462:
536:
302:'Ring-shaped' lesions that develop gradually from single small pigmented spots into circular groups of papules with clear, unaffected skin in the center. The ring-like lesions may very slowly enlarge, co-join and morph into larger irregular (serpentine) bands, sometimes accompanied by lines (See Linear, below). Annular CLP is uncommon and classically involves the male genitalia (glans penis and penile shaft), groin, axilla and also the extremities.
1159:
51:
454:
1088:
1366:
markings by correlating with an increase thickness of the granular cell layer. The coexistence of oral, cervical and stomach lichen planus lesions were described by
Guogerot and Burnier in 1937. A similar variant of mucosal lichen planus as the vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome with erosive lesions involving oral and vulvovaginal mucosa were introduced by Pelisse and colleagues in year 1982.
621:
4705:
437:
172:), commonly affecting dorsal hands, flexural wrists and forearms, trunk, anterior lower legs and oral mucosa. The hue may be gray-brown in people with darker skin. Although there is a broad clinical range of LP manifestations, the skin and oral cavity remain as the major sites of involvement. The cause is unknown, but it is thought to be the result of an
514:(also known as "Nekam's disease") is a rare dermatosis characterized by violaceous papular and nodular lesions, often arranged in a linear or reticulate pattern on the dorsal hands and feet, extremities, and buttock, and some cases manifest by seborrheic dermatitis-like eruption on the scalp and face; also palmo plantar keratosis has been reported.
732:
include a burning sensation to severe pain. They may also experience mucosal bleeding in response to mild trauma, such as toothbrushing. Additionally, the
Koebner phenomenon (the development of new lesions at sites of trauma) is not only present in cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) but can also occur in the setting of OLP.
520:(also known as "benign lichenoid keratosis", and "Solitary lichen planus") is a cutaneous condition characterized by brown to red scaling maculopapules, found on sun-exposed skin of extremities. Restated, this is a cutaneous condition usually characterized by a solitary dusky-red to violaceous papular skin lesion.
1365:
as an inflammatory disorder with unknown etiology. Initially, the characteristic surface markings or striae was described by Weyl in 1885. In 1895, Wickham further explained the characteristic of the lesion, now known as
Wickham striae. Further on, Darier explained the presence of such characteristic
1078:
Lacy, reticulated plaques or erosions that resemble oral LP may occur in GVHD. The histologic findings of these disorders are also similar. The patient history is useful for differentiating chronic GVHD from oral LP. Oral involvement in acute GVHD is less well characterized than chronic GVHD, but has
766:
Stress is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of oral LP. Patients with anxiety and depression are reported more commonly with oral LP if compared to normal healthy individuals. Some studies have indicated that stressful events can induce LP lesions in otherwise healthy individuals. However, a
969:
Tissue biopsies of oral LP help to confirm the diagnosis and are particularly of value for erythematous and erosive LP, which share features with multiple other mucosal disorders, including oral malignancy. Biopsies to confirm oral LP are less essential in patients who present with classic reticular
731:
Generally, oral lichen planus tends not to cause any discomfort or pain, although some people may experience soreness when eating or drinking acidic or spicy foodstuffs or beverages. When symptoms arise, they are most commonly associated with the atrophic and ulcerative subtypes. These symptoms can
496:
Hair and scalp. The scalp is rarely affected by a condition known as lichen planopilaris, acuminatus, follicular lichen planus, and peripilaris, characterised by violaceous, adherent follicular scale with progressive scarring alopecia. While lichen planus and lichen planopilaris may occur together,
397:
Characterized by extensive erythematous lesions with poorly defined borders and in part with lichenification. Inverse LP typically affects the axillae, inguinal creases, limb flexures and submammary region. Pigmentation of the individual lesions at these inverse locations are typical. Additionally,
965:
A full examination that includes the evaluation of the mucosal and cutaneous surfaces, including the vulva, vagina, penis, scalp, and nails should be performed. Thorough examination may lead to the detection of extraoral manifestations of LP that provide additional support for the diagnosis or the
444:
Although lichen planus can present with a variety of lesions, the most common presentation is as a well defined area of purple-coloured, itchy, flat-topped papules with interspersed lacy white lines (Wickham's striae). This description is known as the characteristic "6 Ps" of lichen planus: planar
497:
aside from sharing the term 'lichen' and revealing inflammation on skin biopsy, there is neither established data on their co-occurrence nor data to suggest a common etiology. Lichen planopilaris is considered an orphan disease with no definitive prevalence data and no proven effective treatments.
881:
Patient history and clinical presentation need to be taken to diagnose lichen planus. Patients with suspected cutaneous lichen planus need to be evaluated clinically through patient interviews and physical examinations. Patients should be questioned about their medication history, any history of
293:
Papular form is the classic cutaneous lichen planus (CLP) lesion characterized by shiny, red or purple-colored, flat-topped papule. Lesions may have a thin, transparent, and adherent scale. Fine whitish points or lacy lines (Wickham's striae) may be seen on the surface of well-developed papules.
322:
This pattern is characterized by hyperkeratotic thick pruritic red-brown to purple-gray plaques with follicular accentuation. Hypertrophic CLP commonly involves the extremities, especially the interphalangeal joints and the anterior legs in a symmetrical distribution. This form is also known as
1214:
Many different treatments have been reported for cutaneous lichen planus, however there is a general lack of evidence of efficacy for any treatment. Treatments tend to be prolonged, partially effective and disappointing. The mainstay of localized skin lesions is topical steroids. Additional
717:
Rare form of OLP characterized by fluid-filled vesicles ranging in size from 1 to 2 mm to several cm in diameter. The vesicles or bullae appear white or gray-purple in color and are fluctuant. The fluid in the vesicles are usually clear but may be hemorrhagic or purulent upon secondary
1054:
Oral lichenoid contact reactions may be caused by a variety of substances. The clinical and histologic features of oral lichenoid contact reactions are similar to oral LP. Patch testing and recognition of the proximity of an offending substance to the eruption can aid with diagnosis.
863:
Oral LP may also be caused by genetic factor which influence the immune function. A separate study performed in China found an association between a polymorphism in the TNF-alpha gene and risk for oral LP in a subset of patients. An
Italian study found a significant increase in a
3926:
Majdy Idrees, Camile S Farah, Syed Ali
Khurram, Norman Firth, Merva Soluk-Tekkesin, Omar Kujan. 2021, Observer agreement in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus using the proposed criteria of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. J Oral Pathol Med 2021 Mar 17.
1396:
Cutaneous lichen planus affecting the extremities is also known as "lichen planus actinicus", "Actinic lichen niditus", "Lichen planus atrophicus annularis", "Lichen planus subtropicus", "Lichen planus tropicus", "Lichenoid melanodermatitis", and "Summertime actinic lichenoid
774:
remains a possibility. A single study of cutaneous LP reported evidence in support of autoimmunity by expanding in vitro T cells isolated from the skin lesions of two patients, followed by testing the ability of these T cells to kill autologous keratinocytes (cytotoxicity).
708:
This form is a common presentation that has similarities to the erosive form. It has a more prominent atrophic lesion on a background of erythema with radiating white striae at the margins. Atrophic oral lichen planus may also manifest as desquamative gingivitis.
335:
or plaques with central superficial atrophy. Atrophic CLP is the clinical endpoint of chronic annular or hypertrophic LP with atrophic lesions. The use of potent topical corticosteroids for a long-term may predispose the patient to developing atrophic lesions.
4222:
3390:
Lallas, A.; Kyrgidis, A.; Tzellos, T. G.; Apalla, Z.; Karakyriou, E.; Karatolias, A.; Lefaki, I.; Sotiriou, E.; Ioannides, D. (June 2012). "Accuracy of dermoscopic criteria for the diagnosis of psoriasis, dermatitis, lichen planus and pityriasis rosea".
808:
Oral LP is considered to be a T-cell mediated chronic inflammatory tissue reaction that results in a cytotoxic reaction against epithelial basal cells. The inflammatory infiltrate in oral LP is primarily composed of CD8+ T cells. A potential pathway for
747:
Cutaneous LP is a self-limiting condition. It usually resolves within 6 to 12 months. Oral LP is a non infectious, chronic inflammatory condition that involves the oral mucosa and may be accompanied by skin lesions. The etiology of oral LP are unknown.
2973:
1304:
Although this condition was first described almost a century ago, it has been reported that its associated oral cancer risk has been exaggerated. Overall, it is found that patients with erythematous or erosive oral lichen planus have a higher risk of
352:
Rare form presenting as nummular patches or plaques with a hypopigmented halo surrounding a hyperpigmented center. Actinic CLP is more prevalent in
African Americans, Indians, and Middle-Eastern individuals and commonly affects the sun-exposed areas.
1341:
Lichen planus can occur in patients as diverse cutaneous manifestations alone or in combination with mucosal lichen planus and, or lichen planus of the nails. Study shows that frequency of mucosal involvement of lichen planus patients is 30- 70%.
1201:
There is no cure for lichen planus, and so treatment of cutaneous and oral lichen planus is for symptomatic relief or due to cosmetic concerns. When medical treatment is pursued, first-line treatment typically involves either topical or systemic
389:, seen in a familial pattern and also predominantly in women, is characterized by the appearance of follicular LP on the trunk with LP follicularis decalvans on the scalp. Follicular LP on the scalp is more likely to lead to scarring alopecia.
4748:
4733:
1349:
in the general population is about 1.27–2.0%, and it occurs more commonly in middle aged people. Oral lichen planus in children is rare. About 50% of females with oral lichen planus were reported to have undiagnosed vulvar lichen planus.
4862:
894:. Examination of entire cutaneous surface including the scalp, oral cavity and external genitalia need to be included. Wickham's striae often can be seen during microscopic examination of cutaneous lesions of lichen planus.
445:(flat-topped), purple, polygonal, pruritic, papules, and plaques. This rash, after regressing, is likely to leave an area of hyperpigmentation that slowly fades. That said, a variety of other lesions can also occur.
4481:
Carbone M, Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Gandolfo S, Argiolas MR, Bertolusso G, Conrotto D, Pentenero M, Broccoletti R (April 2009). "Course of oral lichen planus: a retrospective study of 808 northern
Italian patients".
2568:
Ebrahimi M, Lundqvist L, Wahlin YB, Nylander E (October 2012). "Mucosal lichen planus, a systemic disease requiring multidisciplinary care: a cross-sectional clinical review from a multidisciplinary perspective".
416:
overlap syndrome. Lesions of this syndrome share features of both lupus erythematosus and lichen planus. Lesions are usually large and hypopigmented, atrophic, and with a red to blue colour and minimal scaling.
1286:) are sometimes used. While topical steroids are widely accepted as first line treatment for mucosal lichen planus, there is only weak evidence to support their effectiveness for erosive oral lichen planus.
834:(TNF)-alpha, secretion of granzyme B, or Fas-Fas ligand interactions. Chemokines are produced by activated CD8+ T cells that attract additional inflammatory cells, thereby promoting continued inflammation.
735:
Residual postinflammatory hyperpigmentation has been reported in association with OLP, manifesting as brown to black pigmentation on the oral mucosa and may most likely occur in dark-skinned individuals.
3685:
van der Meij EH, Mast H, van der Waal I (September 2007). "The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a prospective five-year follow-up study of 192 patients".
4855:
691:
This form is characterized by small white pinpoint papules that are asymptomatic. Hence, they can be easily missed during a routine checkup. It is referred to as the initial and transient phase of OLP.
4072:
Antiga E, Caproni M, Parodi A, Cianchini G, Fabbri P (December 2014). "Treatment of cutaneous lichen planus: an evidence based analysis of efficacy by the
Italian Group for Cutaneous Immunopathology".
961:
History of dental restorations, use of dental appliances, or oral exposure to substances that may cause oral lichenoid contact eruptions (e.g. dental composites, cobalt chromium based dentures etc.)
1113:(SCC) can present as erythematous or white patches, ulcers, or exophytic masses. The highest risk for oral SCC may occur in patients with erythematous or erosive oral LP. A biopsy is indicated.
739:
OLP may occur as a sole manifestation of the disease or in conjunction with other clinical manifestations of LP, including cutaneous LP, genital LP, nail LP, and lichen planopilaris (scalp LP).
728:, although any mucosal site in the mouth may be involved. Other sites, in decreasing order of frequency, may include the tongue, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and very rarely, the palate.
679:, ulcerations and erosions covered with a yellow slough. This can occur in one or more areas of the mouth. In 25% of people with erosive oral lichen planus, the gums are involved, described as
1294:
Cutaneous lichen planus lesions typically resolve within six months to a year. However, some variant such as the hypertrophic variant might persist for years if left untreated or unmonitored.
4848:
683:(a condition not unique to lichen planus). This may be the initial or only sign of the condition. Involvement of the dorsum of the tongue might cause an altered sense of taste (dysgeusia).
344:
This morphology is characterized by the development of vesicles and bullae with the skin lesions. This is a rare variant of lichen planus, and also known as "vesiculobullous lichen planus".
1166:
The histologic findings of oral LP can offer strong support for the diagnosis, but are not pathognomonic. Clinical correlation is required. Common histologic findings of oral LP include:
4657:
Paul J, Foss CE, Hirano SA, Cunningham TD, Pariser DM (February 2013). "An open-label pilot study of apremilast for the treatment of moderate to severe lichen planus: a case series".
3308:
Janardhanam SB, Prakasam S, Swaminathan VT, Kodumudi KN, Zunt SL, Srinivasan M (May 2012). "Differential expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 in the epithelial cells in oral lichen planus".
6269:
603:, and gums, with complications including scarring, vaginal stricture formation, or vulva destruction. The corresponding syndrome in males, affecting the glans penis and gums, is the
473:
Extremities (face, dorsal hands, arms, and nape of neck). This is more common in Middle
Eastern countries in spring and summer, where sunlight appears to have a precipitating effect.
1301:. In contrast to cutaneous LP, which is self limited, lichen planus lesions in the mouth may persist for many years, and tend to be difficult to treat, with relapses being common.
1102:
that may be a precursor to oral squamous cell carcinoma. White patches or plaques usually appear on the oral mucosa. To rule out malignancy, a biopsy of leukoplakia is indicated.
7550:
1140:(also known as thrush) is a common infection that has a predilection for infants, older adults with dentures, immunosuppressed individuals, and individuals utilizing intraoral
6264:
5985:
3721:
Hietanen J, Paasonen MR, Kuhlefelt M, Malmström M (May 1999). "A retrospective study of oral lichen planus patients with concurrent or subsequent development of malignancy".
7732:
5943:
4552:
Nagao T, Ikeda N, Fukano H, Hashimoto S, Shimozato K, Warnakulasuriya S (October 2005). "Incidence rates for oral leukoplakia and lichen planus in a
Japanese population".
1070:
similar to that seen in erosive LP. Biopsies for routine histologic examination and direct immunofluorescence are useful for distinguishing these disorders from oral LP.
1034:
Lichenoid drug eruptions may be caused by a variety of systemic medications and share clinical features with oral LP. Histologic findings of a deep mixed infiltrate with
1369:
The origin of the word is believed to be from the Greek word ''Leichen'', which means tree moss, and also from Latin word ''planus'', which means flat and even surface.
1319:
Patients with oral lichen planus should be followed-up at least every 6 to 12 months, to assess the disease activity, changes in symptoms or even detect early signs of
489:
formation, shedding of the nail plate with atrophy of the nail bed, subungual keratosis, longitudinal erthronychia (red streaks), and subungual hyperpigmentation. A
6354:
1206:, and removal of any triggers. Without treatment, most lesions will spontaneously resolve within 6–9 months for cutaneous lesions, and longer for mucosal lesions.
8399:
6779:
4622:
Thorn JJ, Holmstrup P, Rindum J, Pindborg JJ (May 1988). "Course of various clinical forms of oral lichen planus. A prospective follow-up study of 611 patients".
7737:
6082:
5355:
1193:
Nonetheless, interpreting the histopathological features of oral LP has been associated historically with high intra-observer and inter-observer variabilities.
1144:
therapy. Patients present with white plaques or erythematous patches on the buccal mucosa, palate, tongue, or oropharynx that may be mistaken for reticular LP.
168:, but is named for its appearance. It is characterized by polygonal, flat-topped, violaceous papules and plaques with overlying, reticulated, fine white scale (
751:
It is not clear whether the mechanisms causing isolated oral LP are different from those causing oral LP with cutaneous LP. An immune-mediated mechanism where
640:, the lining of the mouth. This may occur in combination with other variants of lichen planus. Six clinical forms of oral lichen planus (OLP) are recognized:
176:
process with an unknown initial trigger. There is no cure, but many different medications and procedures have been used in efforts to control the symptoms.
8394:
3967:
Issa Y, Brunton PA, Glenny AM, Duxbury AJ (November 2004). "Healing of oral lichenoid lesions after replacing amalgam restorations: a systematic review".
1338:
It generally occurs more commonly in females, in a ratio of 3:2, and most cases are diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 60, but it can occur at any age.
4172:"Oral lichen planus has a very low malignant transformation rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis using strict diagnostic and inclusion criteria"
659:
The most common presentation of oral lichen planus (OLP) is characterised by the net-like or spider web-like appearance of lacy white lines, known as
385:
Characterized by follicular, flat, elevated or hemispherical erythematous papules with or without keratoses presenting in groups or disseminated. The
6391:
6329:
1353:
Some studies suggest that cutaneous lichen planus is more commonly found in men whilst oral lichen planus lesions are more commonly found in women.
3181:
Roopashree MR, Gondhalekar RV, Shashikanth MC, George J, Thippeswamy SH, Shukla A (November 2010). "Pathogenesis of oral lichen planus--a review".
1316:, patients with oral lichen planus are encouraged to avoid activities known to increase the risk for oral cancer, such as smoking and alcohol use.
8364:
7562:
7513:
1153:
469:
Variants of cutaneous lichen planus are distinguished based upon the appearance of the lesions and/or their distribution. Lesions can affect the:
4246:
Miller CS, Epstein JB, Hall EH, Sirois D (January 2001). "Changing oral care needs in the United States: the continuing need for oral medicine".
3087:
Eisen D (February 2002). "The clinical features, malignant potential, and systemic associations of oral lichen planus: a study of 723 patients".
970:
LP, particularly in patients in whom a diagnosis of LP has already been confirmed through biopsy of an extraoral manifestation of this disorder.
700:
Large, homogenous white patches are characteristic of this form which may resemble leukoplakia. This form is more prevalent in tobacco smokers.
5936:
5662:
4281:
Bouquot JE, Gorlin RJ (April 1986). "Leukoplakia, lichen planus, and other oral keratoses in 23,616 white Americans over the age of 35 years".
2827:
Farhi D, Dupin N (2010). "Pathophysiology, etiologic factors, and clinical management of oral lichen planus, part I: facts and controversies".
932:
History of LP involving other body sites or other skin disorders that may present with similar findings (e.g., autoimmune blistering diseases)
3951:
2549:
2516:
2488:
2455:
2430:
2355:
2278:
2245:
2220:
2195:
2162:
2137:
2104:
1954:
1921:
1634:
1565:
543:
Lichen planus affecting mucosal surfaces may have one lesion or be multifocal. Examples of lichen planus affecting mucosal surfaces include:
3346:
Carrozzo M, Uboldi de Capei M, Dametto E, Fasano ME, Arduino P, Broccoletti R, Vezza D, Rendine S, Curtoni ES, Gandolfo S (January 2004).
925:
A diagnosis of oral lichen planus (LP) is confirmed through review of the patient history, physical examination, and histologic findings.
8047:
7890:
2613:
955:
508:
characterized by the development of tense blisters atop lesions of lichen planus or the development vesicles de novo on uninvolved skin.
724:
These types often coexist in the same individual. Oral lichen planus (OLP) tends to present bilaterally as mostly white lesions on the
7164:
6648:
6281:
5444:
4587:
Xue JL, Fan MW, Wang SZ, Chen XM, Li Y, Wang L (September 2005). "A clinical study of 674 patients with oral lichen planus in China".
663:. This is usually asymptomatic. Reticular OLP may progress to the more severe subtypes, such as the erosive form, if left untreated.
8291:
6924:
5929:
5345:
3516:
2954:
1733:
1708:
1681:
831:
820:
activates CD8+ T cells on keratinocytes or by encounters with activated CD4+ helper T cells or cytokines produced by activated CD4+
120:
2025:
Gorouhi, F; Firooz A; Khatami A; Ladoyanni E; Bouzari N; Kamangar F; Gill JK (2009). "Interventions for cutaneous lichen planus".
763:) and cytokines associated with T-helper 1 immune response, may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of lichen planus.
8266:
8203:
8198:
8080:
7508:
7488:
6400:
5995:
5454:
4100:
4037:
Cribier B, Frances C, Chosidow O (December 1998). "Treatment of lichen planus. An evidence-based medicine analysis of efficacy".
1243:
are considered initial management for symptomatic OLP, and these measures are reported to be useful. Treatment usually involves
8409:
8112:
7749:
7203:
6086:
4171:
8097:
7932:
6334:
6324:
6252:
5977:
5969:
5413:
5039:
1124:
is a common, benign finding in the oral cavity that presents as white-gray, somewhat translucent plaques on the mucosa. The
203:). Sometimes dental materials or certain medications can cause lichenoid reactions. They can also occur in association with
3868:
7937:
5606:
5297:
5134:
1497:"Cutaneous and mucosal lichen planus: a comprehensive review of clinical subtypes, risk factors, diagnosis, and prognosis"
6319:
5149:
8404:
8389:
7461:
7070:
6774:
6759:
6697:
6643:
6566:
6384:
6105:
6010:
5773:
5528:
5219:
1110:
7989:
7952:
7682:
6963:
6875:
5523:
5054:
5009:
1018:
910:
576:
7999:
7947:
7754:
7687:
7456:
6956:
6951:
6902:
6286:
6242:
6200:
6111:
6097:
6005:
5876:
5596:
3348:"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to oral lichen planus"
1063:
4694:
485:
Nails characterized by irregular longitudinal grooving and ridging of the nail plate, thinning of the nail plate,
8004:
7722:
7626:
7097:
6561:
6314:
6225:
6056:
5798:
3609:
Vargas-Díez E, García-Díez A, Marín A, Fernández-Herrera J (May 2005). "Life-threatening graft-vs-host disease".
204:
4517:
Hellgren L (December 1970). "The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in different geographical areas in Sweden".
4446:
McCartan BE, Healy CM (September 2008). "The reported prevalence of oral lichen planus: a review and critique".
8311:
8090:
8075:
7771:
7727:
7672:
7545:
7503:
7271:
7117:
6215:
6140:
5641:
5287:
5224:
5119:
4763:
4709:
951:
842:
8144:
7476:
8208:
8009:
7974:
7800:
7667:
7471:
7251:
7092:
7038:
6968:
6890:
6870:
6857:
6834:
6377:
6220:
5952:
5906:
5601:
5320:
5292:
4922:
3224:
Siponen M, Kauppila JH, Soini Y, Salo T (November 2012). "TLR4 and TLR9 are induced in oral lichen planus".
2883:
Lodi, Giovanni; Manfredi, Maddalena; Mercadante, Valeria; Murphy, Ruth; Carrozzo, Marco (28 February 2020).
1824:
Sharma A, Białynicki-Birula R, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK (July 2012). "Lichen planus: an update and review".
1306:
1067:
984:
914:
868:
of the first intron of the interferon (IFN)-gamma promoter in patients with oral LP compared with controls.
680:
199:
appearance to lichen planus (i.e., an area which resembles lichen planus, both to the naked eye and under a
3442:
Friedman, Paula; Sabban, Emilia Cohen; Marcucci, Carolina; Peralta, Rosario; Cabo, Horacio (October 2015).
1622:
1417:
Wang EH, Monga I, Sallee BN, Chen JC, Abdelaziz AR, Perez-Lorenzo R, Bordone LA, Christiano AM (Jul 2022).
314:) or, uncommonly, as a spontaneous, isolated eruption, usually on the extremities, and rarely on the face.
8354:
8321:
7994:
7984:
7979:
7921:
7848:
7804:
7700:
7695:
7481:
7311:
7306:
7281:
7127:
7058:
6885:
6794:
6712:
6439:
6247:
6205:
6115:
6092:
6078:
6041:
6036:
5981:
5881:
5793:
5109:
3791:
Duncan SC, Su WP (August 1980). "Leukoedema of the oral mucosa. Possibly an acquired white sponge nevus".
865:
386:
252:
6978:
6702:
8163:
8065:
7677:
7555:
7535:
7417:
7376:
7239:
7227:
7176:
6839:
6237:
6210:
6183:
6150:
5783:
5710:
5398:
4932:
4912:
1271:
939:
180:
6912:
2371:
913:(DIF) can be useful in patients with bullous lesions to differentiate the condition from an autoimmune
1270:, or if these are ineffective and the condition is severe, then systemic corticosteroids may be used.
8261:
7900:
7885:
7451:
7384:
6990:
6722:
6349:
6188:
5129:
4927:
4902:
4419:
Yu TC, Kelly SC, Weinberg JM, Scheinfeld NS (March 2003). "Isolated lichen planus of the lower lip".
1419:"Primary cicatricial alopecias are characterized by dysregulation of shared gene expression pathways"
1186:
An amorphous band of eosinophilic material at the basement membrane composed of fibrin or fibrinogen.
562:
362:
4840:
1913:
310:
Papules are arranged in a line (the "Blaschko line"). This pattern may develop secondary to trauma (
8316:
8052:
8032:
8022:
7895:
7828:
7710:
7705:
7631:
7530:
7183:
7107:
6946:
6895:
6844:
6824:
6737:
6727:
6653:
6628:
6486:
6101:
6031:
5851:
5788:
5763:
5737:
5591:
5569:
5164:
5124:
5044:
5034:
4752:
1013:
788:
565:. It has also been hypothesized that it is a precursor to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.
413:
361:
This morphology is characterized by chronic, painful bullae and ulceration of the feet, often with
6593:
1560:(Version 3. ed.). North Melbourne, Vic.: Therapeutic Guidelines. 2009. pp. 254–55, 302.
8359:
8213:
8017:
7833:
7781:
7742:
7439:
7355:
7286:
6995:
6819:
6799:
6752:
6638:
6583:
6546:
6536:
6521:
6451:
6161:
6145:
5700:
5564:
5449:
5408:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5099:
4199:
3909:
3556:
3424:
3290:
3206:
3158:
3031:
2728:
2676:
2594:
2060:
2052:
2002:
1244:
906:
856:
671:
The second most common form and the most advance form of oral lichen planus, is characterised by
311:
184:
161:
8306:
8281:
7942:
526:
represents a wide range of cutaneous disorders characterized by lichen planus-like skin lesions.
2541:
2480:
2347:
2270:
2187:
2129:
1797:
Asch S, Goldenberg G (March 2011). "Systemic treatment of cutaneous lichen planus: an update".
8057:
7646:
7611:
7444:
7340:
7198:
7122:
6829:
6769:
6732:
6707:
6556:
6434:
6429:
6046:
6026:
5999:
5758:
5464:
5340:
5335:
5214:
5188:
5114:
5104:
4942:
4917:
4803:
4774:
4674:
4639:
4604:
4569:
4534:
4499:
4463:
4428:
4401:
4360:
4333:
4298:
4263:
4191:
4134:
4081:
4054:
4019:
3984:
3947:
3901:
3849:
3808:
3773:
3738:
3703:
3667:
3626:
3591:
3548:
3512:
3481:
3463:
3416:
3408:
3369:
3325:
3282:
3241:
3198:
3150:
3104:
3066:
3023:
2950:
2922:
2904:
2844:
2809:
2774:
2720:
2668:
2633:
2586:
2545:
2512:
2484:
2451:
2426:
2351:
2320:
2274:
2241:
2216:
2191:
2158:
2133:
2100:
1994:
1950:
1946:
1917:
1883:
1833:
1806:
1779:
1729:
1704:
1677:
1630:
1603:
1582:"Inverse lichen planus: An unusual morphologic variant of a classic papulosquamous dermatosis"
1581:
1561:
1528:
1448:
1007:
846:
196:
140:
4156:
3444:"Dermoscopic findings in different clinical variants of lichen planus. Is dermoscopy useful?"
1698:
1671:
1239:
Reassurance that the condition is benign, elimination of precipitating factors and improving
1128:
is the most common site for involvement. Symptoms are absent, and no treatment is necessary.
938:
Medication the patients are taking within the few weeks to months after drug initiation e.g.
767:
cause effect relationship between stress and the onset of oral LP has not been demonstrated.
8027:
7662:
7652:
7616:
7525:
7276:
7215:
7149:
7139:
7087:
6985:
6880:
6717:
6344:
6339:
6135:
6051:
5856:
5705:
5611:
5559:
5429:
5204:
5139:
4666:
4631:
4596:
4561:
4526:
4491:
4455:
4391:
4325:
4290:
4255:
4183:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4046:
4011:
3976:
3891:
3883:
3839:
3800:
3765:
3730:
3695:
3657:
3618:
3583:
3540:
3504:
3471:
3455:
3400:
3359:
3317:
3272:
3233:
3190:
3140:
3096:
3058:
3013:
2912:
2896:
2836:
2801:
2764:
2710:
2660:
2625:
2578:
2533:
2472:
2339:
2310:
2262:
2179:
2121:
2041:
2030:
1986:
1938:
1905:
1875:
1867:
1771:
1593:
1518:
1508:
1438:
1430:
1345:
Oral lichen planus is relatively common, It is one of the most common mucosal diseases. The
1158:
810:
782:
756:
486:
424:
71:
2651:
Panagiotopoulou N, Wong CS, Winter-Roach B (April 2010). "Vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome".
1852:
8183:
7969:
7764:
7657:
7493:
7412:
7392:
7316:
7301:
7171:
7075:
7043:
7014:
6936:
6862:
6658:
6541:
6531:
6476:
6461:
6309:
5841:
5768:
5439:
5154:
4999:
4937:
4002:
Scully, C.; El-Kom, M. (1 July 1985). "Lichen planus: review and update on pathogenesis".
1247:
575:
or skin of the scrotum in males, and the vulva or vagina in females. Symptoms may include
231:
222:-like" appearance and can be classified by the site they involve, or by their morphology.
17:
3804:
3587:
3261:"Downregulation of TLR-7 receptor in hepatic and non-hepatic patients with lichen planus"
1906:
1183:
with apoptotic keratinocytes (referred to as Civatte, colloid, hyaline, or cytoid bodies)
4129:
331:
This morphology is characterized by the presence of a few well-demarcated, white-bluish
8349:
8301:
8271:
8139:
8070:
8037:
7759:
7498:
7232:
7112:
6907:
6692:
6505:
6304:
5991:
5901:
5891:
5808:
5350:
5178:
4635:
4329:
4099:
Cheng S, Kirtschig G, Cooper S, Thornhill M, Leonardi-Bee J, Murphy R (February 2012).
4015:
3887:
3844:
3827:
3699:
3646:"Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa"
3622:
3508:
3476:
3443:
3062:
2917:
2884:
2840:
1851:
Cheng S, Kirtschig G, Cooper S, Thornhill M, Leonardi-Bee J, Murphy R (February 2012).
1523:
1496:
1443:
1418:
1362:
1203:
1189:
A lichenoid (band-like) lymphocytic infiltrate immediately subjacent to the epithelium.
1180:
1141:
943:
752:
660:
625:
479:
192:
169:
4757:
4530:
4396:
4379:
3734:
3321:
928:
The clinical evaluation should include a patient history that assesses the following:
8383:
8251:
8129:
7957:
7776:
7540:
7520:
7429:
7296:
7256:
7053:
6789:
6764:
6742:
6526:
6516:
6481:
6070:
5886:
5816:
5778:
5646:
5513:
5373:
5257:
5229:
4600:
4565:
4495:
4459:
4294:
4203:
3662:
3645:
3544:
3404:
3364:
3347:
3277:
3260:
3237:
3194:
3145:
3128:
3049:
McCartan BE (July 1995). "Psychological factors associated with oral lichen planus".
3018:
3001:
2805:
2715:
2698:
2534:
2473:
2340:
2263:
2180:
2122:
1939:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1224:
1170:
821:
794:
Oral LP usually resolve upon removal of the trigger, as is characteristics of oral LP
725:
490:
418:
3913:
3294:
3162:
3035:
2769:
2752:
2732:
2680:
2598:
1650:
Meredith A. Olson; Roy S. Rogers III; Alison J. Bruce (2016). "Oral lichen planus".
453:
8102:
7878:
7873:
7858:
7838:
7808:
7641:
7350:
7291:
7222:
7144:
7134:
7102:
7065:
7026:
7018:
6633:
6588:
6573:
6471:
6466:
6369:
5831:
5403:
5383:
5198:
5193:
5183:
5024:
4814:
4112:
3560:
3428:
3210:
2900:
2045:
2006:
1871:
1275:
1240:
1228:
1087:
1079:
been associated with erythematous, erosive, ulcerative, or lichenoid oral lesions.
771:
535:
461:
3980:
1046:(with or without eosinophils) and perivascular inflammation favor this diagnosis.
409:
Occasionally, lichen planus is known to occur with other conditions. For example:
377:
in sun-exposed areas and flexural folds. This is a rare variant of lichen planus.
4768:
4316:
Axéll T, Rundquist L (February 1987). "Oral lichen planus--a demographic study".
4050:
3499:
Weedon, David (2010), "The lichenoid reaction pattern ('interface dermatitis')",
2582:
8296:
8286:
8276:
8193:
8188:
8119:
7193:
7154:
6973:
6849:
6809:
6677:
6598:
6578:
5866:
5691:
5393:
5059:
4828:
4798:
4380:"COX-2, MMP-7 expression in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma"
1977:
Wagner G, Rose C, Sachse MM (April 2013). "Clinical variants of lichen planus".
1434:
1313:
1298:
1283:
1137:
1125:
1099:
1095:
1039:
902:
898:
891:
817:
791:
and composite) or drugs can cause hypersensitivity reaction and lead to oral LP.
778:
Several potential triggers of oral LP have been proposed over the years, mainly
672:
637:
588:
572:
558:
436:
264:
145:
50:
4817:
4670:
1598:
997:
The history of preceding hematopoietic cell transplant is helpful for diagnosis
759:
T cells, has been proposed. Upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (
8256:
8042:
7868:
7636:
7466:
7407:
7345:
7335:
7328:
7323:
7261:
7244:
7188:
7159:
7080:
6941:
6919:
6804:
6784:
6127:
5826:
5667:
5544:
5262:
5234:
5004:
4823:
4779:
4248:
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology
3969:
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology
3769:
2664:
2629:
2034:
1377:
1346:
1332:
1320:
1279:
1255:
1121:
1043:
1035:
718:
infection. These rupture easily and they leave an ulcerated, painful surface.
260:
200:
173:
164:
that affects the skin, nails, hair, and mucous membranes. It is not an actual
3574:
Eisen D (June 1992). "The oral mucosal punch biopsy. A report of 140 cases".
3467:
3412:
2908:
1762:
Le Cleach L, Chosidow O (February 2012). "Clinical practice. Lichen planus".
1607:
8124:
8107:
7843:
7621:
7424:
7048:
6931:
6551:
6446:
6424:
5960:
5871:
5821:
5585:
5172:
5144:
5049:
4884:
4809:
4742:
4259:
3100:
2315:
2298:
1267:
1220:
1066:
and other autoimmune blistering diseases may present with oral erosions and
1002:
887:
827:
554:
548:
5921:
4678:
4608:
4573:
4503:
4467:
4432:
4405:
4267:
4195:
4138:
4085:
3988:
3777:
3742:
3707:
3671:
3630:
3552:
3531:
Agha R, Mirowski GW (May 2010). "The art and science of oral examination".
3485:
3420:
3373:
3329:
3286:
3245:
3202:
3154:
3108:
3027:
2947:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
2926:
2848:
2813:
2778:
2724:
2672:
2637:
2590:
2324:
1998:
1887:
1837:
1810:
1783:
1532:
1452:
620:
4704:
4643:
4538:
4364:
4337:
4302:
4058:
4023:
3905:
3896:
3853:
3812:
3595:
3070:
2792:
Alam F, Hamburger J (May 2001). "Oral mucosal lichen planus in children".
2049:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1775:
1513:
8134:
8085:
7853:
7606:
7587:
7567:
7388:
7266:
7210:
6456:
5896:
5518:
5498:
5434:
5388:
5330:
5267:
5209:
5029:
4978:
4907:
2885:"Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies"
1216:
958:, etc. to evaluate for the possibility of an oral lichenoid drug eruption
947:
852:
the release of proinflammatory mediators and proteases by mast cells, and
676:
608:
580:
427:
overlap syndrome, sharing features of lichen planus and lichen sclerosus.
4351:
Alabi GO, Akinsanya JB (June 1981). "Lichen planus in tropical Africa".
3459:
1335:
of lichen planus in worldwide population is in the range of 0.2% to 5%.
755:
are being targeted as foreign antigens by activated T cells, especially
636:), is a form of mucosal lichen planus, where lichen planus involves the
8220:
8178:
7863:
7823:
7717:
7591:
7380:
6747:
5695:
5549:
5459:
5378:
5365:
5315:
5244:
4968:
4963:
4958:
2095:
Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L.; Rapini, Ronald P., eds. (2008).
584:
398:
keratotic papules and erosions with a bizarre configuration can occur.
4725:
4187:
4120:
1990:
1879:
7962:
7434:
7022:
6617:
5307:
5252:
5019:
5014:
4988:
4897:
4737:
4698:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
760:
600:
374:
332:
256:
219:
188:
165:
966:
identification of clinical findings that suggest another diagnosis.
2949:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 192–99.
628:
of non-erosive lichen planus in the left buccal mucosa (left cheek)
4973:
1297:
It is found that cutaneous lichen planus does not carry a risk of
1157:
1086:
619:
596:
534:
460:
452:
435:
4157:"Lichen Planus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology"
4101:"Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites"
2157:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 366, 470–71.
1853:"Interventions for erosive lichen planus affecting mucosal sites"
813:
T cell-mediated cytotoxicity in oral LP is described as follows:
482:
areas of the skin. This is also known as "inverse lichen planus".
5554:
5073:
4892:
4170:
Idrees, M; Kujan, O; Shearston, K; Farah, CS (25 January 2020).
1912:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. p.
883:
493:
is present in around 10% of individuals with nail lichen planus.
235:
8338:
8237:
8161:
7919:
7798:
7584:
7374:
7012:
6675:
6615:
6503:
6411:
6373:
5925:
4844:
3644:
Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I (November 2007).
2261:
James, William D.; Elston, Dirk M.; Berger, Timothy G. (2011).
989:
The cutaneous manifestations resemble idiopathic lichen planus.
373:
This morphology is characterized by hyperpigmented, dark-brown
6413:
905:
of sufficient depth to the mid dermis is usually significant.
539:
Lichen planus on the lips and the lateral border of the tongue
855:
perturbations in the innate immune response that may involve
1676:(11th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp. 89–97.
1050:
Oral lichenoid contact reaction (allergic contact mucositis)
1703:(2nd ed.). London: Manson Publishing. pp. 66–72.
365:
sequelae evident. This is a rare variant of lichen planus.
109:
103:
86:
80:
3129:"Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa"
2699:"Lichen planus and lichenoid reactions of the oral mucosa"
2396:
1312:
Due to the possibility that oral LP may increase risk for
2536:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
2475:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
2342:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
2265:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
2182:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
2124:
Andrews' Diseases of the skin : clinical dermatology
553:, affecting the esophageal mucosa. This can present with
276:
Lichen planus lesions can occur in many different forms:
2511:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 473.
2450:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 472.
2425:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 471.
2303:
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
2240:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 468.
2215:(6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. p. 466.
1231:
are known treatment modalities for generalized disease.
849:
zone and allow entry of immune cells into the epidermis,
465:
Pterygium formation in the nails caused by lichen planus
897:
To confirm the diagnosis of cutaneous lichen planus, a
2502:
2500:
1627:
Ethnic Skin and Hair and Other Cultural Considerations
1380:
is undergoing investigation as a potential treatment.
2540:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/ Elsevier. p.
2479:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/ Elsevier. p.
2346:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/ Elsevier. p.
2269:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/ Elsevier. p.
2186:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/ Elsevier. p.
2128:(11th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp.
935:
Presence of associated symptoms (e.g., pain, burning)
259:, and other mucosal surfaces including the genitals,
245:
forms are those affecting the skin, scalp, and nails.
121:
112:
106:
89:
83:
4715:
3946:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 412–13.
1309:
compared to patients diagnosed with other variants.
100:
97:
77:
6297:
6169:
6159:
6125:
6069:
6019:
5986:(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis
5968:
5959:
5840:
5807:
5751:
5736:
5727:
5684:
5655:
5634:
5625:
5578:
5537:
5506:
5495:
5488:
5477:
5422:
5364:
5306:
5243:
5163:
5092:
5081:
5072:
4987:
4951:
4883:
4876:
4789:
4719:
2751:Nico MM, Fernandes JD, Lourenço SV (Jul–Aug 2011).
1979:
Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft
139:
94:
74:
62:
40:
35:
7813:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
3756:Parashar P (February 2011). "Oral lichen planus".
3341:
3339:
837:Other mechanisms that have been proposed include:
4871:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
2692:
2690:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
4074:Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia
3937:
3935:
3933:
3000:Lehman JS, Tollefson MM, Gibson LE (July 2009).
2995:
2993:
2563:
2561:
830:through various mechanisms such as secretion of
8168:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
6355:Lichenoid reaction of graft-versus-host disease
4283:Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology
3869:"Oropharyngeal candidosis in the older patient"
2618:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
2612:Chandan VS, Murray JA, Abraham SC (June 2008).
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1665:
1663:
1661:
675:presenting with persistent, irregular areas of
595:, is severe and distinct variant affecting the
6780:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
4659:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3089:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
2940:
2938:
2936:
2292:
2290:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1728:(3rd ed.). New York: Informa healthcare.
1625:. In Li, Becky S.; Maibach, Howard I. (eds.).
1586:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
230:Lichen planus may be categorized as affecting
7738:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
6385:
6083:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
5937:
5356:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
4856:
3082:
3080:
2794:International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
2509:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
2448:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
2423:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
2238:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
2213:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
2155:Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine
1899:
1897:
1621:Onalaja, Amanda A.; Taylor, Susan C. (2021).
1361:Lichen planus was first described in 1869 by
8:
5010:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
2746:
2744:
2742:
2297:Gordon KA, Vega JM, Tosti A (Nov–Dec 2011).
1179:Liquefaction (hydropic) degeneration of the
255:(mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, anus),
251:forms are those affecting the lining of the
4105:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3867:Shay K, Truhlar MR, Renner RP (July 1997).
3832:Journal of the National Medical Association
2889:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2099:(2nd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby/Elsevier.
1860:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1495:Gorouhi F, Davari P, Fazel N (2014-01-30).
1227:. Narrow band UVB phototherapy or systemic
826:Activated CD8+ T cells induce keratinocyte
8335:
8234:
8158:
7916:
7795:
7581:
7371:
7009:
6672:
6612:
6500:
6408:
6392:
6378:
6370:
6166:
5965:
5944:
5930:
5922:
5733:
5631:
5503:
5492:
5485:
5089:
5078:
4880:
4863:
4849:
4841:
4716:
4384:Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
3876:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
2397:"Cicatricial Alopecia Research Foundation"
2063:|...|intentional=yes}}
1098:is a manifestation of squamous epithelial
49:
32:
4395:
4318:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
4128:
3895:
3843:
3661:
3475:
3363:
3276:
3144:
3017:
2916:
2768:
2714:
2314:
1904:Yamada T, Alpers DH, et al. (2009).
1597:
1522:
1512:
1442:
6330:Idiopathic eruptive macular pigmentation
4589:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
4554:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
4448:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
4176:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3828:"Leukoedema: a review of the literature"
3758:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
3650:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3352:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
3226:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3183:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
3051:Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
642:
278:
218:lesions are so called because of their "
8365:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
7514:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2532:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011).
2471:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011).
2338:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011).
2299:"Trachyonychia: a comprehensive review"
2178:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011).
2120:James WD, Elston DM, Berger TG (2011).
2027:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1726:Surgical pathology of the head and neck
1670:Greenberg MS, Glick M, Ship JA (2008).
1409:
1389:
1173:and slight acanthosis of the epithelium
1154:Histopathologic diagnosis of dermatitis
387:Graham‐Little‐Piccardi‐Lasseur syndrome
7551:As a manifestation of systemic disease
5663:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
4004:Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine
3448:Dermatology Practical & Conceptual
2878:
2571:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
8400:Hepatitis C virus-associated diseases
4217:
4215:
4213:
4150:
4148:
3942:Kerawala C, Newlands C, eds. (2010).
3385:
3383:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3122:
3120:
3118:
2968:
2966:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2653:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
1629:. Switzerland: Springer. p. 10.
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
440:Lichen planus affecting the lower lip
7:
7397:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
3805:10.1001/archderm.1980.01640320056014
3588:10.1001/archderm.1992.01680160099013
3265:International Journal of Dermatology
3006:International Journal of Dermatology
1941:Clinical oral medicine and pathology
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
8048:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
7891:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1945:. New York: Humana Press. pp.
1764:The New England Journal of Medicine
457:Cutaneous lichen planus on the shin
8395:Conditions of the mucous membranes
7165:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
6649:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
6282:Hepatitis-associated lichen planus
5445:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
4636:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1988.tb01527.x
4353:Tropical and Geographical Medicine
4330:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00480.x
4016:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1985.tb00516.x
3888:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb01517.x
3700:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.09.006
3623:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2004.06.005
3509:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3485-5.00004-8
3393:The British Journal of Dermatology
3259:El Tawdy A, Rashed L (July 2012).
3063:10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01181.x
2841:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2009.03.004
994:Chronic graft-versus-host disease
770:Autoimmune response to epithelial
555:difficulty or pain when swallowing
27:Human chronic inflammatory disease
25:
5346:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
4531:10.3109/rhe1.1970.16.issue-1-4.34
3322:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.013
2757:Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia
187:or lichenoid lesion) refers to a
58:Lichen planus affecting the shins
8267:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
8204:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
8199:Central hypoventilation syndrome
8081:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
7509:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
7489:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
6401:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
5996:Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
5455:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
4703:
4601:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00341.x
4566:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2005.00349.x
4519:Acta Rheumatologica Scandinavica
4496:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01516.x
4460:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00662.x
3663:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00582.x
3545:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01318.x
3503:, Elsevier, pp. 35–70.e41,
3405:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10868.x
3365:10.1046/j.0022-202X.2003.22108.x
3278:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04977.x
3238:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01169.x
3195:10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00946.x
3146:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01322.x
3019:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04062.x
2806:10.1046/j.1365-263X.2001.00266.x
2716:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01322.x
1074:Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
632:Oral lichen planus (also termed
160:) is a chronic inflammatory and
70:
8113:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
7750:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
7204:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
6087:Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
5465:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
2770:10.1590/s0365-05962011000400002
1162:Histopathology of lichen planus
909:studies are not always needed.
886:or genital pain and history of
571:which may cause lesions on the
8098:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
7933:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
6335:Keratosis lichenoides chronica
6325:Erythema dyschromicum perstans
5978:Generalized pustular psoriasis
5706:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
5414:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
5040:Infantile digital fibromatosis
4155:Tsu-Yi Chuang (Feb 24, 2020).
4113:10.1002/14651858.CD008092.pub2
3944:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2901:10.1002/14651858.CD001168.pub3
2046:10.1002/14651858.cd008038.pub2
1937:Treister NS, Bruch JM (2010).
1872:10.1002/14651858.CD008092.pub2
1059:Autoimmune blistering diseases
593:Vulvovaginal-gingival syndrome
561:, or as the development of an
512:Keratosis lichenoides chronica
1:
8292:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
8241:Soft tissues around the mouth
7938:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
5298:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
5135:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
4397:10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60110-8
3981:10.1016/j.tripleo.2003.12.027
3735:10.1016/S1368-8375(98)00116-X
2697:Schlosser BJ (May–Jun 2010).
7462:Gingival cyst of the newborn
7071:Failure of eruption of teeth
6775:Hand, foot and mouth disease
6760:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
6698:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
6644:Palatal cysts of the newborn
6567:Transient lingual papillitis
6106:Xanthoerythrodermia perstans
6011:Localized pustular psoriasis
5774:Systemic lupus erythematosus
5529:Systemic lupus erythematosus
5220:Systemic lupus erythematosus
4378:Li TJ, Cui J (August 2013).
4295:10.1016/0030-4220(86)90422-6
4051:10.1001/archderm.134.12.1521
2583:10.1097/LGT.0b013e318247a907
1908:Textbook of gastroenterology
1697:Lewis MA, Jordan RC (2012).
1501:The Scientific World Journal
1307:oral squamous cell carcinoma
1111:Oral squamous cell carcinoma
1106:Oral squamous cell carcinoma
1030:Oral lichenoid drug reaction
845:that disrupt the epithelial
591:, and itching. In females,
577:lower urinary tract symptoms
501:Other variants may include:
323:"lichen planus verrucosus".
7990:Salivary gland diverticulum
7953:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
6964:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
6876:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
5055:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
3826:Martin JL (November 1992).
1019:Discoid lupus erythematosus
787:Restorative material (e.g.
8426:
8000:Salivary gland hyperplasia
7948:HIV salivary gland disease
7457:Gingival cyst of the adult
6903:Oral florid papillomatosis
6287:Lichen planus pemphigoides
6112:Large plaque parapsoriasis
6098:Small plaque parapsoriasis
6006:Annular pustular psoriasis
5877:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
4671:10.1016/j.jaad.2012.07.014
2614:"Esophageal lichen planus"
2507:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
2446:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
2421:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
2236:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
2211:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
2153:Freedberg IM, ed. (2003).
1599:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.268
1151:
1064:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
634:oral mucosal lichen planus
589:painful sexual intercourse
506:Lichen planus pemphigoides
263:, ears, nose, bladder and
18:Hypertrophic lichen planus
8345:
8334:
8247:
8239:Orofacial soft tissues –
8233:
8174:
8157:
8005:Salivary gland hypoplasia
7928:
7915:
7819:
7794:
7733:Bisphosphonate-associated
7627:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
7602:
7580:
7403:
7370:
7098:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
7034:
7008:
6688:
6671:
6624:
6611:
6562:Median rhomboid glossitis
6512:
6499:
6420:
6407:
6315:Lichen ruber moniliformis
6057:Seborrheic-like psoriasis
4624:Journal of Oral Pathology
3770:10.1016/j.otc.2010.09.004
3127:Schlosser BJ (May 2010).
2763:(4): 633–41, quiz 642–3.
2665:10.3109/01443610903477572
2630:10.5858/2008-132-1026-ELP
2372:"Orphanet: Rare Diseases"
2035:10.1002/14651858.CD008038
1435:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac111
1132:Oropharyngeal candidiasis
911:Direct immunofluorescence
843:matrix metalloproteinases
783:Hypersensitivity reaction
205:graft versus host disease
57:
48:
8312:Orofacial granulomatosis
8091:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
8076:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
8010:Salivary gland neoplasms
7801:Temporomandibular joints
7772:Periapical periodontitis
7504:Linear gingival erythema
7272:Regional odontodysplasia
7118:Enamel hypocalcification
6320:Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
6270:with lupus erythematosis
6141:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
5953:Papulosquamous disorders
5642:Thrombocytopenic purpura
5288:Dermatitis herpetiformis
5273:Acute contact dermatitis
5225:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
5150:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
5120:Lichen simplex chronicus
5000:Epidermal inclusion cyst
3310:Archives of Oral Biology
1623:"1. Defining skin color"
607:. It is associated with
559:oesophageal inflammation
191:of similar or identical
8209:Obstructive sleep apnea
7975:Salivary duct stricture
7755:Paget's disease of bone
7252:Pulp canal obliteration
7093:Dentin hypersensitivity
7039:Amelogenesis imperfecta
6891:Squamous cell carcinoma
6871:Adenosquamous carcinoma
6858:Squamous cell papilloma
6835:Melanocytic oral lesion
5907:Squamous-cell carcinoma
5902:Systemic histoplasmosis
5293:Porphyria cutanea tarda
4923:Squamous-cell carcinoma
4260:10.1067/moe.2001.110439
4039:Archives of Dermatology
3793:Archives of Dermatology
3576:Archives of Dermatology
3501:Weedon's Skin Pathology
3101:10.1067/mjd.2002.120452
2316:10.4103/0378-6323.86470
1176:Saw-toothed rete ridges
1068:desquamative gingivitis
985:Lichenoid drug eruption
915:vesiculobullous disease
681:desquamative gingivitis
491:sand-papered appearance
8410:Oral mucosal pathology
8355:Hemifacial hypertrophy
8322:Pyostomatitis vegetans
7995:Salivary gland fistula
7985:Salivary gland atresia
7980:Salivary gland aplasia
7834:Mandibular dislocation
7805:muscles of mastication
7683:Calcifying odontogenic
7312:Vertical root fracture
7307:Cracked tooth syndrome
7282:Shovel-shaped incisors
7177:Wisdom tooth impaction
7059:Early childhood caries
6925:Benign mucous membrane
6886:Spindle cell carcinoma
6795:Intraoral dental sinus
6713:Burning mouth syndrome
6116:Retiform parapsoriasis
6093:Lymphomatoid papulosis
6079:Pityriasis lichenoides
6042:Drug-induced psoriasis
6037:Psoriatic erythroderma
5982:Impetigo herpetiformis
5882:Cicatricial pemphigoid
5799:Acne keloidalis nuchae
5794:Folliculitis decalvans
3611:Clinics in Dermatology
2829:Clinics in Dermatology
1724:Barnes L, ed. (2009).
1673:Burket's oral medicine
1652:Clinics in Dermatology
1592:(3): P64. 2005-03-01.
1558:Therapeutic guidelines
1331:The overall estimated
1272:Calcineurin inhibitors
1163:
1092:
974:Differential diagnosis
816:Antigens presented on
629:
605:peno-gingival syndrome
569:Genital lichen planus,
540:
466:
458:
441:
253:gastrointestinal tract
8164:Stomatognathic system
8066:Acinic cell carcinoma
7688:Glandular odontogenic
6840:Molluscum contagiosum
6265:with lichen sclerosus
6151:Pityriasis amiantacea
5784:Loose anagen syndrome
5711:Necrobiosis lipoidica
5647:Actinic/solar purpura
5321:Insect bite reactions
5110:Seborrheic dermatitis
4933:Merkel-cell carcinoma
4913:Molluscum contagiosum
3927:doi:10.1111/jop.13170
2055:|...}}
2040:(Retracted, see
1776:10.1056/NEJMcp1103641
1161:
1152:Further information:
1090:
832:tumor necrosis factor
623:
538:
464:
456:
439:
8307:Oral Crohn's disease
8262:Basal cell carcinoma
7901:Condylar hyperplasia
7886:Maxillary hypoplasia
7452:Gingival enlargement
7385:periodontal ligament
6991:Verruciform xanthoma
6723:Condyloma acuminatum
6350:Lichenoid dermatitis
5607:Annulare centrifugum
5130:Glucagonoma syndrome
4928:Basal-cell carcinoma
4903:Seborrheic keratosis
4712:at Wikimedia Commons
3533:Dermatologic Therapy
3133:Dermatologic Therapy
2753:"Oral lichen planus"
2703:Dermatologic Therapy
866:genetic polymorphism
668:Erosive/ Ulcerative
563:esophageal stricture
524:Lichenoid dermatitis
8405:Lichenoid eruptions
8390:Autoimmune diseases
8317:Perioral dermatitis
8053:Pleomorphic adenoma
8033:Monomorphic adenoma
8023:Canalicular adenoma
7896:Condylar hypoplasia
7829:Condylar resorption
7673:Lateral periodontal
7632:Mandibular fracture
7531:Periodontal abscess
7128:Turner's hypoplasia
6896:Verrucous carcinoma
6845:Morsicatio buccarum
6825:Lupus erythematosus
6738:Erythema multiforme
6654:Stomatitis nicotina
6102:Digitate dermatosis
6032:Psoriatic arthritis
5852:Aphthous stomatitis
5789:Lichen planopilaris
5764:Androgenic alopecia
5570:Fixed drug eruption
5145:Pemphigus foliaceus
5045:Granular cell tumor
3460:10.5826/dpc.0504a13
1514:10.1155/2014/742826
1215:treatments include
1014:lupus erythematosus
857:toll-like receptors
753:basal keratinocytes
644:
518:Lichenoid keratoses
414:Lupus erythematosus
8360:Facial hemiatrophy
8214:Periodic breathing
8145:Sjögren's syndrome
8018:Basal cell adenoma
7782:Torus mandibularis
7760:Periapical abscess
7743:Osteoradionecrosis
7668:Buccal bifurcation
7647:Intraosseous cysts
7536:Periodontal trauma
7440:Pyogenic granuloma
7287:Supernumerary root
7240:Pulp calcification
7228:Premature eruption
7199:Odontogenic tumors
6996:White sponge nevus
6969:Submucous fibrosis
6913:Smoker's melanosis
6800:Irritation fibroma
6639:High-arched palate
6547:Foliate papillitis
6537:Cunnilingus tongue
6522:Black hairy tongue
6452:Congenital lip pit
6146:Pityriasis rotunda
5872:Pemphigus vulgaris
5701:Granuloma annulare
5565:Carcinoid syndrome
5450:Tuberous sclerosis
5409:Coccidioidomycosis
5283:Bullous pemphigoid
5278:Pemphigus vulgaris
5210:Secondary syphilis
5100:Contact dermatitis
4790:External resources
1164:
1093:
907:Immunofluorescence
648:Lesion morphology
643:
630:
541:
467:
459:
442:
432:Signs and symptoms
185:lichenoid eruption
181:lichenoid reaction
162:autoimmune disease
8377:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8330:
8329:
8229:
8228:
8153:
8152:
8058:Sebaceous adenoma
7911:
7910:
7790:
7789:
7701:Median mandibular
7696:Nasopalatine duct
7612:Alveolar osteitis
7576:
7575:
7563:Perio-endo lesion
7445:Congenital epulis
7366:
7365:
7123:Enamel hypoplasia
7004:
7003:
6979:Riga–Fede disease
6830:Melanocytic nevus
6770:Hairy leukoplakia
6733:Epulis fissuratum
6667:
6666:
6607:
6606:
6557:Geographic tongue
6495:
6494:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6065:
6064:
6047:Inverse psoriasis
6027:Guttate psoriasis
6000:Pustular bacterid
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5759:Telogen effluvium
5723:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5621:
5620:
5473:
5472:
5341:Lichen spinulosus
5336:Keratosis pilaris
5215:Mycosis fungoides
5115:Stasis dermatitis
5105:Atopic dermatitis
5068:
5067:
4943:Trichoepithelioma
4918:Actinic keratosis
4838:
4837:
4708:Media related to
4188:10.1111/jop.12996
3953:978-0-19-920483-0
3764:(1): 89–107, vi.
2945:Scully C (2008).
2551:978-1-4377-0314-6
2518:978-0-07-138076-8
2490:978-1-4377-0314-6
2457:978-0-07-138076-8
2432:978-0-07-138076-8
2357:978-1-4377-0314-6
2280:978-1-4377-0314-6
2247:978-0-07-138076-8
2222:978-0-07-138076-8
2197:978-1-4377-0314-6
2164:978-0-07-138076-8
2139:978-1-4377-0314-6
2106:978-1-4160-2999-1
1991:10.1111/ddg.12031
1956:978-1-60327-519-4
1923:978-1-4051-6911-0
1636:978-3-030-64829-9
1567:978-0-9804764-3-9
1384:Explanatory notes
1008:Atopic dermatitis
940:antihypertensives
847:basement membrane
722:
721:
405:Overlap syndromes
402:
401:
282:Lesion morphology
151:
150:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
8417:
8336:
8235:
8159:
8028:Ductal papilloma
7917:
7796:
7693:Non-odontogenic:
7678:Globulomaxillary
7617:Buccal exostosis
7582:
7526:Peri-implantitis
7372:
7088:Dentin dysplasia
7010:
6986:Verruca vulgaris
6881:Mucosal melanoma
6728:Darier's disease
6703:Behçet's disease
6673:
6629:Bednar's aphthae
6613:
6501:
6487:Trumpeter's wart
6409:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6371:
6345:Lichen sclerosus
6340:Kraurosis vulvae
6260:overlap synromes
6167:
6136:Pityriasis rosea
6052:Napkin psoriasis
5966:
5946:
5939:
5932:
5923:
5857:Oral candidiasis
5734:
5632:
5560:Erythema nodosum
5504:
5493:
5486:
5430:Tinea versicolor
5268:Bullous impetigo
5205:Pityriasis rosea
5140:Lichen sclerosus
5125:Darier's disease
5090:
5079:
5035:Kaposi's sarcoma
4881:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4842:
4717:
4707:
4683:
4682:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4227:www.uptodate.com
4219:
4208:
4207:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4152:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4034:
4028:
4027:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3939:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3899:
3873:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3399:(6): 1198–1205.
3387:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3343:
3334:
3333:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3178:
3167:
3166:
3148:
3124:
3113:
3112:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3021:
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2978:www.uptodate.com
2970:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2880:
2853:
2852:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2401:www.carfintl.org
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2268:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2092:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2038:
2022:
2011:
2010:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1944:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1911:
1901:
1892:
1891:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1759:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1554:
1537:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1492:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1414:
1398:
1394:
841:upregulation of
661:Wickham's striae
645:
626:Wickham's striae
579:associated with
531:Mucous membranes
425:Lichen sclerosus
279:
170:Wickham's striae
128:
124:
119:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
53:
33:
21:
8425:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8416:
8415:
8414:
8380:
8379:
8378:
8369:
8341:
8326:
8282:Ludwig's angina
8243:
8225:
8184:Mouth breathing
8170:
8149:
7970:Pneumoparotitis
7943:Frey's syndrome
7924:
7922:Salivary glands
7907:
7815:
7786:
7765:Phoenix abscess
7598:
7594:hard tissues –
7572:
7494:Hypercementosis
7413:Cementoblastoma
7399:
7362:
7076:Dens evaginatus
7030:
7000:
6952:Denture-related
6937:Plasmoacanthoma
6863:Keratoacanthoma
6684:
6682:Lining of mouth
6663:
6659:Torus palatinus
6620:
6603:
6584:Lingual thyroid
6542:Fissured tongue
6532:Crenated tongue
6508:
6491:
6477:Nasolabial cyst
6462:Herpes labialis
6416:
6403:
6398:
6368:
6359:
6310:Lichen striatus
6293:
6155:
6121:
6061:
6015:
5955:
5950:
5920:
5911:
5843:
5836:
5803:
5769:Alopecia areata
5747:
5729:
5715:
5672:
5651:
5627:
5617:
5574:
5533:
5519:Viral exanthems
5497:
5481:
5479:
5469:
5440:Pityriasis alba
5418:
5360:
5302:
5239:
5159:
5155:Zinc deficiency
5085:
5083:
5064:
4992:
4983:
4947:
4938:Nevus sebaceous
4872:
4869:
4839:
4834:
4833:
4785:
4784:
4728:
4691:
4686:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4211:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4107:(2): CD008092.
4098:
4097:
4093:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4045:(12): 1521–30.
4036:
4035:
4031:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3941:
3940:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3871:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3389:
3388:
3381:
3345:
3344:
3337:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3126:
3125:
3116:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3002:"Lichen planus"
2999:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2934:
2895:(2): CD001168.
2882:
2881:
2856:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2094:
2093:
2072:
2058:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2024:
2023:
2014:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1957:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1866:(2): CD008092.
1855:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1761:
1760:
1743:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1556:
1555:
1540:
1494:
1493:
1460:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1375:
1359:
1329:
1292:
1248:corticosteroids
1237:
1212:
1204:corticosteroids
1199:
1156:
1150:
1134:
1119:
1108:
1085:
1076:
1061:
1052:
1032:
1027:
981:
976:
944:antidepressants
923:
901:can be done. A
879:
874:
818:MHC 1 molecules
806:
799:Viral infection
745:
618:
533:
476:Palms and soles
451:
434:
421:may be present.
407:
274:
228:
213:
193:histopathologic
135:
126:
122:
93:
73:
69:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8423:
8421:
8413:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8382:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8350:Eagle syndrome
8346:
8343:
8342:
8339:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8272:Cystic hygroma
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8245:
8244:
8238:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8186:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8162:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8148:
8147:
8142:
8140:Sialolithiasis
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8100:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8071:Adenocarcinoma
8068:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8038:Myoepithelioma
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7929:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7799:
7792:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7746:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7714:
7713:
7711:Traumatic bone
7708:
7706:Median palatal
7703:
7698:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7585:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7517:
7516:
7506:
7501:
7499:Hypocementosis
7496:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7410:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7375:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7359:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7233:Neonatal teeth
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7180:
7179:
7169:
7168:
7167:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7131:
7130:
7120:
7115:
7113:Ectopic enamel
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7084:
7083:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7013:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6908:Oral melanosis
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6865:
6860:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6708:Bohn's nodules
6705:
6700:
6695:
6693:Amalgam tattoo
6689:
6686:
6685:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6609:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6497:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6374:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6305:Lichen nitidus
6301:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6186:
6175:
6173:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6109:
6095:
6090:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6023:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5992:Acropustulosis
5989:
5974:
5972:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5941:
5934:
5926:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Coxsackievirus
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5638:
5636:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5609:
5604:
5602:Gyratum repens
5599:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5524:Toxic erythema
5521:
5516:
5514:Drug eruptions
5510:
5508:
5501:
5490:
5483:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5351:Lichen nitidus
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Herpes simplex
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4820:
4806:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4771:
4760:
4745:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:Classification
4714:
4713:
4701:
4690:
4689:External links
4687:
4685:
4684:
4649:
4614:
4579:
4544:
4525:(4): 293–303.
4509:
4473:
4438:
4411:
4370:
4343:
4308:
4273:
4238:
4209:
4182:(3): 287–298.
4162:
4144:
4091:
4064:
4029:
3994:
3959:
3952:
3929:
3919:
3897:2027.42/111172
3859:
3838:(11): 938–40.
3818:
3783:
3748:
3713:
3677:
3656:(10): 575–80.
3636:
3617:(3): 285–300.
3601:
3566:
3523:
3517:
3491:
3434:
3379:
3335:
3316:(5): 495–502.
3300:
3251:
3216:
3189:(10): 729–34.
3168:
3114:
3076:
3041:
2989:
2962:
2955:
2932:
2854:
2819:
2784:
2738:
2686:
2643:
2604:
2557:
2550:
2524:
2517:
2496:
2489:
2463:
2456:
2438:
2431:
2413:
2388:
2363:
2356:
2330:
2286:
2279:
2253:
2246:
2228:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2170:
2163:
2145:
2138:
2112:
2105:
2070:
2012:
1962:
1955:
1929:
1922:
1893:
1843:
1816:
1789:
1741:
1734:
1716:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1657:
1642:
1635:
1613:
1573:
1566:
1538:
1458:
1429:(3): pgac111.
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1363:Erasmus Wilson
1358:
1355:
1328:
1325:
1291:
1288:
1236:
1233:
1211:
1208:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1149:
1148:Histopathology
1146:
1142:corticosteroid
1136:Oropharyngeal
1133:
1130:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1104:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1005:
1000:
999:
998:
992:
991:
990:
980:
977:
975:
972:
963:
962:
959:
936:
933:
922:
919:
878:
875:
873:
870:
861:
860:
853:
850:
822:helper T cells
805:
802:
801:
800:
797:
796:
795:
792:
744:
741:
720:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:
702:
701:
698:
694:
693:
689:
685:
684:
669:
665:
664:
657:
653:
652:
649:
617:
614:
613:
612:
566:
532:
529:
528:
527:
521:
515:
509:
499:
498:
494:
483:
480:Intertriginous
477:
474:
450:
447:
433:
430:
429:
428:
422:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
391:
390:
383:
379:
378:
371:
367:
366:
359:
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
329:
325:
324:
320:
316:
315:
312:koebnerization
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
291:
287:
286:
283:
273:
270:
269:
268:
246:
227:
224:
212:
211:Classification
209:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
134:
133:
66:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8422:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8337:
8333:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8252:Actinomycosis
8250:
8249:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8232:
8222:
8219:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8176:
8173:
8169:
8165:
8160:
8156:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8130:Sialodochitis
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7930:
7927:
7923:
7918:
7914:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7809:malocclusions
7806:
7802:
7797:
7793:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7777:Stafne defect
7775:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7728:Osteonecrosis
7726:
7724:
7723:Osteomyelitis
7721:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7597:
7596:Bones of jaws
7593:
7589:
7583:
7579:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7541:Periodontitis
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7521:Pericoronitis
7519:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7477:Granulomatous
7475:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7430:Eruption cyst
7428:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7257:Pulp necrosis
7255:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7216:Dens in dente
7214:
7213:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7108:Discoloration
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7024:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7007:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6910:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6815:Lichen planus
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6790:Herpes zoster
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6765:Fordyce spots
6763:
6761:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6743:Erythroplakia
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Caviar tongue
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Ankyloglossia
6515:
6514:
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6482:Sun poisoning
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6383:
6381:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6296:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:configuration
6177:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6171:Lichen planus
6168:
6165:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6072:
6071:Parapsoriasis
6068:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5862:Lichen planus
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Onychomycosis
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5779:Tinea capitis
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5728:Miscellaneous
5726:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:Nonblanchable
5624:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5476:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:Hypopigmented
5421:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5374:Acne vulgaris
5372:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5326:Lichen planus
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5258:Herpes zoster
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Parapsoriasis
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5071:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4830:
4829:Lichen planus
4826:
4825:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4710:Lichen planus
4706:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4695:Lichen planus
4693:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4665:(2): 255–61.
4664:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4595:(8): 467–72.
4594:
4590:
4583:
4580:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4513:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:(3): 235–43.
4489:
4485:
4484:Oral Diseases
4477:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:(8): 447–53.
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:(4): 373–81.
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4239:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4080:(6): 719–26.
4079:
4075:
4068:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4010:(6): 431–58.
4009:
4005:
3998:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3975:(5): 553–65.
3974:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3882:(7): 863–70.
3881:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3752:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:(3): 278–82.
3728:
3724:
3723:Oral Oncology
3717:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:Oral Oncology
3681:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3539:(3): 209–19.
3538:
3534:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3518:9780702034855
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:(10): 741–7.
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3139:(3): 251–67.
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:(2): 207–14.
3094:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3012:(7): 682–94.
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:9780702049484
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2800:(3): 209–14.
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2709:(3): 251–67.
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:(3): 226–30.
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:(6): 1026–9.
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:(4): 377–80.
2576:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1985:(4): 309–19.
1984:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1805:(3): 129–34.
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1770:(8): 723–32.
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:9781420091632
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1710:9781840761818
1706:
1702:
1701:
1700:Oral medicine
1693:
1690:
1685:
1683:9781550093452
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:triamcinolone
1261:
1260:dexamethasone
1257:
1253:
1252:betamethasone
1249:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:sulfasalazine
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:Parakeratosis
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1126:buccal mucosa
1123:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
996:
995:
993:
988:
987:
986:
983:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
960:
957:
953:
952:antidiabetics
949:
945:
941:
937:
934:
931:
930:
929:
926:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
876:
871:
869:
867:
858:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
839:
838:
835:
833:
829:
824:
823:
819:
814:
812:
803:
798:
793:
790:
786:
785:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
773:
772:self-antigens
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
742:
740:
737:
733:
729:
727:
716:
713:
712:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
695:
690:
687:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
641:
639:
635:
627:
622:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
567:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:lichen planus
550:
546:
545:
544:
537:
530:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:
495:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
470:
463:
455:
448:
446:
438:
431:
426:
423:
420:
419:Telangectasia
415:
412:
411:
410:
404:
396:
393:
392:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
372:
369:
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
339:
334:
330:
327:
326:
321:
318:
317:
313:
309:
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
280:
277:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
239:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
216:Lichen planus
210:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Lichen planus
147:
144:
142:
138:
131:
130:
117:
68:
67:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
36:Lichen planus
34:
19:
8240:
8167:
8103:Sialadenitis
8062:
8014:
7879:Scissor bite
7874:Retrognathia
7859:Overeruption
7839:Malocclusion
7812:
7692:
7651:
7642:Micrognathia
7595:
7586:Periapical,
7472:Desquamative
7396:
7377:Periodontium
7351:Acid erosion
7292:Taurodontism
7223:Open contact
7135:Enamel pearl
7103:Dilaceration
7066:Concrescence
6867:
6854:
6814:
6681:
6634:Cleft palate
6594:Microglossia
6589:Macroglossia
6574:Glossoptosis
6472:Microcheilia
6467:Macrocheilia
6276:
6259:
6253:Vulvovaginal
6248:Peno-ginival
6232:
6201:Hypertrophic
6195:
6178:
6170:
5861:
5832:Ingrown nail
5404:Dermatophyte
5399:Gonococcemia
5384:Folliculitis
5325:
5025:Neurofibroma
4993:subcutaneous
4822:
4808:
4797:
4773:
4762:
4747:
4732:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4630:(5): 213–8.
4627:
4623:
4617:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4560:(9): 532–9.
4557:
4553:
4547:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4427:(3): 210–2.
4424:
4420:
4414:
4390:(8): 640–3.
4387:
4383:
4373:
4359:(2): 143–7.
4356:
4352:
4346:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4254:(1): 34–44.
4251:
4247:
4241:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4104:
4094:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3943:
3922:
3879:
3875:
3862:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3799:(8): 906–8.
3796:
3792:
3786:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3694:(8): 742–8.
3691:
3687:
3680:
3653:
3649:
3639:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3582:(6): 815–7.
3579:
3575:
3569:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3500:
3494:
3454:(4): 51–55.
3451:
3447:
3437:
3396:
3392:
3358:(1): 87–94.
3355:
3351:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3271:(7): 785–9.
3268:
3264:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3186:
3182:
3136:
3132:
3092:
3088:
3057:(6): 273–5.
3054:
3050:
3044:
3009:
3005:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2946:
2892:
2888:
2835:(1): 100–8.
2832:
2828:
2822:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2760:
2756:
2706:
2702:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2574:
2570:
2535:
2527:
2508:
2474:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2422:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2400:
2391:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2366:
2341:
2333:
2309:(6): 640–5.
2306:
2302:
2264:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2212:
2206:
2181:
2173:
2154:
2148:
2123:
2115:
2096:
2059:{{
2051:{{
2026:
1982:
1978:
1940:
1932:
1907:
1863:
1859:
1846:
1832:(1): 17–23.
1829:
1825:
1819:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1767:
1763:
1725:
1719:
1699:
1692:
1672:
1651:
1645:
1626:
1616:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1557:
1504:
1500:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1392:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1330:
1327:Epidemiology
1318:
1311:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1276:pimecrolimus
1241:oral hygiene
1238:
1229:PUVA therapy
1213:
1200:
1192:
1165:
1135:
1120:
1109:
1094:
1077:
1062:
1053:
1040:plasma cells
1033:
968:
964:
927:
924:
903:punch biopsy
896:
880:
862:
836:
825:
815:
807:
804:Pathogenesis
777:
769:
765:
750:
746:
738:
734:
730:
723:
697:Plaque-like
651:Description
633:
631:
604:
592:
568:
547:
542:
523:
517:
511:
505:
500:
468:
443:
408:
319:Hypertrophic
285:Description
275:
267:of the eyes.
248:
242:
229:
215:
214:
178:
157:
153:
152:
8297:Microstomia
8287:Macrostomia
8277:Gnathophyma
8194:Catathrenia
8189:Sleep apnea
8120:Sialectasis
7663:Dentigerous
7653:Odontogenic
7482:Plasma cell
7418:Gigantiform
7194:Microdontia
7184:Macrodontia
7155:Hyperdontia
6850:Oral cancer
6810:Leukoplakia
6718:Candidiasis
6678:Oral mucosa
6599:Rhabdomyoma
6579:Hypoglossia
6440:Plasma cell
5887:Herpesvirus
5867:Leukoplakia
5692:Scleroderma
5579:Specialized
5507:Generalized
5482:involvement
5394:Candidiasis
5086:involvement
5060:Myxoid cyst
4908:Acrochordon
4799:MedlinePlus
4324:(1): 52–6.
2097:Dermatology
1314:oral cancer
1299:skin cancer
1284:cyclosporin
1181:basal layer
1138:candidiasis
1100:hyperplasia
1096:Leukoplakia
1091:Leukoplakia
1083:Leukoplakia
1044:neutrophils
1036:lymphocytes
899:skin biopsy
892:odynophagia
726:inner cheek
673:oral ulcers
638:oral mucosa
573:glans penis
382:Follicular
363:cicatricial
265:conjunctiva
146:Dermatology
41:Other names
8384:Categories
8257:Angioedema
8063:Malignant:
8043:Oncocytoma
7869:Prognathia
7658:periapical
7637:Microgenia
7588:mandibular
7546:Aggressive
7467:Gingivitis
7408:Cementicle
7346:Abfraction
7336:Tooth wear
7329:Edentulism
7324:Tooth loss
7277:Resorption
7262:Pulp polyp
7245:Pulp stone
7189:Meth mouth
7160:Hypodontia
7150:Gemination
7081:Talon cusp
6974:Ulceration
6942:Stomatitis
6920:Pemphigoid
6868:Malignant:
6820:Linea alba
6805:Leukoedema
6785:Herpangina
6753:Giant-cell
6216:Ulcerative
6196:morphology
6128:pityriasis
5827:Paronychia
5668:Vasculitis
5592:Multiforme
5590:Erythema (
5545:Cellulitis
5496:Blanchable
5245:Blistering
5235:Ichthyosis
5093:Eczematous
5005:Hemangioma
4824:Patient UK
4775:DiseasesDB
4232:2019-01-07
4223:"UpToDate"
4121:1871/48562
2983:2019-01-04
2974:"UpToDate"
1880:1871/48562
1507:: 742826.
1423:PNAS Nexus
1405:References
1378:Apremilast
1347:prevalence
1333:prevalence
1321:malignancy
1280:tacrolimus
1268:analgesics
1256:clobetasol
1219:, such as
1122:Leukoedema
1117:Leukoedema
1012:Cutaneous
656:Reticular
549:Esophageal
358:Ulcerative
261:peritoneum
238:surfaces.
201:microscope
174:autoimmune
8125:Sialocele
8108:Parotitis
7849:Open bite
7844:Crossbite
7622:Cherubism
7592:maxillary
7425:Cementoma
7356:Attrition
7172:Impaction
7140:Fluorosis
7049:Anodontia
7044:Ankylosis
6932:Pemphigus
6552:Glossitis
6447:Cleft lip
6425:Cheilitis
6226:Pigmented
6162:lichenoid
5961:Psoriasis
5822:Psoriasis
5730:disorders
5685:Indurated
5586:Urticaria
5538:Localized
5480:epidermal
5263:Varicella
5173:Psoriasis
5084:epidermal
5050:Leiomyoma
4952:Pigmented
4885:Epidermal
4810:eMedicine
4204:210891674
3468:2160-9381
3413:1365-2133
2909:1469-493X
2061:retracted
2053:retracted
1608:1097-6787
1397:eruption"
1290:Prognosis
1274:(such as
1250:(such as
1221:acitretin
1217:retinoids
1197:Treatment
1003:Psoriasis
948:diuretics
888:dysphagia
872:Diagnosis
828:apoptosis
705:Atrophic
487:pterygium
370:Pigmented
243:Cutaneous
236:cutaneous
179:The term
141:Specialty
8135:Sialosis
8086:Lymphoma
7958:Mucocele
7854:Overbite
7607:Agnathia
7568:Teething
7393:alveolus
7389:cementum
7341:Abrasion
7317:Occlusal
7302:Avulsion
7267:Pulpitis
7211:Odontoma
6957:Herpetic
6947:Aphthous
6457:Eclabium
6206:Atrophic
5970:Pustular
5897:Syphilis
5844:membrane
5499:Erythema
5435:Vitiligo
5389:Impetigo
5366:Pustular
5331:Miliaria
5179:Corporis
5030:Xanthoma
4979:Melanoma
4959:Freckles
4818:derm/663
4815:derm/233
4679:22910104
4609:16091113
4574:16138891
4504:19222766
4468:18624932
4433:12661749
4406:23790336
4268:11174569
4196:31981238
4139:22336835
4130:10794897
4086:25664824
3989:15529127
3914:46075976
3778:21093625
3743:10621848
3708:17112770
3672:17944749
3631:15896544
3553:20597940
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3421:22296226
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3203:20923445
3163:37730720
3155:20597944
3109:11807431
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2814:11484471
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2733:37730720
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2638:18517264
2599:25165134
2591:22622344
2376:Orphanet
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1999:23320493
1888:22336835
1838:22908728
1811:21488570
1784:22356325
1533:24672362
1453:35899069
1373:Research
884:pruritus
714:Bullous
688:Papular
624:Classic
609:HLA-DQB1
581:stenosis
394:Inverse
349:Actinic
328:Atrophic
290:Papular
197:clinical
8221:Snoring
8179:Bruxism
8015:Benign:
7864:Overjet
7824:Bruxism
7718:Osteoma
7556:Chronic
7381:gingiva
6855:Benign:
6748:Fibroma
6435:Angular
6430:Actinic
6238:Mucosal
6221:Actinic
6211:Bullous
6184:Annular
5696:morphea
5656:Papular
5635:Macular
5628:Purpura
5612:Ab igne
5597:Migrans
5550:Abscess
5478:Without
5460:Leprosy
5379:Rosacea
5316:Scabies
5308:Papular
5177:Tinea (
5165:Scaling
4969:Melasma
4964:Lentigo
4877:Growths
4769:D008010
4644:3144584
4539:5493043
4365:7281214
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4303:3458148
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1357:History
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677:redness
585:urethra
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557:due to
375:macules
341:Bullous
333:papules
299:Annular
272:Pattern
249:Mucosal
232:mucosal
7963:Ranula
7435:Epulis
7297:Trauma
7145:Fusion
7054:Caries
7027:enamel
7023:dentin
6618:Palate
6506:Tongue
6277:other:
6189:Linear
6160:Other
6126:Other
5842:Mucous
5738:Ulcers
5199:Faciei
5194:Manuum
5184:Cruris
5074:Rashes
5020:Lipoma
5015:Keloid
4989:Dermal
4898:Callus
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257:larynx
220:lichen
189:lesion
166:lichen
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7015:Teeth
6298:Other
6243:Nails
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4758:697.0
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4200:S2CID
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3872:(PDF)
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