1939:. Doubleday. See section "The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim." Pages 46-49. "Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr ", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the "secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b... pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the
27:
340:, Haman is considered to be an archetype of evil and persecutor of the Jews. Having attempted to exterminate the Jews of Persia, and rendering himself thereby their worst enemy, Haman naturally became the center of many Talmudic legends. Being at one time extremely poor, he sold himself as a slave to Mordecai. He was a barber at Kefar Karzum for the space of twenty-two years. Haman had an idolatrous image embroidered on his garments, so that those who bowed to him at command of the king bowed also to the image.
380:
of death. As God foresaw that Haman himself would be hanged on the gallows, he asked which tree would volunteer to serve as the instrument of death. Each tree, declaring that it was used for some holy purpose, objected to being soiled by the unclean body of Haman. Only the thorn-tree could find no excuse, and therefore offered itself for a gallows (Esther Rabbah 9; Midrash Abba Gorion 7 (ed. Buber, Wilna, 1886); in Targum Sheni this is narrated somewhat differently).
460:, and to seek protection of the Israelites whom Haman and Pharaoh were tormenting. Referring to Moses as a sorcerer and a liar, the Pharaoh rejected Moses' call to worship the God of Moses and refused to free the Israelite children. The Pharaoh commissioned Haman to build a tall tower using burnt bricks so that the Pharaoh could ascend and see the God of Moses. The Pharaoh, Haman, and their army in chariots pursuing Israel's fleeing children drowned in the
232:, the king's recent wife, who was herself a Jew. Esther invited Haman and the king to two banquets. In the second banquet, she informed the king that Haman was plotting to kill her (and the other Jews). This enraged the king, who was further angered when (after leaving the room briefly and returning) he discovered Haman had fallen on Esther's couch, intending to beg mercy from Esther, but which the king interpreted as a sexual advance.
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191:
468:
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1990:
above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story.... But even more recently scholars are again looking to
Palestine for the origin of the festival... Its Lack of Historicity: are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value."
2017:
262:: Haman's house (where the pole was located) was likely in the city of Susa (a flat area), while the royal citadel and palace were located on a mound about 15 meters higher than the city. Such a tall pole would have allowed Haman to observe Mordecai's corpse while dining in the royal palace, had his plans worked as intended.
756:. Hoschander suggests that Haman may, if the connection is correct, be a priestly title and not a proper name. Strabo's names are unattested in Persian texts as gods; however the Talmud and Josephus interpret the description of courtiers bowing to Haman in Esther 3:2 as worship (other scholars assume "Omanus" refers to
1624:"Quran, Surah 10:92, note: the phrases 'we will save you' (nunajjīka نُنَجِّيكَ) & 'that you may be' (litakūna لِتَكُونَ) are all written (addressed to) in the second person singular, thus grammatically speaking there is one person addressed, namely Pharaoh, as evident in the preceding verses (Surah 10:90–91)"
1989:
Moore, Carey A. "Esther, Book of," ed. David Noel
Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 "Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf.
379:
Haman had 365 counselors, but the advice of none was so good as that of his wife, Zeresh. She induced Haman to build a gallows for
Mordecai, assuring him that this was the only way in which he would be able to prevail over his enemy, for hitherto the just had always been rescued from every other kind
300:
gives Haman's lineage as follows: "Haman the son of
Hammedatha the Agagite, son of Khada, son of Kuza, son of Alipilot, son of Dios, son of Diosos, son of Peros, son of Ma'dan, son of Bala'qan, son of Antimiros, son of Hadrus, son of Shegar, son of Negar, son of Parmashta, son of Vaizatha, son of
867:. The image occurs in the form of a spontaneous vision given to the character of Dante-as-pilgrim, the purpose of which is to envision Haman's accusers, Ahaseurus, Esther and Mordecai, as emblems of righteous anger. In this divinely inspired hallucination, the fictional Dante sees Haman as "
521:
4. The text suggests that Haman represents the
Biblical Amalekites, the epitome of evil that God commands to be destroyed. Haman thus symbolizes the evil that the Jews must struggle against in every generation until the final eschatological triumph of God's kingdom.
1963:
gods Humman and Mashti, a
Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the
351:
to ascertain which was the most auspicious day of the week for that purpose. Each day, however, proved to be under some influence favorable to the Jews. He then sought to fix the month, but found that the same was true of each month; thus,
122:, who was also Jewish and had concealed her identity from the King. Esther revealed Haman's plan to Ahasuerus and pleaded with him to spare her people. The King was outraged at Haman's treachery and ordered that he be executed instead.
517:
3. In various passages, Haman is referred to as an "Agagite" (Amalekite), "Gogite" (from the cursed city of Gog), "Ebugaios" (an unexplained term), and "Bugaean". These labels serve to further mark Haman as a foreigner and enemy.
441:) is a person mentioned and associated with pharaoh of the Exodus. Islam started up in 610 CE. McAuliffe's Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān among other sources relates "Haman" to be the Arabized form of "Ha-Amana" in Egyptian.
513:
2. Haman is accused of plotting to transfer the sovereignty of Persia to the
Macedonians, while the Jews are called "loyal Persians" by the king. This portrays Haman as disloyal and conspiring against Persia.
782:
commemorates the story of the Jews' deliverance and Haman's defeat. On that day, the Book of Esther is publicly read and much noise and tumult is raised at every mention of Haman's name. Various noisemakers
464:
as the parted water closed on them. The
Pharaoh's submission to God at the moment of death and total destruction was rejected, but his corpse was saved as a lesson for posterity and he was mummified.
1980:
Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a
Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars."
110:
In the narrative of the Book of Esther, Haman was a proud and ambitious man who demanded that everyone bow down to him as a sign of respect. However, a Jewish man named
962:
456:
Haman appears six times throughout the Qur'an four times with
Pharaoh and twice by himself, where God sent Moses to invite Pharaoh, Haman, and their people to
510:
1. Haman is referred to as a "Macedonian" and described as "an alien" to Persia. This characterization presents him as an outsider and not a true Persian.
1553:
Silverstein, Adam "Veiling Esther, Unveiling Her Story: The Reception of a Biblical Book in Islamic Lands" Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 20-21.
2085:
453:". However, some scholars disagree with the theory of the Quranic Haman being an Egyptian title, instead of a name and the biblical figure himself.
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So today We will save you in body that you may be to those who succeed you a sign. And indeed, many among the people, of Our signs, are heedless.
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1447:
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American children's television animations in which the biblical story of Haman is told include the "Queen Esther" episode of the series
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refused to. Angered by this, and knowing of Mordecai's Jewish nationality, Haman convinced Ahasuerus to allow him to have all of the
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1920:
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148:) recorded by Greek historians. Several etymologies have been proposed for it: it has been associated with the Persian word
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refused to bow down to him, which enraged Haman. Seeking revenge, Haman convinced the king to issue a decree that all
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were also hanged, after they died in battle against the Jews. The Jews also killed about 75,000 of their enemies in
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944:", in which he is portrayed as attempting to re-enter the mortal world in order to rule once more over the Jews.
697:
154:, meaning "illustrious" (naming dictionaries typically list it as meaning "magnificent"); with the sacred drink
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1562:
Reynolds, Gabriel Said "The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and commentary" Yale University Press, 2018, p. 603-604.
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372:, and he said, "Now I shall be able to swallow them as fish which swallow one another" (Esther Rabbah 7;
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825:
624:, though the legs are parted and the apparatus resembles a natural tree shorter than fifty cubits high.
976:(2000), in which he is portrayed by "Mr. Lunt" during the episode "Esther, the Girl who Became Queen".
507:
The Greek version of the Book of Esther, known as the Septuagint, portrays Haman in a distinct manner:
1606:"Search Quran – Search haman in Quran القران الكريم in English translation by Mohsin Khan – all words"
296:
TgEsth1 and TgEsth3 call him "Haman the son of Hamedatha, descended from Agag the son of Amaleq." The
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Jacob Hoschander has argued that the name of Haman and that of his father Hamedatha are mentioned by
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translation of the Book of Esther and from other Greek and Jewish sources, some no longer extant.
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1969:
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594:, used elsewhere to describe the cross-piece in crucifixion, when describing the fate of Haman:
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The apparent purpose of these unusually-high gallows can be understood from the geography of
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789:) are used to express disdain for Haman by "blotting out" his name during the recitation of
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107:. Some commentators interpret this descent to be symbolic, due to his similar personality.
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162:, meaning "good thoughts". The 19th-century Bible critic Jensen associated it with the
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Exodus 17:8-16, Numbers 24:7, Deuteronomy 25:17-19, 1 Samuel 15, 1 Chronicles 4:42-43
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Since the 1890s, several academics have "agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized
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contended that Haman is Ha-Amen as shortcut of the first few letters of title of
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Haman at the moment of his execution appears at the beginning of Canto 17 of
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182:. Hoschander suggests that Haman is a priestly title and not a proper name.
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that had originally been built by Haman himself, on the advice of his wife
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the Agagite. After Haman was appointed the principal minister of the king
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As in the Septuagint, Haman's execution is ambiguous, suggestive of both
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2020: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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325:, and Amalek, who lived several hundred years earlier. According to the
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1960:
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s description of Haman's execution have variously treated the subject.
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2040:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
1869:
Text, Theology, and Trowel: New Investigations in the Biblical World
1205:. Vol. 6. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. p. 189–190.
1114:
910:, investigating a murder, says he will "hang him as high as Haman".
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285:, his mother was ʾĂmatlaʾy, a descendant of ʿÔrebtî (also ʿÔrǝbtāʾ
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2491:
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1940:
779:
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588:). The Vulgate translation of Esther 7:10 furthermore refers to a
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in the Persian empire be killed. Haman's plot was foiled by Queen
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580:'wood'), is similarly ambiguously referred to as "wood" (
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1922:
Zoroastrian Theology: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day
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suspensus est itaque Aman in patibulo quod paraverat Mardocheo
313:". There are apparently several generations omitted between
1895:
Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und der Mittlere Osten
568:
1439:
A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Esther
918:
Haman is characterised as evil vizier to a sultan in the "
616:; Haman is shown crucified in a manner similar to typical
1578:. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 131.
824:" and generally concluded that Purim has its origin in a
2026:
Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
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Hirsch, Emil; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon (1904).
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The character was depicted in the American feature film
364:, because of the small Passover. But when he arrived at
1464:"Memuchan is Haman: Explaining a Classic Purim Medrash"
813:, 'Haman's ears') is traditionally eaten on this day.
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He is featured as the primary antagonist in the 1999
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he prepared for Mordechai'. In the corner of the
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spirit of destruction, has also been proposed as an
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The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity
1155:"Esther 3 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"
801:(Yiddish for 'Haman's pockets'; known in Hebrew as
235:
On the king's orders, Haman was hanged from the 50-
1943:, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated
1747:"Esther 7:9–10, Apostolic Polyglot Bible English"
495:. Josephus's account of the story draws from the
1640:Lacocque, André. "HAMAN IN THE BOOK OF ESTHER".
1506:A. H. Jones, "Hāmān", in J. D. McAuliffe (Ed.),
130:The name has been equated with the Persian name
1866:Matassa, Lidia D.; Silverman, Jason M. (2011).
1221:Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM Edition 1.0 1997,
839:(though which one is a subject of discussion).
963:The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible
889:(1936) references Haman in the scene in which
213:, all of the king's servants were required to
2386:
2079:
1572:Noegel, S.B.; Wheeler, B.M. (2010). "Haman".
8:
1843:"Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, Book XI"
1099:"The Book of Esther in the Light of History"
802:
600:, 'therefore was Haman suspended on the
333:, because he was "destined for punishment".
1575:The A to Z of Prophets in Islam and Judaism
1240:. Cambridge University Press. p. 111.
595:
589:
395:'s reign (Targum Sheini on Esther, 4, 11).
247:, in order to hang Mordecai. The bodies of
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893:, in jail, faces the prospect of hanging.
1543:. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
1526:. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. p. 751.
1122:
752:, worshipped with Anahita in the city of
356:was favorable to the Jews because of the
1089:
990:
549:. The fifty-cubit object, described as
1662:
1651:
170:, a view dismissed by later scholars.
1968:, the Babylonian Creation Story, the
1919:Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1914).
1741:
1739:
1260:
99:indicates, Haman was a descendant of
7:
1947:and Esther with the Babylonian gods
970:, and the computer-generated series
368:he found that its zodiacal sign was
71:was an official in the court of the
1510:, 2002, Volume II, op. cit., p. 399
1410:"The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon"
966:(1985-1992), where he is voiced by
803:
729:
717:
426:
289:), apparently patriarch of a major
48:
1795:"Compare translations Esther 7:10"
906:references Haman in a scene where
676:as the most common rendering; the
14:
1771:"Compare translations Esther 7:9"
843:In literature and popular culture
472:Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther
126:Etymology and meaning of the name
87:) but traditionally equated with
31:Haman Begging the Mercy of Esther
2051:
2015:
1184:
1067:also son of Harum, son of Harsum
63:) is the main antagonist in the
903:The Mysterious Affair at Styles
537:by Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel
1706:Esther 9:24 (Codex Sinaiticus)
1:
2313:Esther in rabbinic literature
1872:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
928:Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights
847:
612:of the execution of Haman by
228:The plot was foiled by Queen
2360:Tomb of Esther and Mordechai
2318:Haman in rabbinic literature
1379:Purim and the Persian Empire
569:
301:Agag, son of Sumqar, son of
277:Haman in rabbinic literature
144:
1697:Esther 3:1, 8:3, 9:10, 9:24
1508:Encyclopaedia Of The Qur'an
1103:The Jewish Quarterly Review
883:Margaret Mitchell's novel,
809:
795:
686:Young's Literal Translation
437:
321:the prophet in the time of
194:Esther denouncing Haman by
158:; or with the Persian name
150:
52:
2637:
1390:Bava Batra 91a, Ein Yaakov
1207:Retrieved 13 February 2017
1097:Hoschander, Jacob (1918).
767:
558:
402:
274:
223:Jews in the Persian empire
139:
18:
1540:The Message of the Qur'ān
1523:The Message of the Qur'ān
698:New International Version
451:The Message of The Qur'an
391:, who managed to live to
186:Haman in the Hebrew Bible
79:, commonly identified as
1935:Moore, Carey A. (1971).
1715:Additions to Esther 12:6
924:made-for-television film
387:, he killed the prophet
329:, Haman was also called
305:, son of a concubine of
2037:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1733:Midrash Shoḥer Tov 9:10
1537:Asad, Muhammad (1980).
1520:Asad, Muhammad (1980).
1202:The Jewish Encyclopedia
950:One Night with the King
871:", a man who undergoes
492:Antiquities of the Jews
417:'s primary scripture),
205:, Haman was the son of
67:, who according to the
2438:in rabbinic literature
2428:in rabbinic literature
2034:; et al. (eds.).
1234:Kalimi, Isaac (2023).
1199:; et al. (eds.).
922:" segment of the 1994
706:New Living Translation
606:Sistine Chapel ceiling
596:
590:
585:
538:
489:mentions Haman in his
478:
317:, who was executed by
266:Haman in other sources
198:
37:
21:Haman (disambiguation)
2604:Book of Esther people
1847:penelope.uchicago.edu
533:
470:
193:
29:
2060:at Wikimedia Commons
1442:. Charles Scribner.
702:Common English Bible
632:Translations of the
628:English translations
622:crucifixion of Jesus
535:Crucifixion of Haman
449:hm.ntr in his book "
201:As described in the
19:For other uses, see
2614:Hebrew Bible people
2028:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
1434:Paton, Lewis Bayles
1193:"HAMAN THE AGAGITE"
1124:2027/uc1.c100234370
640:referred both to a
553:in the Septuagint (
447:High Priest of Amun
327:Midrash Abba Gorion
2599:Biblical murderers
2454:Bigthan and Teresh
2216:Bigthan and Teresh
953:(2006), played by
886:Gone With the Wind
793:. Pastry known as
678:Douay–Rheims Bible
666:King James Version
620:depictions of the
608:is a depiction in
539:
479:
343:Haman was also an
338:Rabbinic tradition
199:
103:, the king of the
38:
2586:
2585:
2492:Purim HaMeshulash
2368:
2367:
2303:Megillah (Talmud)
2056:Media related to
1999:Dante Alighieri,
1905:978-90-04-09271-6
1879:978-1-60899-942-2
1799:Bible Study Tools
1775:Bible Study Tools
1661:Missing or empty
1585:978-1-4617-1895-6
1449:978-0-8370-6297-6
1247:978-1-009-26612-3
579:
567:
435:
383:According to the
95:. As his epithet
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1466:. 24 March 2016.
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1285:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1208:
1206:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1126:
1094:
1077:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
998:
995:
968:Werner Klemperer
812:
806:
805:
800:
764:Purim traditions
731:
719:
648:(gibbet), while
638:Wycliffe's Bible
599:
593:
574:
572:
562:
560:
440:
430:
428:
249:Haman's ten sons
153:
147:
141:
56:; also known as
55:
50:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2549:
2545:Mishloach manot
2511:
2474:
2468:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2369:
2364:
2348:
2344:Palau-Ribes 163
2322:
2281:
2255:
2194:
2163:
2097:
2092:
2048:
2032:Singer, Isidore
2025:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2001:Divina Commedia
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1934:
1930:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:. Brill. 1991.
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1823:www.sefaria.org
1819:"Sanhedrin 61b"
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1650:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:SearchTruth.com
1604:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1372:
1365:www.sefaria.org
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:www.sefaria.org
1341:
1340:
1336:
1329:www.sefaria.org
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:www.sefaria.org
1305:
1304:
1300:
1293:www.sefaria.org
1287:
1286:
1282:
1276:Hoschander 1918
1274:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1211:
1197:Singer, Isidore
1190:
1185:
1183:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1115:10.2307/1451208
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
996:
992:
987:
982:
916:
898:Agatha Christie
881:
864:Divina Commedia
853:
845:
772:
766:
738:
656:(gallows). The
634:Book of Esther'
630:
528:
505:
484:
407:
401:
279:
273:
268:
188:
128:
24:
17:
16:Biblical figure
12:
11:
5:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Fast of Esther
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2421:
2419:Book of Esther
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2375:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:Fast of Esther
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2190:Shushan (Susa)
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2095:Book of Esther
2093:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2046:External links
2044:
2043:
2042:
2010:
2009:
1992:
1982:
1976:Myth, and the
1966:Gilgamesh Epic
1928:
1911:
1904:
1885:
1878:
1858:
1834:
1810:
1786:
1762:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1688:Esther 8:12-14
1681:
1672:
1632:
1615:
1597:
1584:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1529:
1512:
1499:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1455:
1448:
1425:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1377:Yehuda Landy,
1370:
1352:
1334:
1316:
1298:
1280:
1265:
1253:
1246:
1226:
1209:
1164:
1146:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1058:also Atnisomos
1051:
1042:
1033:
1017:
1008:
999:
989:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
915:
912:
880:
877:
852:
846:
844:
841:
776:Jewish holiday
768:Main article:
765:
762:
737:
734:
629:
626:
527:
524:
504:
501:
483:
480:
476:Pieter Lastman
403:Main article:
400:
397:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
267:
264:
217:to Haman, but
203:Book of Esther
196:Ernest Normand
187:
184:
127:
124:
73:Persian empire
65:Book of Esther
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Shushan Purim
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Five Megillot
2296:
2294:
2293:Esther Rabbah
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2022:public domain
2014:
2013:
2007:XVII, line 26
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:Esther Rabbah
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1399:Qiddushin 70b
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:"Esther 9:16"
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1109:(1/2): 1–41.
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1015:also Aphlitus
1012:
1009:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
984:
979:
977:
975:
974:
969:
965:
964:
958:
956:
952:
951:
945:
943:
939:
938:
932:
930:
929:
925:
921:
913:
911:
909:
905:
904:
899:
894:
892:
888:
887:
878:
876:
874:
870:
869:un crucifisso
866:
865:
860:
859:
851:
850:Divine Comedy
842:
840:
838:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
811:
799:
798:
792:
788:
787:
781:
777:
771:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
733:
727:
723:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:(tree) and a
643:
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
592:
587:
583:
577:
571:
565:
556:
555:Ancient Greek
552:
548:
544:
536:
532:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
502:
500:
498:
494:
493:
488:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
443:Muhammad Asad
439:
433:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
405:Haman (Islam)
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
283:Ḥanan b. Rava
281:According to
278:
270:
265:
263:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
192:
185:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
146:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Artaxerxes II
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
42:
36:
32:
28:
22:
2502:Second Purim
2402:Purim
2308:Targum Sheni
2035:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1985:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1914:
1894:
1888:
1868:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1679:Esther 16:10
1675:
1635:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1589:. Retrieved
1574:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1485:Megillah 16a
1481:
1476:Megillah 15a
1472:
1458:
1438:
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1343:"Esther 9:6"
1337:
1328:
1325:"Esther 7:9"
1319:
1310:
1307:"Esther 7:2"
1301:
1292:
1283:
1256:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1200:
1158:
1149:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1011:
1006:also Bizna'i
1002:
993:
971:
961:
959:
955:James Callis
948:
946:
935:
933:
926:
917:
914:Visual media
901:
895:
891:Rhett Butler
884:
882:
868:
863:
856:
854:
849:
815:
784:
773:
749:
745:
739:
721:
709:
693:
689:
681:
673:
669:
668:established
661:
658:Geneva Bible
653:
645:
641:
633:
631:
614:Michelangelo
601:
550:
540:
534:
520:
516:
512:
509:
506:
490:
485:
471:
455:
418:
408:
385:Targum Sheni
382:
378:
374:Targum Sheni
342:
335:
298:Targum Sheni
295:
286:
280:
257:
253:self-defense
234:
227:
200:
131:
129:
109:
96:
89:Artaxerxes I
69:Hebrew Bible
57:
40:
39:
30:
2578:Purim rabbi
2573:Purim Torah
2568:Purim spiel
2555:Purim humor
2517:Purim foods
2497:Purim Katan
2475:observances
2334:Papyrus 967
2327:Manuscripts
1751:Study Bible
1414:cal.huc.edu
1049:also Talyon
1040:also Hamdan
973:VeggieTales
873:crucifixion
861:in Dante's
810:ozney Haman
797:hamentashen
680:later used
650:Coverdale's
547:crucifixion
360:sacrifice;
309:the son of
176:Zoroastrian
136:Old Persian
75:under King
2593:Categories
2412:Background
2404:(פּוּרִים)
2005:Purgatorio
1852:2021-02-17
1828:2021-02-17
1804:2020-04-05
1780:2020-04-05
1756:2020-04-05
1663:|url=
1591:2021-09-23
1419:2021-03-01
1289:"Esther 3"
1261:Paton 1908
1076:also Genar
980:References
937:South Park
920:Aliyah-Din
858:Purgatorio
826:Babylonian
652:preferred
503:Septuagint
497:Septuagint
458:monotheism
345:astrologer
207:Hammedatha
140:𐎡𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁
105:Amalekites
83:(died 465
58:Haman the
2525:Hamantash
2473:Religious
2449:Ahasuerus
2211:Ahasuerus
1959:with the
1133:0021-6682
1084:Citations
1024:variants
997:also 'Ada
940:episode "
758:Vohu Mana
602:patibulum
591:patibulum
564:romanized
432:romanized
393:Ahasuerus
349:cast lots
323:King Saul
293:n house.
287:she-raven
211:Ahasuerus
77:Ahasuerus
35:Rembrandt
2563:Adloyada
2540:Kreplach
2530:Fazuelos
2444:Mordecai
2286:Analysis
2241:Mordecai
2175:Ethiopia
2114:Esther 1
2106:chapters
1945:Mordecai
1654:cite web
1646:28428883
1436:(1908).
1159:Biblehub
942:Jewbilee
848:Dante's
837:festival
804:אזני המן
791:Megillah
786:graggers
750:Anadatus
736:As a god
708:all use
664:but the
618:Catholic
487:Josephus
482:Josephus
358:Passover
291:Nehardea
225:killed.
219:Mordecai
215:bow down
112:Mordecai
81:Xerxes I
2436: (
2426: (
2267:Agagite
2260:Phrases
2236:Memucan
2206:Abagtha
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1961:Elamite
1381:, p. 83
1141:1451208
900:novel,
830:Persian
670:gallows
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543:hanging
526:Vulgate
462:Red Sea
434::
409:In the
331:Memucan
307:Eliphaz
271:Midrash
260:Shushan
241:gallows
172:Ahriman
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160:Vohuman
151:Hamayun
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60:Agagite
2619:Amalek
2609:Esther
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1970:Tammuz
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726:Hebrew
714:Hebrew
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411:Qur'an
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239:-high
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180:etymon
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1941:1890s
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