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erroneous command could quickly be corrected and re-sent without having to retype the entire line. This was possible in many terminals of the day, but the HP 2640 was smart enough to only retransmit the line from the first character typed by the user, omitting, for example, the operating system's command prompt. This was later implemented as "line mode". Another method was to paint a formatted screen in character mode with protected fields and place it into local edit mode similar to the above but the user did not know. This meant that the characters entered by the user would not be transmitted to the host until a 'special' key, typically the enter key, but other keys were also deemed special (i.e. immediate interrupt of the host) such as control y and function keys. Only the data within the unprotected areas would be transferred in this way, using a semi block mode mechanism, a sort of half way house between block mode and normal character mode, Formatted fields also meant forms could be stored in memory ( tested for and recalled locally or repainted from the host if not present), just the unprotected data areas need be sent, thereby removing the need to repaint or issue direct cursor placements in order to update the screen (TIM/3000 Air Call
Computer Systems). The PCL language was PCL level 3 in an HP645/7, which was later implemented to drive Hewlett Packard's first
630:
as embedded bytes in the stream. Software enhancements which did not affect the appearance such as dim or underline, but protected and unprotected fields were also coded with embedded bytes. The display hardware was capable of reading this unusual data structure. When the cost of memory came down by the 262X series, this was changed to a "parallel" structure with one bit for each enhancement code, but the logic required to emulate previous behaviors was complex. Inserting a code for underline would "propagate" to the next display enhancement, while deleting such a code would also have to be propagated to the next display byte or a cursor jump sequence was issued to jump several bytes. You could also completely turn off enhancements as well as provide protected only field enhancements. This data structure would inspire the
389:
484:. In October 1980, HP introduced the 2642A, which was like the 2645A, but instead of optional tape cartridges it had a standard 5.25-inch floppy disk drive storing 270 KB per diskette. The ultimate and final model in the 2640 series was the 2647F programmable graphics terminal introduced in June 1982, an improved replacement for the 2647A with the 2642A's floppy drive. Unlike the preceding terminals in the 264X family that had 8080A CPUs, the 2647F used the faster
687:
397:
77:
281:
179:
36:
718:, and supported drawing forms etch-a-sketch style and would compute intersections. Also notable was the use of paper labeled function keys on the upper left. These would always get lost, so users would scroll lock the top 2 lines of the screen and used these for labels. These were built into the next generation of terminals. The values of these keys could be programmed.
629:
The hardware was radically different from most "dumb" terminals in that the characters were not stored in a simple data array. To save memory, which could extend over several pages, characters were allocated as linked lists of blocks which were dynamically allocated. Display enhancements were encoded
466:
In
September 1976, HP introduced the 2645A, which could handle speeds up to 9600 baud and had a number of advanced features, including as an option the mini-tape cartridge storage of the 2644A. The introductory list price was US$ 3500, or US$ 5100 with the cartridge storage option. The 2645A was the
648:
Users learned to use the offline key to take the terminal offline, edit a line in the display buffer, and then retransmit it. This gave the effect of command line recall and editing even if the operating system did not support it. For example, when working at an operating system's command prompt, an
593:
Internally, the electronics used a motherboard with plug-in daughter cards. The microprocessor, memory, serial interface card, and various optional functions were each on separate cards. This permitted easy field maintenance, upgrades, and reconfiguration. For example, more memory (providing larger
539:
HP took pains to further improve the rendering of displayed characters via half-pixel positioning of individual lines within each character. Although the character cell was only 7 horizontal by 9 vertical dots, half-pixel positioning effectively doubled the horizontal resolution to 14 dots, giving
574:
Similar to the HP desktop computers, it had a number of F-keys (F1 through F8) placed close to the screen. Paper templates were available for some application programs to which placed legends for these keys on the keyboard. Later models arranged these across the top row, and provided for screen
475:
programming language, and in April 1977 by the 2645R, a 2645 which supported right-to-left Arabic text as well as left-to-right text in Roman letters. In July 1977, Hewlett-Packard introduced the 2648A graphics terminal, a 2645A derivative which added 720×360 black-and-white
554:
desktop computers rather than the curved contours now considered to be ergonomic. It featured three keypad areas: Alphabetic, numeric, and an array of cursor positioning and editing keys somewhat similar to modern PC keyboard layouts. There were also a number of smaller
625:
today. This would be supported by programs such as DEL/3000 and VIEW/3000 which would map form data into runtime variables and databases. It also supported teletype character mode like a standard ASCII terminal, and did not need specialized communications like IBM.
620:
Esc- defined unprotected areas, but it didn't have to take up a visible space. It acted much like a web page, disconnected from the host until the SEND key was pressed. The fields could screen for alphabetic or numeric characters, a feature beyond
799:
The "Therminal" was an unusual implementation of a screen-less printing terminal which used the thermal print mechanism. It was one of the first projects of the
Vancouver division. It even supported tape cartridge local storage, but it was not
459:-oriented 2640C, the Swedish/Finnish-oriented 2640S, and the Danish/Norwegian-oriented 2640N. All of these early members of the 2640 series had the relatively slow 8008 CPU running at 700 kHz, and they were thus limited to speeds of 2400
496:
The HP catalogs usually refer to the terminal model as simply "2640A", and infrequently as "HP 2640", or "HP 2640A" (both with a blank after the "HP"), or "2640". The incorrect "HP2640" and "HP2640A" are often seen outside of HP.
741:
02647-13301 Graphics: 2647 Multiplot and Slide
Software. Multiplot was the model for the PC based Chartman by the Cambridge company that also produced the Twin spreadsheet 1-2-3 clone which introduced HP 2640 style forms to PC
471:, rather than the 8008, as its CPU. Almost all subsequent 2640-family terminals would have 8080A CPUs, all running at 2.5 MHz. The 2645A was followed in November 1976 by the 2641A, a 2645A derivative designed for the
455:(two mini-tape cartridges, 110 KB each), for US$ 5000. HP followed up in 1976 with the 2640B, an updated, cost-reduced version of the 2640A with a list price of US$ 2600, along with three international versions: the
536:
with an aspect ratio designed around the desired character shape instead of the other way around. Of course, this also mandated rather high manufacturing costs as standard parts could not be used.
721:
The HP 2648 was a graphics terminal which featured hardware zoom, and "autoplot". It utilized separate memory for graphics and text, allowing the user to turn off either type of display at will.
528:" aspect ratio for the reason that it gave the same character length as a punched card. This is still seen in the modern command window . HP had determined that the combination of a standard
766:
series introduced the "periscope" look, "soft" key labels along with a 4 + 4 key display at the bottom of the screen, a hierarchical setup tree, 12" screen and an optional internal
559:
and feature control keys arrayed in two rows above the normal keypad areas. The keyboard chassis was separate from the main body, connected via a thick cable. The keyboard used a
583:("Amigo") computer, was one of the first applications of a hierarchical menu which allows accessing many functions with a small number of keys. This arrangement is now common on
804:
The great over-reach was a color graphics terminal that cost more than the HP 2647 monochrome graphics workstation that sold very few units but cost a huge effort to develop.
480:
in a separate graphics page that could overlay the main text memory. This was joined in May 1978 by the 2647A programmable graphics terminal, which included its own
1658:
598:
to current loop, etc. The optional tape drives of the 2645 model were interfaced via another plug-in card. The plug-in card capability strongly resembled the later
532:
with the 25 line by 80 character display that was the standard of the time required the characters to have a very high profile. HP's response was to specify a
579:
rather than dedicated keys and through escape sequences sent from the host computer. The on-screen labeling of the eight function keys, pioneered by the
517:
among programmers, but included sophisticated features not found in the VT100, such as offline forms, multipages, and (in some models) local storage.
291:
540:
the characters very smooth outlines. (The initial sales literature referred to it as using a 7×9 matrix generated in a 9×15 dot character cell).
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734:(HP's standard for plotting) built in, and perhaps the first real business charting for a microcomputer, complete with 3D cross-hatched
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All of this resulted in an extremely easy to read display with the dot-matrix nature, and the scan lines, almost invisible.
609:. The testing area was dubbed "beepland" because it had racks of 500 terminals, with the end of the test ending in a beep.
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463:. The 2640A and 2644A were discontinued in February 1977, but the 2640B remained in production until August 1981.
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labels close to their respective keys. Terminal configuration in the 262X series was done entirely through the
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to the HP 2645A, as well as developing several games in assembler (most notably "Keep On Drivin'", Tennis and
571:
arrangement on DEC's VT100. Although large, users loved the keyboard because "it had a key for everything".
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993:"Introducing the 2640S Swedish/Finnish and 2640N Danish/Norwegian International Display Terminals"
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The functionality defined by the HP 264X series hasn't changed much as the preferred terminal for
451:
RAM cards). In
September 1975 Hewlett-Packard introduced the HP 2644A, which was an HP 2640A with
785:
had the terminal capabilities of the HP 2623 graphics terminal in a smaller package (9" screen).
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The manufacturing area was across from R&D cubicles in the Data
Terminals Division in
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scrollback capability) could be easily added, the serial interface could be changed from
1500:"New Display Station Offers Multiple Screen Windows and Dual Data Communications Ports"
551:
439:
The HP 2640A was introduced in
November 1974 at a list price of US$ 3000. Based on the
428:
807:
Eventually, HP ended up selling essentially a low-cost version of the HP 2640. Today,
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616:(although the IBM 3270 did not work for ASCII standard serial communications). The
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still implement the late 1970s feature set of these terminals on common PCs.
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running at 4.9 MHz. HP kept the 264X family in production until early 1985.
815:
1147:
Hewlett-Packard (September 1976). "Hewlett-Packard
Announces the 2645 ".
781:
used the form factor and terminal emulation of the HP 2621 terminal. The
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456:
444:
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today, and the page up and page down key which appears on PC keyboards.
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13257C Statistics/Mathematics: 2647 Mathematics
Analysis Resources Pac
782:
748:
13257D Statistics/Mathematics: 2647 Statistical
Analysis Resource Pac
595:
580:
1408:"New CRT Terminal Has Magnetic Tape Storage for Expanded Capability"
637:
The HP 2640 also introduced multiple pages of memory, much like the
447:
and came standard with 1 KB of RAM, expandable up to 8 KB (two 4 KB
710:
which could be used to upload or download data, as opposed to slow
678:
Plotters could also be interfaced to using HP/GL 2 with TinyBasic.
1442:"Versatile Low-Cost Graphics Terminal Is Designed for Ease of Use"
1406:
Nordman, Robert G.; Richard L. Smith; Louis A. Witkin (May 1976).
685:
514:
409:
395:
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and other HP 264X models were block-mode "smart" and intelligent
816:
List of HP 26xx terminals (introduction, price, discontinuation)
778:
731:
694:
The HP 264X series included several models beyond the HP 2640A.
664:
escape sequence grammar and common sequences with HP terminals.
460:
754:
13257F Business: 2647: Project Management Analysis Resource Pac
792:"munchkin" repackaged the HP 2622 in a 9" screen package. The
638:
274:
172:
70:
29:
1597:
703:
1298:"Introducing the HP 2647F Intelligent Graphics Terminal"
1220:"Hewlett-Packard Introduces First Graphics CRT Terminal"
745:
13257B Graphics: 2647 Graphics Presentation Resource Pac
298:
302:
513:
series computers. They never achieved the fame of the
1246:"Introducing The 2647A Intelligent Graphics Terminal"
612:
The HP 2640 introduced "block mode", similar to the
520:
The styling looked like vaguely like a microwave or
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1556:Chapuis, Jean-Louis; Michèle Prieur (April 1985).
836:"Cost-Effective CRT Terminal is first of a family"
1558:"Low-Cost, Compact, Block-Mode Computer Terminal"
796:packaged the HP-125 into the HP2382 form factor.
757:13257K General/Utilities: 2647 2647/1351 Basic
467:first terminal in the 2640 series to use the
8:
307:introducing citations to additional sources
941:"Introducing the HP 2644A Mini DataStation"
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1102:. IDG Enterprise: 14–15. 6 December 1976.
634:data structure for the Twin spreadsheet.
376:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1168:"The 2641A APL Display Station Is Here!"
297:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1350:"A High-Resolution Raster Scan Display"
826:
1659:Computer-related introductions in 1975
896:"Announcing the HP 2640A CRT Terminal"
714:of the time. Another later model used
199:Please improve this article by adding
939:Hewlett-Packard (19 September 1975).
7:
1440:Dickinson, Peter D. (January 1978).
1121:Hewlett-Packard (1 September 1976).
1019:"2640A and 2644A Being Discontinued"
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1324:"HP 264X terminals to be obsoleted"
1071:"Top CRT Terminal Nears Retirement"
894:Hewlett-Packard (1 November 1974).
25:
1123:"2645A Display Station Announced"
1017:Anderson, Tom (1 December 1976).
868:Anderson, Tom (15 October 1974).
45:This article has multiple issues.
1166:Flock, Carl (15 November 1976).
290:relies largely or entirely on a
279:
177:
75:
34:
1624:CuriousMarc's HP 264x Terminals
1296:Washington, Ed (15 June 1982).
1192:Goodreau, Dave (1 April 1977).
1043:Flock, Carl (1 February 1977).
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
1348:Roy, Jean-Claude (June 1975).
1244:Ferguson, Rich (15 May 1978).
991:Elliott, Jim (1 August 1976).
965:Elliott, Jim (1 August 1976).
550:had flat tops, similar to the
1:
1498:Staas, Gary C. (March 1981).
1233:(17). Hewlett-Packard: 13–18.
1218:Elliott, Jim (15 July 1977).
726:The HP 2647 had a variant of
563:layout (similar to that on a
201:secondary or tertiary sources
1270:Cox, Jeff (1 October 1980).
1259:(13). Hewlett-Packard: 8–11.
1181:(2). Hewlett-Packard: 12–17.
1136:(6). Hewlett-Packard: 12–17.
834:Doub, James A. (June 1975).
577:screen-labeled function keys
1654:Character-oriented terminal
1618:Service manual, preliminary
1253:Computer Systems Newsletter
1227:Computer Systems Newsletter
1201:Computer Systems Newsletter
1175:Computer Systems Newsletter
1130:Computer Systems Newsletter
1069:Flock, Carl (1 July 1981).
1052:Computer Systems Newsletter
1026:Computer Systems Newsletter
1000:Computer Systems Newsletter
974:Computer Systems Newsletter
667:In-house developers ported
1675:
1337:(13). Hewlett-Packard: 23.
1311:(15). Hewlett-Packard: 24.
1285:(22). Hewlett-Packard: 15.
1207:(10). Hewlett-Packard: 16.
1084:(16). Hewlett-Packard: 16.
967:"DTD Introduces the 2640B"
909:(1). Hewlett-Packard: 8–9.
1644:Hewlett-Packard computers
1322:Bebb, Bob (15 May 1984).
1272:"Announcing the HP 2642A"
1058:(6). Hewlett-Packard: 10.
1032:(3). Hewlett-Packard: 17.
954:(24). Hewlett-Packard: 3.
928:(11): 146. November 1974.
883:(17). Hewlett-Packard: 4.
567:machine) rather than the
1045:"No More—2640A or 2644A"
1006:(4). Hewlett-Packard: 8.
980:(4). Hewlett-Packard: 8.
658:Printer Control Language
602:expansion architecture.
443:CPU, it had 8 KB of ROM
27:Serial computer terminal
1649:Block-oriented terminal
1565:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1507:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1449:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1415:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1357:Hewlett-Packard Journal
948:Data Systems Newsletter
903:Data Systems Newsletter
877:Data Systems Newsletter
843:Hewlett-Packard Journal
524:. It was boxy, with a "
1194:"Unveiling the 2645R!"
691:
401:
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188:relies excessively on
1533:"2382A documentation"
690:HP 2621A and HP 2647A
689:
399:
391:
1475:"262X documentation"
1383:"264X documentation"
660:shares a common non-
303:improve this article
95:improve this article
588:graphic calculators
1537:HP Computer Museum
1479:HP Computer Museum
1387:HP Computer Museum
809:terminal emulators
692:
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870:"2640 Press Tour"
643:Microsoft Windows
569:typewriter-paired
482:BASIC interpreter
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392:HP 2640A terminal
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849:(10): 2–5.
800:successful.
712:paper tapes
708:tape drives
702:introduced
565:teleprinter
486:Intel 8085A
469:Intel 8080A
359:August 2011
253:August 2011
1638:Categories
1607:Attachmate
1603:Reflection
1571:(4): 4–7.
1542:2007-11-21
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561:bit-paired
526:widescreen
441:Intel 8008
422:Intel 8008
420:using the
329:newspapers
223:newspapers
190:references
121:newspapers
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814:See also
669:TinyBASIC
653:printer.
607:Cupertino
414:terminals
318:"HP 2640"
299:talk page
212:"HP 2640"
110:"HP 2640"
56:talk page
1594:HP 2640A
651:Laserjet
614:IBM 3270
600:Apple II
557:function
548:keyboard
457:Cyrillic
445:firmware
406:HP 2640A
1629:YouTube
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641:box in
511:HP 3000
435:History
343:scholar
237:scholar
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