281:. The lateral width of the head restraint, measured at a point either 65 mm (2.56 in) below the top of the head restraint or 635 mm (25.0 in) above the seating reference point must be not less than 254 mm (10.0 in) for use with bench seats and 171 mm (6.73 in) for use with individual seats. The head restraint must withstand an increasing rearward load until there is a failure of the seat or seat back, or until a load of 890 N (200 lbf) is applied.
366:
differential movement of the head and torso. The primary function of a head restraint is to minimize the relative rearward movement of the head and neck during rear impact. During a rear-end collision, the presence of an effective head restraint behind the occupant's head can limit the differential movement of the head and torso. A properly placed head restraint where one can sufficiently protect one's head lower the chances of neck injury by up to 43% during a rear-end collision.
352:
302:(NHTSA) revised the standard which governs head restraints for all new cars manufactured after 2008, it established for the first time a requirement for the fore-aft position, or "backset". The backset requirements was set at a 55mm (2.1 in) gap behind the head of the "average" body posture. By definition, not everyone has the 'average' posture. The specs will therefore cause issues for this 16% subset of the population.
135:
314:, primarily through the introduction of head restraints, often called headrests. This approach is potentially problematic given the underlying assumption that purely mechanical factors cause whiplash injuries — an unproven theory. So far the injury reducing effects of head restraints appears to have been low, approximately 5–10%, because car seats have become stiffer in order to increase
73:
32:
329:— refers to a device designed to limit the rearward displacement of an adult occupant's head in relation to the torso in order to reduce the risk of injury to the cervical vertebrae in the event of a rear impact. The most effective head restraint must allow a backset motion of less than 60 mm to prevent the hyperextension of the neck during impact.
211:
457:(IIHS) and other testing centers around the world have been involved in testing the effectiveness of head restraint and seat systems in laboratory conditions to assess their ability to prevent or mitigate whiplash injuries. They have found that over 60% of new motor vehicles on the market have “good” rated head restraints.
369:
In contrast to a properly adjusted head restraint, research suggests that there may be an increased risk of neck injuries if the head restraint is incorrectly positioned. More studies by manufacturers and automobile safety organizations are currently undergoing to examine the best ways to reduce head
335:
or fixed head restraint — refers to a head restraint formed by the upper part of the seat back, or a head restraint that is not height adjustable and cannot be detached from the seat or the vehicle structure except by the use of tools or following the partial or total removal of the seat furnishing”.
294:
Headrests are uncomfortable when they push the head forward. In such case there is effectively no gap behind the head and the headrest, or more technically, there's a 'negative' backset (or gap) as the headrest interferes with their natural neutral posture. Data shows that 16% of the population will
373:
In most passenger vehicles where manually adjustable head restraints are fitted, proper use requires sufficient knowledge and awareness by occupants. When driving, the height of the head restraint is critical in influencing injury risk. A restraint should be at least as high as the head's center of
318:
of cars in high-speed rear-end collisions which in turn could increase the risk of whiplash injury in low-speed rear impact collisions. Improvements in the geometry of car seats through better design and energy absorption could offer additional benefits. Active devices move the body in a crash in
322:
For the last 40 years, vehicle safety researchers have been designing and gathering information on the ability of head restraints to mitigate injuries resulting from rear-end collisions. As a result, different types of head restraints have been developed by various manufacturers to protect their
285:
An evaluation performed by NHTSA in 1982 on passenger cars found that "integral" head restraints—a seat back extending high enough to meet the 27.5 in (698.5 mm) height requirement—reduces injury by 17 percent, while adjustable head restraints, attached to the seat back by one or more
365:
A major issue in whiplash prevention is the lack of proper adjustment of the seat safety system by both drivers and passengers. Studies have shown that a well designed and adjusted head restraint could prevent potentially injurious head-neck kinematics in rear-end collisions by limiting the
374:
gravity, or about 9 centimeters (3.5 inches) below the top of the head. The backset, or distance behind the head, should be as small as possible. Backsets of more than 10 centimeters (about 4 inches) have been associated with increased symptoms of neck injury in crashes.
266:(NHTSA) in all new cars sold in the U.S. after January 1, 1969. The U.S. regulation, called Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 202, requires that head restraints meet one of the following two standards of performance, design, and construction:
342:— refers to a head restraint that is capable of being positioned to fit the morphology of the seated occupant. The device may permit horizontal displacement, known as tilt adjustment, and/or vertical displacement, known as height adjustment.
377:
Due to low public awareness of the consequence of incorrect positioning of head restraints, some passenger vehicle manufactures have designed and implemented a range of devices into their models to protect their occupants.
276:
Head restraints must be at least 700 mm (27.6 in) above the seating reference point in their highest position and not deflect more than 100 mm (3.9 in) under a 372 Nâ‹…m (3,292 inâ‹…lbf)
295:
experience headrest discomfort because of this issue. The rest of the population experiences no discomfort because there is no contact with the headrest, i.e. there is a gap between the head and headrest.
612:"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration : 49 CFR Part 571 : [Docket No. NHTSA-2004-19807] : RIN 2127-AH09 : Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards :Head Restraints"
579:
Proceedings of the ASME 2006 International Design
Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. Volume 1: 32nd Design Automation Conference, Parts A and B
270:
During a forward acceleration of at least 8g on the seat supporting structure, the rearward angular displacement of the head reference line shall be limited to 45° from the torso reference line,
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248:. Since their mandatory introduction in some countries beginning in the late 1960s, head restraints have prevented or mitigated thousands of serious injuries.
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sliding metal shafts, reduce injury by 10 percent. NHTSA has said this difference may be due to adjustable restraints being improperly positioned.
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255:, in 1921. Additional patents for such devices were issued in 1930 and in 1950, and subsequently. The major U. K. supplier of head restraints,
490:
UNECE Regulation 17: Uniform
Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles With Regard to the Seats, Their Anchorages and Any Head Restraints
870:"NECK-PRO Head Restraints - Active Safety in Rear-End Collisions | Daimler > Technology & Innovation > Safety > Protection"
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Farmer CM, Zuby DS, Wells JK, Hellinga LA (December 2008). "Relationship of dynamic seat ratings to real-world neck injury rates".
83:
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Farmer CM, Wells JK, Lund AK (June 2003). "Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes".
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Headrests are designed this way because the regulated specs for headrests are set for the 'average' body posture. When the U.S.
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362:— refers to a head restraint that automatically adjusts the position of the head restraint when the seat position is adjusted.
953:
259:, filed patents in the late 1950s and was still competitive in 1973 when British tests evaluated the quality of these devices.
45:
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Stemper, BD.; Yoganandan, N.; Pintar, FA. (Mar 2006). "Effect of head restraint backset on head-neck kinematics in whiplash".
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FMVSS No. 202, Head
Restraints for Passenger Vehicles: Preliminary Economic Assessment and Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
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and torso injuries during a rear-end impact with different geometries of the head restraint and seat-back systems.
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348:— refers to a device designed to automatically improve head restraint position and/or geometry during an impact.
94:
262:
Optional head restraints began appearing on North
American cars in the mid-1960s, and were mandated by the U.S.
893:
489:
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Zuby DS, Lund AK (April 2010). "Preventing minor neck injuries in rear crashes—forty years of progress".
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to limit the rearward movement of the adult occupant's head, relative to the torso, in a
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occupants from whiplash. Below are definitions of different types of head restraints.
919:"Toyota Develops Advanced Head Restraint to Help Reduce Intensity of Whiplash Injuries"
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A patent for an automobile "headrest" was granted to
Benjamin Katz, a resident of
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19:"Headrest" redirects here. For other means of resting one's head, see
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101:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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The focus of preventive measures to date has been on the design of
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Head restraints and whiplash : the past, present, and future
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US Patent 1781600: Combined
Automobile Headrest and Strap Hanger
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Long Fibre-Reinforced
Polyamide for Crash-Active Car Headrests
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25:
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National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), DOT.
581:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: ASMEDC. pp. 133–139.
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US Patent 1471168: Headrest for
Automobile Seats and the Like
575:"Improved Head Restraint Design for Safety and Compliance"
439:— Whiplash Protection System/Whiplash Prevention System (
454:
153:
90:
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Parkinson, Matthew B.; Reed, Matthew P. (2006-01-01).
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feature, attached or integrated into the top of each
397:(Responsible for the first active head restraint),
894:Top Safety Ratings For Saab Active Head Restraints
541:US Patent 2502801: Headrest for Automobile Seats
906:Volvo Seat Is Benchmark For Whiplash Protection
503:
501:
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300:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
264:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
142:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
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60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
319:order to shift the loads on the car seat.
896:, UK Motor Search Engine, August 22, 2006
198:Learn how and when to remove this message
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
482:
455:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
360:Automatically adjusting head restraint
391:Active Head Restraint (AHR), NECK-PRO
7:
908:, Volvo Owners Club, August 22, 2006
641:"Toyota Passive Safety Technoligies"
568:
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449:— Whiplash Injury Lessening (WIL).
14:
41:This article has multiple issues.
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30:
240:— to prevent or mitigate
49:or discuss these issues on the
711:Desapriya, Ediriweera (2010).
639:Kullgren A; Lie A; Tingval C.
1:
682:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181bb777c
619:DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
949:Vehicle safety technologies
156:, discuss the issue on the
97:the claims made and adding
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715:. New York: Nova Science.
381:Some current systems are:
355:Saab Active Head Restraint
18:
828:10.1080/15389580802393041
750:10.1016/j.aap.2005.10.005
556:Head rests take a bashing
425:— Active Head restraint (
340:Adjustable head restraint
333:Integrated head restraint
16:Automotive safety feature
643:. Toyota. Archived from
954:Automotive accessories
785:10.1080/15389580309867
670:J. Occup. Environ. Med
587:10.1115/DETC2006-99429
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218:
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346:Active head restraint
290:Reason for discomfort
213:
214:Head restraint in a
162:create a new article
154:improve this article
144:may not represent a
306:Whiplash protection
253:Oakland, California
472:List of auto parts
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246:cervical vertebrae
219:
82:possibly contains
859:, August 22, 2006
722:978-1-61668-150-0
596:978-0-7918-4255-3
244:or injury to the
230:automotive safety
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467:HANS device
943:Categories
880:2015-01-09
654:2016-04-17
478:References
91:improve it
46:improve it
844:205882801
312:car seats
238:collision
228:) are an
226:headrests
158:talk page
95:verifying
52:talk page
836:19058103
801:23195704
793:16210192
758:16289336
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690:20357685
461:See also
242:whiplash
152:You may
423:Peugeot
419:Hyundai
389:A-Class
257:Karobes
89:Please
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443:), and
437:Jaguar
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411:Nissan
279:moment
21:pillow
840:S2CID
797:S2CID
694:S2CID
648:(web)
615:(PDF)
441:WHIPS
433:Volvo
160:, or
930:2007
832:PMID
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591:ISBN
453:The
435:and
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407:SEAT
403:Ford
399:Opel
395:Saab
234:seat
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