119:
of expression changes of oncogenes or tumour suppressors through modulating the acetylation/deacetylation of histones and/or non-histone proteins such as transcription factors. Histone acetylation and deacetylation play important roles in the modulation of chromatin topology and the regulation of gene transcription. Histone deacetylase inhibition induces the accumulation of hyperacetylated nucleosome core histones in most regions of chromatin but affects the expression of only a small subset of genes, leading to transcriptional activation of some genes, but repression of an equal or larger number of other genes. Non-histone proteins such as transcription factors are also targets for acetylation with varying functional effects. Acetylation enhances the activity of some transcription factors such as the tumor suppressor
135:(ERalpha) can be hyperacetylated in response to histone deacetylase inhibition, suppressing ligand sensitivity and regulating transcriptional activation by histone deacetylase inhibitors. Conservation of the acetylated ER-alpha motif in other nuclear receptors suggests that acetylation may play an important regulatory role in diverse nuclear receptor signaling functions. A number of structurally diverse histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown potent antitumor efficacy with little toxicity in vivo in animal models. Several compounds are currently in early phase clinical development as potential treatments for solid and hematological cancers both as monotherapy and in combination with cytotoxics and differentiation agents."
2107:
603:), non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Neuroblastoma. Because of the massive effect of pan-HDAC inhibition, witnessed by the very low dosage concentration used and by the countless biological functions affected, many scientists have focused their attention on combining the less specific HDACi treatment with other more specific anti-cancer drugs, such as the efficacy of the combination treatment with the pan-HDAC inhibitor LBH589 (
559:(FST) measure the level of defeat in rodents— usually after treatment with chronic stress— which mirrors symptoms of human depression. Alongside tests for levels of HDAC mRNA, acetylation and gene expression these behavioral tests are compared to controls to determine whether or not treatment has been successful in ameliorating symptoms of depression. Studies which used
463:, or by genetic knockout of the HDAC2 gene in mice. While that may have relevance to Alzheimer's disease, it was shown that some cognitive deficits were restored in actual transgenic mice with a model of Alzheimer's disease (3xTg-AD) by orally administered nicotinamide, a competitive HDI of Class III sirtuins.
118:
As of 2015, the histone deacetylase inhibitors were a "new" class of cytostatic agents that inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells in culture and in vivo by inducing cell cycle arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis. Histone deacetylase inhibitors exert their anti-tumour effects via the induction
361:
HDIs should not be considered to act solely as enzyme inhibitors of HDACs. A large variety of nonhistone transcription factors and transcriptional co-regulators are known to be modified by acetylation. HDIs can alter the degree of acetylation nonhistone effector molecules and, therefore, increase
479:
that could explain why after much research, no specific genes or loci have emerged which would indicate risk for depression 2016 studies estimate that even after successive treatments with multiple antidepressants, almost 35% of patients did not achieve remission, suggesting that there could be an
1924:
Elliott JH, Wightman F, Solomon A, Ghneim K, Ahlers J, Cameron MJ, Smith MZ, Spelman T, McMahon J, Velayudham P, Brown G, Roney J, Watson J, Prince MH, Hoy JF, Chomont N, Fromentin R, Procopio FA, Zeidan J, Palmer S, Odevall L, Johnstone RW, Martin BP, Sinclair E, Deeks SG, Hazuda DJ, Cameron PU,
652:
specifically for the purpose of reactivating latent HIV in order to diminish the reservoirs. Vorinostat was noted as the least potent of the HDAC inhibitors in this trial. Another study found that romidepsin led to a higher and more sustained level of cell-associated HIV RNA reactivation than
115:. HDAC inhibitors (HDI) block this action and can result in hyperacetylation of histones, thereby affecting gene expression. The open chromatin resulting from inhibition of histone deacetylases can result in either the up-regulation or the repression of genes.
1976:
Wei DG, Chiang V, Fyne E, Balakrishnan M, Barnes T, Graupe M, Hesselgesser J, Irrinki A, Murry JP, Stepan G, Stray KM, Tsai A, Yu H, Spindler J, Kearney M, Spina CA, McMahon D, Lalezari J, Sloan D, Mellors J, Geleziunas R, Cihlar T (April 2014).
530:
growth and health, whose down regulation can be a symptom of depression. Multiple studies have shown that treatment with an HDI helps to upregulate expression of BDNF: valproic acid commonly used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder as well as
504:
which have known connection to behavior and mood regulation. 2011 research focused on the use of HDI therapy for depression after studies on depressed patients in the middle of a depressive episode found increased expression of HDAC2 and HDAC5
107:(HDAC), which remove the acetyl groups from the lysine residues leading to the formation of a condensed and transcriptionally silenced chromatin. Reversible modification of the terminal tails of core histones constitutes the major
2105:, Maier, Thomas; Beckers, Thomas; Hummel, Rolf-Peter; Feth, Martin; Müller, Matthias; Bär, Thomas; Volz, Jürgen, "Novel Sulphonylpyrroles as Inhibitors of Hdac S Novel Sulphonylpyrroles", published October 22, 2009
1332:
517:
As of 2011 various HDIs have been studied for their connection to the regulation of mood and behavior, each having different, specific effects on the regulation of various genes. The most commonly studied genes include
2187:
1979:"Histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin induces HIV expression in CD4 T cells from patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy at concentrations achieved by clinical dosing"
599:
studies, focused on
Pancreatic, Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), Multiple myeloma, Prostate carcinoma, Gastric cancer, Leukemia, breast, Liver cancer, ovarian cancer (
496:
have been studied for their connection to a high risk of depression in adulthood. In animal models, these types of trauma have been shown to have significant effects on
1505:
Guan JS, Haggarty SJ, Giacometti E, Dannenberg JH, Joseph N, Gao J, Nieland TJ, Zhou Y, Wang X, Mazitschek R, Bradner JE, DePinho RA, Jaenisch R, Tsai LH (May 2009).
217:-containing catalytic domain of the HDACs. These classical HDIs can be classified into several groupings named according to the chemical moiety that binds to the
1564:"Nicotinamide restores cognition in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice via a mechanism involving sirtuin inhibition and selective reduction of Thr231-phosphotau"
2180:
2459:
523:
1826:"The Bromodomain Inhibitor JQ1 and the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Panobinostat Synergistically Reduce N-Myc Expression and Induce Anticancer Effects"
2029:
2882:
2173:
497:
225:
which bind to the zinc ion with a thiol group). As of 2005, some examples in decreasing order of the typical zinc binding affinity were:
2793:
2637:
2596:
2745:
2562:
519:
431:
HDIs have a long history of use in psychiatry and neurology as mood stabilizers and anti-epileptics. The prime example of this is
2754:
2668:
2452:
1413:"Histone deacetylase isoforms regulate innate immune responses by deacetylating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1"
2714:
2621:
2123:"Identification of a better Homo sapiens Class II HDAC inhibitor through binding energy calculations and descriptor analysis"
1927:"Activation of HIV transcription with short-course vorinostat in HIV-infected patients on suppressive antiretroviral therapy"
363:
128:
1775:"Histone Deacetylases (HDACs): Evolution, Specificity, Role in Transcriptional Complexes, and Pharmacological Actionability"
79:. Since at least 2003 they have been investigated as possible treatments for cancers, parasitic and inflammatory diseases.
2887:
2642:
2841:
2833:
2427:
476:
1245:"Distinct pharmacological properties of second generation HDAC inhibitors with the benzamide or hydroxamate head group"
2902:
2737:
2727:
2709:
2650:
2554:
1141:
701:
689:
2897:
2591:
2533:
2496:
2445:
1459:
448:
898:
579:
is commonly used as a candidate for mood disorder treatment: studies using it both alone and in co-treatment with
147:
histone deacetylases, the 18 known human histone deacetylases as of 2015 were classified into four groups (I-IV):
2892:
2857:
2680:
2546:
677:
472:
375:
92:
2813:
2675:
2212:
2207:
1205:
811:"Antimalarial and antileishmanial activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors with triazole-linked cap group"
484:
component to depression which is not addressed by pharmacological treatments. Environmental stressors, namely
2788:
2766:
2732:
2491:
583:
report subjects with increased performance on both TST and FST in addition to increased expression of BDNF.
535:
both increased expression of BDNF in animal models of depression. One study which traced GDNF levels in the
456:
132:
96:
53:
2749:
2719:
2685:
2658:
2570:
2486:
859:
452:
399:
2798:
2357:
1372:"HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel strategies for therapy and prevention"
1333:"The emerging therapeutic potential of sirtuin-interacting drugs: from cell death to lifespan extension"
551:
Pre-clinical research on the use of HDIs to treat depression use rodents to model human depression. The
275:
2102:
1562:
Green KN, Steffan JS, Martinez-Coria H, Sun X, Schreiber SS, Thompson LM, LaFerla FM (November 2008).
2402:
1518:
910:
556:
552:
489:
104:
2047:
Granger A, Abdullah I, Huebner F, Stout A, Wang T, Huebner T, Epstein JA, Gruber PJ (October 2008).
2663:
2578:
1412:
49:
2272:
2252:
1726:"Histone deacetylases and mood disorders: epigenetic programming in gene-environment interactions"
1617:
335:
319:
2501:
1645:
1487:
1440:
1313:
934:
353:, as well as derivatives of NAD, dihydrocoumarin, naphthopyranone, and 2-hydroxynaphthaldehydes.
2372:
244:
127:
but may repress transcriptional activity of others including T cell factor and the co-activator
1243:
Beckers T, Burkhardt C, Wieland H, Gimmnich P, Ciossek T, Maier T, Sanders K (September 2007).
954:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: inducers of differentiation or apoptosis of transformed cells"
2771:
2397:
2287:
2282:
2262:
2154:
2080:
2010:
1958:
1906:
1857:
1806:
1755:
1695:
1637:
1593:
1544:
1479:
1432:
1393:
1352:
1305:
1266:
1225:
1221:
1158:
1117:
1068:
1019:
975:
926:
879:
840:
791:
742:
673:
2506:
2472:
2362:
2222:
2144:
2134:
2070:
2060:
2000:
1990:
1948:
1938:
1896:
1888:
1847:
1837:
1796:
1786:
1745:
1737:
1685:
1629:
1583:
1575:
1534:
1526:
1471:
1424:
1383:
1344:
1297:
1256:
1217:
1150:
1107:
1099:
1058:
1050:
1009:
965:
918:
871:
830:
822:
809:
Patil V, Guerrant W, Chen PC, Gryder B, Benicewicz DB, Khan SI, et al. (January 2010).
781:
773:
734:
536:
501:
485:
315:
46:
1773:
Milazzo G, Mercatelli D, Di Muzio G, Triboli L, De Rosa P, Perini G, Giorgi FM (May 2020).
387:
2776:
2583:
2347:
2227:
576:
532:
493:
287:
229:
112:
87:
To carry out gene expression, a cell must control the coiling and uncoiling of DNA around
68:
57:
571:) found treated animals displayed gene expression profiles similar to those treated with
213:
The "classical" HDIs act exclusively on Class I, II and Class IV HDACs by binding to the
1522:
914:
2629:
2616:
2523:
2377:
2352:
2317:
2149:
2122:
2075:
2049:"Histone deacetylase inhibition reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice"
2048:
2005:
1978:
1953:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1801:
1774:
1750:
1725:
1588:
1563:
1539:
1506:
1460:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: possible implications for neurodegenerative disorders"
1286:"Rational development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents: a review"
1112:
1087:
1063:
1039:"Mechanisms of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Regulated Gene Expression in Cancer Cells"
1038:
922:
860:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases?"
835:
810:
786:
761:
625:
291:
233:
72:
1824:
Shahbazi J, Liu Y, Atmadibrata B, Bradner JE, Marshall GM, Lock RB, Liu T (May 2016).
1285:
1086:
Gryder BE, Rood MK, Johnson KA, Patil V, Raftery ED, Yao LP, et al. (July 2013).
875:
2876:
2759:
1741:
1672:
Fuchikami M, Yamamoto S, Morinobu S, Okada S, Yamawaki Y, Yamawaki S (January 2016).
681:
432:
279:
76:
1674:"The potential use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the treatment of depression"
1649:
1491:
1444:
1088:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors equipped with estrogen receptor modulation activity"
938:
2468:
2387:
2382:
2367:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2242:
1579:
1317:
897:
Thiagalingam S, Cheng KH, Lee HJ, Mineva N, Thiagalingam A, Ponte JF (March 2003).
637:
604:
403:
350:
349:
The sirtuin Class III HDACs are dependent on NAD+ and are, therefore, inhibited by
343:
339:
323:
248:
240:
222:
2437:
1842:
1825:
1014:
997:
2165:
1995:
1943:
1852:
2606:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2302:
2292:
2217:
2139:
1690:
1673:
611:
307:
303:
100:
1458:
Hahnen E, Hauke J, Tränkle C, Eyüpoglu IY, Wirth B, Blümcke I (February 2008).
1411:
Jeong Y, Du R, Zhu X, Yin S, Wang J, Cui H, Cao W, Lowenstein CJ (April 2014).
1348:
777:
2412:
2407:
2337:
2277:
2267:
2237:
1475:
970:
953:
826:
669:
649:
645:
641:
600:
564:
560:
540:
481:
460:
331:
311:
299:
295:
252:
108:
61:
17:
1206:"Clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents"
1154:
899:"Histone deacetylases: unique players in shaping the epigenetic histone code"
722:
2699:
2392:
2342:
2247:
362:
or repress the transcription of genes by this mechanism. Examples include:
327:
271:
257:
2158:
2084:
2014:
1962:
1910:
1892:
1861:
1810:
1759:
1699:
1641:
1597:
1548:
1483:
1436:
1397:
1388:
1371:
1356:
1309:
1301:
1270:
1229:
1162:
1136:
1121:
1072:
1023:
979:
930:
883:
844:
795:
746:
1791:
1633:
1054:
700:
As of 2008, HDIs were also being studied as protection of heart muscle in
111:
mechanism for remodeling higher-order chromatin structure and controlling
2257:
2232:
2065:
654:
391:
194:
88:
1530:
1428:
658:
1261:
1244:
1103:
738:
2538:
2030:"FDA Approves Nonsteroidal Treatment for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"
1507:"HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity"
1204:
Drummond DC, Noble CO, Kirpotin DB, Guo Z, Scott GK, Benz CC (2005).
628:(TSA) and others are being investigated as anti-inflammatory agents.
580:
572:
568:
527:
411:
264:
201:
187:
60:, HDIs can render chromatin more transcriptionally active and induce
1176:
2823:
1616:
Schroeder M, Hillemacher T, Bleich S, Frieling H (February 2012).
591:
Pan-HDAC inhibitors have shown anticancer potential in several in
407:
379:
183:
179:
175:
171:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
124:
1678:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological
Psychiatry
506:
395:
383:
371:
367:
218:
214:
2441:
2169:
1618:"The epigenetic code in depression: implications for treatment"
67:
HDIs have a long history of use in psychiatry and neurology as
614:
608:
459:. Enhancement of memory formation was increased in mice given
415:
120:
1284:
Acharya MR, Sparreboom A, Venitz J, Figg WD (October 2005).
1137:"Targeted histone deacetylase inhibition for cancer therapy"
99:
leading to a less compact and more transcriptionally active
998:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors: overview and perspectives"
447:. As of 2008, HDIs were being studied as a mitigator for
2114:
1724:
Machado-Vieira R, Ibrahim L, Zarate CA (December 2011).
575:, and displayed similar anti-depressant like behavior.
1037:
Chueh AC, Tse JW, Tögel L, Mariadason JM (July 2015).
760:
Mwakwari SC, Patil V, Guerrant W, Oyelere AK (2010).
539:
found increased gene expression upon treatment with
467:
Preclinical research for the treatment of depression
2850:
2822:
2698:
2605:
2522:
2515:
2479:
721:Miller TA, Witter DJ, Belvedere S (November 2003).
286:As of 2007, "second-generation" HDIs included the
996:Dokmanovic M, Clarke C, Marks PA (October 2007).
1177:"Histone deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors Database"
509:compared to controls and patients in remission.
197:are related to the Sir2 gene and include SIRT1-7
143:Based on their homology of accessory domains to
952:Marks PA, Richon VM, Rifkind RA (August 2000).
91:. This is accomplished with the assistance of
2028:Commissioner, Office of the (March 26, 2024).
991:
989:
97:acetylate the lysine residues in core histones
2453:
2181:
2117:information about molecules that block HDACs.
1877:"HDAC inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents"
1199:
1197:
672:(ITF2357) is an orphan drug for treatment of
8:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1210:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology
762:"Macrocyclic histone deacetylase inhibitors"
524:Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
435:, marketed as a drug under the trade names
27:Compounds that inhibit histone deacetylases
2519:
2460:
2446:
2438:
2188:
2174:
2166:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
903:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
688:"Givinostat" is used for the treatment of
2213:β-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-hydroxybutyrate)
2148:
2138:
2074:
2064:
2004:
1994:
1952:
1942:
1900:
1851:
1841:
1800:
1790:
1749:
1689:
1587:
1538:
1387:
1260:
1222:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095825
1111:
1062:
1013:
969:
834:
785:
123:and the erythroid differentiation factor
958:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
653:vorinostat in latently infected T-cells
1464:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
858:Blanchard F, Chipoy C (February 2005).
713:
103:, and, on the converse, the actions of
1622:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
1135:Vigushin DM, Coombes RC (March 2004).
131:. Recent studies have shown that the
1331:Porcu M, Chiarugi A (February 2005).
766:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
7:
815:Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry
204:has features of both Class I and II.
56:produces transcriptionally silenced
1730:CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics
526:(GDNF) both of which help regulate
2121:Tambunan US, Wulandari EK (2010).
1337:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1043:Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
923:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb05964.x
83:Cellular biochemistry/pharmacology
25:
520:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
471:2012 research into the causes of
1742:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00203.X
723:"Histone deacetylase inhibitors"
2223:Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate)
1881:British Journal of Pharmacology
1370:Yang XJ, Seto E (August 2007).
1249:International Journal of Cancer
547:Effects on depressive behaviors
190:are related to yeast Hda1 gene;
167:are related to yeast RPD3 gene;
2883:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
2197:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
1580:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3203-08.2008
1092:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
727:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
200:Class IV, which contains only
45:) are chemical compounds that
31:Histone deacetylase inhibitors
1:
2428:Receptor/signaling modulators
1843:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-1666
1015:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-0324
876:10.1016/S1359-6446(04)03309-4
486:traumatic stress in childhood
477:gene-environment interactions
193:Class III, also known as the
1996:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004071
1944:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004473
1925:Sékaly RP, Lewin SR (2014).
2353:Sodium oxybate (GHB sodium)
2140:10.1186/1471-2105-11-S7-S16
1691:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.03.010
1568:The Journal of Neuroscience
1142:Current Cancer Drug Targets
702:acute myocardial infarction
690:Duchenne muscular dystrophy
684:(MF). Under the brand name
636:One study noted the use of
232:(or hydroxamates), such as
93:histone acetyl transferases
2919:
2638:Dihydropteroate synthetase
2497:Non-competitive inhibition
2103:HK application 1124320
1349:10.1016/j.tips.2004.12.009
778:10.2174/156802610792232079
513:Effects on gene expression
475:highlighted some possible
449:neurodegenerative diseases
170:Class IIA, which includes
2858:Steroidogenesis inhibitor
2421:
2393:Valproic acid (valproate)
2203:
1476:10.1517/13543784.17.2.169
1002:Molecular Cancer Research
827:10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.042
678:essential thrombocythemia
54:deacetylation of histones
2794:Matrix metalloproteinase
2597:Ribonucleotide reductase
2492:Uncompetitive inhibition
1875:Adcock IM (April 2007).
1830:Clinical Cancer Research
1155:10.2174/1568009043481560
427:Psychiatry and neurology
151:Class I, which includes
2563:Dihydrofolate reductase
2243:Butyric acid (butyrate)
971:10.1093/jnci/92.15.1210
500:, particularly at gene
274:acid compounds such as
133:estrogen receptor alpha
2659:Nucleotidyltransferase
2487:Competitive inhibition
1893:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707166
1389:10.1038/sj.onc.1210599
1302:10.1124/mol.105.014167
1290:Molecular Pharmacology
2669:Reverse transcriptase
2358:Sodium phenylbutyrate
2208:3,3'-Diindolylmethane
1853:1959.4/unsworks_39804
1792:10.3390/genes11050556
1634:10.1038/clpt.2011.282
1055:10.1089/ars.2014.5863
696:Myocardial Infarction
621:Inflammatory diseases
276:Sodium phenylbutyrate
2888:Antineoplastic drugs
2715:Acetylcholinesterase
2622:Thymidylate synthase
2403:Valproate semisodium
2115:HDAC inhibitors base
2066:10.1096/fj.08-108548
864:Drug Discovery Today
557:forced swimming test
553:tail suspension test
490:maternal deprivation
457:Huntington's disease
357:Additional functions
105:histone deacetylases
50:histone deacetylases
2809:Histone deacetylase
2643:Farnesyltransferase
1531:10.1038/nature07925
1523:2009Natur.459...55G
1429:10.1189/jlb.1013565
915:2003NYASA.983...84T
498:histone acetylation
453:Alzheimer's disease
221:ion (except cyclic
139:HDAC classification
2903:Muscle stabilizers
2842:Carbonic anhydrase
2834:Dopa decarboxylase
2502:Suicide inhibition
2127:BMC Bioinformatics
326:(LBH589); and the
209:HDI classification
2898:Muscle protectors
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2738:Alpha-glucosidase
2728:Polygalacturonase
2710:Phosphodiesterase
2651:GABA transaminase
2555:Monoamine oxidase
2539:HMG-CoA reductase
2473:enzyme inhibition
2435:
2434:
2413:Vorinostat (SAHA)
2398:Valproate pivoxil
2283:Indole-3-carbinol
2263:Diallyl disulfide
1836:(10): 2534–2544.
1262:10.1002/ijc.22751
1104:10.1021/jm400467w
739:10.1021/jm0303094
674:polycythemia vera
402:, Runx, SF1 Sp3,
16:(Redirected from
2910:
2893:Mood stabilizers
2592:Xanthine oxidase
2534:Aldose reductase
2520:
2507:Mixed inhibition
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2363:Sodium valproate
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2133:(Suppl 7): S16.
2111:
2110:
2106:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1937:(11): e1004473.
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1845:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1669:
1654:
1653:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1574:(45): 11500–10.
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1264:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1066:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
993:
984:
983:
973:
949:
943:
942:
894:
888:
887:
855:
849:
848:
838:
806:
800:
799:
789:
757:
751:
750:
733:(24): 5097–116.
718:
587:Cancer treatment
537:ventral striatum
288:hydroxamic acids
230:hydroxamic acids
69:mood stabilizers
21:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2846:
2818:
2694:
2681:Tyrosine kinase
2601:
2511:
2475:
2466:
2436:
2431:
2417:
2348:Sodium butyrate
2228:Allyl mercaptan
2199:
2194:
2120:
2108:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2059:(10): 3549–60.
2046:
2045:
2041:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1989:(4): e1004071.
1975:
1974:
1970:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1671:
1670:
1657:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1517:(7243): 55–60.
1504:
1503:
1499:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1098:(14): 5782–96.
1085:
1084:
1080:
1036:
1035:
1031:
995:
994:
987:
951:
950:
946:
896:
895:
891:
857:
856:
852:
808:
807:
803:
772:(14): 1423–40.
759:
758:
754:
720:
719:
715:
710:
698:
667:
634:
623:
589:
577:Sodium butyrate
549:
533:sodium butyrate
515:
494:childhood abuse
469:
429:
424:
359:
211:
141:
113:gene expression
85:
73:anti-epileptics
58:heterochromatin
35:HDAC inhibitors
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2916:
2914:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2814:Beta-lactamase
2811:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2676:Protein kinase
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2524:Oxidoreductase
2517:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Trichostatin A
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Phenylbutyrate
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2096:External links
2094:
2091:
2090:
2039:
2020:
1983:PLOS Pathogens
1968:
1931:PLOS Pathogens
1916:
1867:
1816:
1785:(5): 556–604.
1765:
1736:(6): 699–704.
1705:
1655:
1603:
1554:
1497:
1450:
1403:
1382:(37): 5310–8.
1362:
1323:
1276:
1255:(5): 1138–48.
1235:
1193:
1168:
1127:
1078:
1029:
985:
964:(15): 1210–6.
944:
889:
870:(3): 197–204.
850:
801:
752:
712:
711:
709:
706:
697:
694:
666:
665:Other diseases
663:
633:
630:
626:Trichostatin A
622:
619:
588:
585:
555:(TST) and the
548:
545:
514:
511:
468:
465:
428:
425:
423:
420:
358:
355:
292:trichostatin A
284:
283:
268:
263:electrophilic
261:
255:
237:
234:trichostatin A
210:
207:
206:
205:
198:
191:
168:
140:
137:
84:
81:
26:
24:
18:HDAC inhibitor
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2915:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:Miscellaneous
2849:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Enkephalinase
2787:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2767:Endopeptidase
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Neuraminidase
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2053:FASEB Journal
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:(7): 829–31.
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:(2): 169–84.
1469:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:J Leukoc Biol
1414:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:(2): 94–103.
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:(4): 917–32.
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:(2): 205–18.
1148:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1008:(10): 981–9.
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
948:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
909:(1): 84–100.
908:
904:
900:
893:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
851:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
821:(1): 415–25.
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
707:
705:
703:
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:myelofibrosis
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
660:
656:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
629:
627:
620:
618:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
525:
521:
512:
510:
508:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
478:
474:
466:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:valproic acid
426:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
356:
354:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
280:valproic acid
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
259:
256:
254:
250:
249:depsipeptides
246:
242:
241:tetrapeptides
238:
235:
231:
228:
227:
226:
224:
223:tetrapeptides
220:
216:
208:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:
148:
146:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:(HAT), which
94:
90:
82:
80:
78:
77:valproic acid
74:
70:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2808:
2783:
2750:Exopeptidase
2720:Ribonuclease
2686:Janus kinase
2571:Lipoxygenase
2547:5α-Reductase
2469:Pharmacology
2424:
2423:
2388:Valnoctamide
2383:Tucidinostat
2368:Sulforaphane
2313:Parthenolide
2308:Panobinostat
2298:Mocetinostat
2273:Fimepinostat
2253:Citarinostat
2196:
2130:
2126:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2023:
1986:
1982:
1971:
1934:
1930:
1919:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1733:
1729:
1681:
1677:
1628:(2): 310–4.
1625:
1621:
1571:
1567:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1423:(4): 651–9.
1420:
1416:
1406:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1293:
1289:
1279:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1213:
1209:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1049:(1): 66–84.
1046:
1042:
1032:
1005:
1001:
961:
957:
947:
906:
902:
892:
867:
863:
853:
818:
814:
804:
769:
765:
755:
730:
726:
716:
699:
685:
668:
638:panobinostat
635:
624:
605:panobinostat
596:
592:
590:
550:
516:
470:
444:
440:
436:
430:
360:
351:nicotinamide
348:
346:(MGCD0103).
344:mocetinostat
340:zabadinostat
336:tacedinaline
324:panobinostat
320:ivaltinostat
285:
212:
182:; Class IIB
142:
117:
86:
66:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
2799:Oxytocinase
2607:Transferase
2333:Resminostat
2328:Quisinostat
2323:Pracinostat
2303:Niacinamide
2293:Martinostat
2218:Abexinostat
1216:: 495–528.
612:bromodomain
522:(BDNF) and
308:abexinostat
304:resminostat
101:euchromatin
2877:Categories
2408:Valpromide
2373:Trapoxin B
2338:Romidepsin
2278:Givinostat
2268:Entinostat
2238:Belinostat
1181:hdacis.com
708:References
670:Givinostat
650:vorinostat
646:romidepsin
642:entinostat
617:compound.
607:) and the
601:belinostat
581:fluoxetine
573:fluoxetine
565:Entinostat
492:and early
482:epigenetic
473:depression
461:vorinostat
445:Divalproex
334:(MS-275),
332:entinostat
328:benzamides
312:givinostat
302:(PXD101),
300:belinostat
296:vorinostat
258:benzamides
253:romidepsin
251:, such as
247:, and the
245:trapoxin B
109:epigenetic
75:, such as
62:epigenomic
2700:Hydrolase
2664:Integrase
2579:Aromatase
2516:Substrate
2425:See also:
2343:Scriptaid
2248:Capsaicin
1684:: 320–4.
1186:6 October
680:(ET) and
378:, HNF-4,
374:, FEN 1,
338:(CI994),
272:aliphatic
243:(such as
178:, -7 and
64:changes.
2746:Protease
2288:Kevetrin
2258:Curcumin
2233:Apicidin
2159:21106123
2085:18606865
2015:24722454
1963:25393648
1911:17325655
1862:26733615
1811:32429325
1760:20961400
1700:25818247
1650:39241791
1642:22205200
1598:18987186
1549:19424149
1492:14344174
1484:18230051
1445:40126163
1437:24374966
1398:17694074
1376:Oncogene
1357:15681027
1310:15955865
1271:17455259
1230:15822187
1163:15032670
1122:23786452
1073:24512308
1024:17951399
980:10922406
939:26722842
931:12724214
884:15708534
845:19914074
796:20536416
747:14613312
655:in vitro
632:HIV/AIDS
593:in vitro
488:such as
451:such as
441:Depakote
437:Depakene
366:, cMyb,
330: :
298:(SAHA),
290: :
195:sirtuins
89:histones
52:. Since
2772:Trypsin
2150:2957684
2076:2537432
2006:3983056
1954:4231123
1902:2013887
1802:7288346
1751:3026916
1589:2617713
1540:3498958
1519:Bibcode
1318:1439957
1113:3812312
1064:4492771
911:Bibcode
836:2818366
787:3144151
686:Duvyzat
659:ex vivo
597:in vivo
418:, etc.
398:, p53,
265:ketones
239:cyclic
47:inhibit
2826:(EC 4)
2702:(EC 3)
2609:(EC 2)
2569:1.13
2526:(EC 1)
2157:
2147:
2109:
2083:
2073:
2013:
2003:
1961:
1951:
1909:
1899:
1860:
1809:
1799:
1758:
1748:
1698:
1648:
1640:
1596:
1586:
1547:
1537:
1511:Nature
1490:
1482:
1443:
1435:
1396:
1355:
1316:
1308:
1269:
1228:
1161:
1120:
1110:
1071:
1061:
1022:
978:
937:
929:
882:
843:
833:
794:
784:
745:
676:(PV),
648:, and
569:MS-275
528:neuron
443:, and
342:, and
316:LAQ824
202:HDAC11
186:, and
2824:Lyase
2784:Mixed
2777:Renin
2755:DPP-4
2590:1.17
2584:COX-2
2577:1.14
2480:Class
1779:Genes
1646:S2CID
1488:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1314:S2CID
935:S2CID
408:TFIIE
392:NF-κB
388:MKP-1
380:HSP90
267:, and
172:HDAC4
153:HDAC1
145:yeast
125:GATA1
39:HDACi
2840:4.2
2832:4.1
2807:3.5
2744:3.4
2726:3.2
2708:3.1
2657:2.7
2649:2.6
2636:2.5
2630:PARP
2628:2.4
2617:COMT
2615:2.1
2561:1.5
2553:1.4
2545:1.3
2532:1.1
2155:PMID
2081:PMID
2011:PMID
1959:PMID
1907:PMID
1858:PMID
1807:PMID
1756:PMID
1696:PMID
1638:PMID
1594:PMID
1545:PMID
1480:PMID
1433:PMID
1394:PMID
1353:PMID
1306:PMID
1267:PMID
1226:PMID
1188:2015
1159:PMID
1118:PMID
1069:PMID
1020:PMID
976:PMID
927:PMID
880:PMID
841:PMID
792:PMID
743:PMID
657:and
595:and
561:SAHA
541:SAHA
507:mRNA
502:loci
455:and
422:Uses
404:STAT
396:PCNA
384:Ku70
376:GATA
372:EKLF
368:E2F1
364:ACTR
322:and
278:and
270:the
219:zinc
215:zinc
163:and
129:ACTR
71:and
43:HDIs
2760:ACE
2145:PMC
2135:doi
2071:PMC
2061:doi
2034:FDA
2001:PMC
1991:doi
1949:PMC
1939:doi
1897:PMC
1889:doi
1885:150
1848:hdl
1838:doi
1797:PMC
1787:doi
1746:PMC
1738:doi
1686:doi
1630:doi
1584:PMC
1576:doi
1535:PMC
1527:doi
1515:459
1472:doi
1425:doi
1384:doi
1345:doi
1298:doi
1257:doi
1253:121
1218:doi
1151:doi
1108:PMC
1100:doi
1059:PMC
1051:doi
1010:doi
966:doi
919:doi
907:983
872:doi
831:PMC
823:doi
782:PMC
774:doi
735:doi
615:JQ1
609:BET
563:or
416:YY1
412:TCF
188:-10
121:p53
2879::
2748::
2471::
2153:.
2143:.
2131:11
2129:.
2125:.
2079:.
2069:.
2057:22
2055:.
2051:.
2032:.
2009:.
1999:.
1987:10
1985:.
1981:.
1957:.
1947:.
1935:10
1933:.
1929:.
1905:.
1895:.
1883:.
1879:.
1856:.
1846:.
1834:22
1832:.
1828:.
1805:.
1795:.
1783:11
1781:.
1777:.
1754:.
1744:.
1734:17
1732:.
1728:.
1708:^
1694:.
1682:64
1680:.
1676:.
1658:^
1644:.
1636:.
1626:91
1624:.
1620:.
1606:^
1592:.
1582:.
1572:28
1570:.
1566:.
1543:.
1533:.
1525:.
1513:.
1509:.
1486:.
1478:.
1468:17
1466:.
1462:.
1439:.
1431:.
1421:95
1419:.
1415:.
1392:.
1380:26
1378:.
1374:.
1351:.
1341:26
1339:.
1335:.
1312:.
1304:.
1294:68
1292:.
1288:.
1265:.
1251:.
1247:.
1224:.
1214:45
1212:.
1208:.
1196:^
1179:.
1157:.
1145:.
1139:.
1116:.
1106:.
1096:56
1094:.
1090:.
1067:.
1057:.
1047:23
1045:.
1041:.
1018:.
1004:.
1000:.
988:^
974:.
962:92
960:.
956:.
933:.
925:.
917:.
905:.
901:.
878:.
868:10
866:.
862:.
839:.
829:.
819:18
817:.
813:.
790:.
780:.
770:10
768:.
764:.
741:.
731:46
729:.
725:.
704:.
692:.
661:.
644:,
640:,
543:.
439:,
414:,
410:,
406:,
400:RB
394:,
390:,
386:,
382:,
370:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
294:,
184:-6
180:-9
176:-5
174:,
165:-8
161:-3
159:,
157:-2
155:,
41:,
37:,
2461:e
2454:t
2447:v
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
2161:.
2137::
2087:.
2063::
2036:.
2017:.
1993::
1965:.
1941::
1913:.
1891::
1864:.
1850::
1840::
1813:.
1789::
1762:.
1740::
1702:.
1688::
1652:.
1632::
1600:.
1578::
1551:.
1529::
1521::
1494:.
1474::
1447:.
1427::
1400:.
1386::
1359:.
1347::
1320:.
1300::
1273:.
1259::
1232:.
1220::
1190:.
1165:.
1153::
1147:4
1124:.
1102::
1075:.
1053::
1026:.
1012::
1006:5
982:.
968::
941:.
921::
913::
886:.
874::
847:.
825::
798:.
776::
749:.
737::
567:(
282:.
260:,
236:,
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.