933:). Sometimes, Hadza men whistle, strike trees, and shout to attract and keep the attention of the honeyguide. Other times, the bird calls to attract the human honey-hunter with a distinctive chatter. Once the honey-hunter has located a bee nest, he uses smoke to subdue the bees and chops his axe into the tree to open the bee nest. The human eats or carries away most of the liquid honey, while the honeyguide consumes beeswax that may be left adhering to the tree, spat out, or otherwise discarded at the site of acquisition. In many cases, instead of actively feeding the honeyguide, Hadza men burn, bury, or hide the wax that remains at the harvest site, intending to keep the honeyguide hungry and more likely to guide again.
1062:
ankles, a rattle in his hand, and a long black cape on his back. He stamps his right foot hard on the ground in time with the women's singing, causing the bells to ring while marking the beat of the music with his rattle. He sings out to the women, who answer in a call and response. As the singing grows in strength, the women rise to join the man, who continues to dance—committing his efforts to a family member, one of the women, a friend, or one of his children. At this point, the child may join the dance as well. After each man has danced the
788:, so there are no real status differences between individuals. While the elderly receive slightly more respect, all individuals are equal to others of the same age and sex, and compared to strictly stratified societies, women are fairly equal to men. This egalitarianism results in high levels of freedom and self-dependence. When conflict arises, one of the parties involved may voluntarily move to another camp as resolution. Ernst Fehr and Urs Fischbacher point out that the Hadza people “exhibit a considerable amount of
641:, is now settled by Datooga herders, who are clearing the Hadza lands on either side of the valley for pasture for their goats and cattle. The Datooga hunt out the game, and their land clearing destroys the berries, tubers, and honey that the Hadza rely on. Watering holes for Datooga cattle can cause the shallow watering holes that the Hadza rely on to dry up. Most Hadzabe are no longer able to sustain themselves in the bush without supplementary food such as
834:
572:(1917), and soon after, British colonial officer F. J. Bagshawe wrote about the Hadza. The accounts of these early European visitors portray the Hadza at the beginning of the 20th century as living in the same way as they do today. Early on, Obst noted a distinction between what he considered the 'pure' Hadza (those subsisting purely by hunting and gathering) and those that lived with the Isanzu and practiced some cultivation.
800:
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1128:(or Sengane), is depicted as Haine's helper. As the story goes, Haine gave him the power to rule over the people. In Haine's absence, the giant endangered people with his decisions. The people resisted his choices, so the giant ordered the lions to attack them. This surprised the humans, who had previously regarded lions as harmless. The people killed the giant in revenge.
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grounds when water is more abundant, and areas with large numbers of tubers or berry trees when they are in season. If a man kills a particularly large animal, such as a giraffe, far from home, a camp will temporarily relocate to the kill site. Shelters can be built in a few hours, and most of the possessions owned by an individual can be carried on their back.
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wished them good luck in hunting. This changed when a boy deliberately injured the giant, and though he attempted to provide goodwill, !Hongongoschá took revenge by killing the boy. Finally, the god Haine determined a course of justice: he warned the people, revealed the boy's malevolent deed, and changed the giant into a big white clam.
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towards the Hadza was prejudicial. They viewed them as backward, lacking a "real language," and made up of the dispossessed of neighboring tribes that had fled into the forest out of poverty or because they committed a crime. Many of these misconceptions were transmitted to early colonial visitors to the region who wrote about the Hadza.
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the animals and humans by choosing their food and environment, giving people access to fire, and creating the capability of sitting. These figures have celestial connotations: Ishoko is a solar figure, and Haine, her husband, is a lunar figure. Uttering Ishoko's name can be a greeting or a good wish to someone for a successful hunt.
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The Isanzu people neighbor the Hadza. They are regarded as peaceful, and the Hadza myths mention and depict this benevolent influence of the Isanzu in their mythology. This advantageous view of the Isanzu gives them a place as heroes in Hadza folklore. In some of the mythical stories about giants, it
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While men specialize in procuring meat, honey, and baobab fruit, women specialize in tubers, berries, and greens. This division of labor is relatively consistent, but women will occasionally gather a small animal or egg or collect honey, and men will occasionally bring a tuber or some berries back to
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The Hadza's interaction with many of these peoples has been hostile. Pastoralists often killed Hadza as reprisals for the "theft" of livestock since the Hadza did not have the notion of animal ownership and would hunt them as they would wild game. The general attitude of neighboring agro-pastoralists
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or 'camps' of 20–30 people. Camps of over a hundred may form during berry season. There is no tribal or other governing hierarchy, and almost all decisions are made by reaching an agreement through discussion. The Hadza trace descent bilaterally (through both paternal and maternal lines), and almost
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groups have tried the same since the 1960s. These numerous attempts, some forceful, have largely failed. Generally, the Hadza willingly settle as long as provided food stocks last, then leave and resume their traditional hunter-gatherer lives when the provisions run out; few have adopted farming for
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Each of these expansions of farming and herding peoples displaced earlier populations of hunter-gatherers, who were at a demographic and technological disadvantage and vulnerable to the loss of environmental resources (i.e., foraging areas and habitats for game) to farmland and pastures. Groups such
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Ishoko and Haine are mythological figures who are believed to have arranged the world by rolling the sky and the earth like two sheets of leather and swapping their order to put the sky above us; in the past, the sky was under the earth. These figures are described as making crucial decisions about
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A myth depicts a woman harvesting the honey of wild bees, and at the same time, declares that the job of honey harvesting belongs to the men. For harvesting honey or fruit from large trees such as the baobab, the Hadza beat pointed sticks into the trunk of the tree to use as ladders. This technique
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Of the four villages built for the Hadza since 1965, two (Yaeda Chini and
Munguli) are now inhabited by the Isanzu, Iraqw, and Datooga. Another, Mongo wa Mono, established in 1988, is sporadically occupied by Hadza groups who stay there for a few months at a time, either farming, foraging, or using
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by Kohl-Larsen. He and his family were killed by a benevolent snake, which turned out to be the remedy applied by the goddess Ishoko to liberate people. Ishoko changed the corpses of the giant family into leopards. She prohibited them from attacking people unless an arrow provoked or wounded them.
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The character "Ishoye" seems to be another name for Ishoko. She is depicted in some tales as creating animals, including people. Some of her creatures later turned out to be man-eating giants, disastrous for their fellow giants and people. Seeing the disaster, she killed these giants, saying, "You
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Hadza men usually forage individually. During the day, they usually feed themselves while foraging and bring home any additional honey, fruit, or wild game. Women forage in larger parties and usually bring home berries, baobab fruit, and tubers, depending on availability. Men and women also forage
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and is common among foragers. Specifically among Hadza, there is a slightly higher frequency of married couples living with the mother's kin than with the father's kin. Men and women value traits such as hard work when evaluating partners. They also value physical attractiveness, and many of their
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north of Mang'ola, and up onto the
Serengeti Plains. Such foraging is done for hunting, berry collecting, and for honey. Although hunting is illegal in the Serengeti, the Tanzanian authorities recognize that the Hadza are a special case and do not enforce the regulations on them, just as the Hadza
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The Hadza are not closely related to any other people. The Hadza language was once classified with the
Khoisan languages because it has click consonants; however, there is no further evidence they are related. Genetically, the Hadza do not appear to be closely related to Khoisan speakers; even the
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Since the first
European contact in the late 19th century, governments and missionaries have made many attempts to settle the Hadza by introducing farming and Christianity. These efforts have largely failed, and many Hadza still pursue a life similar to their ancestors. Since the 18th century, the
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of 33. Life expectancy at age 20 was 39 and the infant mortality rate was 21%. More recently, Hadza adults have frequently lived into their sixties, and some have even reached their seventies or eighties. The Hadza do not keep track of time and age exactly as the
Western world does, so these life
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by Kohl-Larsen, appears as a different sort of mythological figure. He did not bother the Hadza much in his tales, only secretly stealing small things at night. His nourishment was the flowers of trees (and occasionally stolen vegetables). The people greeted him with great respect, and the giant
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The Hadza are highly skilled, selective, and opportunistic foragers who adjust their diet according to season and circumstance. Depending on local availability, some groups might rely more heavily on tubers, some on berries, and others on meat. This variability results from their opportunism and
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Tanzanian farmers began moving into the
Mangola area to grow onions in the 1940s, but they came in small numbers until the 1960s. The first German plantation in Hadzaland was established in 1928, and later, three European families settled in the area. Since the 1960s, the Hadza have been visited
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To begin the ritual, the women separate from the men and sit where they cannot be seen. The men gather behind a tree or hut and prepare for the dance. In the pitch dark, as the women begin to sing, the first man starts to dance. He wears a headdress of dark ostrich feathers, bells on one of his
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The Hadza move camp for several reasons. Camps can split when individuals move to resolve conflicts. Camps can be abandoned when someone falls ill and dies, as any illness is associated with the place it was contracted. There is also seasonal migration between dry-season refuges, better hunting
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forms. Honey represents a substantial portion of the Hadza diet (~10-20% of calories), which is similar to many other hunter-gatherer societies living in the tropics. Honey likely carried an evolutionary advantage via an improvement in the energy density of the human diet when it contained bee
648:
After appearing in documentaries on the Hadza on PBS and the BBC in 2001, the Mang'ola Hadza have become a tourist attraction. Although this may seem to help the
Hadzabe, much of the money from tourism is allocated to government offices and tourism companies instead of the Hadzabe. Money given
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did not possess tools or fire; they hunted game by running it down until it fell dead; they ate meat raw. They did not build houses but slept under trees, as the Hadza do today in the dry season. In older versions of this story, they did not use fire because it was physically impossible in the
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until as late as the 1870s when it was halted by the German colonial government. Later interactions were more peaceful, with the two peoples sometimes intermarrying and residing together, though as late as 1912, the Hadza were reported as being "ready for war" with the Isanzu. Still,
748:). During the wet season, the Hadza camp outside and between these areas. During the dry season, they readily travel between them. People access the western area by crossing the southern end of the lake, which is the first part to dry up, or by following the escarpment of the
584:, but those reports were probably mistaken; more reliable accounts portray the early 20th century Hadza as egalitarian, as they are today. They also lived in similarly sized camps, used the same tools, built houses in the same style, and had similar religious beliefs.
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hunter-gatherer population, they have probably occupied their current territory for thousands of years with relatively little modification to their basic way of life until the last century. They have no known close genetic relatives and their language is considered an
391:, but these marriages often fail, and the women and their children return to the Hadza. In previous decades, rape and capture of Hadza women by outsiders seems to have been common. During a famine in 1918–20, some Hadza men were reported as taking Isanzu wives.
632:
In recent years, Hadza territory has seen increasing encroachment from neighboring peoples. The western Hadza lands are now a private hunting reserve, and the Hadza are officially restricted to a reservation within the reserve and prohibited from hunting there. The
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in Kohl-Larsen. Several tales describe the disaster these giants caused by constantly killing and beating the Hadza. The Hadza had to ask for help from neighboring groups, and finally, the giants were tricked and either poisoned or shot to death by poison arrows.
870:, grass baskets for carrying berries, large fabric or skin pouches for carrying items, knives, shoes, other clothing, and various small items held in a pouch around the neck. Men carry axes, bows, poisoned and non-poisoned arrows, knives, small honey pots,
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During the wet season, the Hadza diet comprises mostly honey, fruit, tubers, and occasional meat. The contribution of meat to the diet increases in the dry season when game becomes concentrated around water sources. The Hadza also eat tubers and fruit from
575:
The foraging Hadza foraged and hunted using many of the same techniques they do today. Game was more plentiful in the early 20th century because farmers had not yet begun directly encroaching on their lands. Some early reports describe the Hadza as having
807:
The Hadza are predominantly monogamous, though there is no social enforcement of monogamy. After marriage, the husband and wife are free to live where they decide, which may be with the father or mother's family. This marital residence pattern is called
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The
British colonial government tried to make the Hadza settle down and adopt farming in 1927, the first of many such government efforts. The British tried again in 1939, the independent Tanzanian government tried in 1965 and 1990, and various foreign
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depict the Isanzu as favorable and, at times, heroic, unlike the Iraqw and the cattle-raiding Maasai. Moreover, many goods and customs come from them, and the Hadza myths mention and depict a benevolent influence of the Isanzu in their mythology.
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for use as a "personal safari playground". Both the Hadza and
Datooga were evicted, with some Hadza resisters imprisoned. However, after protests from the Hadza and negative coverage in the international press, the deal was rescinded.
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and
Pontzer's research team. Pontzer's fieldwork was also overseen by the Tanzanian National Institute for Medical Research and Commission for Science and Technology. The Hadzabe were instrumental in the researchers' discovery of the
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the food given to them by missionaries. At the fourth village, Endamagha (also known as Mwonyembe), some Hadza children attend school, but they account for just a third of the students there. Numerous attempts to convert the Hadza to
1480:
Sands, Bonny E. (1998) 'The Linguistic Relationship between Hadza and Khoisan' In Schladt, Matthias (ed.) Language, Identity, and Conceptualization among the Khoisan (Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung Vol. 15), Köln: Rüdiger Köppe,
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Still, it is not predicted to be in danger of extinction. Hadzane fluency is also considered the most important factor in distinguishing whether someone is Hadza. In more recent years, many of the Hadza have learned
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The Sukuma and the Hadza had a more amicable relationship. The Sukuma drove their herds and salt caravans through Hadza lands and exchanged old metal tools, which the Hadza made into arrowheads, for the right to
1120:
The Hadza have many stories about giants, which describe people with superhuman strength and size but otherwise with human weaknesses. They have human needs, eat and drink, and can be poisoned or cheated.
335:(recent days), who were smaller than their predecessors. They invented bows and arrows, cooked with containers, and mastered the use of fire. They also built huts like those of Hadza today. The people of
469:
are remnants of indigenous hunter-gatherer populations that were once much more widespread, and they are under continued pressure from the expansion of agriculture into their traditional lands.
318:(in-between ones), who were equally gigantic but without hair. Fire could be made and used to cook meat, but animals had grown more wary of humans and had to be chased and hunted by dogs. The
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dance. In Jon Yates's summary of Frank Marlowe's account, this dance occurs every night when the moon isn't visible, and must occur in near-complete darkness, with camp-fires extinguished.
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Traditionally, the Hadza do not use hunting dogs, although this custom has been borrowed from neighboring tribes to some degree. Most men (80%+) do not use dogs when hunting or foraging.
792:” to organize these tribes. The Hadza live in a communal setting and engage in cooperative child rearing, where many people, both related and unrelated, provide high-quality child care.
545:, though there is no evidence that Europeans had ever visited Hadzaland before the colony was proclaimed. The earliest mention of the Hadza in a written account is in German explorer
290:
divides their past into four epochs, each inhabited by a different culture. According to this tradition, at the beginning of time, the world was inhabited by hairy giants called the
237:, meat. As of 2015, there are between 1,200 and 1,300 Hadza people living in Tanzania. Only around a third of the remaining Hadza still survive exclusively by traditional foraging.
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were the first of the Hadza ancestors to have contact with non-foraging people, with whom they traded for iron to make knives and arrowheads. They also invented the gambling game
472:
Farmers and herders appeared in the vicinity of Hadzaland relatively recently. The Isanzu, a Bantu farming people, began living south of Hadzaland around 1850. The pastoralist
894:
During the dry season, men often hunt in pairs and spend entire nights lying in wait by waterholes, hoping to shoot animals that approach for a night-time drink with poisoned
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men are allowed to eat certain parts of large game animals, such as warthog, giraffe, buffalo, wildebeest, and lion. The parts of these animals that are typically considered
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In 2007, the local government controlling the Hadza lands adjacent to the Yaeda Valley leased the entire 6,500 square kilometres (2,500 sq mi) of land to the
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Marlowe, Frank; Berbesque, J. Colette; Wood, Brian; Crittenden, Alyssa; Porter, Claire; Mabulla, Audax (2014). "Honey, Hadza, hunter-gatherers, and human evolution".
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Little, Anthony C.; Jones, Benedict C.; Waitt, Corri; Tiddeman, Bernard P.; Feinberg, David R.; Perrett, David I.; Apicella, Coren L.; Marlowe, Frank W. (2008).
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693:, which found that the Hadzabe had comparable caloric expenditure to sedentary individuals in industrialized nations, despite being more physically active.
603:, which thrive in sedentary communities, and several settlement attempts ended with outbreaks of illness resulting in many deaths, particularly of children.
406:. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area has been continuously occupied by hunter-gatherers much like the Hadza since at least the beginning of the
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today, they consider several rock art sites within their territory, probably at least 2,000 years old, to have been created by their ancestors, and their
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The Hadza's ancestors have probably lived in their current territory for tens of thousands of years. Hadzaland is about 50 kilometres (31 mi) from
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Until about 500 BCE, Tanzania was exclusively occupied by hunter-gatherers akin to the Hadza. The first agriculturalists to enter the region were
367:, who live around 150 kilometres (93 mi) away, diverged from the Hadza more than 15,000 years ago. Genetic testing also suggests significant
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states that the language is vulnerable because most children learn it, but the use is restricted to certain areas of life, such as in their homes.
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populations may have occurred in the last few thousand years. Today, a few Hadza women marry into neighbouring groups such as the Bantu
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Apicella, C. L.; Little, A. C.; Marlowe, F. W. (2007). "Averageness and attractiveness in an isolated population of hunter-gatherers".
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Plateau around the northern shore. The Yaeda Valley is easily crossed, and the areas to either side abut the hills south of Mang'ola.
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reached Tanzania, bringing populations of farmers with iron tools and weapons. The last major ethnic group to enter the region were
1268:(10). Knight, A.; Gignoux, C.; Fernandopulle, N.; Lema, G.; Nyambo, T.B.; Ramakrishnan, U.; Reed, F.A.; Mountain, J.L.: 2180–2195.
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The Hadza do not follow a formal religion, and it has been claimed that they do not believe in an afterlife. They offer prayers to
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1874:
Pontzer, Herman; Raichlen, David A.; Wood, Brian M.; Mabulla, Audax Z. P.; Racette, Susan B.; Marlowe, Frank W. (25 July 2012).
988:, which can be understood as their concept of manhood, hunting, and the relationship between sexes. "True" adult men are called
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484:, the former in the 19th century and the latter in the 1910s. The Hadza also have direct contact with the Maasai and with the
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epoch, people often mention specific names and places and can say approximately how many generations ago events occurred.
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The book is a collection of Hadza myths about giants, also some tribal myths about cultural heroes, and anecdotal tales.
553:(1894). The Hadza hid from Baumann and other early explorers, and their descriptions are based on second-hand accounts.
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meat-eating. If a man still has not killed a large game animal by his thirties, he will automatically be considered
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492:. The upheavals caused by the Maasai expansion in the late 19th century caused a decline in the Hadza population.
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Wood, Brian; Marlowe, Frank (2011). "Dynamics of postmarital residence among the Hadza: a kin investment model".
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962:(the moon) during hunts and believe they go to Ishoko when they die. They also hold rituals such as the monthly
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cooperatively for honey and fruit; at least one adult male will usually accompany a group of foraging women.
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The Hadza have traditionally foraged outside of these areas, in the Yaeda Valley, on the slopes of Mount
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There are four traditional areas of Hadza dry-season habitation: West of the southern end of Lake Eyasi (
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1258:"History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation"
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were the first people to use medicines and charms to protect themselves from enemies and initiated the
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Indaya, the man who went to the Isanzu territory after his death and returned, plays the role of a
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The Isanzu were hostile to the Hadza at times. Isanzu people may have captured them as part of the
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A 2001 anthropological study on modern foragers found that the Hadza men and women had an average
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have recently become a severe problem, further contributing to the loss of cultural knowledge.
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The ritual has been shown to promote social cohesion among the Hadza, and those who share the
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all Hadza people can trace some kin tie to all other Hadza people. Furthermore, the Hadza are
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Genetic Ancestry of Hadza and Sandawe Peoples Reveals Ancient Population Structure in Africa
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and sexually dimorphic voice pitch, are similar to preferences found in Western nations.
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A Hadza hut. Huts have been built in this style for as long as records have been kept.
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Fractured: why our societies are coming apart and how we put them back together again
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2340:"Symmetry is Related to Sexual Dimorphism in Faces: Data Across Culture and Species"
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Wood, Brian (2014). "Mutualism and Manipulation in Hadza-Honeyguide Interactions".
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Ethnicity, Hunter-Gatherers, and the "Other": Association or Assimilation in Africa
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men, which they become by killing large game, usually in their early 20s. Being an
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In the late 19th century, European powers claimed much of the African continent as
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two or three times, the ritual is finished, by which time it is close to midnight.
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because their communities are sparse and isolated, few Hadza are immune to common
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Fehr, Ernst; Fischbacher, Urs (23 October 2003). "The nature of human altruism".
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1853:
1728:
Das Elefantenspiel. Mythen, Riesen und Stammessagen. Volkserzählungen der Tindiga
402:
fossils found there, and 40 kilometres (25 mi) from the prehistoric site of
4363:
4249:
3729:
3686:
3648:
3638:
3539:
3473:
3448:
3430:
3390:
3324:
3276:
3261:
3195:
3162:
3101:
2965:
Hadzabe. Retour vers l'âge de pierre. Les derniers chasseurs à l'arc de Tanzanie
1199:
871:
814:
741:
534:
514:
226:
211:
105:
760:
are the only people in Tanzania not taxed by the local or national government.
4228:
4022:
3681:
3395:
3040:
2870:
2836:
Skaanes, Thea (2015). "Notes on Hadza Cosmology. Epeme, objects and rituals".
2808:
The Hadzabe of Tanzania: land and human rights for a hunter-gatherer community
2126:
2064:
1437:
This book includes descriptions of Hadza myths, culture, and modern struggles.
1222:
Skannes, Thea (2015). "Notes on Hadza cosmology: Epeme, objects and rituals".
1169:
1012:
are the kidney, lung, heart, neck, tongue, and genitals. No one besides other
927:). To obtain beeswax, the bird guides people to the nests of wild bees (i.e.,
650:
638:
589:
561:
489:
234:
186:
17:
2013:
1962:
1909:
616:
regularly by anthropologists, linguists, geneticists, and other researchers.
303:
earth's primeval state. Younger Hadza, who have been to school, say that the
3889:
3266:
2978:
2410:
A film in German about this people and their struggle for survival (43 min).
1577:
1274:
1257:
749:
713:
398:, an area sometimes called the "Cradle of Mankind" because of the number of
194:
167:
2878:
2578:
2383:
2273:
2255:
2216:
2134:
2072:
2021:
1927:
1730:. Das Gesicht der Völker (in German). Eisenach • Kassel: Erich Röth-Verlag.
1283:
709:
214:
peoples entering Hadzaland, sometimes declining in population. Tourism and
44:
624:
4218:
3990:
1346:
1337:
1305:
936:
The honeyguide also appears in Hadza mythology, both in naturalistic and
411:
399:
261:, unrelated to any other language. Hadzane is an entirely oral language.
85:
2849:
2240:"Voice pitch alters mate-choice relevant perception in hunter-gatherers"
2005:
1235:
525:
4275:
4213:
3281:
2811:. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA).
1970:
1179:
756:
600:
403:
768:
701:
4270:
4265:
4233:
4162:
4097:
4002:
843:
262:
233:
for food, eating mostly honey, tubers, fruit, and, especially in the
215:
1954:
2480:"The Surprisingly Sticky Tale of the Hadza and the Honeyguide Bird"
2321:"Is The Secret To A Healthier Microbiome Hidden In The Hadza Diet?"
886:
225:
or 'camps' of around 20-30 people, and their social structures are
4358:
4045:
2208:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1256:
Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M.K.; Henn, B. M.; Mortensen, H. (2007).
1112:
is an Isanzu man who liberates the Hadza from a malevolent giant.
885:
832:
798:
767:
708:
700:
642:
623:
524:
480:
were both forced to migrate into the area by the expansion of the
458:
4056:
4060:
2982:
2960:, Electronic Bibliography for African Languages and Linguistics
1570:"From the raw to the cooked: Hadzabe perceptions of their past"
2906:; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (eds.).
846:
trees, which give them about 100 to 150 grams of fiber daily.
2399:
564:. The latter lived with them for eight weeks in 1911. German
2407:(Documentary). Freunde der Naturvölker e.V. (fPcN Germany).
273:, the national language of Tanzania, as a second language.
2291:
A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World
418:
does not suggest they moved to Hadzaland from elsewhere.
346:
The fourth epoch continues today and is inhabited by the
2859:
Human Nature: An Interdisciplinary Biosocial Perspective
2504:"The Importance of Honey Consumption in Human Evolution"
1078:
dance show elevated levels of mutual trust and support.
919:
and manipulation between the Hadza and a wild bird, the
1699:
1697:
1574:
Who needs the past?: indigenous values and archaeology
197:
Plateau. As descendants of Tanzania's aboriginal, pre-
2910:(11th ed.). Aldine Transaction. pp. 49–55.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
968:
dance for men at the new moon and the less frequent
556:
The first Europeans to report meeting the Hadza are
229:
and non-hierarchical. Traditionally, they primarily
4318:
4289:
4258:
4242:
4201:
4150:
4104:
4021:
3989:
3936:
3908:
3875:
3847:
3829:
3801:
3758:
3720:
3672:
3629:
3601:
3568:
3525:
3487:
3429:
3381:
3333:
3305:
3252:
3214:
3181:
3153:
3125:
3082:
3059:
3016:
1664:
Guns, germs and steel: the fates of human societies
1496:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
974:circumcision and coming-of-age ceremony for women.
878:is depicted in a folk tale and documented on film.
410:, 50,000 years ago. Although the Hadza do not make
323:
135:
111:
71:
61:
35:
2543:
2541:
2496:
2494:
2295:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp.
1661:
1599:
1597:
898:. The poison is made of the branches of the shrub
825:expectancies are approximate and highly variable.
813:preferences for attractiveness, such as symmetry,
672:The Hadzabe were part of major studies concerning
2946:Gli ultimi primitivi. Alla scoperta degli Hadzabe
1941:Woodburn, James (1982). "Egalitarian Societies".
1414:
1412:
705:Range of the Hadza people (dark grey) in Tanzania
218:hunting have also affected them in recent years.
1763:
1761:
1328:'as the people'. Other spellings in English are
1108:: he introduces customs and goods to the Hadza.
1087:Mythological figures with celestial connotations
2783:. 3rd International Khoisan Workshop. Riezlern.
2621:
2619:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2098:"Mate preferences among Hadza hunter-gatherers"
2046:"Allomaternal Care among the Hadza of Tanzania"
1819:"50,000 Years of Resilience May Not Save Tribe"
331:The third epoch was inhabited by the people of
2398:Heller, Hartmut & Keulig, Steffen (1999).
1876:"Hunter-Gatherer Energetics and Human Obesity"
874:, shoes and apparel, and various small items.
740:), and north of the valley around the town of
4072:
2994:
1320:'human being'. The Hadza call themselves the
568:came under British control at the end of the
210:Hadza have come into increasing contact with
8:
1217:
1215:
850:ability to adjust to prevailing conditions.
30:
2401:Hadzabe – Die letzten Wildbeuter Ostafrikas
1073:
1063:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
969:
963:
4079:
4065:
4057:
3001:
2987:
2979:
2472:
2470:
1852:Survival International (6 November 2007).
1489:
1487:
1461:"Why the Hadza are Still Hunter-Gatherers"
505:
29:
2373:
2363:
2263:
2116:
1917:
1899:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1273:
1433:Hadzabe: By the Light of a Million Fires
649:directly to Hadzabe also contributes to
593:sustenance. Disease is also a problem –
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1703:
1688:
1643:
1615:
1603:
1529:
1446:
1418:
1393:The Hadza: Hunter-Gatherers of Tanzania
1211:
915:There exists a dynamic relationship of
2932:Gretchen Reynolds (29 November 2016).
1336:
1304:
1018:men are allowed to be present for the
350:(those of today). When discussing the
2593:
2591:
2589:
1817:McCrummen, Stephanie (10 June 2007).
1544:
1542:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1131:This giant had brothers, rendered as
866:Women's foraging technology includes
612:have also been largely unsuccessful.
421:The Hadza population is dominated by
7:
1549:Benenson, Bill & Laurie (2015).
1395:. Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
72:Regions with significant populations
837:Two Hadza men returning from a hunt
732:), east of the Yaeda Valley in the
415:
371:has occurred between the Hadza and
221:Hadza people traditionally live in
2896:"An Introduction to Hadza Ecology"
2461:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.07.007
2244:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1568:Ndagala, D. K.; Zengu, N. (1994).
1551:"The Hadza: The Last of the First"
445:-speaking cattle herders from the
257:(Hadzane) is now thought to be an
25:
4390:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
2478:Giaimo, Cara (17 February 2016).
1854:"Hadzabe celebrate land victory"
177:, an administrative ward within
78:
43:
4117:Arusha District Council, Arusha
2774:Blench, Roger (7–9 July 2008).
2238:Apicella; Feinberg, D. (2009).
1381:is the most commonly used term.
1262:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1030:and will be allowed to eat the
425:. There are also Y-haplogroups
358:Archaeology and genetic history
2949:Documentary film (in Italian).
2059:(3). Marlowe, F. W.: 249–263.
1341:'they (male) are people') and
1000:comes with an advantage: only
724:), between Lake Eyasi and the
637:, long uninhabited due to the
551:Durch Massailand zur Nilquelle
307:did not know how to use fire.
1:
2968:Documentary film (in French).
2953:The Hadza Bushmen of Tanzania
2183:
1377:). In current English usage,
1349:applied to the Hadza include
779:The Hadza are organized into
2794:National Geographic Magazine
2788:Finkel, M. (December 2009).
2571:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.03.006
2523:10.1080/07409710.2011.630618
2441:Evolution and Human Behavior
2365:10.1371/journal.pone.0002106
1901:10.1371/journal.pone.0040503
1435:. Mkuki na Nyota Publishers.
1353:(from Swahili; human plural
1324:'people' and their language
1096:are not people any longer."
716:hunting grounds in Hadzaland
324:
4290:National Parks and Reserves
4112:Arusha City Council, Arusha
2830:The Tree Where Man Was Born
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2419:
1752:
541:. The Hadza became part of
328:rite. They lived in caves.
4411:
4395:Hunter-gatherers of Africa
4305:Lake Manyara National Park
2551:Journal of Human Evolution
2044:Crittenden, A. N. (2008).
1572:. In Robert Layton (ed.).
1500:Cambridge University Press
854:Gendered division of labor
423:haplogroup B2-M112 (Y-DNA)
245:Once classified among the
4385:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
4094:
3010:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2871:10.1007/s12110-011-9109-5
2502:Crittenden, A.N. (2011).
2127:10.1007/s12110-004-1014-8
2065:10.1007/s12110-008-9043-3
1498:. Daly, Richard Heywood.
1421:, pp. 17–18, 285–286
1143:Another story tells of a
982:The Hadza people embrace
680:, primarily conducted by
674:evolutionary anthropology
537:in a period known as the
310:In the second epoch, the
249:primarily because it has
140:
116:
76:
66:
42:
2894:Woodburn, James (1969).
2838:Hunter Gatherer Research
2170:1 September 2006 at the
1668:. New York, NY: Norton.
1494:Lee, Richard B. (1999).
1431:Peterson, Daudi (2013).
1224:Hunter Gatherer Research
1155:Another giant, rendered
822:life expectancy at birth
457:who migrated south from
431:haplogroup E-M215(Y-DNA)
4300:Tarangire National Park
4202:National Historic Sites
2805:Madsen, Andrew (2000).
2287:Clark, Gregory (2007).
1459:Marlowe, Frank (2002).
1391:Marlowe, F. W. (2010).
1074:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
970:
964:
427:haplogroup E-V38(Y-DNA)
375:. Minor admixture with
286:One telling of Hadza's
193:and in the neighboring
185:. They live around the
171:indigenous ethnic group
4259:Major Cities and Towns
2256:10.1098/rspb.2008.1542
2096:Marlowe, F.W. (2005).
1338:[ɦad͜zapʰiʔi̥]
1070:
1051:men participate in an
1039:In addition to eating
891:
838:
804:
776:
717:
706:
662:Al Nahyan royal family
629:
530:
314:were succeeded by the
1660:(1997). "Chapter 6".
1306:[ɦad͜zabeʔe̥]
1275:10.1093/molbev/msm155
1059:
945:Religion and folklore
889:
836:
802:
790:altruistic punishment
771:
712:
704:
627:
528:
465:as the Hadza and the
461:in the 18th century.
449:. Around 500 CE, the
189:basin in the central
173:, primarily based in
136:Related ethnic groups
4310:Arusha National Park
2800:on 21 November 2009.
1502:. pp. 200–201.
1116:Stories about giants
666:United Arab Emirates
455:Nilotic pastoralists
298:(ancient ones). The
4142:Ngorongoro District
2850:10.3828/hgr.2015.13
2598:Yates, Jon (2021).
2563:2014JHumE..71..119M
2453:2014EHumB..35..540W
2356:2008PLoSO...3.2106L
2250:(1659): 1077–1082.
2152:on 1 September 2006
2006:10.1038/nature02043
1998:2003Natur.425..785F
1892:2012PLoSO...740503P
1724:Kohl-Larsen, Ludwig
1236:10.3828/hgr.2015.13
1147:giant, rendered as
1124:One of the giants,
925:Indicator indicator
728:swamp to the east (
597:infectious diseases
539:Scramble for Africa
163:), are a protected
32:
4319:National Landmarks
4224:Nasera Rockshelter
4036:Chinese Tanzanians
2958:Hadza bibliography
2938:The New York Times
2826:Matthiessen, Peter
2777:Hadza Animal Names
2184:Little et al. 2008
1794:, pp. 286–287
1618:, pp. 172–173
1580:. pp. 51–56.
921:Greater honeyguide
892:
839:
805:
777:
718:
707:
653:, and deaths from
630:
543:German East Africa
531:
437:Precolonial period
4372:
4371:
4341:Ngorongoro Crater
4331:Monduli Mountains
4296:Mount Meru Forest
4054:
4053:
4041:Indian Tanzanians
2917:978-0-202-33032-7
2818:978-87-90730-26-0
2758:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2746:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2734:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2722:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2710:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2698:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2686:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2674:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2662:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2650:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2638:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2626:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2511:Food and Foodways
2420:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
2203:(12): 1813–1820.
1992:(6960): 785–791.
1753:Kohl-Larsen 1956a
1675:978-0-393-03891-0
1587:978-0-415-09558-7
1509:978-0-521-57109-8
1402:978-0-520-25342-1
901:Adenium coetaneum
655:alcohol poisoning
381:Cushitic-speaking
247:Khoisan languages
145:
144:
16:(Redirected from
4402:
4346:Ngurudoto Crater
4243:Rivers and Lakes
4132:Monduli District
4127:Longido District
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4031:White Tanzanians
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2972:Map of Hadzaland
2941:
2921:
2890:
2865:(1–2): 128–138.
2853:
2822:
2801:
2796:. Archived from
2784:
2782:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2595:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:(streamed video)
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2192:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2145:. Archived from
2120:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1903:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:, pp. 32–38
1765:
1756:
1750:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1707:
1706:, pp. 29–31
1701:
1692:
1691:, pp. 19–29
1686:
1680:
1679:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1546:
1537:
1527:
1514:
1513:
1491:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
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1428:
1422:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1340:
1308:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1219:
1077:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
973:
967:
958:(the Sun) or to
764:Social structure
691:exercise paradox
604:
387:and the Nilotic
327:
294:(first ones) or
84:
82:
81:
62:Total population
47:
33:
21:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4355:Ol Donyo Lengai
4314:
4285:
4254:
4238:
4197:
4146:
4122:Karatu District
4100:
4090:
4085:
4055:
4050:
4017:
3985:
3932:
3904:
3871:
3843:
3825:
3797:
3754:
3716:
3668:
3625:
3597:
3564:
3521:
3483:
3425:
3377:
3329:
3301:
3248:
3210:
3177:
3149:
3121:
3078:
3055:
3012:
3007:
2931:
2928:
2918:
2900:Lee, Richard B.
2893:
2856:
2835:
2819:
2804:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2768:Further reading
2765:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2744:
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2732:
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2720:
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2708:
2704:
2696:
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2672:
2668:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:. HarperNorth.
2597:
2596:
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2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2477:
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2414:
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2314:
2307:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2172:Wayback Machine
2155:
2153:
2149:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2037:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1955:10.2307/2801707
1940:
1939:
1935:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1830:
1828:
1824:Washington Post
1816:
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1373:(with a German
1365:(with a German
1295:
1291:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1166:
1157:"!Hongongoschá"
1118:
1102:
1089:
1084:
980:
952:
947:
913:
896:bows and arrows
884:
856:
831:
766:
734:Mbulu Highlands
699:
682:Duke University
622:
594:
570:First World War
523:
451:Bantu expansion
439:
408:Later Stone Age
360:
284:
279:
243:
199:Bantu expansion
179:Karatu District
165:hunter-gatherer
94:Karatu District
79:
77:
57:
51:Karatu District
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4408:
4406:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4151:Native Peoples
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3997:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3881:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2934:"Born to Move"
2927:
2926:External links
2924:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2908:Man the Hunter
2891:
2854:
2844:(2): 247–267.
2833:
2823:
2817:
2802:
2785:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:: 128–133, 227
2750:
2738:
2736:: 110–118, 227
2726:
2724:: 105–110, 227
2714:
2702:
2690:
2678:
2666:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2615:
2608:
2585:
2537:
2517:(4): 257–273.
2490:
2466:
2447:(6): 540–546.
2424:
2412:
2389:
2330:
2312:
2305:
2279:
2230:
2187:
2176:
2118:10.1.1.399.845
2111:(4): 364–375.
2087:
2035:
1976:
1949:(3): 431–451.
1933:
1866:
1844:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1757:
1734:
1708:
1693:
1681:
1674:
1648:
1636:
1628:Daniel Shriner
1620:
1608:
1593:
1586:
1560:
1538:
1515:
1508:
1483:
1481:265–283.
1473:
1451:
1439:
1423:
1408:
1401:
1383:
1298:Hadza language
1289:
1241:
1230:(1): 247–267.
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1117:
1114:
1101:
1100:Culture heroes
1098:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
979:
976:
951:
948:
946:
943:
930:Apis mellifera
912:
909:
883:
880:
868:digging sticks
855:
852:
830:
827:
803:Hadza children
772:Hadza smoking
765:
762:
698:
695:
686:Herman Pontzer
621:
618:
558:Otto Dempwolff
522:
519:
517:in Hadzaland.
515:hunt elephants
447:Horn of Africa
438:
435:
359:
356:
352:hamayishonebee
348:hamayishonebee
283:
282:Oral tradition
280:
278:
275:
255:Hadza language
242:
239:
143:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
114:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
91:
90:
74:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
48:
40:
39:
36:
26:
24:
18:Hadzabe people
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4407:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Olduvai Gorge
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Olduvai Gorge
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Meru District
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4088:Arusha Region
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3061:Dar es Salaam
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2940:. p. D4.
2939:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:DeVore, Irven
2901:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2609:9780008463960
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:Atlas Obscura
2481:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2403:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2306:9780691121352
2302:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2209:10.1068/p5601
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1886:(7): e40503.
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1827:. p. A01
1826:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1806:, p. 287
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
977:
975:
972:
966:
961:
957:
949:
944:
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678:bioenergetics
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181:in southwest
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98:Arusha Region
95:
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55:Arusha Region
52:
46:
41:
34:
19:
4351:Mungu Crater
4172:
4168:Chaga people
3035:
2976:
2963:
2944:
2937:
2907:
2862:
2858:
2841:
2837:
2832:, Chapter X.
2829:
2807:
2798:the original
2793:
2776:
2753:
2741:
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2350:(5): e2106.
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2315:
2290:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2179:
2154:. Retrieved
2147:the original
2108:
2105:Human Nature
2104:
2090:
2056:
2053:Human Nature
2052:
2038:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1847:
1831:15 September
1829:. Retrieved
1822:
1811:
1804:Marlowe 2010
1799:
1792:Marlowe 2010
1787:
1782:, p. 29
1780:Marlowe 2010
1775:
1768:Marlowe 2010
1727:
1704:Marlowe 2010
1689:Marlowe 2010
1684:
1663:
1651:
1646:, p. 18
1644:Marlowe 2010
1639:
1627:
1623:
1616:Marlowe 2010
1611:
1606:, p. 30
1604:Marlowe 2010
1573:
1563:
1554:
1530:Marlowe 2010
1495:
1476:
1467:
1454:
1449:, p. 13
1447:Marlowe 2010
1442:
1432:
1426:
1419:Marlowe 2010
1392:
1386:
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1333:
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1325:
1321:
1317:
1301:
1292:
1265:
1261:
1227:
1223:
1195:Mbuti people
1190:!Kung people
1185:Bongo people
1156:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1137:"Waonelakhi"
1136:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:culture hero
1103:
1094:
1090:
1071:
1060:
1038:
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848:
840:
819:
810:ambilocality
806:
794:
778:
754:
745:
737:
729:
726:Yaeda Valley
721:
719:
671:
659:
647:
635:Yaeda Valley
631:
614:
610:Christianity
606:
586:
574:
555:
550:
532:
521:20th century
511:
498:
494:
471:
463:
440:
420:
416:oral history
393:
361:
351:
347:
345:
340:
337:hamakwanebee
336:
333:hamakwanebee
332:
330:
319:
315:
311:
309:
304:
299:
295:
291:
288:oral history
285:
244:
220:
208:
156:
152:
148:
146:
92:
27:Ethnic group
4364:Lake Natron
4250:Lake Duluti
3307:Kilimanjaro
2790:"The Hadza"
2557:: 119–128.
1658:Diamond, J.
1532:, pp.
1200:Twa peoples
1175:Baka people
1149:"!Esengego"
938:personified
872:fire drills
829:Subsistence
815:averageness
786:egalitarian
501:slave trade
312:akakaanebee
305:akakaanebee
300:akakaanebee
292:akakaanebee
227:egalitarian
212:pastoralist
191:Rift Valley
141:None known
106:Rift Valley
67:1,200–1,300
4379:Categories
4326:Mount Meru
4229:Mumba Cave
4023:Immigrants
3692:Ndengereko
2664:: 130, 227
2197:Perception
1576:. London:
1470:: 247–275.
1206:References
1170:Aka people
1145:man-eating
1045:meat, the
941:products.
684:professor
651:alcoholism
639:tsetse fly
590:missionary
566:Tanganyika
562:Erich Obst
506:folk tales
490:Lake Eyasi
235:dry season
187:Lake Eyasi
4281:Usa River
4105:Districts
4096:Capital:
3923:Nyanyembe
3890:Nyamwanga
3803:Shinyanga
3778:Ndendeule
2748:: 125–127
2652:: 62, 227
2113:CiteSeerX
2014:0028-0836
1963:0025-1496
1910:1932-6203
1726:(1956a).
1578:Routledge
1355:Watindiga
1347:ethnonyms
917:mutualism
750:Serengeti
722:Dunduhina
714:Serengeti
369:admixture
341:lukuchuko
296:geranebee
195:Serengeti
168:Tanzanian
157:Wahadzabe
112:Languages
49:Hadza in
4219:Engaruka
4158:Waarusha
3991:Zanzibar
3918:Nyamwezi
3821:Nyamwezi
3527:Morogoro
3502:Nyakyusa
3401:Barabaig
3343:Machinga
3272:Holoholo
2887:11354438
2879:22388804
2579:24746602
2531:85360231
2384:18461131
2344:PLOS ONE
2274:19129125
2225:37353815
2217:18283931
2168:Archived
2135:26189412
2081:41942928
2073:26181616
2022:14574401
1928:22848382
1880:PLOS ONE
1345:; other
1334:hazaphii
1316:form of
1311:feminine
1284:17656633
1164:See also
1133:"Ssaabo"
1082:Folklore
950:Religion
774:cannabis
742:Mang'ola
599:such as
535:colonies
488:west of
443:Cushitic
412:rock art
241:Language
86:Tanzania
4276:Namanga
4214:Laetoli
4178:Datooga
4173:Hadzabe
4013:Swahili
4008:Shirazi
3981:Swahili
3928:Swahili
3867:Nyaturu
3849:Singida
3768:Matengo
3745:Tumbuka
3702:Swahili
3593:Swahili
3578:Makonde
3560:Vidunda
3464:Ngurimi
3411:Kw'adza
3383:Manyara
3373:Swahili
3358:Makonde
3348:Matumbi
3292:Swahili
3282:Manyema
3234:Konongo
3191:Hangaza
3117:Sandawe
3097:Burunge
3069:Swahili
3031:Datooga
2828:(1972)
2712:: 37–38
2676:: 32–33
2640:: 34–35
2628:: 42–45
2559:Bibcode
2449:Bibcode
2375:2329856
2352:Bibcode
2325:NPR.org
2265:2679070
2143:9584357
2030:4305295
1994:Bibcode
1971:2801707
1919:3405064
1888:Bibcode
1755:: 13-14
1630:et al.
1363:Kangeju
1359:Kindiga
1351:Tindiga
1330:Hadzapi
1322:hazabee
1309:is the
1302:hazabee
1296:In the
1180:Bushmen
1126:Sengani
971:maitoko
882:Hunting
757:Oldeani
746:Mangola
738:Siponga
730:Tlhiika
664:of the
620:Present
601:measles
582:big men
478:Datooga
467:Sandawe
404:Laetoli
400:hominin
389:Datooga
377:Nilotic
365:Sandawe
277:History
271:Swahili
259:isolate
204:isolate
161:Swahili
153:Hadzabe
130:Swahili
37:hadzabe
4271:Karatu
4266:Arusha
4234:Peninj
4193:Maasai
4098:Arusha
4003:Hadimu
3993:&
3976:Zigula
3971:Sambaa
3966:Segeju
3951:Dhaiso
3946:Bondei
3910:Tabora
3900:Lambya
3885:Malila
3877:Songwe
3862:Isanzu
3857:Iramba
3839:Sukuma
3831:Simiyu
3816:Sukuma
3811:Iramba
3760:Ruvuma
3740:Mambwe
3712:Zigula
3707:Zaramo
3697:Rufiji
3659:Pangwa
3631:Njombe
3621:Sukuma
3616:Kerewe
3603:Mwanza
3588:Maviha
3570:Mtwara
3555:Sagara
3550:Pogolo
3545:Luguru
3535:Kaguru
3479:Zanaki
3421:Mbugwe
3416:Maasai
3368:Ngindo
3363:Ndonde
3315:Chagga
3287:Tongwe
3254:Kigoma
3244:Rungwa
3239:Pimbwe
3216:Katavi
3201:Nyambo
3183:Kagera
3173:Ndamba
3168:Mbunga
3155:Iringa
3140:Sumbwa
3135:Sukuma
3107:Gorowa
3092:Alagwa
3084:Dodoma
3074:Zaramo
3051:Maasai
3026:Arusha
3018:Arusha
2914:
2885:
2877:
2815:
2606:
2577:
2529:
2382:
2372:
2303:
2272:
2262:
2223:
2215:
2165:online
2156:16 May
2141:
2133:
2115:
2079:
2071:
2028:
2020:
2012:
1986:Nature
1969:
1961:
1926:
1916:
1908:
1840:online
1672:
1584:
1555:Kanopy
1506:
1399:
1369:) and
1332:(from
1326:hazane
1314:plural
1282:
1036:meat.
956:Ishoko
859:camp.
844:baobab
578:chiefs
486:Sukuma
482:Maasai
385:Isanzu
263:UNESCO
253:, the
251:clicks
231:forage
216:safari
128:&
126:Sukuma
122:Isanzu
83:
4359:Gelai
4188:Iraqw
4183:Sonjo
4046:Arabs
3995:Pemba
3961:Ngulu
3956:Mbugu
3938:Tanga
3895:Ndali
3788:Nindi
3783:Ngoni
3773:Mpoto
3750:Wanda
3735:Lungu
3722:Rukwa
3674:Pwani
3664:Wanji
3654:Manda
3644:Kinga
3583:Makua
3517:Sangu
3512:Safwa
3507:Nyiha
3497:Kimbu
3489:Mbeya
3459:Kuria
3454:Kabwa
3444:Ikoma
3439:Ikizu
3406:Iraqw
3353:Mwera
3335:Lindi
3320:Ngasa
3297:Vinza
3229:Bende
3224:Bembe
3206:Shubi
3145:Zinza
3127:Geita
3112:Rangi
3046:Sonjo
3036:Hadza
2898:. In
2883:S2CID
2781:(PDF)
2700:: 127
2527:S2CID
2507:(pdf)
2422:: 226
2221:S2CID
2163:(see
2150:(PDF)
2139:S2CID
2101:(PDF)
2077:S2CID
2049:(pdf)
2026:S2CID
1967:JSTOR
1859:3 May
1838:(see
1464:(PDF)
1379:Hadza
1343:Hatsa
1075:epeme
1065:epeme
1054:epeme
1048:epeme
1042:epeme
1033:epeme
1027:epeme
1021:epeme
1015:epeme
1009:epeme
1003:epeme
997:epeme
991:epeme
985:epeme
978:Epeme
965:epeme
960:Haine
911:Honey
781:bands
697:Range
643:ugali
474:Iraqw
459:Sudan
373:Bantu
325:epeme
223:bands
175:Baray
159:, in
151:, or
149:Hadza
118:Hadza
31:Hadza
4163:Meru
3730:Fipa
3687:Kami
3649:Kisi
3639:Bena
3611:Kara
3540:Kutu
3474:Ware
3469:Suba
3449:Jita
3431:Mara
3391:Akie
3325:Pare
3277:Jiji
3262:Goma
3196:Haya
3163:Hehe
3102:Gogo
3041:Meru
2912:ISBN
2875:PMID
2813:ISBN
2688:: 82
2604:ISBN
2575:PMID
2380:PMID
2301:ISBN
2270:PMID
2213:PMID
2158:2007
2131:PMID
2069:PMID
2018:PMID
2010:ISSN
1959:ISSN
1924:PMID
1906:ISSN
1861:2011
1833:2007
1670:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1504:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1371:Wahi
1318:haza
1280:PMID
1135:and
676:and
560:and
476:and
429:and
379:and
147:The
3793:Yao
3682:Doe
3396:Asa
2867:doi
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2567:doi
2519:doi
2457:doi
2370:PMC
2360:doi
2260:PMC
2252:doi
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2205:doi
2123:doi
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2002:doi
1990:425
1951:doi
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