183:
The largest environmental impact is from synthetic fertiliser use and it has been suggested that the yield should be studied for different soils and fertiliser use varied accordingly. It has also been suggested that farmers should be supported in the 3 year transition to organic farming. As of 2023 there is not much organic farming, due to the difficulties of getting enough nitrogen into the soil and controlling some pests, especially
17:
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was introduced, after which a large part of the peasants in the Black Sea region became hazelnut cultivators. Thereafter, Turkey became the most important producer of hazelnuts and exports to more than a 100 countries. Over half the production cost is labour, and the largest cost is for harvesting.
151:, but since 2012 an ambitious breeding program led to cultivars with a faster ripening process. Harvesting and drying is usually in August. Average farm size is about 3 hectares and often steeply sloping: this size is said to be due to division on inhertitance and too small.
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has stated that the bug has already caused a 20% drop in Artvin's hazelnut yield and is expected to cause a 50% drop in hazelnut production and quality in the future. According to Tuncer these drops would lead to US$ 1 billion in damages to hazelnut producers.
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154:
Hazelnut plantations are widespread and approximately 400,000 families are in possession of an orchard. After criticism that children have been employed harvesting hazelnuts,
765:"Türkiye'de Yeni Bir İstilacı Polifag Zararlı, Kahverengi Kokarca [Halyomorpha halys (stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)]: Tanımı, Benzer Türler ve Mevcut Durum"
553:
195:
The damages on the hazelnut industry in Turkey has been estimated to be US$ 200 million in 2017, US$ 300 million in 2018 and is mainly attributed to the
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715:"Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (StåL, 1855) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera, Pentatomidae), a New and Important Pest in Turkey"
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374:"Evaluation of hazelnut production in Türkiye in environment, energy and economy using life cycle assessment approach"
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170:, two other major enterprises involved in the industry, have also begun to tackle child labor in co-operation with
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441:"Factors Influencing Conventional Hazelnut Farmers to Transition to Organic Production: The Case of Türkiye"
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just few kilometers away from the border between both countries. Celal Tuncer, a professor from the
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hazelnut production is very efficient. In Ordu alone, 200,000 tons were harvested in 2017.
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681:"Further contribution to the Heteroptera (Hemiptera) fauna of Turkey with a new synonymy"
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68:. The hazelnut plantations are mainly located in the Black Sea region between
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76:. The hazelnut regions are divided in an older eastern part which spans from
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178:. Hazelnut production in Turkey rose steadily after 1964, when a law on a
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and a new hazelnut region in the western part of the Black Sea between
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As many young people have moved to cities farmers tend to be older.
554:"A Conversation with Balsu and Olam, Suppliers to Nestle in Turkey"
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in
September 2017. In October of the same year it was observed in
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15:
490:"HAZELNUT GROWING IN TURKEY, PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS"
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ARCENG: International
Journal of Architecture and Engineering
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Turkish
Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology
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and the species has rapidly spread to other areas in
64:
described hazelnut orchards in the 1650s, during the
556:. Fair Labor Association. 7 May 2018. Archived from
763:Özdemi̇r, İsmail Oğuz; Tuncer, Celal (2021-04-01).
135:tree account for the bulk of the harvest, such as
797:"Karadeniz'de yeni tehlike: Kahverengi kokarca"
607:"Organic Hazelnut Farming Techniques: A Review"
528:"Is Nutella made with nuts picked by children?"
92:. Most hazelnuts are grown in the provinces of
655:"Fındıkta 'kahverengi- yeşil kokarca' tehdidi"
162:, started a Farming Values Programme in 2012.
8:
769:Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science
439:Meral, Hüseyin; Millan, Elena (2023-10-01).
265:"Which Country Produces the Most Hazelnuts?"
290:"XXX. INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS"
679:Çerçi̇, Barış; Koçak, Özgür (2017-10-27).
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713:Güncan, Ali; Gümüş, Ebru (2019-01-01).
372:Temizyurek-Arslan, Merve (2023-09-20).
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48:There are accounts dating back to 1500
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295:. International Horticulrural Congress
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52:of hazelnuts being cultivated in the
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215:The stink bug was first reported in
624:10.24925/turjaf.v11i4.876-882.5923
579:Soyubol, Kağan (3 December 2019).
239:, as it was initially reported in
36:and processes most of the world's
14:
378:Science of the Total Environment
398:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164468
25:, the Turkish hazel, in Turkey.
1:
803:(in Turkish). 29 January 2020
782:10.34248/bsengineering.844095
30:Hazelnut production in Turkey
319:"Hazelnut culture in Turkey"
60:) and the Turkish historian
661:(in Turkish). 21 March 2019
426:Anil, Şahin (2018),pp.32–33
853:
488:Bi̇çer, Ali (2022-12-20).
458:10.1007/s10341-023-00922-8
211:Brown marmorated stink bug
197:brown marmorated stink bug
605:Turan, Ali (2023-04-26).
832:Turkish business culture
245:Ondokuz Mayıs University
233:Eastern Black Sea Region
323:Akademik Ziraat Dergisi
685:Acta Biologica Turcica
581:"The Turkish Hazelnut"
506:10.5281/zenodo.7740871
26:
837:Agriculture in Turkey
180:Guarantee of Purchase
44:History and geography
19:
731:10.3157/021.128.0208
288:Anil, Şahin (2018).
269:www.helgilibrary.com
127:Several traditional
534:. 18 September 2019
390:2023ScTEn.892p4468T
336:10.29278/azd.476665
317:Islam, Ali (2018).
719:Entomological News
560:on 26 January 2021
176:Turkish Government
168:Olam International
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585:The Business Year
241:Kemalpaşa, Artvin
34:Turkey cultivates
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805:. Retrieved
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821:Categories
807:2022-12-20
725:(2): 204.
665:2022-12-20
590:19 January
564:19 January
500:(2): 1–9.
384:: 164468.
350:19 January
274:2023-11-29
252:References
185:nut weevil
827:Hazelnuts
739:0013-872X
697:2458-7893
641:258681639
633:2148-127X
538:7 October
514:2822-6895
475:259852658
467:1439-0302
406:0048-9697
345:2147-6403
129:cultivars
108:while in
38:hazelnuts
747:91559857
532:BBC News
414:37263442
221:Istanbul
203:and the
174:and the
141:Çakıldak
123:Orchards
58:Lazistan
386:Bibcode
160:Nutella
156:Ferrero
110:Sakarya
106:Giresun
90:Kocaeli
74:Kocaeli
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225:Turkey
217:Levent
172:Nestlé
137:Tombul
102:Artvin
98:Samsun
86:Samsun
82:Artvin
70:Artvin
743:S2CID
637:S2CID
471:S2CID
293:(PDF)
191:Pests
164:Balsu
149:Sivri
133:hazel
114:Düzce
735:ISSN
693:ISSN
629:ISSN
592:2021
566:2021
540:2020
510:ISSN
463:ISSN
410:PMID
402:ISSN
352:2021
341:ISSN
301:2020
166:and
147:and
145:Foşa
112:and
104:and
94:Ordu
88:and
78:Ordu
72:and
777:doi
727:doi
723:128
619:doi
502:doi
453:doi
394:doi
382:892
331:doi
223:in
207:.
131:of
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