143:
351:. They tended to have relatively slender jaws and small, numerous teeth, suggesting a diet of small fish and other prey. Although the skeleton is primitive compared to other Mosasauridae in many respects, halisaurines had the distinctive hypocercal tail of other mosasaurids suggesting good swimming ability, and they persisted alongside other mosasaurs until the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest known remains of halisaurines occur in rocks of
2831:
416:
119:
2373:
563:
1723:
Takuya
Konishi, Michael W. Caldwell, Tomohiro Nishimura, Kazuhiko Sakurai & Kyo Tanoue (2015) A new halisaurine mosasaur (Squamata: Halisaurinae) from Japan: the first record in the western Pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs. Journal of Systematic
1809:
Bardet, N., Pereda
Suberbiola, X., Iarochene, M., Bouya, B. & Amaghzaz, M. 2005. A new species of Halisaurus from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, and the phylogenetical relationships of the Halisaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143,
429:
The
Halisaurinae exhibit several characteristics that suggest they are more primitive than mosasaurs of more derived subfamilies. In particular, their flippers are poorly differentiated, meaning that while better adapted to life in oceans than plesiopedal mosasaur genera like
1670:
Longrich, N. R., Bardet, N., Khaldoune, F., Yazami, O. K., & Jalil, N.-E. (2021). Pluridens serpentis, a new mosasaurid (Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the
Maastrichtian of Morocco and implications for mosasaur diversity. Cretaceous Research, 104882.
1888:
Lingham-Soliar, T. 1996. The first description of
Halisaurus (Reptilia Mosasauridae) from Europe, from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 66,
442:, they were poor swimmers compared to many of their contemporaries. Lacking swimming capabilities are quite surprising considering that most other small mosasaurs were adapted to be fast and nimble. The description of
1684:
from the Late
Cretaceous of Kansas (North America): a review of the Uppsala type specimen. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science, 332(6), 395-402.
691:, the two genera were grouped into the new subfamily Halisaurinae. Their study supported the model that the group was a sister-group to more advanced mosasaurs. Since the description of
465:, appear to have been in decline. There is also evidence supporting that they were accomplished intercontinental migrators, with a known large-scale migration event involving
457:
Despite their shortcomings, the
Halisaurinae had diversified and reached a global distribution by the end of the Maastrichtian whilst other subfamilies, particularly the
2818:
1694:
1961:, a new mosasaurid (Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the Maastrichtian of Morocco and implications for mosasaur diversity. Cretaceous Research, 104882.
1737:
Polcyn, Michael J.; Jacobs, Louis L.; Araújo, Ricardo; Schulp, Anne S.; Mateus, Octávio (2014-04-15). "Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution".
2113:
2022:
Shaker, A. A.; Longrich, N. R.; Strougo, A.; Asan, A.; Bardet, N.; Mousa, M. K.; Tantawy, A. A.; Abu El-Kheir, G. A. (2023). "A new species of
1901:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group"
1173:
possibly representing a distinct genus in need of a new name. The results of their analyses are displayed in the cladogram below:
761:
The following cladogram is modified from
Longrich et al. (2021), with placement of higher taxa based on Madzia & Cau (2017).
1764:
Lindgren, Johan; Siverson, Mikael (2005). "Halisaurus sternbergi, a Small
Mosasaur with an Intercontinental Distribution".
2808:
1871:
Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North
American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM. and
1147:
142:
1899:
Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).
2106:
597:
2199:
1777:
1702:
1330:
506:
sutural contact vertical anteriorly, oblique at midpoint and horizontal posteriorly; contact plane between the
2747:
1725:
2813:
2026:(Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the lower Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Western Desert, Egypt".
726:
The recentmost major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs, conducted by Tiago R. Simões and colleagues in May
472:
2849:
2896:
2372:
2099:
1306:
128:
1153:
727:
639:
486:
Bardet et al. (2005, p. 464) diagnosed the Halsaurinae as all mosasaurs more closely related to
510:
and the supratemporal oblique; preaxial ridge extending on two-thirds of the length of the radius;
2924:
2834:
1872:
1789:
1781:
547:
543:
137:
2901:
2887:
534:
with large infrastapedial process; coalescent infra- and suprastapedial processes of quadrate;
2516:
2459:
2004:
1940:
1922:
1145:. analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of members of the Halisaurinae. They suggested that
754:
742:. This would mean that the halisaurines are more closely related to the mosasaurines than the
458:
1161:
than the type species of their respective genera. They tentatively assigned these species to
2791:
2493:
2293:
2227:
2035:
1994:
1984:
1930:
1912:
1773:
1746:
1204:
836:
519:
2066:
from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas (North America): a review of the Uppsala type specimen.
2784:
2720:
2685:
2641:
2523:
2502:
2439:
2424:
1596:
990:
966:
778:
743:
713:
665:
450:
444:
397:
380:
286:
39:
669:
being momentarily reassigned to the genus by Lingham-Soliar (1996). In 2005, the species
2657:
2588:
2329:
2275:
1999:
1973:"Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature"
1972:
1935:
1900:
1957:
Longrich, N. R., Bardet, N., Khaldoune, F., Yazami, O. K., & Jalil, N.-E. (2021).
415:
118:
2918:
2761:
2733:
2691:
2664:
2623:
2579:
2550:
2309:
2268:
2220:
1793:
531:
476:
364:
360:
356:
76:
1855:(Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Navesink Formation (Maastrichtian) of New Jersey.
588:
which had long been seen as (and remains) an important taxon in studies of mosasaur
2712:
2606:
2543:
2534:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2448:
2336:
2302:
2245:
2192:
2171:
2162:
1587:
1582:
800:
735:
627:
623:
551:
523:
518:
long and slender with slightly expanded extremities. Ambiguous characters include "
462:
2039:
1917:
1750:
580:
Designation of this subfamily followed many decades of confusion surrounding the
2881:
2777:
2770:
2754:
2726:
2705:
2698:
2650:
2595:
2564:
2509:
2401:
2357:
2343:
2320:
2185:
2083:
Oceans of Kansas' "Kansas Mosasaurs in Sweden" page, devoted to the holotype of
2082:
494:
438:
432:
51:
2872:
17:
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Palaeontology (advance online publication) DOI:10.1080/14772019.2015.1113447
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2008:
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http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2015.1113447#abstract
2866:
2282:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2122:
739:
622:(Russell, 1967; p. 369 ), which was also considered a member of the
336:
328:
223:
194:
174:
91:
86:
71:
66:
56:
653:
Several discoveries throughout the 1980s and 1990s helped shed light on
1989:
1785:
609:
601:
527:
503:
339:. They were small to medium-sized, ranging from just under 3 meters in
184:
106:
81:
562:
2213:
2134:
1680:
Bardet, N., & Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2001). The basal mosasaurid
605:
515:
480:
376:
368:
164:
2843:
1835:
Russell DA. 1967. Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs.
454:
was highly specialized to compensate for its lack of hydrophalangy.
647:
561:
511:
414:
1819:
Wiman CJ. 1920. Some reptiles from the Niobrara group in Kansas.
550:
extending ventrally to the ventral surface of the centrum; fused
372:
2847:
2095:
2091:
1837:
Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin
1778:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0763:HSASMW]2.0.CO;2
683:
by Nathalie Bardet and colleagues. With the description of
734:
and the rest of the Halisaurinae as a sister group to the
1741:. Physical drivers in the evolution of marine tetrapods.
498:. Unambiguous character states were listed as follows: "
379:, indicating a more or less global distribution in the
530:
boss; parietal foramen surrounded by a ventral boss;
522:
median ridge borne on the anterior two-thirds of the
2068:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
2062:
Bardet N, Suberbiola XP. 2001. The basal mosasaurid
302:
294:
282:
272:
262:
254:
2856:
2801:
2678:
2640:
2605:
2578:
2533:
2492:
2458:
2438:
2400:
2380:
2319:
2292:
2244:
2161:
659:, with more complete specimens of the type species
1739:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
679:, along with the description of the new species
355:age and the subfamily persists until the latest
1821:Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Uppsala
2107:
8:
2819:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
626:at that time. Later workers questioned the
592:. The confusion was especially centered on
2844:
2489:
2455:
2397:
2241:
2114:
2100:
2092:
117:
31:
1998:
1988:
1934:
1916:
383:. Four genera are currently recognized:
1663:
1157:were more closely related to the genus
1131:In their 2023 description of the new
612:had been referred to the mosasaurine
7:
1805:
1803:
711:were recognised as separate genera;
1851:Wright KR. 1988. A new specimen of
1456:
1434:
1412:
1380:
1346:
1322:
1298:
1240:
1196:
1186:
1176:
1028:
982:
958:
934:
872:
828:
818:
793:
771:
764:
646:and the other known species of the
1971:Daniel Madzia; Andrea Cau (2017).
1857:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
673:was reassigned to its own genus,
2830:
2829:
2371:
141:
345:to as much as 8 or 9 meters in
687:as a closely related genus to
638:, in part because of striking
471:during the Campanian from the
359:. Halisaurines are known from
1:
2809:Timeline of mosasaur research
2040:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105719
1826:: 9-18 (9 figs., pls. II-IV).
1148:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
991:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
445:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
1918:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773
1751:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018
1586:; holotype destroyed during
27:Extinct subfamily of lizards
1695:"Fossilworks: Halisaurinae"
566:Speculative restoration of
2941:
604:and the Niobrara Chalk of
598:Mooreville Chalk Formation
479:to what today is southern
2827:
2679:Related groups and genera
2369:
2129:
1879:, Academic Press: 501 pp.
1853:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1464:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1461:
1454:
1439:
1432:
1417:
1410:
1385:
1378:
1351:
1344:
1327:
1320:
1303:
1296:
1260:
1245:
1238:
1221:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1054:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1050:
1033:
1026:
1004:
987:
980:
963:
956:
939:
932:
894:
877:
870:
853:
833:
826:
816:
798:
791:
776:
769:
251:
246:
138:Scientific classification
136:
125:
116:
34:
1862:(Supplement 3): 29A-30A.
1331:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
967:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
666:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
2814:List of mosasaur genera
1877:Ancient Marine Reptiles
1766:Journal of Paleontology
473:Western Interior Seaway
2087:, includes many photos
2085:Halisaurus sternbergii
2064:Halisaurus sternbergii
1682:Halisaurus sternbergii
697:, two more species of
671:Halisaurus sternbergii
577:
426:
2897:Paleobiology Database
1442:Halisaurus arambourgi
1307:Eonatator sternbergii
1037:Halisaurus arambourgi
943:Eonatator sternbergii
738:instead of the whole
681:Halisaurus arambourgi
663:being discovered and
596:, a species from the
565:
418:
129:Halisaurus arambourgi
1550:Species and taxonomy
1154:Eonatator coellensis
642:differences between
342:Eonatator sternbergi
2028:Cretaceous Research
1959:Pluridens serpentis
1705:on 12 December 2021
1263:Pluridens calabaria
1225:Pluridens serpentis
898:Pluridens calabaria
857:Pluridens serpentis
348:Pluridens serpentis
241:Bardet et al., 2005
1990:10.7717/peerj.3782
608:. Originally, the
578:
548:cervical vertebrae
427:
331:, a group of Late
2912:
2911:
2850:Taxon identifiers
2841:
2840:
2674:
2673:
2574:
2573:
2517:Plesioplatecarpus
2460:Plioplatecarpinae
2434:
2433:
2367:
2366:
1568:H. platyspondylus
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1248:Pluridens walkeri
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
918:
917:
909:
908:
881:Pluridens walkeri
755:Plesioplatecarpus
661:H. platyspondylus
459:Plioplatecarpinae
317:
316:
242:
16:(Redirected from
2932:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2802:Related articles
2792:Vallecillosaurus
2494:Plioplatecarpini
2490:
2456:
2398:
2375:
2294:Prognathodontini
2242:
2228:Plesiotylosaurus
2116:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2044:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1833:
1827:
1817:
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1807:
1798:
1797:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1701:. Archived from
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1608:P. ponpetelegans
1457:
1435:
1420:Halisaurus hebae
1413:
1396:
1381:
1364:
1347:
1323:
1299:
1241:
1210:
1205:Mooreville Chalk
1197:
1187:
1177:
1029:
1013:
1009:
983:
959:
935:
873:
842:
837:Mooreville Chalk
829:
819:
794:
772:
765:
746:(genera such as
744:russellosaurines
542:complex absent;
304:
296:
284:
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38:Temporal range:
32:
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2914:
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2886:
2885:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2852:
2842:
2837:
2823:
2797:
2785:Portunatasaurus
2721:Dolichosauridae
2686:Aigialosauridae
2670:
2642:Yaguarasaurinae
2636:
2601:
2570:
2529:
2524:Plioplatecarpus
2503:Latoplatecarpus
2488:
2454:
2440:Russellosaurina
2430:
2425:Phosphorosaurus
2396:
2376:
2363:
2315:
2288:
2240:
2157:
2125:
2120:
2079:
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2058:Further reading
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2020:
2016:
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1911:(5): e0176773.
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1706:
1699:fossilworks.org
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1692:
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1597:Phosphorosaurus
1578:H. onchognathus
1552:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1390:
1361:Phosphorosaurus
1358:
1283:
1274:
1208:
1167:Phosphorosaurus
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1011:
1007:
919:
910:
840:
779:Russellosaurina
714:Phosphorosaurus
560:
526:; frontal with
451:Phosphorosaurus
419:Restoration of
413:
398:Phosphorosaurus
381:Late Cretaceous
287:Phosphorosaurus
239:
233:
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109:
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40:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
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18:Halisauromorpha
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12:
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5:
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2936:
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2799:
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2781:
2774:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:Russellosaurus
2654:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2589:Pannoniasaurus
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2582:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2531:
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2513:
2506:
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2377:
2370:
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2340:
2333:
2330:Bentiabasaurus
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2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
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2298:
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2279:
2276:Igdamanosaurus
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2077:External links
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2014:
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1772:(4): 763–773.
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1522:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
962:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
938:
933:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:
903:
902:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
876:
871:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
832:
827:
825:
817:
815:
809:
808:
805:
804:
797:
792:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
775:
770:
768:
763:
723:respectively.
644:H. sternbergii
594:H. sternbergii
559:
556:
448:revealed that
412:
409:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
292:
291:
290:
280:
270:
249:
248:
244:
243:
231:
227:
226:
218:
214:
213:
205:
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
49:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2937:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2762:Tetrapodophis
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2734:Dolichosaurus
2731:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:Aigialosaurus
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:Yaguarasaurus
2662:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2624:Taniwhasaurus
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2580:Tethysaurinae
2577:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2551:Goronyosaurus
2548:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2310:Thalassotitan
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2269:Harranasaurus
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:Megapterygius
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:E. coellensis
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:H. arambourgi
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:ponpetelegans
1362:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1207:halisaurine"
1206:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:ponpetelegans
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
993:
992:
985:
984:
978:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:
968:
961:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
944:
937:
936:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
914:
913:
905:
904:
901:
900:
899:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
882:
875:
874:
868:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
858:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
839:halisaurine"
838:
831:
830:
824:
821:
820:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
774:
773:
767:
766:
762:
759:
757:
756:
751:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
706:
702:
701:
696:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
667:
662:
658:
657:
651:
649:
645:
641:
640:morphological
637:
633:
630:position and
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
575:
571:
570:
564:
557:
555:
553:
552:haemal spines
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:North America
474:
470:
469:
464:
460:
455:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
434:
424:
423:
417:
410:
408:
406:
405:
400:
399:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:South America
362:
358:
357:Maastrichtian
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
309:
308:
301:
300:
299:
293:
289:
288:
281:
279:
278:
271:
269:
268:
261:
260:
259:
253:
252:
250:
245:
238:
232:
229:
228:
225:
219:
216:
215:
212:
206:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
130:
124:
120:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:86.3–66
41:
33:
30:
19:
2888:Halisaurinae
2858:Halisaurinae
2857:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2713:Opetiosaurus
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2607:Tylosaurinae
2594:
2587:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2544:Gavialimimus
2542:
2535:Selmasaurini
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2483:Sarabosaurus
2481:
2476:Ectenosaurus
2474:
2469:Angolasaurus
2467:
2449:Haasiasaurus
2447:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2382:Halisaurinae
2381:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2337:Eremiasaurus
2335:
2328:
2308:
2303:Prognathodon
2301:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:Globidensini
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2193:Gnathomortis
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:Amphekepubis
2170:
2163:Mosasaurinae
2084:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1958:
1953:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1884:
1876:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1823:
1820:
1815:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:the original
1698:
1689:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1651:P. serpentis
1650:
1646:P. calabaria
1645:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1588:World War II
1583:nomen dubium
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:Halisaurinae
1554:
1553:
1463:
1462:
1441:
1440:
1419:
1418:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1329:
1328:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1262:
1261:
1247:
1246:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1191:Pluridensini
1190:
1181:Halisaurinae
1180:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1052:
1051:
1035:
1034:
1006:
1005:
989:
988:
965:
964:
941:
940:
928:
896:
895:
879:
878:
855:
854:
834:
823:Pluridensini
822:
813:Halisaurinae
812:
801:Mosasaurinae
799:
777:
760:
753:
747:
740:Mosasauridae
736:Mosasaurinae
731:
730:, recovered
725:
718:
712:
708:
704:
698:
692:
688:
684:
680:
674:
670:
664:
660:
654:
652:
643:
635:
628:phylogenetic
624:Mosasaurinae
619:
613:
593:
585:
579:
573:
567:
544:synapophyses
493:
487:
485:
466:
463:Tylosaurinae
456:
449:
443:
437:
431:
428:
420:
402:
396:
390:
384:
347:
341:
321:Halisaurinae
320:
318:
305:
298:Pluridensini
297:
285:
275:
265:
257:
237:Halisaurinae
236:
224:Mosasauridae
201:
127:
126:Skeleton of
35:Halisaurinae
29:
2882:Wikispecies
2778:Judeasaurus
2771:Adriosaurus
2755:Pontosaurus
2727:Coniasaurus
2706:Komensaurus
2699:Carsosaurus
2651:Romeosaurus
2596:Tethysaurus
2565:Selmasaurus
2510:Platecarpus
2402:Halisaurini
2358:Plotosaurus
2344:Moanasaurus
2321:Mosasaurini
2200:Jormungandr
2186:Dallasaurus
2073:: 395-402.
1873:Nicholls EL
1709:17 December
1603:P. ortliebi
1293:Halisaurini
1209:(AUMP 1486)
929:Halisaurini
841:(AUMP 1486)
705:H. ortliebi
586:Halisaurus,
495:Moanasaurus
439:Tethysaurus
433:Dallasaurus
411:Description
258:Halisaurini
230:Subfamily:
2748:Primitivus
2631:Tylosaurus
2617:Kaikaifilu
2418:Halisaurus
2351:Mosasaurus
2255:Carinodens
2235:Stelladens
2207:Kourisodon
2034:. 105719.
2024:Halisaurus
1875:, (eds.),
1659:References
1641:P. walkeri
1562:Halisaurus
1398:coellensis
1388:Halisaurus
1355:Halisaurus
1163:Halisaurus
1159:Halisaurus
1134:Halisaurus
749:Tylosaurus
732:Halisaurus
709:H. walkeri
700:Halisaurus
689:Halisaurus
656:Halisaurus
636:Halisaurus
620:Halisaurus
618:, then to
582:type genus
574:Halisaurus
536:zygosphene
500:premaxilla
489:Halisaurus
422:Halisaurus
392:Halisaurus
333:Cretaceous
277:Halisaurus
211:Mosasauria
2925:Mosasaurs
2741:Kaganaias
2558:Khinjaria
2411:Eonatator
2391:Pluridens
2262:Globidens
2179:Clidastes
2133:Kingdom:
2123:Mosasaurs
1983:: e3782.
1927:1932-6203
1794:130289272
1745:: 17–27.
1635:Pluridens
1616:Eonatator
1393:Eonatator
1141:, Shaker
1137:species,
1014:collensis
1010:Eonatator
720:Pluridens
694:Eonatator
685:Eonatator
676:Eonatator
632:monophyly
615:Clidastes
590:phylogeny
572:based on
569:Pluridens
558:Phylogeny
540:zygantrum
468:Eonatator
404:Pluridens
386:Eonatator
353:Santonian
329:mosasaurs
325:subfamily
307:Pluridens
267:Eonatator
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
2919:Category
2873:Q5642469
2867:Wikidata
2835:Category
2283:Xenodens
2153:Squamata
2147:Reptilia
2141:Chordata
2139:Phylum:
2135:Animalia
2009:28929018
1945:28467456
1905:PLOS ONE
1889:129–136.
1810:447–472.
1165:, with "
1139:H. hebae
532:quadrate
508:parietal
217:Family:
195:Squamata
185:Reptilia
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
2151:Order:
2145:Class:
2000:5602675
1936:5415187
1786:4095048
758:) are.
610:species
602:Alabama
546:of the
528:ventral
524:frontal
504:maxilla
337:lizards
335:marine
247:Genera
191:Order:
181:Class:
2902:202567
2214:Liodon
2007:
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1943:
1933:
1925:
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606:Kansas
520:dorsal
516:fibula
481:Sweden
377:Africa
369:Europe
323:are a
2050:Notes
1977:PeerJ
1790:S2CID
1782:JSTOR
1143:et al
1012:'
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648:taxon
512:tibia
492:than
361:North
202:Clade
2005:PMID
1941:PMID
1923:ISSN
1711:2021
1151:and
752:and
728:2017
717:and
707:and
514:and
461:and
436:and
401:and
375:and
373:Asia
363:and
319:The
52:PreꞒ
2071:332
2036:doi
2032:154
1995:PMC
1985:doi
1931:PMC
1913:doi
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107:N
97:K
92:J
87:T
82:P
77:C
72:D
67:S
62:O
57:Ꞓ
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