389:
employment. There are generally not enough job positions to go around. The challenge of this is clear. The problem of Sk distribution, with the few available personnel being mostly in the urban areas, where almost all the large facilities like
General Hospitals and Teaching Hospitals are located. The underlying issues for this may include the political dimension, with some states unwilling to recruit large numbers of workers from other parts of the country as an act of deliberate policy, preferring to employ their own indigenes, or, where there is a short-fall, employ foreigners mostly from North Africa on short-term contracts. In 2007, a National Human Resources for Health Policy was formulated by the Federal Ministry of Health and approved by the National Council on Health. Subsequently, a Human Resource for Health Strategic Plan 2008â2012 was drawn up to guide implementation of the policy at all levels. The ultimate aim was to ensure that adequate numbers of skilled and well-motivated health workers were available and equitably distributed throughout the nation in order to ensure provision of quality health services. The situation appears set to get worse. As the era of Sustainable Development Goals commences and the target of 2030 begins to come into focus, the statistics are far from providing reassurance.
59:
government and private facilities. Most of the remaining money spent by citizens on their health is spent on procuring 'alternatives'. Nigerian-trained medical personnel are some of the best medical practitioners in the world. But low wages and poor workplace culture have forced hundreds of thousands of them to flee to Europe and
America. However, considering its size and population, there are fewer health workers per unit population than are required to provide effective health services to the entire nation. The most common reason is the
19:
348:
414:. Although consumers today have widespread access to various TM/CAM treatments and therapies, they often do not have enough information on what to check when using TM/CAM in order to avoid unnecessary harm. While traditional medicine has a lot to contribute to the health and economy, much harm has resulted from the unregulated sale and misuse of traditional/alternative medicine and herbs in the country and has delayed patients' seeking professional healthcare.
160:
Act, Cap N42, Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria 2004â. In 2024, the National Health Insurance Authority (NHIA) announced an increase in healthcare costs, introducing a 60% rise in capitation and a 40% adjustment in Fee-For-Service (FFS) fees, reportedly due to healthcare cost inflation and the need to maintain quality of care, even as the adjustment could also impose a financial strain on patients and employers.
1001:
Stephen; Pollard, Julianne M.; Roland, Teboh; Funwi-gabga, Neba; Mbarika, Victor; Hardenbergh, Patricia; Winkfield, Karen; Pipman, Yakov; Stefan, Christina; Ngoma, Mamsau; Mohammed, Sulma; Katz, Matthew; Erno, Sajo; Moni, Janaki; Fitzgerald, Thomas; Tonlaar, Nathan; Efstathiou, Jason; Gierga, David; Ayo, Charles; Knaul, Felicia; Gospodarowicz, Mary; Makrigiorgos, G. Mike; Nguyen, Paul L. (March 2016).
402:
by the idea that it will increase competition and result in the lowering of unit price of health services and make such services more affordable to the poor. However, the argument against it is that privatization and commercialization in
Nigeria will be a mirage unless institutional reforms take place.
401:
Public health services in
Nigeria are of poor quality and are not adequately available, accessible, and affordable to many people who need these services. The search for solutions has led to the idea of privatization and commercialization of public health services. This development is greatly favored
91:
On
December 12, 2023, key health sector stakeholders signed a new health sector renewal compact by all relevant stakeholders, including the federal and state governments, donors, and development partners, also known as the first Sector-wide Approach (SWAp) in the health sector in Nigeria, introduced
46:
Healthcare delivery in
Nigeria has experienced progressive deterioration as a result of under-investment by successive governments, to effectively solve several problems that have existed in the sector over many years. This directly impacts the productivity of citizens and Nigeria's economic growth
392:
There are 4000 Nigerian doctors practicing in the United States and 8000 practicing in the United
Kingdom. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as an urgent goal. The brain drain cuts across all healthcare professionals; thousands of Nigerian pharmacists and nurses
223:
Many of the cancer-related deaths in
Nigeria can be attributed to a lack of knowledge regarding this family of diseases. For example, women are not provided with sufficient guidance to identify the signs and symptoms of breast cancer, and healthcare providers lack the capability to diagnose breast
159:
On May 19, 2022, President
Muhammadu Buhari signed the National Health Insurance Authority Bill 2022 into law âto ensure coverage of 83 million poor Nigerians who cannot afford to pay premiums as recommended by the Lancet Nigeria Commissionâ. This law ârepealed the National Health Insurance Scheme
124:
Historically, health insurance in Nigeria could be applied to a few instances: free health care provided and financed for all citizens, health care provided by the government through a special health insurance scheme for government employees and private firms entering contracts with private health
95:
In 2024, the Nigerian government held its first quarterly dialogue on the performance of the health sector across the country between the federal authorities and sub-national governments, and key stakeholders in the health sector. The dialogue was organised as a part of the nationâs commitment to
265:
In 1989 legislation made effective a list of essential drugs. The regulation was also meant to limit the manufacture and import of fake or sub-standard drugs and to curtail false advertising. However, the section on essential drugs was later amended. In 2005, it was estimated that about 16.7% of
227:
Moreover, the absence of sufficient knowledge regarding both the prevention and early detection of cancer, coupled with a societal environment that can promote silence and attaches a negative social stigma to such illnesses, has resulted in over 33% of avoidable cancer fatalities. Research showed
86:
is 4.6, while the percentage of federal government expenditure on healthcare is about 1.5%. A long-run indicator of the ability of the country to provide food sustenance and avoid malnutrition is the rate of growth of per capita food production; from 1970 to 1990, the rate for Nigeria was 0.25%.
359:
Healthcare in Nigeria is influenced by different local and regional factors that impact the quality or quantity present in one location. Due to the aforementioned, the healthcare system in Nigeria has shown spatial variation in terms of availability and quality of facilities in relation to need.
1000:
Ngwa, Wilfred; Ngoma, Twalib; Zietman, Anthony; Mayr, Nina; Elzawawy, Ahmed; Winningham, Thomas A.; Balogun, Onyinye; Enwerem-Bromson, Nelly; Ntizimira, Christian; Olopade, Olufunmilayo I.; Oluwole, Doyin; Odedina, Folakemi; Williams, Makeda; Flanigan, John; Asana, Lydia; Ngwa, Kenneth; Avery,
388:
and many others have difficulty getting into paid employment. Many fresh doctors, out of medical schools, and managed to get housemanship positions, the situation occurs every year. The problem persists beyond the period of housemanship or internship, when it comes to securing well-deserved
58:
The implication of this is that government expenditure for health is only 25.15 percent of all the money spent on health across the nation. Of the percentage spent on health by the citizens (74.85%), about 70% is spent as out-of-pocket expenditure to pay for access to health services in both
318:
In 2024, the Coordinating Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Prof Muhammad Pate, lamented the pervasive corruption in the health sector and the country at large, such as a case where therapeutic food donated for children was diverted and the matter reported to police.
219:
annually and over 100,000 are diagnosed with cancer annually. More people are dying of cancer in Nigeria because cancer and non-communicable diseases are not given priority in the country's health budget. There are only seven cancer radiotherapy centers in Nigeria.
228:
that many women with breast cancer had their needs met in less scientific and indirect ways. Some believed that breast cancer could be the fault of evil spirits and many women chose to use a complementary and alternative medicine alongside standard treatment.
51:(UHC), as very little of the populace is health insured, whereas even government budget for health services is insignificant. Out-of-pocket payments for health causes households to incur huge expenditures. Private expenditure on health as a percentage of total
373:
79:(tertiary healthcare) while the state government manages the various general hospitals (secondary healthcare) and the local government focuses on dispensaries (primary healthcare), which are regulated by the federal government through the NPHCDA.
163:
There is immense private sector participation in the scheme with HMOs like Health Partners HMO, Total Health Trust, Police HMO, Clearline HMO, Multi Shield Nigeria, Expatcare Health International, Oceanic Health Management and Zuma Health Trust.
240:
services are provided by 8 regional psychiatric centers and psychiatric departments and medical schools of 12 major universities. A few general hospitals also provide mental health services. The formal centers often face competition from native
167:
In 2024, the Federal Government reportedly disbursed a total of N37billion to relevant health agencies through the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF) for designated Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities.
274:
335:
ceased their local drug manufacturing, citing various operational challenges. In 2024, amidst a record 27-year high inflation rate of 28.92% and a significant decline in the value of the
171:
Over one million Nigerians are pushed into poverty every year due to health-related expenses, according to a World Bank Human Capital Public Expenditure Review and Institutional Review.
510:
105:
The official body that registers doctors and dentists, the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, does not have an online register. They provide a service to confirm a doctor's status.
621:
281:
devised a better technological solution, an app called the FD Detector which uses barcode technology to verify drug authenticity and expiration dates. This won them a place in the
1533:
Olomola, Aderibigbe Stephen (1 November 2009). "Privatization Commercialization of Public Service Delivery: Implications for Pro-Poor Growth and Attainment of MDGs in Nigeria".
339:, the cost of antibiotics witnessed a more than tenfold increase in price. Other medicines, such as asthma inhalers and diabetic medications, were also significantly affected.
35:
is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country. Private providers of healthcare have a visible role to play in healthcare delivery. The use of
1602:
1765:
327:
Nigeria is heavily reliant on the import of medicines as well as the import of ingredients required for local medicine production. In 2023, the pharmaceutical companies
770:
410:
As recent reports have shown, in addition to the many benefits there are also risks associated with the different types of traditional medicine /complementary or
1270:
1910:
878:
140:
gave more legislative powers to the scheme with positive amendments to the original 1999 legislative act. 1.5 percent of Nigerians have been covered by the
96:
revamping the health system using the Health Sector Renewal Investment Initiative and the Sector-Wide Approach, backed by the National Health Act of 2014.
1750:
141:
606:
360:
However, this is largely a result of the level of state and local government involvement and investment in healthcare programs and education. Also, the
125:
care providers. However, there are few people who fall within the three instances; as of 2015 less than 5% of Nigerians have health insurance coverage.
1371:
136:. Legislatively the scheme also covers children under five, permanently disabled persons and prison inmates. In 2004, the administration of President
1248:
1770:
200:
266:
pharmaceutical drugs in the country were counterfeit. In 2012, a new study concluded that the proportion had fallen to 6.4%, of which 19.6% were
1687:
853:
554:
1656:
1637:
590:
1346:
1114:
361:
47:
by extension. As of February 2018, the country was ranked 187 out of 191 countries in the world, in assessing the level of compliance with
1506:
1995:
145:
794:
486:
428:
380:
Survey shows looming brain drain in Nigeria's health sector in the rising trend of emigration of healthcare personnel â physicians,
1610:
1003:"Closing the Cancer Divide Through Ubuntu: Information and Communication Technology-Powered Models for Global Radiation Oncology"
1076:"Symptoms, concerns, and experiences of women living with and beyond breast cancer in Africa: A mixedâmethods systematic review"
747:
540:
1785:
2094:
2068:
270:
medicines. In 2014 that had fallen to 3.6%. About N29 billion worth of counterfeit drugs were destroyed between 2015 â 2017.
109:
156:
said that the sum of N351 billion had been expended on health management organizations so far without commensurate result.
1577:
277:. The agency has established a Mobile Authentication Service. A team of girls from the Regina Pacis Secondary School in
854:"'Over One Million Nigerians Are Pushed Into Poverty By Health-Related Expenses Yearly' â Independent Newspaper Nigeria"
433:
2021:
1825:
839:
2064:
2099:
2060:
1935:
1925:
1730:
1680:
1940:
1830:
1760:
1292:
129:
48:
2000:
1920:
1885:
1870:
1855:
1810:
1745:
1322:
1132:
1050:
722:
115:
Medpages: Healthcare providers by category and region. Search allows finding of providers by name or specialty.
60:
22:
1875:
267:
153:
76:
18:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2029:
1975:
1950:
1800:
1795:
1775:
1740:
1725:
83:
2025:
1554:
Stephen, Chukwuma Chukwudumebi; Omokhudu, Odiwo Williams; Anthony, Kifordu Anyibuofu (1 September 2016).
814:
1960:
1930:
1915:
1890:
1880:
1845:
1840:
1790:
1735:
1710:
1673:
347:
184:
686:
Monye, Felicia N (September 2006). "An Appraisal of the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria".
1970:
1965:
1905:
1860:
1820:
1715:
1696:
411:
40:
36:
300:, the result was the death of 100 children. A year after the disaster, batches containing poisonous
1945:
1895:
1850:
1835:
1815:
1805:
1780:
1720:
771:"NHIA increases health insurance capitation by 60%, implements 40% fee for service hike in Nigeria"
453:) - A Reference Source of Drug & Therapeutic Information for Nigeria's Healthcare Professionals
196:
364:
usually spends about 70% of its budget in urban areas where around 50% of the population resides.
282:
1955:
1865:
1755:
1230:
1222:
1187:
703:
52:
1555:
930:
87:
Though small, the positive rate per capita may be due to Nigeria's importing of food products.
1652:
1633:
1539:
1534:
1472:
1464:
1425:
1417:
1179:
1095:
1032:
668:
622:"Healthcare Reform: Nigerian govt holds first national performance dialogue for health sector"
586:
423:
137:
72:
71:
The federal government's role is mostly limited to coordinating the affairs of the university
975:
904:
1456:
1409:
1214:
1169:
1087:
1022:
1014:
695:
658:
385:
352:
301:
133:
493:
314:
In 2008â2009, at least 84 children died from a brand of contaminated teething medication.
585:. Contributions in Afro-American and African studies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
307:
In 1996, about 11 children died of contamination from an experimental trial of the drug
1075:
1027:
1002:
336:
663:
646:
2088:
707:
308:
237:
1271:"From Onitsha To Silicon Valley: Teen Girls' App May Save Nigerians From Fake Drugs"
1234:
1191:
249:
1018:
372:
297:
293:
180:
132:
Scheme, encompassing government employees, the organized private sector and the
699:
381:
242:
204:
63:
of health professionals in other countries, especially in Europe and America.
1468:
1421:
1099:
1074:
Asuquo, Eme O.; Absolom, Kate; Ebenso, Bassey; Allsop, Mathew J. (May 2024).
647:"Nigeria's new government and public financing for universal health coverage"
183:
donor program, the second in Africa, opened in 2012. In cooperation with the
1476:
1444:
1429:
1397:
1183:
1036:
672:
555:"Federal Medical Centre Abeokuta: A Case Study in Hospital Management pp 1"
1174:
1157:
152:, organized a two-day investigative hearing; where the Minister of Health
92:
by the Coordinating Minister for Health and Social Welfare Muhammad Pate.
1347:"GSK, Sanofi Exit Nigerian Market Amid Lingering Foreign Exchange Crisis"
645:
Awosusi, Abiodun; Folaranmi, Temitope; Yates, Robert (1 September 2015).
192:
188:
187:, it collects DNA swabs from people who might want to help a person with
288:
Several major regulatory failures have produced international scandals:
1665:
1226:
1158:"Psychiatric research in Nigeria: Bridging tradition and modernisation"
328:
278:
31:
1560:
International Research Journal of Management, IT & Social Sciences
995:
993:
607:"What Does Nigeria's Sector-Wide Approach Mean for the Health Sector?"
1460:
1413:
1300:
1091:
332:
216:
1249:"3.6% Fake Drugs Circulation in Nigeria, Not 70%, NADFDAC Clarifies"
1218:
224:
cancer, even after women have actively sought medical examinations.
1372:"Nigeria Inflation Rate Climbs to 27-Year High on Transport Costs"
952:
511:"Brain Drain: Nigeria now left with 55,000 doctors as 16,000 flee"
438:
371:
346:
149:
17:
1669:
879:"Finding a Match, and a Mission: Helping Blacks Survive Cancer"
840:"Federal Gov't Disburses N37bn Basic Healthcare Provision Fund"
795:"Failures of Nigerian Health Insurance Scheme: the way forward"
1556:"The Impact of Privatization and Commercialization in Nigeria"
1603:"Excessive intake of local herbs causes kidney damage-Expert"
1156:
Ayonrinde, Oyedeji; Gureje, Oye; Lawal, Rahmaan (June 2004).
1007:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
376:
Retaining health care professionals is an important objective
1578:"How to develop traditional medicine in Nigeria, by experts"
1323:"Corruption in Nigeria's health sector very deep â Minister"
1205:
Ransome Kuti, O. (1992). "National Drug Policy in Nigeria".
815:"Top 40 Health Insurance Companies in Nigeria | GHC Nigeria"
397:
Privatization and commercialization of public health service
275:
National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control
1115:"Uganda Fights Stigma and Poverty to Take On Breast Cancer"
112:
allows for searching for verified pharmacists and premises.
43:(CAM) has increased significantly over the past few years.
953:"Nigeria Has The Highest Cancer Death Rate In Africa -WHO"
304:, the major cause of the deaths, could still be purchased.
1649:
Health Care Patterns and Planning in Developing Countries
1445:"Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria"
1398:"Antibiotic costs rise 1100% as big pharma exits Nigeria"
1507:"Brain Drain Overstretching Health Workers, NMA Laments"
82:
The total expenditure on healthcare as a percentage of
931:"Cancer patients paying with their blood in Nigeria"
296:
syrup entered into the healthcare system in Oyo and
2009:
1984:
1703:
1582:The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News
723:"Health insurance: FG calls for scrapping of HMOs"
1293:"84 Nigerian children dead from tainted formula"
1133:"The age of information: Ensuring better health"
1051:"The age of information: Ensuring better health"
978:. Vanguard Media Limited. Vanguard Media Limited
144:since its establishment. In 2017, the House of
481:
479:
1681:
199:to find a compatible donor for a life-saving
8:
1500:
1498:
924:
922:
907:. Vanguard Media Limited. Vanguard Newspaper
273:Drug quality is primarily controlled by the
1630:Financing Health Care in Sub-Saharan Africa
583:Financing health care in sub-Saharan Africa
541:"Examining Nigeria's healthcare challenges"
1688:
1674:
1666:
393:are practicing in the UK and USA as well.
1538:
1173:
1026:
872:
870:
662:
721:Ovuakporie, Emma; Nwabughiogu, Levinus.
128:In May 1999, the government created the
100:Online databases of healthcare providers
463:
252:and social workers is 0.02 to 100,000.
1489:
470:
1528:
1526:
1273:. Nigeria Healthwatch. 14 August 2018
742:
740:
148:Committee on Health Care Services in
7:
576:
574:
572:
534:
532:
530:
406:Traditional and alternative medicine
929:Chidebe, Runcie (August 27, 2017).
539:Okboh, Anthonia (28 January 2019).
14:
1251:. This day live. 13 November 2017
1162:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1113:Grady, Denise (15 October 2013).
976:"The burden of Cancer in Nigeria"
905:"The burden of Cancer in Nigeria"
769:Chukwunedu, Chioma (2024-07-05).
429:Mental health policies in Nigeria
384:, nurses, laboratory scientists,
203:. It hopes to expand to include
1996:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1766:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1505:Ehigiator, Sunday (2022-04-17).
974:Onogu, Sanni (August 27, 2016).
903:Onogu, Sanni (August 27, 2016).
368:Emigration of healthcare workers
351:Malian Fulani immigrant selling
142:National Health Insurance Scheme
1609:. 19 March 2018. Archived from
1321:Odeniyi, Solomon (2024-07-18).
1207:Journal of Public Health Policy
1443:Bokinni, Yemisi (2024-03-01).
1396:Bokinni, Yemisi (2024-03-01).
877:McNeil, Donald (11 May 2012).
215:About 80,000 Nigerians die of
110:Pharmacists Council of Nigeria
1:
955:. Naija.ng. February 21, 2013
664:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00088-1
620:Times, Premium (2024-07-15).
261:Regulation of pharmaceuticals
1019:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.10.063
434:Nigerian Medical Association
362:Nigerian Ministry of Health
245:and faith healing centres.
39:(TM) and complementary and
2116:
1628:Vogel, Ronald J. (1993).
700:10.1080/03050710601074450
688:Commonwealth Law Bulletin
581:Vogel, Ronald J. (1993).
207:donations in the future.
130:National Health Insurance
49:Universal Health Coverage
1751:Central African Republic
651:The Lancet Global Health
154:Isaac Folorunsho Adewole
23:Life expectancy at birth
77:Federal Medical Centres
933:. The Cable. The Cable
499:on September 29, 2009.
377:
356:
201:bone marrow transplant
26:
2095:Healthcare in Nigeria
1911:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1771:Republic of the Congo
1697:Healthcare in Africa
1647:Akhtar, Rais (1991).
1175:10.1192/bjp.184.6.536
1137:spotlight.leeds.ac.uk
1055:spotlight.leeds.ac.uk
626:Premium Times Nigeria
515:Premium Times Nigeria
375:
350:
343:Geographic inequality
292:In 1993, adulterated
185:University of Nigeria
175:Bone marrow surgeries
67:Health infrastructure
21:
1303:on December 10, 2015
725:. Vanguard Newspaper
412:alternative medicine
355:in a Nigerian market
41:alternative medicine
37:traditional medicine
1986:States with limited
1651:. Greenwood Press.
1632:. Greenwood Press.
487:"Medicinedocs(PDF)"
323:Access to medicines
197:sickle cell disease
1353:. 27 February 2024
1119:The New York Times
883:The New York Times
378:
357:
73:teaching hospitals
53:health expenditure
27:
2100:Cancer in Nigeria
2082:
2081:
2013:other territories
1786:Equatorial Guinea
1658:978-0-313-26745-1
1639:978-0-313-28993-4
1613:on 19 March 2018.
592:978-0-313-28993-4
424:Health in Nigeria
138:Olusegun Obasanjo
2107:
2074:
2073:(United Kingdom)
2069:Tristan da Cunha
2065:Ascension Island
2057:
2044:
2035:
2011:Dependencies and
1704:Sovereign states
1690:
1683:
1676:
1667:
1662:
1643:
1615:
1614:
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1530:
1521:
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1517:
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1493:
1487:
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1480:
1461:10.1136/bmj.q328
1440:
1434:
1433:
1414:10.1136/bmj.q328
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1362:
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1359:
1358:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1327:Punch Newspapers
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1239:
1238:
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1092:10.1002/pon.6342
1071:
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1062:
1061:
1047:
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1030:
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801:
791:
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782:
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657:(9): e514âe515.
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636:
635:
633:
632:
617:
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610:
609:. 10 April 2024.
603:
597:
596:
578:
567:
566:
564:
562:
551:
545:
544:
536:
525:
524:
522:
521:
507:
501:
500:
498:
492:. Archived from
491:
483:
474:
468:
386:physiotherapists
353:herbal medicines
285:Challenge 2018.
236:The majority of
120:Health insurance
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2055:
2042:
2033:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1699:
1694:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1513:
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1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1340:
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329:GlaxoSmithKline
325:
302:ethylene glycol
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146:Representatives
134:informal sector
122:
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2018:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2006:
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1492:, p. 265.
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271:
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260:
255:
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251:
250:psychologists
248:The ratio of
246:
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238:mental health
232:Mental health
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1611:the original
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1586:. Retrieved
1584:. 2021-09-02
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1378:. 2024-01-15
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1350:
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1301:the original
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856:. 2024-07-12
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821:. 2017-09-12
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775:Nairametrics
774:
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748:"The Nation"
727:. Retrieved
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1988:recognition
1941:South Sudan
1831:Ivory Coast
1607:Daily Trust
1511:THISDAYLIVE
1490:Akhtar 1991
982:24 December
959:24 December
937:24 December
911:24 December
819:GHC Nigeria
471:Akhtar 1991
449:edicines In
382:pharmacists
298:Benue State
294:paracetamol
211:Cancer care
181:bone marrow
61:brain drain
55:is 74.85%.
2089:Categories
2043:(Portugal)
2001:Somaliland
1921:Seychelles
1886:Mozambique
1871:Mauritania
1856:Madagascar
1811:The Gambia
1746:Cape Verde
1588:2022-02-26
1516:2022-04-21
1382:2024-03-04
1357:2024-03-04
1332:2024-07-24
1307:2015-11-30
1277:10 October
1255:10 October
1142:2024-03-11
1060:2024-03-11
860:2024-07-12
825:2018-03-15
800:2018-03-15
780:2024-07-07
631:2024-07-24
520:2024-07-08
458:References
243:herbalists
205:cord blood
25:in Nigeria
1876:Mauritius
1469:1756-1833
1422:1756-1833
1100:1057-9249
708:144728225
557:. docstoc
445:ssential
2067: /
2063: /
2056:(France)
2050: /
2028: /
2024: /
1976:Zimbabwe
1951:Tanzania
1801:Ethiopia
1796:Eswatini
1776:Djibouti
1741:Cameroon
1726:Botswana
1477:38428982
1455:: q328.
1430:38428982
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1351:BioSpace
1297:NBC News
1235:68197988
1192:12541525
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1037:26867873
673:26275321
418:See also
193:lymphoma
189:leukemia
2052:RĂ©union
2048:Mayotte
2039:Madeira
2034:(Spain)
2030:Melilla
1961:Tunisia
1931:Somalia
1916:Senegal
1901:Nigeria
1891:Namibia
1881:Morocco
1846:Liberia
1841:Lesotho
1791:Eritrea
1761:Comoros
1736:Burundi
1711:Algeria
1622:Sources
1540:2765483
1227:3342734
1028:4959435
561:13 June
279:Onitsha
32:Nigeria
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1971:Zambia
1966:Uganda
1906:Rwanda
1861:Malawi
1821:Guinea
1716:Angola
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256:Issues
217:cancer
179:A new
2026:Ceuta
1946:Sudan
1896:Niger
1851:Libya
1836:Kenya
1816:Ghana
1806:Gabon
1781:Egypt
1721:Benin
1231:S2CID
1223:JSTOR
1188:S2CID
1086:(5).
704:S2CID
497:(PDF)
490:(PDF)
439:EMDEX
337:Naira
195:, or
150:Abuja
1956:Togo
1866:Mali
1756:Chad
1653:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1535:SSRN
1473:PMID
1465:ISSN
1426:PMID
1418:ISSN
1279:2018
1257:2018
1180:PMID
1096:ISSN
1033:PMID
984:2017
961:2017
939:2017
913:2017
890:2012
756:2024
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669:PMID
587:ISBN
563:2011
331:and
108:The
1457:doi
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