600:
493:
402:("lone-runners") and
348:
314:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
254:, and was brought to
198:
2007:Anglo-Saxon Huscarls
1957:Anglo-Norman Studies
926:Edward the Confessor
477:Grand Prince of Kiev
129:(churl, free tenant)
3153:Anglo-Saxon society
3148:Anglo-Norse England
3089:Gothic Christianity
1066:Yeomen of the Guard
932:Administrative role
362:As free manservants
256:Anglo-Saxon England
35:
2472:Germani cisrhenani
2180:Funerary practices
2084:Pre-Roman Iron Age
2060:Germanic languages
1449:10.1007/BF00149493
1437:Theory and Society
1015:Battle of Hastings
897:("salarymen") and
869:
810:
647:Johannes Brøndsted
621:, DR 154, DR 155,
607:
504:
359:
268:Battle of Hastings
213:
32:Anglo-Saxon status
3135:
3134:
2307:Gothic and Vandal
2099:Germanic Iron Age
2074:Nordic Bronze Age
2056:Northern European
1982:978-0-85115-328-5
1947:978-90-04-16447-5
1915:978-0-435-32760-6
1888:978-0-85115-619-4
1815:978-1-84383-569-1
1790:978-0-85115-328-5
1761:978-0-8014-9062-0
1734:978-1-84176-133-6
1562:978-0-85115-416-9
1497:978-0-7818-1176-7
1154:978-0-85045-301-0
550:(saint Olaf) and
548:Olaf II of Norway
544:Sigvatr Þórðarson
473:Yaroslav the Wise
193:
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106:
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67:
53:
16:(Redirected from
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3081:Christianization
2671:Ripuarian Franks
2043:Germanic peoples
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1338:2.0 for Windows.
1334:Entry Sö 338 in
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1219:Cleasby, Richard
1215:
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1180:
1175:on 15 March 2016
1165:
1159:
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1117:
1102:
1093:
1087:
1007:Harold Godwinson
922:Abbotsbury Abbey
873:Saxo Grammaticus
717:Niels of Denmark
562:explained that "
560:Snorri Sturluson
537:Konungs skuggsjá
525:Konungs skuggsjá
366:Originally, the
282:of the original
264:Harold Godwinson
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2280:Gothic alphabet
2172:Norse mythology
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1983:
1966:
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1948:
1931:
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1926:Further reading
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1900:
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1846:10.2307/3737812
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1028:, with conical
1022:Bayeux Tapestry
1003:
983:esprit de corps
964:esprit de corps
947:
934:
861:
849:Huskarlesteffne
802:
759:Norman Conquest
739:
666:Svein Forkbeard
629:, use the term
595:
552:Magnus the Good
488:
469:Omeljan Pritsak
461:Garðar (Russia)
440:, a variant of
416:
364:
351:runestone U 335
343:
278:Housecarl is a
276:
260:Danish conquest
241:Northern Europe
211:with two hands.
201:Bayeux tapestry
189:
159:(thrall, slave)
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3158:Viking warfare
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2089:Roman Iron Age
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2000:External links
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989:soldiers, the
957:, in his book
946:
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933:
930:
907:New Year's Eve
893:uses the term
882:Knýtlinga saga
860:
857:
820:Lex Castrensis
801:
798:
748:Susan Reynolds
738:
735:
731:Lex Castrensis
594:
588:
578:Cnut the Great
487:
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341:In Scandinavia
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2114:Early culture
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1030:nasal helmets
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945:Military role
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721:Svend Aggesen
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694:Skarthi stone
689:
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678:Stone of Eric
675:
674:Hedeby stones
672:". Among the
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497:
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467:According to
464:
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452:Turinge stone
449:
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400:einhleypingar
397:
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66:after c.1000)
65:
60:
57:
56:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
37:
34:
19:
2407:Anglo-Saxons
2397:Adrabaecampi
2380:Bucinobantes
2122:Architecture
1991:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1937:
1904:
1897:
1877:
1870:
1837:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1780:
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1750:
1743:
1718:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1612:
1608:
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1577:
1571:
1551:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1506:
1481:
1473:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1410:
1389:
1383:
1363:
1330:
1321:
1276:
1256:
1233:. Retrieved
1227:
1213:
1203:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:the original
1163:
1143:
1109:
1105:
1089:
1085:
1019:
1010:
1004:
995:
990:
987:
982:
974:
968:
962:
958:
955:Charles Oman
952:
948:
935:
914:
911:
902:
894:
886:
880:
870:
852:
848:
844:
835:
831:
823:
819:
813:
811:
791:
786:
782:
778:
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766:
762:
754:
752:
740:
730:
724:
710:
703:
699:
691:
683:
669:
659:
654:
650:
649:interpreted
642:
638:
634:
630:
613:in Denmark,
608:
591:
581:
571:
567:
563:
555:
542:
535:
529:
523:
519:Heimskringla
517:
513:
507:
505:
484:
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429:
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371:
365:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
308:
302:
291:
287:
277:
245:
235:) was a non-
216:
214:
97:
2847:Nahanarvali
2770:Hilleviones
2683:Frisiavones
2551:Cananefates
2541:Burgundians
2452:Banochaemae
2302:Anglo-Saxon
2253:Anglo-Saxon
2219:Anglo-Saxon
2202:Anglo-Saxon
2185:Anglo-Saxon
1322:The Vikings
1114:Anglo-Saxon
903:stipendarii
885:calls them
836:Whitherlogh
828:Jomsvikings
743:Anglo-Saxon
300:Old English
252:Scandinavia
229:Old English
203:depicts an
3142:Categories
3066:Vinoviloth
2854:Marcomanni
2837:Helveconae
2815:Heaðobards
2785:Istvaeones
2775:Ingaevones
2760:Hermunduri
2728:Ostrogoths
2718:Greuthungi
2596:Chattuarii
2422:Angrivarii
2417:Ampsivarii
2385:Lentienses
2214:Literature
2104:Viking Age
1147:. Osprey.
1124:References
939:Harthacnut
853:Witherlogh
824:Witherlogh
815:Witherlogh
783:hus karlas
773:refers to
767:butsecarls
737:In England
726:Witherlogh
662:Trelleborg
611:runestones
327:butsecarls
149:(cottager)
77:High-reeve
3061:Vidivarii
3056:Victohali
3046:Vangiones
2979:Thuringii
2884:Nuithones
2780:Irminones
2743:Visigoths
2733:Thervingi
2693:Gambrivii
2646:Dulgubnii
2641:Dauciones
2591:Chasuarii
2531:Brondings
2457:Bastarnae
2447:Baiuvarii
2427:Armalausi
2390:Raetovari
2324:Languages
2292:Symbology
2152:Folklore
2147:Festivals
1963:: 161–76.
1862:163993274
1465:147025753
1286:cite book
1104:The name
1090:Butsecarl
1046:Comitatus
1034:long axes
970:see above
895:solidarii
877:mercenary
787:housecarl
779:hiredmenn
755:hiredmenn
712:see below
707:canon law
643:heimþegar
639:heimþegar
635:heimþegar
592:heimþegar
583:see below
573:see below
568:heimþegar
556:heiðþegar
485:heiðþegar
447:see below
420:húskarlar
404:lausamenn
376:húskarlar
374:(plural:
368:Old Norse
335:housecarl
323:housecarl
319:hiredmenn
284:Old Norse
274:Etymology
221:Old Norse
217:housecarl
119:(bailiff)
98:housecarl
59:Ealdorman
3127:Category
3034:Hasdingi
3019:Usipetes
2999:Tubantes
2984:Toxandri
2964:Tencteri
2939:Suarines
2924:Sicambri
2919:Semnones
2899:Reudigni
2869:Mattiaci
2859:Marsacii
2810:Lombards
2800:Lacringi
2795:Juthungi
2626:Corconti
2611:Cherusci
2586:Charudes
2566:Chaedini
2536:Bructeri
2521:Bateinoi
2492:Eburones
2487:Condrusi
2482:Caeroesi
2477:Atuatuci
2412:Ambrones
2375:Brisgavi
2370:Alemanni
2248:Paganism
2137:Clothing
2132:Calendar
2079:Germania
1274:(1866).
1235:16 March
1225:(1874).
1179:16 March
1106:lithsmen
1071:Thingmen
1051:Druzhina
1040:See also
991:lithsmen
901:that of
887:málamenn
841:outlawry
763:lithsmen
651:heimþegi
631:heimþegi
531:hirðmenn
522:and the
438:himthige
392:innæsmæn
388:griðmenn
384:húsbóndi
331:lithsmen
248:Norsemen
209:Dane axe
116:Verderer
103:retainer
94:Thingmen
3051:Varisci
3039:Silingi
3029:Vandals
3004:Tulingi
2994:Triboci
2989:Treveri
2969:Teutons
2959:Taifals
2934:Sitones
2874:Nemetes
2832:Helisii
2805:Lemovii
2723:Gutones
2656:Firaesi
2651:Favonae
2631:Cugerni
2621:Cobandi
2576:Chamavi
2571:Chaemae
2561:Casuari
2556:Caritni
2526:Betasii
2497:Paemani
2432:Auiones
2297:Warfare
2275:Scripts
2243:Numbers
2067:History
1854:3737812
1629:4049386
1594:2491815
1514:Rundata
1336:Rundata
1061:Leidang
847:), the
655:húskarl
500:Uppland
442:húskarl
408:thralls
396:thralls
380:Swedish
372:húskarl
355:Orkesta
298:to the
296:cognate
288:húskarl
266:at the
258:by the
237:servile
233:huscarl
225:húskarl
205:English
136:Villein
87:(thane)
18:Huskarl
3071:Warini
3024:Vagoth
3009:Tungri
2974:Thelir
2954:Swedes
2949:Sunici
2914:Saxons
2909:Rugini
2842:Manimi
2827:Diduni
2765:Heruli
2703:Gepids
2688:Frisii
2666:Franks
2616:Cimbri
2606:Chauci
2601:Chatti
2514:Nervii
2509:Morini
2467:Belgae
2462:Batavi
2437:Avarpi
2402:Angles
2362:Groups
2312:Viking
2258:Gothic
2236:Gothic
2142:Family
1979:
1944:
1912:
1885:
1860:
1852:
1812:
1787:
1758:
1731:
1699:574620
1697:
1664:553127
1662:
1627:
1592:
1559:
1536:175473
1534:
1494:
1463:
1457:657612
1455:
1418:
1371:
1151:
979:thegns
879:; the
834:. The
686:Hedeby
676:, the
627:DR 297
625:, and
623:DR 296
475:, the
286:term,
280:calque
146:Cottar
139:(serf)
52:(king)
49:Cyning
2944:Suebi
2929:Sciri
2904:Rugii
2894:Quadi
2879:Njars
2864:Marsi
2822:Lugii
2790:Jutes
2755:Harii
2750:Gutes
2708:Goths
2698:Geats
2636:Danes
2581:Chali
2502:Segni
2442:Baemi
2285:Runes
2270:Rings
2263:Norse
2231:Names
2224:Norse
2207:Norse
2190:Norse
1858:S2CID
1850:JSTOR
1695:JSTOR
1660:JSTOR
1625:JSTOR
1590:JSTOR
1532:JSTOR
1461:S2CID
1453:JSTOR
1077:Notes
845:gemot
633:(pl.
434:drótt
370:word
317:uses
309:ceorl
307:, or
304:churl
126:Ceorl
112:Reeve
84:Thegn
3014:Ubii
2661:Fosi
2546:Buri
1977:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1910:ISBN
1883:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1292:link
1237:2010
1181:2010
1149:ISBN
1056:Hird
1026:mail
1020:The
1011:fyrd
832:hirð
793:fyrd
765:and
670:hird
619:DR 3
615:DR 1
609:Six
564:heið
514:hirð
509:hirð
425:hirð
349:The
329:and
292:Karl
199:The
156:Þēow
73:Hold
64:Earl
2889:Osi
2197:Law
2127:Art
2054:of
1842:doi
1687:doi
1683:105
1652:doi
1617:doi
1582:doi
1445:doi
1110:lið
1108:or
818:or
729:or
498:in
432:or
430:lid
353:at
294:is
250:of
3144::
1959:.
1856:.
1848:.
1838:98
1836:.
1824:^
1727:.
1725:27
1707:^
1693:.
1681:.
1658:.
1648:51
1646:.
1623:.
1613:16
1611:.
1588:.
1490:.
1488:54
1459:.
1451:.
1441:18
1439:.
1398:^
1343:^
1300:^
1288:}}
1284:{{
1265:^
1245:^
1221:;
1189:^
1131:^
1097:^
1036:.
928:.
796:.
657:.
617:,
454::
428:,
410:.
270:.
243:.
231::
227:;
223::
215:A
114:/
96:/
75:/
2174:)
2035:e
2028:t
2021:v
1985:.
1961:7
1950:.
1918:.
1891:.
1864:.
1844::
1818:.
1793:.
1764:.
1737:.
1701:.
1689::
1666:.
1654::
1631:.
1619::
1596:.
1584::
1565:.
1538:.
1516:.
1500:.
1467:.
1447::
1424:.
1377:.
1294:)
1239:.
1183:.
1157:.
709:(
580:(
570:(
444:(
219:(
184:e
177:t
170:v
105:)
101:(
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