149:(ICP) is the presence of a magnetic field directed along the axis of the antenna. The presence of this magnetic field creates a helicon mode of operation with higher ionization efficiency and greater electron density than a typical ICP. The Australian National University, in Canberra, Australia, is currently researching applications for this technology. A commercially developed magnetoplasmadynamic engine called
114:
The practical significance of the surface mode, and its ultra-high current density, was not recognized in the original papers, but came to prominence a few years later when
Boswell discovered the superior plasma generating ability of helicons – achieving plasma charge densities 10 times higher than
402:
Longmier, B. W., Squire, J. P., Cassady, L. D., Ballenger, M. G. Carter, M. D., Olsen, C., Ilin, A. V., Glover, T. W., McCaskill, G. E., Chang Diaz, F. R., Bering III, E. A., and Del Valle, J. (September 2011) “VASIMR® VX-200 Performance
Measurements and Helicon Throttle Tables Using Argon and
110:
loss in such surface regions tends to a non-zero limit. The surface mode is especially prevalent in cylindrical samples parallel to the magnetic field, a configuration for which an exact solution has been found for the equations, and which figures importantly in subsequent experiments.
375:
Marini, C., Agnello, R., Duval, B. P., Furno, I., Howling, A. A., Jacquier, R., Karpushov, A. N., Plyushchev, P., Verhaegh, K., Guittienne, Ph., Fantz, U., WĂĽnderlich, D., BĂ©chu, S., and
Simonin, A. (January 2017) "Spectroscopic characterization of
310:
Klozenberg, J. P., McNamara, B., and
Thonemann, P. C. (March 1965) "The dispersion and attenuation of helicon waves in a uniform cylindrical plasma". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 21 (3): 545–563. DOI:10.1017/S0022112065000320.
300:
Goodman, J. M. (15 July 1968) "Helicon waves, surface-mode loss, and the accurate determination of the Hall coefficients of
Aluminum, Indium, Sodium, and Potassium". Physical Review 171 (1): 641–658. DOI:
93:
in a metal: the electric or magnetic fields are quickly reflected upon trying to enter the metal. (Hence the shine of metals.) However, skin depth depends on an inverse proportionality to the square root of
332:
Boswell, R. W. (October 1984) "Very efficient plasma generation by whistler waves near the lower hybrid frequency". Plasma
Physics and Controlled Fusion 26 (10): 1147–1162. DOI:10.1088/0741-3335/26/10/001.
393:
Charles, C., Boswell, R. W., and
Lieberman, M. A. (December 2006) "Xenon ion beam characterization in a helicon double layer thruster." Applied Physics Letters 89:261503 (3 pgs) DOI: 10.1063/1.2426881.
105:
term) is that at places where the sample surface runs parallel to the magnetic field, one of the modes contains electric currents that “go to infinity" in the limit of perfect conductivity; so that the
220:
Bowers, R., Legéndy, C. R., and Rose, F. E. (November 1961) "Oscillatory galvanomagnetic effect in metallic Sodium". Physical Review
Letters 7 (9): 339–341. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.7.339.
270:
Aigrain, P. (1961) Proceedings of the
International Conference on Semiconductor Physics (Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, Prague, 1961) p. 224.
291:
Goodman, J. M. and Legéndy, C. R. (May 1964) "Joule loss in a 'perfect' conductor in a magnetic field". Cornell
University Materials Science Center Report No. 201.
171:
131:
350:
Chen, F. F. (December 1996) "Helicon plasma sources" in: High Density Plasma Sources: Design, Physics and Performance, Oleg A. Popov (ed) (Elsevier-Noyes) print
425:
Poulsen, R. G. (1977) "Plasma etching in integrated circuit manufacture – A review" Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 14 (1): 266 DOI: 10.1116/1.569137
341:
Boswell, R. W. and Chen F. F. (December 1997) "Helicons – the early years". IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 25 (6): 1229–1244. DOI: 10.1109/27.650898.
118:
Since then, helicons found use in a variety of scientific and industrial applications – wherever highly efficient plasma generation was required, as in
384:
helicon plasmas generated by a resonant antenna for neutral beam applications in fusion." Nuclear Fusion 57:036024 (9pp) DOI:10.1088/1741-4326/aa53eb
319:
Boswell, R. W. (July 1970) "A study of waves in gaseous plasmas". Ph.D. Thesis, School of Physical Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia. (
363:
355:
282:
Legéndy, C. R. (September 1964) "Macroscopic theory of helicons". The Physical Review 135 (6A): A1713–A1724. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.135.A1713.
98:. Thus a low-frequency electromagnetic wave may be able to overcome the skin depth problem, and thereby propagate throughout the material.
403:
Krypton.” 32nd International Electric Propulsion Conference, held in Wiesbaden, Germany, September 11–15, 2011 (Wiesbaden: IEPC-2011-156).
441:
66:(rather than parallel as it would be without the magnetic field); so that the propagating component of the waves is corkscrew-shaped (
191:
101:
One property of the helicon waves (readily demonstrated by a rudimentary calculation, using only the Hall effect terms and a
166:
154:
127:
89:) acts to screen out the electromagnetic field. Indeed, normally an electromagnetic wave would experience a very thin
146:
320:
416:
selectivity and variable Si etch profiles". Applied Physics Letters 47 (10): 1095–1097 DOI: 10.1063/1.96340.
142:
134:
both make use of helicons in their plasma heating phase). Helicons are also utilized in the procedure of
123:
81:, given conditions of low temperature and high magnetic fields. Most electromagnetic waves in a normal
243:
82:
39:
412:
Boswell, R. W. and Henry D. (15 November 1985) "Pulsed high rate plasma etching with variable Si/SiO
194:". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 246 (908): 113. DOI: 10.1098/rsta.1953.0011.
86:
359:
351:
95:
251:
63:
51:
43:
31:
247:
135:
119:
71:
55:
47:
435:
107:
54:, but they also exist in solid conductors or any other electromagnetic plasma. The
153:
also uses helicon discharge for generation of plasma in its engine. Potentially,
17:
141:
A helicon discharge is an excitation of plasma by helicon waves induced through
102:
90:
59:
321:
http://people.physics.anu.edu.au/~rwb112/hr/index.htm#Boswell_Thesis_directory
85:
are not able to do this, since the high conductivity of metals (due to their
256:
231:
150:
205:
115:
had been achieved with earlier methods, without a magnetic field.
78:
67:
157:
plasma-based rockets are suitable for interplanetary travel.
77:
Helicons have the special ability to propagate through pure
27:
Low-frequency EM wave created in plasmas by a magnetic field
145:. The difference between a helicon plasma source and an
138:, used in the manufacture of computer microcircuits.
278:
276:
50:. The first helicons observed were atmospheric
210:(Ph.D thesis). Australian National University.
172:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
132:Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket
8:
192:An investigation of whistling atmospherics
255:
70:) – hence the term “helicon,” coined by
183:
62:, and is nearly at right angles to the
207:Helicon Waves in High Density Plasmas
7:
25:
58:in the waves is dominated by the
190:Storey, L. R. O. (9 July 1953) "
1:
167:Helicon double-layer thruster
155:helicon double-layer thruster
128:helicon double-layer thruster
204:Darryn A. Schneider (1998).
236:American Journal of Physics
458:
147:inductively coupled plasma
42:that can exist in bounded
442:Electromagnetic radiation
232:"Helicon Waves in Solids"
301:10.1103/PhysRev.171.641.
143:radio frequency heating
230:B.W. Maxfield (1969).
46:in the presence of a
40:electromagnetic wave
248:1969AmJPh..37..241M
38:is a low-frequency
364:978-0-8155-1789-4
356:978-0-8155-1377-3
257:10.1119/1.1975500
96:angular frequency
18:Helicon discharge
16:(Redirected from
449:
426:
423:
417:
410:
404:
400:
394:
391:
385:
373:
367:
348:
342:
339:
333:
330:
324:
317:
311:
308:
302:
298:
292:
289:
283:
280:
271:
268:
262:
261:
259:
227:
221:
218:
212:
211:
201:
195:
188:
124:space propulsion
122:reactors and in
64:electric current
32:electromagnetism
21:
457:
456:
452:
451:
450:
448:
447:
446:
432:
431:
430:
429:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
401:
397:
392:
388:
383:
379:
374:
370:
349:
345:
340:
336:
331:
327:
318:
314:
309:
305:
299:
295:
290:
286:
281:
274:
269:
265:
229:
228:
224:
219:
215:
203:
202:
198:
189:
185:
180:
163:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
455:
453:
445:
444:
434:
433:
428:
427:
418:
413:
405:
395:
386:
381:
377:
368:
343:
334:
325:
312:
303:
293:
284:
272:
263:
242:(3): 241–269.
222:
213:
196:
182:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
169:
162:
159:
136:plasma etching
120:nuclear fusion
87:free electrons
56:electric field
48:magnetic field
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
454:
443:
440:
439:
437:
422:
419:
409:
406:
399:
396:
390:
387:
372:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
344:
338:
335:
329:
326:
322:
316:
313:
307:
304:
297:
294:
288:
285:
279:
277:
273:
267:
264:
258:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
226:
223:
217:
214:
209:
208:
200:
197:
193:
187:
184:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:Joule heating
104:
99:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
421:
408:
398:
389:
371:
346:
337:
328:
315:
306:
296:
287:
266:
239:
235:
225:
216:
206:
199:
186:
140:
117:
113:
100:
76:
35:
29:
126:(where the
103:resistivity
60:Hall effect
178:References
91:skin depth
83:conductor
52:whistlers
436:Category
358:, ebook
161:See also
130:and the
244:Bibcode
72:Aigrain
68:helical
44:plasmas
36:helicon
362:
354:
151:VASIMR
79:metals
380:and D
360:ISBN
352:ISBN
34:, a
252:doi
74:.
30:In
438::
275:^
250:.
240:37
238:.
234:.
414:2
382:2
378:2
376:H
366:.
323:)
260:.
254::
246::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.