249:, was placed in charge of the design of the new rifle. Perkin and several other armorers created several patterns from Dearborn's instructions, and in November 1803 these patterns were presented to the War Department. With a few minor changes, one of these patterns was approved and became the M1803 rifle. Dearborn was so impressed that he complimented Perkin for submitting such "an excellent pattern", and an order was placed for 2,000 rifles. Based on the rifle's success and performance, Dearborn later expanded the production from 2,000 to 4,000 rifles. In November 1805, Dearborn also asked Perkin to create a horseman's pistol that was in many ways a scaled down version of the M1803 rifle.
31:
379:, the M1803 rifle had been carried by regular army troops throughout what would later become Kansas, Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota and Texas. It influenced the market so that smaller rifles became more common, and inspired civilian gunmakers, who made the plains rifles and mountain rifles, used in the west by the mountain men and explorers and everywhere by civilians as sport rifles.
229:
which would make it more stable and accurate. However, 16th and 17th century weapons were muzzle loaded, and the black powder that was used at the time would quickly foul the barrel. Rifles, with their tight fitting rounds, would quickly become unusable. Smooth bore muskets with looser fitting rounds were much less accurate, but did not suffer from this problem. Armies therefore tended to favor smooth bore weapons.
315:
records at the arsenal are not exact on the matter, as it appears the first 1803 prototype was produced six months after Lewis departed
Maryland. The later 1803 rifles had a slightly lighter barrel than the first production run version, and had other slight differences such as a thinner lock plate and a narrower trigger guard. The barrel was 36 inches in length on the second version.
332:
Several minor changes were made for the second production run. The barrel length was increased to 36 inches. Minor changes were made to the trigger, and the lock plate and hammer were significantly modified. The patch box was increased in size. All screws were machine made instead of hand forged. The
244:
wrote about the utility of a short barreled rifle, it being easier to charge enemy positions with, and "less likely to foul by firing". He specified that the new rifle that should "not exceed 33 inches" and have a ball "one thirtieth of a pound weight, about .54 caliber". Under
Dearborn's direction,
228:
Rifles existed long before the 17th century, but were rarely used by military forces. In order to be effective, the round in a rifle had to fit snugly into the barrel. This would allow the round to grip the barrel's rifling as the weapon was fired, and the rifling would impart a spin onto the round
323:
The first production run rifles had a 33-inch barrel. Early models had the bottom of the octagon portion of the barrel rounded. In 1805 this was changed and the bottoms were left octagonal, which resulted in a slightly heavier barrel. The wood screws used were hand forged. All first production run
290:
The barrel of the M1803 rifle was intentionally short. While this made the weapon less accurate than a long rifle like the
Pennsylvania or Kentucky rifle, the shorter barrel did not suffer as much from loading problems due to fouling. The barrel was octagon to round in shape, and was 33 inches in
354:
Regardless of its use by Lewis and Clark, the rifle was carried into battle at York during the War of 1812 by the men of the 1st U.S. Regiment of Rifles, led by
Benjamin Forsyth. Leading the American landing, they inflicted heavy casualties on the 8th Regiment of Foot, practically wiping out its
314:
Some historians believe that a small number of early 1803 type rifles were produced for the Lewis and Clark expedition. It is also possible that contract rifles of 1794 were modified at the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, by shortening the barrels and reboring and rerifling them to .54 caliber. The
252:
Perkin and
Dearborn originally planned to produce 2,000 rifles per year. The rifle proved to be more difficult to produce than expected, due to mechanical difficulties as well as a large amount of handwork required to finish each rifle. Production was also slowed by outbreaks of malaria in the
341:
The rifle was cited as being carried by Lewis and Clark on their expedition in a
National Park Service pamphlet park-service by historian Carl P. Russell. He wrote that it is known "that Lewis picked up some of the new M1803 rifles in preparation for the expedition". Since then there has been
232:
The U.S. military did however take note of the accuracy of rifles. The accuracy of
American long rifles like the Pennsylvania and Kentucky rifles far exceeded that of any smooth bore weapon. Rifles would not replace muskets on the battlefield until the invention of the
346:. Others have claimed that the expedition took pre-production rifles, prototypes for the M1803 rifle. Still others think that the 1792 contract rifles that the expedition modified and took were the inspiration for the rifles that became the M1803 rifle.
355:
grenadier company. It was presumably issued to the other companies of the
Regiment, such as that under Daniel Appling. It would thus have seen good service throughout many engagements, including the American victory at
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controversy over that statement. Some have claimed that none of the M1803 rifles would have been available, and that the expedition would have taken shortened
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summers of 1805 and 1806, which reduced the available manpower at
Harpers Ferry. The order of 4,000 rifles was eventually completed in 1807.
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A second production run was ordered in 1814. This production lasted until 1819, and a total of 15,703 rifles were produced at this time.
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the war department issued an order for the new rifle on May 25, 1803. Joseph Perkin, superintendent of the recently created
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The rifle was 49 inches in length. Later rifles had a longer barrel, which increased their overall length to 52 inches.
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The stock was made out of walnut wood, and featured a well defined comb and a narrow wrist. The stock contained a brass
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length, per
Dearborn's specification. The weapon fired a .54 caliber round. Later rifles had a 36-inch barrel.
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367:. Peter posed with the rifle in several photographs taken in preparation for his painted portrait by
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solved the problem of barrel fouling, but prior to that, many rifles were used by U.S. forces.
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442:"Harpers Ferry armory and the new technology: the challenge of change" By Merritt Roe Smith
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The first rifles used were imported from foreign gun makers. In 1803, Secretary of War
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Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
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which still hangs at the Toledo Public Library. By the time it was replaced by the
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891:
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James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
658:
1469:
Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
998:
745:
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1614:
1439:(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
994:
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697:
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second production run rifles were not given a serial number,
271:, when it was decided that a more rugged weapon was needed.
1094:
Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
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carried an 1803 rifle which is still in possession of the
298:, and brass furniture was used throughout the rifle.
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8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
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23:Harper's Ferry M1803 - (33" barrel, 49" overall.)
1153:Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
359:. Also during the War of 1812, Harrison's scout
451:"American Rifle: A Biography" By Alexander Rose
408:"Confderate-Altered M1803 Harper's Ferry Rifle"
283:firing mechanism. Some were later converted to
709:
8:
827:Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
779:M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
635:"Firearms of the Lewis and Clark expedition"
553:"Firearms of the Lewis and Clark expedition"
1360:
892:Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
764:M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
716:
702:
694:
259:The M1803 rifle was later replaced by the
18:
1666:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1803
980:Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
937:Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
842:Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
399:
1464:Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1459:Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1416:12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
1313:Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
1032:Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
7:
1436:James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
902:Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol
804:USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
1449:Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
952:Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
832:Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
324:rifles were given a serial number.
1532:Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
1479:Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
1411:12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
1143:Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
1027:Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
897:Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
14:
956:Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
725:Weapons of the American Civil War
577:"U.S. Model 1803 prototype rifle"
495:"U.S. Model 1803 prototype rifle"
463:"U.S. Model 1803 prototype rifle"
344:U.S. 1792 or 1794 contract rifles
942:Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
389:Rifles in the American Civil War
220:), made by an American armory.
29:
1454:Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
1208:Springfield M1863 rifled musket
1203:Springfield M1861 rifled musket
1198:Springfield M1855 rifled musket
1017:Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
970:Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
1378:Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
1228:Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
1223:Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
960:Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
112:
1:
837:Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
687:. Bonanza books. p. 181.
432:. Bonanza books. p. 176.
1401:6-pounder M1841 field cannon
1321:Gatling I and II machine gun
1133:Richmond M1861 rifled musket
847:Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
216:(as opposed to a smoothbore
1646:Rifles of the United States
1193:Springfield M1847 musketoon
1082:Henry M1860 repeating rifle
1047:Enfield P1853 rifled musket
1042:Deringer M1817 Common rifle
1037:Deringer M1814 Common rifle
857:Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
784:M1852 naval officer's sword
774:M1840 light artillery saber
685:Guns on the early frontiers
430:Guns on the early frontiers
337:Lewis and Clark controversy
1697:
1681:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1099:Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
947:Smith & Wesson Model 1
882:Colt M1862 Police revolver
862:Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
852:Colt M1847 Walker revolver
756:M1832 foot artillery sword
287:in the mid-19th century.
210:Harper's Ferry M1803 rifle
1661:Guns of the American West
1641:American Civil War rifles
1426:32-pounder M1844 howitzer
1421:24-pounder M1841 howitzer
1406:12-pounder M1841 howitzer
917:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
912:Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
794:M1860 light cavalry saber
154:
48:Place of origin
28:
1502:Bomford Columbiad cannon
1188:Springfield M1842 musket
1183:Springfield M1840 musket
1178:Springfield M1835 musket
1173:Springfield M1822 musket
1168:Springfield M1816 musket
1163:Springfield M1812 musket
1158:Springfield M1795 musket
1077:Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
1072:Hall-North M1843 carbine
1057:Fayetteville M1862 rifle
932:Remington M1858 revolver
887:Colt Root M1855 revolver
877:Colt M1861 Navy revolver
872:Colt M1860 Army revolver
867:Colt M1851 Navy revolver
659:"Peter Navarre homepage"
1527:Rodman Columbiad cannon
1262:Double-barreled shotgun
1114:Mississippi M1841 rifle
1052:Enfield P1861 musketoon
279:The M1803 rifle used a
212:was the first standard
1062:Gallager M1861 carbine
1022:Burnside M1855 carbine
985:Whitney M1857 revolver
965:Tranter M1856 revolver
683:Russell, Carl (1957).
428:Russell, Carl (1957).
1431:Blakely rifled cannon
1341:Vandenberg volley gun
1233:Whitworth P1857 rifle
1218:Tarpley M1863 carbine
1109:Merrill M1858 carbine
1104:Maynard M1851 carbine
1007:Augustin M1842 musket
609:"Army rifles of 1800"
527:"Army rifles of 1800"
365:Toledo Public Library
328:Second production run
247:Harper's Ferry Armory
98:Harper's Ferry Armory
1507:Brooke rifled cannon
1474:Pate revolver cannon
1346:Williams machine gun
1331:Pate revolver cannon
1267:Hale rocket launcher
1128:Potzdam M1831 musket
975:Walch M1859 revolver
927:Moore M1864 revolver
922:LeMat M1856 revolver
822:Adams M1851 revolver
575:Michael F. Carrick.
493:Michael F. Carrick.
461:Michael F. Carrick.
369:William Henry Machen
319:First production run
79:Mexican–American War
42:Muzzle-loading rifle
16:Muzzle-loading rifle
1595:Maynard tape primer
1317:Claxton machine gun
1213:Starr M1858 carbine
1148:Smith M1857 carbine
1012:Ballard M1861 rifle
907:Kerr M1855 revolver
769:M1840 cavalry saber
760:M1833 dragoon saber
1336:Ripley machine gun
1326:Gorgas machine gun
1300:Rapid fire weapons
741:Arkansas toothpick
265:M1817 common rifle
261:M1814 common rifle
89:Production history
83:American Civil War
1623:
1622:
1540:
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1494:Coastal artillery
1440:
657:Lloyd, Marshall.
607:lewis-clark.org.
525:lewis-clark.org.
206:
205:
1688:
1512:Carronade cannon
1438:
1361:
1308:Ager machine gun
1290:Winans Steam Gun
1119:P1839 and P1842
1067:Hall M1819 rifle
718:
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704:
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611:. Archived from
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582:. Archived from
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500:. Archived from
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468:. Archived from
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310:Early production
197:Feed system
165:.525 (13.335 mm)
139:9 lbs (4.082 kg)
114:
107:1803-06, 1814-19
33:
24:
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1605:Paper cartridge
1585:Friction primer
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1522:Paixhans cannon
1517:Dahlgren cannon
1492:
1483:
1393:Siege artillery
1391:
1382:
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1272:Ketchum Grenade
1257:Congreve rocket
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410:. Lodgewood Mfg
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357:Big Sandy Creek
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275:Design features
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190:percussion lock
175:.54 (13.716 mm)
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63:In service
58:Service history
22:
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1671:Hunting rifles
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1627:External links
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799:Mameluke sword
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285:percussion cap
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242:Henry Dearborn
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131:Specifications
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1651:Muzzleloaders
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1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:Rains grenade
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:Adams grenade
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:Other weapons
1240:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
817:
815:
811:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:M1860 cutlass
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
736:
734:
733:Edged weapons
730:
726:
719:
714:
712:
707:
705:
700:
699:
696:
686:
679:
676:
664:
660:
653:
650:
636:
629:
626:
615:on 2010-06-13
614:
610:
603:
600:
589:on 2012-04-26
585:
578:
571:
568:
554:
547:
544:
533:on 2010-06-13
532:
528:
521:
518:
507:on 2012-04-26
503:
496:
489:
486:
475:on 2012-04-26
471:
464:
457:
454:
448:
445:
439:
436:
431:
424:
421:
409:
403:
400:
394:
390:
387:
386:
382:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Peter Navarre
358:
349:
347:
345:
336:
334:
327:
325:
318:
316:
309:
304:
302:
299:
297:
292:
288:
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
248:
243:
238:
236:
230:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
202:
201:Muzzle-loaded
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
162:
158:
153:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
117:
110:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
87:
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
53:
52:United States
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1656:Early rifles
1120:
1087:
1086:Jenks M1841
1076:
684:
678:
668:23 September
666:. Retrieved
662:
652:
641:. Retrieved
628:
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
602:
591:. Retrieved
584:the original
570:
559:. Retrieved
546:
535:. Retrieved
531:the original
520:
509:. Retrieved
502:the original
488:
477:. Retrieved
470:the original
456:
447:
438:
429:
423:
412:. Retrieved
402:
353:
340:
331:
322:
313:
300:
293:
289:
278:
258:
255:
251:
239:
231:
227:
209:
207:
192:(conversion)
150:33" (838 mm)
147: length
94:Manufacturer
751:Bowie knife
633:S.K. Wier.
551:S.K. Wier.
377:M1819 rifle
373:M1817 rifle
269:M1819 rifle
115: built
75:War of 1812
1635:Categories
1600:Minié ball
1550:cartridges
1546:Ammunition
1121:Brown Bess
663:Mlloyd.org
643:2011-12-17
619:2011-12-17
593:2011-12-17
561:2011-12-17
537:2011-12-17
511:2011-12-17
479:2011-12-17
414:2020-09-28
395:References
235:Minie Ball
1676:Fur trade
1590:Gunpowder
1565:.44 Henry
1560:.22 Short
1356:Artillery
1252:Coach gun
296:patch box
281:flintlock
186:Flintlock
161:Cartridge
126:Types 1-3
66:1803-1841
1285:Sea mine
1088:Mule ear
814:Sidearms
383:See also
375:and the
305:Variants
267:and the
123:Variants
104:Produced
1365:Mortars
1090:carbine
999:muskets
746:Bayonet
224:History
171:Caliber
118:~20,000
1615:Ramrod
1123:musket
995:Rifles
263:, the
218:musket
181:Action
145:Barrel
1489:Naval
1388:Field
638:(PDF)
587:(PDF)
580:(PDF)
556:(PDF)
505:(PDF)
498:(PDF)
473:(PDF)
466:(PDF)
214:rifle
997:and
670:2016
208:The
136:Mass
71:Wars
38:Type
1491:and
1390:and
350:Use
113:No.
1637::
1548:,
661:.
81:,
77:,
717:e
710:t
703:v
672:.
646:.
622:.
596:.
564:.
540:.
514:.
482:.
417:.
188:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
