132:
340:. They tended to have relatively slender jaws and small, numerous teeth, suggesting a diet of small fish and other prey. Although the skeleton is primitive compared to other Mosasauridae in many respects, halisaurines had the distinctive hypocercal tail of other mosasaurids suggesting good swimming ability, and they persisted alongside other mosasaurs until the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest known remains of halisaurines occur in rocks of
2820:
405:
108:
2362:
552:
1712:
Takuya
Konishi, Michael W. Caldwell, Tomohiro Nishimura, Kazuhiko Sakurai & Kyo Tanoue (2015) A new halisaurine mosasaur (Squamata: Halisaurinae) from Japan: the first record in the western Pacific realm and the first documented insights into binocular vision in mosasaurs. Journal of Systematic
1798:
Bardet, N., Pereda
Suberbiola, X., Iarochene, M., Bouya, B. & Amaghzaz, M. 2005. A new species of Halisaurus from the Late Cretaceous phosphates of Morocco, and the phylogenetical relationships of the Halisaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143,
418:
The
Halisaurinae exhibit several characteristics that suggest they are more primitive than mosasaurs of more derived subfamilies. In particular, their flippers are poorly differentiated, meaning that while better adapted to life in oceans than plesiopedal mosasaur genera like
1659:
Longrich, N. R., Bardet, N., Khaldoune, F., Yazami, O. K., & Jalil, N.-E. (2021). Pluridens serpentis, a new mosasaurid (Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the
Maastrichtian of Morocco and implications for mosasaur diversity. Cretaceous Research, 104882.
1877:
Lingham-Soliar, T. 1996. The first description of
Halisaurus (Reptilia Mosasauridae) from Europe, from the Upper Cretaceous of Belgium. Bulletin de l'Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre, 66,
431:, they were poor swimmers compared to many of their contemporaries. Lacking swimming capabilities are quite surprising considering that most other small mosasaurs were adapted to be fast and nimble. The description of
1673:
from the Late
Cretaceous of Kansas (North America): a review of the Uppsala type specimen. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences-Series IIA-Earth and Planetary Science, 332(6), 395-402.
680:, the two genera were grouped into the new subfamily Halisaurinae. Their study supported the model that the group was a sister-group to more advanced mosasaurs. Since the description of
454:, appear to have been in decline. There is also evidence supporting that they were accomplished intercontinental migrators, with a known large-scale migration event involving
446:
Despite their shortcomings, the
Halisaurinae had diversified and reached a global distribution by the end of the Maastrichtian whilst other subfamilies, particularly the
2807:
1683:
1950:, a new mosasaurid (Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the Maastrichtian of Morocco and implications for mosasaur diversity. Cretaceous Research, 104882.
1726:
Polcyn, Michael J.; Jacobs, Louis L.; Araújo, Ricardo; Schulp, Anne S.; Mateus, Octávio (2014-04-15). "Physical drivers of mosasaur evolution".
2102:
2011:
Shaker, A. A.; Longrich, N. R.; Strougo, A.; Asan, A.; Bardet, N.; Mousa, M. K.; Tantawy, A. A.; Abu El-Kheir, G. A. (2023). "A new species of
1890:"Mosasauroid phylogeny under multiple phylogenetic methods provides new insights on the evolution of aquatic adaptations in the group"
1162:
possibly representing a distinct genus in need of a new name. The results of their analyses are displayed in the cladogram below:
750:
The following cladogram is modified from
Longrich et al. (2021), with placement of higher taxa based on Madzia & Cau (2017).
1753:
Lindgren, Johan; Siverson, Mikael (2005). "Halisaurus sternbergi, a Small
Mosasaur with an Intercontinental Distribution".
2797:
1860:
Bell GL. Jr. 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North
American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293-332 In: Callaway JM. and
1136:
131:
1888:
Simões, Tiago R.; Vernygora, Oksana; Paparella, Ilaria; Jimenez-Huidobro, Paulina; Caldwell, Michael W. (2017-05-03).
2095:
586:
2188:
1766:
1691:
1319:
495:
sutural contact vertical anteriorly, oblique at midpoint and horizontal posteriorly; contact plane between the
2736:
1714:
2802:
2015:(Mosasauridae: Halisaurinae) from the lower Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Western Desert, Egypt".
715:
The recentmost major phylogenetic analysis of mosasaurs, conducted by Tiago R. Simões and colleagues in May
461:
2838:
2885:
2361:
2088:
1295:
117:
1142:
716:
628:
475:
Bardet et al. (2005, p. 464) diagnosed the Halsaurinae as all mosasaurs more closely related to
499:
and the supratemporal oblique; preaxial ridge extending on two-thirds of the length of the radius;
2913:
2823:
1861:
1778:
1770:
536:
532:
126:
2890:
2876:
523:
with large infrastapedial process; coalescent infra- and suprastapedial processes of quadrate;
2505:
2448:
1993:
1929:
1911:
1134:. analyzed the phylogenetic relationships of members of the Halisaurinae. They suggested that
743:
731:. This would mean that the halisaurines are more closely related to the mosasaurines than the
447:
1150:
than the type species of their respective genera. They tentatively assigned these species to
2780:
2482:
2282:
2216:
2024:
1983:
1973:
1919:
1901:
1762:
1735:
1193:
825:
508:
2055:
from the Late Cretaceous of Kansas (North America): a review of the Uppsala type specimen.
2773:
2709:
2674:
2630:
2512:
2491:
2428:
2413:
1585:
979:
955:
767:
732:
702:
654:
439:
433:
386:
369:
275:
28:
658:
being momentarily reassigned to the genus by Lingham-Soliar (1996). In 2005, the species
2646:
2577:
2318:
2264:
1988:
1962:"Inferring 'weak spots' in phylogenetic trees: application to mosasauroid nomenclature"
1961:
1924:
1889:
1946:
Longrich, N. R., Bardet, N., Khaldoune, F., Yazami, O. K., & Jalil, N.-E. (2021).
404:
107:
2907:
2750:
2722:
2680:
2653:
2612:
2568:
2539:
2298:
2257:
2209:
1782:
520:
465:
353:
349:
345:
65:
1844:(Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Navesink Formation (Maastrichtian) of New Jersey.
577:
which had long been seen as (and remains) an important taxon in studies of mosasaur
2701:
2595:
2532:
2523:
2471:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2325:
2291:
2234:
2181:
2160:
2151:
1576:
1571:
789:
724:
616:
612:
540:
512:
507:
long and slender with slightly expanded extremities. Ambiguous characters include "
451:
2028:
1906:
1739:
569:
Designation of this subfamily followed many decades of confusion surrounding the
2870:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2715:
2694:
2687:
2639:
2584:
2553:
2498:
2390:
2346:
2332:
2309:
2174:
2072:
Oceans of Kansas' "Kansas Mosasaurs in Sweden" page, devoted to the holotype of
2071:
483:
427:
421:
40:
2861:
2619:
2605:
2406:
2339:
2243:
2223:
2195:
1550:
1343:
1122:
1042:
1025:
737:
688:
644:
570:
524:
488:
477:
410:
380:
321:
265:
199:
85:
50:
1915:
1713:
Palaeontology (advance online publication) DOI:10.1080/14772019.2015.1113447
2729:
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2379:
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143:
90:
34:
1997:
1933:
1715:
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2015.1113447#abstract
2855:
2271:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2111:
728:
611:(Russell, 1967; p. 369 ), which was also considered a member of the
325:
317:
212:
183:
163:
80:
75:
60:
55:
45:
642:
Several discoveries throughout the 1980s and 1990s helped shed light on
1978:
1774:
598:
590:
516:
492:
328:. They were small to medium-sized, ranging from just under 3 meters in
173:
95:
70:
551:
2202:
2123:
1669:
Bardet, N., & Pereda-Suberbiola, X. (2001). The basal mosasaurid
594:
504:
469:
365:
357:
153:
2832:
1824:
Russell DA. 1967. Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs.
443:
was highly specialized to compensate for its lack of hydrophalangy.
636:
550:
500:
403:
1808:
Wiman CJ. 1920. Some reptiles from the Niobrara group in Kansas.
539:
extending ventrally to the ventral surface of the centrum; fused
361:
2836:
2084:
2080:
1826:
Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin
1767:
10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0763:HSASMW]2.0.CO;2
672:
by Nathalie Bardet and colleagues. With the description of
723:
and the rest of the Halisaurinae as a sister group to the
1730:. Physical drivers in the evolution of marine tetrapods.
487:. Unambiguous character states were listed as follows: "
368:, indicating a more or less global distribution in the
519:
boss; parietal foramen surrounded by a ventral boss;
511:
median ridge borne on the anterior two-thirds of the
2057:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA
2051:
Bardet N, Suberbiola XP. 2001. The basal mosasaurid
291:
283:
271:
261:
251:
243:
2845:
2790:
2667:
2629:
2594:
2567:
2522:
2481:
2447:
2427:
2389:
2369:
2308:
2281:
2233:
2150:
648:, with more complete specimens of the type species
1728:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
668:, along with the description of the new species
344:age and the subfamily persists until the latest
1810:Bulletin of the Geological Institute of Uppsala
2096:
8:
2808:List of mosasaur-bearing stratigraphic units
615:at that time. Later workers questioned the
581:. The confusion was especially centered on
2833:
2478:
2444:
2386:
2230:
2103:
2089:
2081:
106:
20:
1987:
1977:
1923:
1905:
372:. Four genera are currently recognized:
1652:
1146:were more closely related to the genus
1120:In their 2023 description of the new
601:had been referred to the mosasaurine
7:
1794:
1792:
700:were recognised as separate genera;
1840:Wright KR. 1988. A new specimen of
1445:
1423:
1401:
1369:
1335:
1311:
1287:
1229:
1185:
1175:
1165:
1017:
971:
947:
923:
861:
817:
807:
782:
760:
753:
635:and the other known species of the
1960:Daniel Madzia; Andrea Cau (2017).
1846:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
14:
662:was reassigned to its own genus,
2819:
2818:
2360:
130:
334:to as much as 8 or 9 meters in
676:as a closely related genus to
627:, in part because of striking
460:during the Campanian from the
348:. Halisaurines are known from
1:
2798:Timeline of mosasaur research
2029:10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105719
1815:: 9-18 (9 figs., pls. II-IV).
1137:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
980:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
434:Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans
1907:10.1371/journal.pone.0176773
1740:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.018
1575:; holotype destroyed during
16:Extinct subfamily of lizards
1684:"Fossilworks: Halisaurinae"
555:Speculative restoration of
2930:
593:and the Niobrara Chalk of
587:Mooreville Chalk Formation
468:to what today is southern
2816:
2668:Related groups and genera
2358:
2118:
1868:, Academic Press: 501 pp.
1842:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1453:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1450:
1443:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1399:
1374:
1367:
1340:
1333:
1316:
1309:
1292:
1285:
1249:
1234:
1227:
1210:
1190:
1183:
1173:
1043:Halisaurus platyspondylus
1039:
1022:
1015:
993:
976:
969:
952:
945:
928:
921:
883:
866:
859:
842:
822:
815:
805:
787:
780:
765:
758:
240:
235:
127:Scientific classification
125:
114:
105:
23:
1851:(Supplement 3): 29A-30A.
1320:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
956:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
655:Phosphorosaurus ortliebi
2803:List of mosasaur genera
1866:Ancient Marine Reptiles
1755:Journal of Paleontology
462:Western Interior Seaway
2076:, includes many photos
2074:Halisaurus sternbergii
2053:Halisaurus sternbergii
1671:Halisaurus sternbergii
686:, two more species of
660:Halisaurus sternbergii
566:
415:
2886:Paleobiology Database
1431:Halisaurus arambourgi
1296:Eonatator sternbergii
1026:Halisaurus arambourgi
932:Eonatator sternbergii
727:instead of the whole
670:Halisaurus arambourgi
652:being discovered and
585:, a species from the
554:
407:
118:Halisaurus arambourgi
1539:Species and taxonomy
1143:Eonatator coellensis
631:differences between
331:Eonatator sternbergi
2017:Cretaceous Research
1948:Pluridens serpentis
1694:on 12 December 2021
1252:Pluridens calabaria
1214:Pluridens serpentis
887:Pluridens calabaria
846:Pluridens serpentis
337:Pluridens serpentis
230:Bardet et al., 2005
1979:10.7717/peerj.3782
597:. Originally, the
567:
537:cervical vertebrae
416:
320:, a group of Late
2901:
2900:
2839:Taxon identifiers
2830:
2829:
2663:
2662:
2563:
2562:
2506:Plesioplatecarpus
2449:Plioplatecarpinae
2423:
2422:
2356:
2355:
1557:H. platyspondylus
1535:
1534:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1237:Pluridens walkeri
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
907:
906:
898:
897:
870:Pluridens walkeri
744:Plesioplatecarpus
650:H. platyspondylus
448:Plioplatecarpinae
306:
305:
231:
2921:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2791:Related articles
2781:Vallecillosaurus
2483:Plioplatecarpini
2479:
2445:
2387:
2364:
2283:Prognathodontini
2231:
2217:Plesiotylosaurus
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2033:
2032:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1981:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1909:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1822:
1816:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1723:
1717:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1690:. Archived from
1680:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1597:P. ponpetelegans
1446:
1424:
1409:Halisaurus hebae
1402:
1385:
1370:
1353:
1336:
1312:
1288:
1230:
1199:
1194:Mooreville Chalk
1186:
1176:
1166:
1018:
1002:
998:
972:
948:
924:
862:
831:
826:Mooreville Chalk
818:
808:
783:
761:
754:
735:(genera such as
733:russellosaurines
531:complex absent;
293:
285:
273:
263:
253:
245:
229:
224:
211:
198:
135:
134:
110:
100:
37:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2841:
2831:
2826:
2812:
2786:
2774:Portunatasaurus
2710:Dolichosauridae
2675:Aigialosauridae
2659:
2631:Yaguarasaurinae
2625:
2590:
2559:
2518:
2513:Plioplatecarpus
2492:Latoplatecarpus
2477:
2443:
2429:Russellosaurina
2419:
2414:Phosphorosaurus
2385:
2365:
2352:
2304:
2277:
2229:
2146:
2114:
2109:
2068:
2049:
2047:Further reading
2043:
2041:
2036:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1900:(5): e0176773.
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1724:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1688:fossilworks.org
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1586:Phosphorosaurus
1567:H. onchognathus
1541:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1379:
1350:Phosphorosaurus
1347:
1272:
1263:
1197:
1156:Phosphorosaurus
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1000:
996:
908:
899:
829:
768:Russellosaurina
703:Phosphorosaurus
549:
515:; frontal with
440:Phosphorosaurus
408:Restoration of
402:
387:Phosphorosaurus
370:Late Cretaceous
276:Phosphorosaurus
228:
222:
209:
196:
129:
101:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
32:
31:
29:Late Cretaceous
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2925:
2917:
2916:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
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2867:
2851:
2849:
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2817:
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2800:
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2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2647:Russellosaurus
2643:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2578:Pannoniasaurus
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2433:
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2421:
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2410:
2403:
2395:
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2367:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2319:Bentiabasaurus
2314:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2265:Igdamanosaurus
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
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2164:
2156:
2154:
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2144:
2138:
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2126:
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2115:
2110:
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2100:
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2066:External links
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2003:
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1761:(4): 763–773.
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1611:E. sternbergii
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1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
992:
989:
988:
985:
984:
975:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
951:
946:
944:
941:
940:
937:
936:
927:
922:
920:
914:
913:
910:
909:
905:
904:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
891:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
865:
860:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
821:
816:
814:
806:
804:
798:
797:
794:
793:
786:
781:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
764:
759:
757:
752:
712:respectively.
633:H. sternbergii
583:H. sternbergii
548:
545:
437:revealed that
401:
398:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
281:
280:
279:
269:
259:
238:
237:
233:
232:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
194:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
112:
111:
103:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
38:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2926:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2751:Tetrapodophis
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:Dolichosaurus
2720:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2681:Aigialosaurus
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2655:
2654:Yaguarasaurus
2651:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:Taniwhasaurus
2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2569:Tethysaurinae
2566:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:Goronyosaurus
2537:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2299:Thalassotitan
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2258:Harranasaurus
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:Megapterygius
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:E. coellensis
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1562:H. arambourgi
1560:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:ponpetelegans
1351:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:halisaurine"
1195:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1160:ponpetelegans
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
981:
974:
973:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
957:
950:
949:
943:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
933:
926:
925:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
903:
902:
894:
893:
890:
889:
888:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
871:
864:
863:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
839:
836:
835:
832:
828:halisaurine"
827:
820:
819:
813:
810:
809:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
778:
777:
774:
773:
770:
769:
763:
762:
756:
755:
751:
748:
746:
745:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
710:
705:
704:
699:
695:
691:
690:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:morphological
626:
622:
619:position and
618:
614:
610:
606:
605:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
560:
559:
553:
546:
544:
542:
541:haemal spines
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:
480:
479:
473:
471:
467:
466:North America
463:
459:
458:
453:
449:
444:
442:
441:
436:
435:
430:
429:
424:
423:
413:
412:
406:
399:
397:
395:
394:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:South America
351:
347:
346:Maastrichtian
343:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
298:
297:
290:
289:
288:
282:
278:
277:
270:
268:
267:
260:
258:
257:
250:
249:
248:
242:
241:
239:
234:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
120:
119:
113:
109:
104:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
33:86.3–66
30:
22:
19:
2877:Halisaurinae
2847:Halisaurinae
2846:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2702:Opetiosaurus
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2596:Tylosaurinae
2583:
2576:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2533:Gavialimimus
2531:
2524:Selmasaurini
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2472:Sarabosaurus
2470:
2465:Ectenosaurus
2463:
2458:Angolasaurus
2456:
2438:Haasiasaurus
2436:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2378:
2371:Halisaurinae
2370:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2326:Eremiasaurus
2324:
2317:
2297:
2292:Prognathodon
2290:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:Globidensini
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:Gnathomortis
2180:
2173:
2166:
2161:Amphekepubis
2159:
2152:Mosasaurinae
2073:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1947:
1942:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1873:
1865:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1809:
1804:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:the original
1687:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1640:P. serpentis
1639:
1635:P. calabaria
1634:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1577:World War II
1572:nomen dubium
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1549:
1544:Halisaurinae
1543:
1542:
1452:
1451:
1430:
1429:
1408:
1407:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1317:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1251:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1212:
1211:
1191:
1180:Pluridensini
1179:
1170:Halisaurinae
1169:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1041:
1040:
1024:
1023:
995:
994:
978:
977:
954:
953:
930:
929:
917:
885:
884:
868:
867:
844:
843:
823:
812:Pluridensini
811:
802:Halisaurinae
801:
790:Mosasaurinae
788:
766:
749:
742:
736:
729:Mosasauridae
725:Mosasaurinae
720:
719:, recovered
714:
707:
701:
697:
693:
687:
681:
677:
673:
669:
663:
659:
653:
649:
643:
641:
632:
624:
617:phylogenetic
613:Mosasaurinae
608:
602:
582:
574:
568:
562:
556:
533:synapophyses
482:
476:
474:
455:
452:Tylosaurinae
445:
438:
432:
426:
420:
417:
409:
391:
385:
379:
373:
336:
330:
310:Halisaurinae
309:
307:
294:
287:Pluridensini
286:
274:
264:
254:
246:
226:Halisaurinae
225:
213:Mosasauridae
190:
116:
115:Skeleton of
24:Halisaurinae
18:
2871:Wikispecies
2767:Judeasaurus
2760:Adriosaurus
2744:Pontosaurus
2716:Coniasaurus
2695:Komensaurus
2688:Carsosaurus
2640:Romeosaurus
2585:Tethysaurus
2554:Selmasaurus
2499:Platecarpus
2391:Halisaurini
2347:Plotosaurus
2333:Moanasaurus
2310:Mosasaurini
2189:Jormungandr
2175:Dallasaurus
2062:: 395-402.
1862:Nicholls EL
1698:17 December
1592:P. ortliebi
1282:Halisaurini
1198:(AUMP 1486)
918:Halisaurini
830:(AUMP 1486)
694:H. ortliebi
575:Halisaurus,
484:Moanasaurus
428:Tethysaurus
422:Dallasaurus
400:Description
247:Halisaurini
219:Subfamily:
2737:Primitivus
2620:Tylosaurus
2606:Kaikaifilu
2407:Halisaurus
2340:Mosasaurus
2244:Carinodens
2224:Stelladens
2196:Kourisodon
2023:. 105719.
2013:Halisaurus
1864:, (eds.),
1648:References
1630:P. walkeri
1551:Halisaurus
1387:coellensis
1377:Halisaurus
1344:Halisaurus
1152:Halisaurus
1148:Halisaurus
1123:Halisaurus
738:Tylosaurus
721:Halisaurus
698:H. walkeri
689:Halisaurus
678:Halisaurus
645:Halisaurus
625:Halisaurus
609:Halisaurus
607:, then to
571:type genus
563:Halisaurus
525:zygosphene
489:premaxilla
478:Halisaurus
411:Halisaurus
381:Halisaurus
322:Cretaceous
266:Halisaurus
200:Mosasauria
2914:Mosasaurs
2730:Kaganaias
2547:Khinjaria
2400:Eonatator
2380:Pluridens
2251:Globidens
2168:Clidastes
2122:Kingdom:
2112:Mosasaurs
1972:: e3782.
1916:1932-6203
1783:130289272
1734:: 17–27.
1624:Pluridens
1605:Eonatator
1382:Eonatator
1130:, Shaker
1126:species,
1003:collensis
999:Eonatator
709:Pluridens
683:Eonatator
674:Eonatator
665:Eonatator
621:monophyly
604:Clidastes
579:phylogeny
561:based on
558:Pluridens
547:Phylogeny
529:zygantrum
457:Eonatator
393:Pluridens
375:Eonatator
342:Santonian
318:mosasaurs
314:subfamily
296:Pluridens
256:Eonatator
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
2908:Category
2862:Q5642469
2856:Wikidata
2824:Category
2272:Xenodens
2142:Squamata
2136:Reptilia
2130:Chordata
2128:Phylum:
2124:Animalia
1998:28929018
1934:28467456
1894:PLOS ONE
1878:129–136.
1799:447–472.
1154:, with "
1128:H. hebae
521:quadrate
497:parietal
206:Family:
184:Squamata
174:Reptilia
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
2140:Order:
2134:Class:
1989:5602675
1925:5415187
1775:4095048
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591:Alabama
535:of the
517:ventral
513:frontal
493:maxilla
326:lizards
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366:Africa
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191:Clade
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