1260:
419:'s idea that the best defenders of liberty come from the upper crust of society and cast the men and women of 20 July as a perfect example of Burke's theory. Rothfels claimed that the German opposition was motivated by the highest possible ethical and moral considerations, and asserted that there were no self-interested motives whatsoever amongst the men and women of the 20 July. Rothfels argued that the actions of the 20 July conspirators were motivated a sense of
210:'s letters, and was the first historian to be authorized by the Bismarck family to publish the Iron Chancellor's correspondence. Rothfels was noted for his claim that Bismarck was neither the "iron chancellor" of "banal legend" nor an "opportunist", but rather a profoundly religious man struggling to deal with a reality whose full complexity was only understandable to God. He defended Bismarck's Germanization policies against Poles claiming they were "defensive".
249:. A major interest of Rothfels in the 1920s was his belief in the obsolescence of the nation-state, and the need for a "loosening up" of the Versailles borders through increased protection of minorities. Rothfels promoted an idea of race classification based on readiness of non-German ethnic groups in Eastern Europe to submit themselves to rule of German Third Reich The Eastern and Southeastern nationalities were to be "restructured" and integrated with German "
570:
studying events so close to the past and the challenge of writing about events that one experienced oneself, required special patience, skill and ability of the part of the historian. In particular, Rothfels called for historians working in the field of contemporary history to approach matters in an objective and neutral matter while keeping in mind the moral questions. In practice, contemporary history came to refer history from 1914 on.
150:. He supported an idea of authoritarian German state, dominance of Germany over Europe and was hostile to Germany's eastern neighbours. After his applications for honorary Aryan status were rejected, due to his Jewish ancestry and increased persecution of Jewish people by Nazis, he was forced to emigrate to the United Kingdom and later to the United States during the
502:. Moreover, far from Nazism being rooted in German traditions, Rothfels claimed that the strongest opposition to Nazism came from those grounded in traditional values. In Rothfels's opinion, "the traditions of a genuine 'Prussian militarism'" provided the principle "bulwark against nationalistic and demagogic excesses".
388:
and on understanding the
Clausewitz the man as the key to understanding Clausewitz the military thinker. Rothfels maintained Clausewitz's personality, social background, war experience, and his schooling all needed to be understood to properly appreciate his theories about war. Most notably, Rothfels
233:, through combination of authoritarianism and mass national movement, he hoped, it would be destroyed, and connections with Western democracies broken, and envisioned that on ruins of this state a new Reich would emerged formed out of East Prussian Baltic Northeast and Southeastern outposts of former
593:
by the possibility of Soviet attack on
Germany. Hillgruber and Seraphim argued for the "preventive war" thesis while Rothfels and Weinberg opposed it, arguing that it was Nazi racial theories that were the origins of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The majority opinion was that Rothfels and
569:
After his return to
Germany, Rothfels was a pioneer of contemporary history, the study of the "epoch of those who lived at the time" to use Rothfels's words. In Rothfels's view, contemporary history was the study of the recent past, where despite or rather because the lack of documentation caused by
473:
and the individual. Rothfels argued that "Modern mass civilization generates a reservoir of evil forces whose release spells barbarism...What triumphed after the pseudo-legal revolution of 1933 was in fact and to a great extent the dark forces forming the sedimment of every modern society". Rothfels
464:
was the result of the general problems of modern civilization, which
Rothfels saw as based on a set of values that were overtly materialistic, secular, and dehumanizing, and which had reduced most people to a mindless mass. Rothfels wrote "In many respects, Nationals can be considered as the final
513:
was a controversial book because
Rothfels focused his attention largely on anti-Nazis on the Right and for the most part ignored anti-Nazis on the Left. In addition, many felt that the book was a hagiographical treatment of anti-Nazi conservatives. His motive in writing the book was in part to
704:
as great German leaders as a proof for
Rothfels' support of Hitler. While Haar had implied the speech dates from 1933 and was addressed to Hitler after he took over power in Germany, Winkler verified the actual circumstances of the speech, which Rothfels repeated several times prior to 1933.
565:
in 1953 and another article in 1959 that examined the plight of Polish Jewry under Nazi rule. In his works
Rothfels aimed at minimising the German hostility to Jews, while highlighting any attempts to save them by German individuals. Crimes and support for anti-semitism were downplayed, and
206:, "Carl von Clausewitz: Politik und Krieg", led to Heidelberg granting him a degree in history. In 1920, Rothfels's dissertation was published as a book. In 1922, he edited and published a collection of Clausewitz's private letters. In addition, Rothfels published several collections of
332:. Rothfels defended German hegemony over this "outpost of Western Europe and Western civilization" and complained about resettlement of Germans there due to Soviet-Nazi treaties. Rothfels left for the United States, where he stayed until 1951, and took U.S. citizenship. He taught at
667:
In his lifetime and since his death, Rothfels has been a very controversial figure. Many see him as apologist for the anti-democratic German Right, and in particular, his attitude towards the Weimar
Republic has recently been the subject of controversy in Germany. The historian
566:
opposition to racial discrimination portrayed by
Rothfels as dominant. As such his text produced a vision of history in which for example the 1930s were virtually absent from anti-semitism, and non-Jewish Germans were completely willing to help Jews.
1386:
356:
where he became a professor. Considering his views at that time, a Jewish-German student was surprised that
Rothfels was forced to leave Germany in the first place. During his time in the United States, he befriended the American publisher
257:
workers, based on racist criteria Those living outside the "German sphere" were to be classified by hierarchy based on their "cultural heritage" and ruled under direction of Germans and a vassal class that would collaborate with them.
518:
in the American zone of occupation that showed the majority of Germans had a low opinion of the men and women involved in the 20 July plot. Rothfels was determined that Germans should see them as heroes, not villains.
594:
Weinberg destroyed Seraphim's and Hillgruber's arguments. Indeed, Hillgruber himself did a volte-face and renounced his former thesis as mistaken. Later, in 1961, Rothfels took a strong stand against the American
506:
ended with a call for people all over the West to embrace what Rothfels regarded as the noble ideas of the conservative opponents of Nazism, which Rothfels saw as leading to back to the higher values of the West.
414:
regime as representative of all that was best about German life and argued that the actions of the conspirators had restored Germany's honour from the disgrace the Nazis had brought upon it. Rothfels accepted
465:
summit of an extreme consequence of the secularization movement of the nineteenth century". In Rothfels's view, the values of modern mass civilization had led most people to forget the fundamental values of
1391:
431:. Rothfels was fond of pointing out the difficulties involved in attempting to overthrow one's government in war-time, which in Rothfels view, was a sign of the true patriotism of the 20 July conspirators.
1336:
1406:
380:. In his essay, Rothfels argued that Clausewitz's military theories were more sophisticated than the "Mahdi of Mass" interpretation of Clausewitz that had been popularized by such historians as Sir
304:
for several hours, during which he was deprived of his crutches and beaten up. Together with his wife and their three children, Rothfels left for the United Kingdom, where he hastily began to learn
1376:
395:
were outdated due to advances in military technology and tactics, nonetheless, Rothfels felt that Clausewitz was the most important military philosopher of all time. The U.S. military historian
384:. Rothfels argued that it was inappropriate to view Clausewitz in the context of later events; instead Rothfels insisted on understanding Clausewitz and his theory of war in the context of the
1421:
1411:
1083:
Biography between Structure and Agency: Central European Lives in International Historiography (Studies in German History) by Volker R. Berghahn and Simone Lassig (1 August 2008), page 95-96
389:
portrayed Clausewitz as a man under considerable psychological strain caused by his commoner background in the largely aristocratic Prussian Army. Through Rothfels contended that aspects of
573:
After his return to Germany, Rothfels took a strong stand against those whose work he felt could exonerate the Nazis. In 1954, he and one of his star pupils from the University of Chicago,
1426:
410:
of 1944, which was based upon a lecture given at the University of Chicago in 1947. Rothfels, who remained a steadfast German nationalist all his life, saw the conspirators against the
241:
and the eastern borders it had imposed on Germany. Rothfels advocated German domination of Eastern Europe and making its population into serfs. As a historian, his major interests were
281:(Bund der Deutschen Osten) and NSDAP's East Prussian intelligence agency, and was forbidden to teach a year later. While Rothfels tried to get an honorary Aryan status with support by
1157:
Geschichte und Gegenwartsbewusstsein: Historische Betrachtungen und Unterschungen. Festschrift Für Hans Rothfels Zum 70. Geburtstag Dargebracht von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern
450:
was merely a continuation of the struggle between what he called the "conservative freedom movement" and totalitarian forces. In particular, Rothfels was opposed to any sort of
553:
had the highest circulation of any historical journal in West Germany. During the 1950s, Rothfels was one of the few German historians who attempted a serious examination of
514:
prevent the emergence of a new stab-in-the-back legend that might once again undermine democracy in Germany. He was dismayed by public opinion polls taken immediately after
1371:
1351:
1326:
535:. He worked hard for the rest of his life to exonerate German nationalism from the taint of Nazism. Upon his return to Germany, Rothfels founded the
1346:
1316:
755:
624:
411:
1416:
1361:
1171:
976:
399:
has differed with some of Rothfels's interpretation of Clausewitz, but acknowledged Rothfels as a major influence on his work on Clausewitz.
896:
War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany Robert G. Moeller, page 57,University of California Press 2003
557:, which was a subject that most German historians preferred to ignore during that decade. In particular, he broke new ground by publishing
1396:
1321:
1236:
1221:
1206:
1149:
Berg, Nicolas "Hidden Memory and Unspoken History: Hans Rothfels and the Postwar Restoration of Contemporary German History" from
362:
328:. During this time his only known publication was an essay from 1940 in which he discussed Soviet and German interaction in the
1331:
1270:
Harvey, John L. "Were Chicago and Providence really so far from Königsberg and Tübingen? The Rothfelsstreit in an American Key"
269:
by birth. Eventually, Rothfels was forced to leave his university position due to his Jewish ancestry, despite intervention by
537:
1366:
541:(Institute for Contemporary History), an historical study center devoted to the Nazi period. The institute's journal, the
158:
after 1945 where he continued to influence history teaching and became an influential figure among West German scholars.
1401:
1356:
317:
195:
285:, his efforts were fruitless. Subject to increasing persecution and discrimination by the State, he reluctantly left
218:
106:
1216:, Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute ; Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994
1381:
373:
1341:
532:
1176:
Iggers, Georg G.. "The Decline of the Classical National Tradition of German Historiography" pages 382–412 from
1159:, edited by Waldemar Besson & Friedrich Hiller von Gaertringen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Göttingen, 1963.
337:
1281:
1269:
1016:
Ingo Haar, Michael Fahlbusch, "German scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919–1945", Berghahn Books, page 8 2005,
474:
argued that the Nazis came to power as a result of a series of unfortunate developments that had occurred in
685:
253:". Non-Germans would have been subject to hierarchical employment conditions and essentially have status of
130:
762:
marked the beginning of a public debate among German historians about the "brown history" of their field.
487:
282:
345:
183:
951:
German scholars and ethnic cleansing, 1919-1945Michael Fahlbusch, page 6,7,236–260 Berghahn Books, 2006
545:(Journal for Contemporary History) has become one of the world's leading periodicals for the study of
1311:
1306:
1128:
746:). After Rothfels' return the three became leading figures among the historians of the newly founded
586:
499:
321:
278:
238:
214:
751:
701:
203:
652:
582:
457:
381:
274:
270:
202:. He lost one of his legs and was in a hospital until 1917. In 1918, Rothfels's dissertation on
191:
1291:
1232:
1217:
1202:
1167:
972:
962:
781:
697:
491:
242:
234:
207:
116:
610:
conspiracy against Germany. Also in 1961, Rothfels assisted Weinberg with the publication of
289:
in 1938 for the United Kingdom. What decided the issue for him was his experience during the
1285:
1282:
Forum: Gerhard L. Weinberg: Nicolas Berg, The Holocaust and West German Historians. Comments
1264:
721:
708:
Rothfels and his inner circle at Königsberg in the early 1930s are often referred to as the
681:
636:
574:
479:
377:
333:
305:
151:
121:
1132:
792:
737:
713:
693:
677:
466:
435:
385:
230:
1140:
Aspekte deutscher Aussenpolitik im 20. Jahrhundert: Aufsatze Hans Rothfels zum Gedächtnis
705:
Rothfels's critics contend that his planned 1933 radio address was too little, too late.
1199:
An Interrupted Past: German-Speaking Refugee Historians in the United States after 1933
968:
648:
628:
603:
297:
261:
Although supportive of right-wing politics (according to some, he might have voted for
921:
Dzieje Wielkopolski Volume 2, page 888, Czesław Łuczak, Wydawnictwo Poznańskie, 1973 -
620:
which Weinberg had discovered in 1958, and for which Rothfels wrote the introduction.
1300:
1143:
856:"Die Roten Kämpfer Zur Geschichte einer linken Widerstandsgruppe" pages 438–460 from
796:
558:
554:
495:
358:
290:
225:, he was well known for his highly nationalistic interpretation of German history. A
222:
48:
1273:
1133:
Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945
1094:
747:
733:
725:
656:
640:
632:
616:
611:
599:
590:
546:
528:
515:
443:
439:
424:
416:
407:
341:
286:
246:
217:. From 1926 to 1934, he worked as a professor, holding the Chair of History at the
175:
155:
125:
70:
482:, and often criticized those in his view promoted the view that sought to equate
1214:
Paths of Continuity: Central European Historiography from the 1930s to the 1950s
1112:
396:
325:
250:
226:
187:
179:
66:
802:"The Baltic Provinces: Some Historic Aspects and Perspectives." Pages 117–146,
729:
720:). Its most prominent members, apart from Rothfels himself, were his students
428:
254:
1005:
742:
669:
452:
391:
147:
1387:
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1292:
Hans Rothfels and the Intersection between Radical Conservatism and Nazism
1045:, Middletown: Connecticut; Wesleyan University Press, 1968 pages 257–258.
595:
447:
353:
199:
154:, after which he became opposed to the Nazi regime. Rothfels returned to
819:
Henry Regnery Company, Chicago, Illinois, 1948; published in Germany as
863:"Zur „Umsiedlung" der Juden im Generalgouvernment", pages 333–336 from
349:
329:
301:
96:
561:'s reports relating to the Final Solution in the first edition of the
190:
broke out in 1914. As a student, Rothfels had been a leading pupil of
1190:
Klemperer, Klemens von "Hans Rothfels, 1891–1976" pages 381–383 from
1070:
Klemperer, Klemens von "Hans Rothfels, 1891–1976" pages 381–383 from
991:
Klemperer, Klemens von "Hans Rothfels, 1891–1976" pages 381–383 from
908:
Klemperer, Klemens von "Hans Rothfels, 1891–1976" pages 381–383 from
607:
461:
293:
262:
171:
167:
44:
1061:, Middletown: Connecticut; Wesleyan University Press, 1968 page 258.
1032:, Middletown: Connecticut; Wesleyan University Press, 1968 page 257.
728:. Whereas Rothfels had to emigrate, Schieder and Conze joined the
689:
645:
Documentation of the Expulsion of Germans from East Central Europe
245:, Clausewitz, and later on, the conservative German opposition to
602:
who claimed that the outbreak of war in 1939 had been due to an
1231:, edited by Lucian Boia, Westport, C.T.: Greenwood Press, 1991
1146:& Hermann Graml, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1976.
1102:(in German). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. p. 643.
585:
and Hans-Günther Seraphim over the issue of whether the German
478:
after World War I such as the Great Inflation of 1923 and the
470:
438:, and often argued that there was no moral difference between
266:
845:
Bismarck-Briefe. Ausgewählt Und Eingeleitet Von Hans Rothfels
1187:, Middletown: Connecticut; Wesleyan University Press, 1968.
376:
as the first serious essay ever published on Clausewitz in
265:
in 1932), he was subject to increasing persecution, being
1053:
1051:
823:
Scherpe, Krefeld, 1949, revised editions 1961 & 1963.
688:
has strongly criticized Haar, who had erroneously used a
406:, which celebrated those conservatives who attempted the
1212:
Lehmann, Hartmut & Melton, James Van Horn (editors)
1024:
1022:
1337:
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
1407:
People interned in the Isle of Man during World War II
873:, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1960.
754:
that was set up by the government for documenting the
736:, where they supported ideas such as 'dejewfication' (
1392:
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
851:
Das politische Vermächtnis des deutschen Widerstandes
1377:
Institute of Contemporary History (Munich) personnel
1201:
Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 1991
904:
902:
799:, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.
112:
102:
92:
77:
55:
30:
23:
1227:Mommsen, Hans "Rothfels, Hans" pages 307–308 from
402:In 1948, Rothfels published his most famous book,
229:in his politics, Rothfels was hostile towards the
643:and other historians to produce the multi-volume
469:, which in his opinion were based on respect for
1197:Lehmann, Hartmut & Sheehan, James (editors)
324:from 1938 to 1940, Rothfels was interned on the
198:as a reserve officer and was badly wounded near
1422:Academic staff of the University of Königsberg
1412:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
1164:German Scholars And Ethnic Cleansing 1920–1945
1074:, Volume IX, Issue # 4, December 1976 page 383
995:, Volume IX, Issue # 4, December 1976 page 382
964:German scholars and ethnic cleansing 1919–1945
912:, Volume IX, Issue # 4, December 1976 page 381
853:, Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Heimatdienst, 1956.
778:Bismarck Und Der Staat; Ausgewählte Dokumente.
623:Another area of interest for Rothfels was the
589:in 1941 had been a "preventive war" forced on
213:Between 1924 and 1926, Rothfels taught at the
1244:The German Opposition to Hitler an Assessment
847:, Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1955.
817:The German Opposition to Hitler, An Appraisal
296:when his house was looted and trashed by the
237:. In foreign affairs, he often denounced the
8:
1427:Academic staff of the University of Tübingen
1096:Hans Rothfels – Ein Lobredner Hitlers ?
837:"Zeitgeschichte als Aufgabe" pages 1–8 from
308:, a language that he subsequently mastered.
300:and he himself was arrested and held by the
182:. He was studying history and philosophy at
146:(12 April 1891 – 22 June 1976) was a German
750:. They soon found themselves together in a
368:In an essay published in 1943, in the book
273:, the Nazi president of Danzig Senate, and
1136:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
780:Eingeleitet Von Hans Rothfels, Stuttgart,
647:. Many later prominent historians such as
20:
961:Haar, Ingo; Fahlbusch, Michael (2005).
889:
756:expulsion of Germans after World War II
692:address Rothfels gave in 1930 praising
1194:, Volume IX, Issue # 4, December 1976.
772:Carl von Clausewitz: Politik und Krieg
577:had a renowned debate on the pages of
947:
830:by Rudolf Rocker" pages 839–841 from
635:. In the 1950s, Rothfels worked with
627:of the ethnic German population from
7:
1372:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1352:German Army personnel of World War I
1327:Converts to Lutheranism from Judaism
1250:, Volume 36, Issue # 1 January 1963.
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
865:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
858:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
839:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
821:Die deutsche Opposition gegen Hitler
579:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
563:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
551:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
543:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
361:and became actively involved in the
877:Bismarck; Vorträge und Abhandlungen
804:Journal of Central European Affairs
732:. They were active in the field of
372:on Clausewitz, has been praised by
1229:Great Historians of the Modern Age
809:"1848 – One Hundred Years After,"
14:
1093:Winkler, Heinrich August (2001).
871:Bismarck, der Osten und das Reich
834:, Volume 56, Issue #4, July 1951.
674:Historiker im Nationalsozialismus
434:Rothfels saw Nazism as a type of
1185:The German Conception of History
1059:The German Conception of History
1043:The German Conception of History
1030:The German Conception of History
879:, Stuttgart, W. Kohlhammer 1970.
828:Die Entscheidung des Abendlandes
813:, Vol. 20, No. 4 (December 1948)
774:, Dümmlers Verlag, Berlin, 1920.
676:called Rothfels an enemy of the
423:, devotion to the principles of
1347:German male non-fiction writers
1261:Works by or about Hans Rothfels
787:"Clausewitz" pages 93–113 from
659:were involved in this project.
511:The German Opposition To Hitler
504:The German Opposition to Hitler
404:The German Opposition To Hitler
166:Rothfels was born to a wealthy
1317:20th-century German historians
527:In 1951, Rothfels returned to
1:
1417:University of Chicago faculty
1004:Steinweis, Alan E. Review of
791:edited by Edward Mead Earle,
789:The Makers of Modern Strategy
370:The Makers of Modern Strategy
1362:Heidelberg University alumni
587:invasion of the Soviet Union
1180:, Volume 6, Issue # 3 1967.
538:Institut für Zeitgeschichte
178:. In 1910, he converted to
1443:
832:American Historical Review
752:commission led by Schieder
549:. Within a few years, the
1242:Remak, Joachim Review of
1162:Fahlbusch, Haar (editor)
811:Journal of Modern History
531:, where he taught at the
194:. Rothfels served in the
137:
85:
1397:People from Hesse-Nassau
1322:Brown University faculty
1192:Central European History
1072:Central European History
1006:Jan Eckel: Hans Rothfels
993:Central European History
910:Central European History
486:with Nazism such as Sir
427:and the highest form of
219:University of Königsberg
107:University of Königsberg
760:Deutscher Historikertag
686:Heinrich August Winkler
131:Heinrich August Winkler
1332:German anti-communists
741:
717:
533:University of Tübingen
488:Lewis Bernstein Namier
283:Joachim von Ribbentrop
1129:Bassford, Christopher
806:, Vol. IV, July 1944.
346:University of Chicago
279:League of German East
221:. During his time in
184:Heidelberg University
1367:Historians of Nazism
1248:The German Quarterly
500:John Wheeler-Bennett
239:Treaty of Versailles
215:University of Berlin
1402:Writers from Kassel
1357:German nationalists
1246:, pages 90–91 from
1151:Leo Baeck Year Book
758:. In 1998 the 42nd
702:Paul von Hindenburg
446:; in his view, the
204:Carl von Clausewitz
1178:History and Theory
1166:, Berghahn Books,
1113:Beredtes Schweigen
718:Königsberger Kreis
653:Hans-Ulrich Wehler
583:Andreas Hillgruber
460:, and argued that
456:interpretation of
412:National Socialist
382:Basil Liddell Hart
318:St. John's College
316:After teaching at
275:Theodor Oberlander
271:Hermann Rauschning
192:Friedrich Meinecke
1382:Jewish historians
1172:978-1-57181-435-7
978:978-1-57181-435-7
867:, Volume 7, 1959.
860:, Volume 7, 1959.
841:, Volume 1, 1953.
782:Kohlhammer Verlag
710:Königsberg circle
698:Gustav Stresemann
672:in his 2000 book
523:Return to Germany
492:William L. Shirer
243:Otto von Bismarck
208:Otto von Bismarck
141:
140:
117:Karl Heinz Bremer
113:Doctoral students
87:Scientific career
1434:
1342:German Lutherans
1286:Gerhard Weinberg
1265:Internet Archive
1116:
1115:, Die Zeit 2000.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1068:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
982:
958:
952:
949:
922:
919:
913:
906:
897:
894:
722:Theodor Schieder
684:. The historian
682:Nazi sympathizer
637:Theodor Schieder
575:Gerhard Weinberg
480:Great Depression
363:Republican Party
334:Brown University
152:Second World War
122:Gerhard Weinberg
62:
40:
38:
21:
16:German historian
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1297:
1296:
1257:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
979:
960:
959:
955:
950:
925:
920:
916:
907:
900:
895:
891:
886:
793:Gordon A. Craig
768:
694:Friedrich Ebert
678:Weimar Republic
665:
525:
436:totalitarianism
421:noblesse oblige
386:Napoleonic Wars
314:
235:Habsburg Empire
231:Weimar Republic
164:
129:
120:
73:
64:
60:
51:
42:
36:
34:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1277:, 4 March 2003
1267:
1256:
1255:External links
1253:
1252:
1251:
1240:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1188:
1183:Iggers, Georg
1181:
1174:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1137:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1085:
1076:
1063:
1057:Iggers, Georg
1047:
1041:Iggers, Georg
1034:
1028:Iggers, Georg
1018:
1009:
997:
984:
977:
969:Berghahn Books
953:
923:
914:
898:
888:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
874:
868:
861:
854:
848:
842:
835:
824:
814:
807:
800:
785:
775:
767:
764:
664:
661:
649:Martin Broszat
629:Eastern Europe
524:
521:
458:German history
374:Michael Howard
313:
310:
277:, director of
163:
160:
139:
138:
135:
134:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
65:
63:(aged 85)
57:
53:
52:
43:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1439:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:0-313-27328-6
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1222:0-521-45199-X
1219:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:0-521-40326-X
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:Wolfgang Benz
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
994:
988:
985:
980:
974:
970:
966:
965:
957:
954:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
924:
918:
915:
911:
905:
903:
899:
893:
890:
883:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
798:
797:Felix Gilbert
794:
790:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
662:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
564:
560:
559:Kurt Gerstein
556:
555:the Holocaust
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
522:
520:
517:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
496:A.J.P. Taylor
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
393:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
359:Henry Regnery
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
292:
291:Kristallnacht
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:Hans Rothfels
136:
132:
127:
123:
118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
58:
54:
50:
49:German Empire
46:
41:12 April 1891
33:
29:
25:Hans Rothfels
22:
19:
1274:
1247:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1163:
1156:
1150:
1142:, edited by
1139:
1131:
1108:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1012:
1000:
992:
987:
963:
956:
917:
909:
892:
876:
870:
864:
857:
850:
844:
838:
831:
827:
820:
816:
810:
803:
788:
777:
771:
759:
748:West Germany
734:Ostforschung
726:Werner Conze
709:
707:
673:
666:
657:Hans Mommsen
644:
641:Werner Conze
633:World War II
622:
617:Zweites Buch
615:
612:Adolf Hitler
600:David Hoggan
591:Adolf Hitler
578:
572:
568:
562:
550:
547:Nazi Germany
542:
536:
529:West Germany
526:
516:World War II
510:
509:
503:
483:
475:
451:
444:Soviet Union
440:Nazi Germany
433:
425:Christianity
420:
417:Edmund Burke
408:20 July plot
403:
401:
390:
369:
367:
342:Rhode Island
315:
260:
247:Adolf Hitler
212:
176:Hesse-Nassau
165:
156:West Germany
143:
142:
126:Hans Mommsen
103:Institutions
86:
71:West Germany
61:(1976-06-22)
59:22 June 1976
18:
1312:1976 deaths
1307:1891 births
663:Controversy
397:Peter Paret
344:and at the
326:Isle of Man
251:master race
227:reactionary
196:German Army
188:World War I
180:Lutheranism
78:Nationality
1301:Categories
1275:H-Soz-Kult
1153:XLIX 2004.
884:References
826:Review of
598:historian
429:patriotism
338:Providence
255:indentured
223:Königsberg
170:family in
37:1891-04-12
743:Entjudung
670:Ingo Haar
625:expulsion
484:Deutschum
453:Sonderweg
392:Vom Krieg
162:Biography
148:historian
596:neo-Nazi
498:and Sir
467:the West
448:Cold War
442:and the
354:Illinois
200:Soissons
67:Tübingen
1263:at the
1123:Sources
784:, 1925.
476:Germany
378:English
350:Chicago
330:Baltics
306:English
302:Gestapo
287:Germany
128:(1959)
124:(1951)
119:(1934)
97:History
1235:
1220:
1205:
1170:
975:
795:&
738:German
714:German
700:, and
680:and a
631:after
608:Polish
462:Nazism
322:Oxford
294:pogrom
267:Jewish
263:Hitler
172:Kassel
168:Jewish
133:(1963)
93:Fields
81:German
45:Kassel
1100:(PDF)
766:Works
730:NSDAP
690:radio
604:Anglo
581:with
312:Exile
186:when
1233:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1168:ISBN
973:ISBN
724:and
655:and
56:Died
31:Born
1284:by
1272:in
614:'s
471:God
348:in
336:in
1303::
1050:^
1021:^
971:.
967:.
926:^
901:^
740::
716::
696:,
651:,
639:,
494:,
490:,
365:.
352:,
340:,
320:,
298:SA
174:,
69:,
47:,
1288:.
1239:.
1224:.
1209:.
981:.
712:(
606:-
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.