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inches thick. Soil solarization, or heating and insulating of the soil, can cause nematode death although heat may not penetrate deep enough to kill all nematodes. Cover crops such as sunn hemp and some species of marigold may reduce the amount of spiral nematodes in the soil prior to banana establishment. Nematicides are also an option. In Africa, nematicides applied with drip irrigation have showed to decrease cost and increase effectiveness.
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in the intestine region. Female gonad development begins in the third stage juvenile with the esophagus measuring 28% body length and the stylet measuring 18 μm. After the fourth molt female gonads are completely developed but the vulva and vagina are not visible until molting is complete. An adult female has an esophagus measuring 22% body length and a stylet of 22.5 μm. Males are shorter and thinner than females.
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Nematodes are spread through the soil and through infested banana plantlets. The best option is to ensure that banana corms are free of any nematodes prior to planting. Researchers in Hawaii found that a hot-water treatment at 50 °C for 10 minutes was enough to kill all nematodes in a corm 2–6
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The average life cycle is 30–45 days. The first stage juvenile and first molt are completed within the egg. Second stage juveniles possess a digitate tail. The esophagus measures 41% of the body length with a 14 μm stylet. After the second molt the tail disappears and there is rapid growth
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feeds primarily on cortical root tissue 4–6 cells deep. The nematode produces small lesions that are mostly shallow and superficial. Heavy infestations may cause root necrosis. Ultimately feeding deprives the plant of water and nutrients and can lead to shorten plant stand.
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Golden, A.M. (1956). "Taxonomy of the spiral nematodes (Rotylenchus and
Helicotylenchus), and the developmental stages and host-parasite relationships of R. buxophilus, n.sp., attacking boxwood".
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Found in most banana and plantain growing regions of the world including tropical and temperate regions of Asia, Africa, North
America, Central America, South America and the Pacific Islands.
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S.R. Gowen; P.Queneherve; R. Fogain (2005). Michel Luc; Richard A. Sikora; John Bridge (eds.). "Nematode parasites of bananas and plantains".
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K. Wang; C.R.R. Hooks (2009). "Survey of nematodes on banana in Hawai'i and methods used for their controls".
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B.M. Zuckerman; D. Strich=Hariri. "The life stages of
Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) in banana roots".
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is a plant pathogenic nematode that affects primarily bananas and plantains. Nematodes of the genus
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Sarah, J.L. (1989). "Banana nematodes and their control in Africa".
321:(2nd ed.). Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing: 616.
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are spiral nematodes and feed on a large variety of plant species.
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Plant
Parasitic Nematodes in Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture
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Bulletin of the
Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station
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College of
Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
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376:. University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
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353:. E.J. Brill Leiden: 347–353.
250:for morphological description
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182:Helicotylenchus iperoiguensis
166:Tylenchorhynchus multicinctus
457:Helicotylenchus_multicinctus
428:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
268:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
210:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
192:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
141:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
25:Helicotylenchus multicinctus
680:Nematodes described in 1956
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263:Host parasite relationship
178:Rotylenchus iperoiguensis
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147:(Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956
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32:Scientific classification
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205:History and significance
174:Rotylenchus multicinctus
170:Anguillulina multicincta
359:10.1163/187529263x00872
214:Tylenchus multicinctus
162:Tylenchus multicinctus
530:Fauna Europaea (new)
123:H. multicinctus
16:Species of roundworm
225:Radopholus similis
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608:NatureServe
556:iNaturalist
389:Nematropica
79:Secernentea
675:Tylenchida
669:Categories
395:: 199–216.
284:References
275:Management
254:Life cycle
240:Morphology
89:Tylenchida
613:2.1094351
244:Refer to
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
574:10974535
443:Q3719735
437:Wikidata
154:Synonyms
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69:Nematoda
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59:Animalia
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600:63729
587:26826
569:IRMNG
504:EUNIS
470:88BYK
301:: 28.
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595:ITIS
543:GBIF
491:EPPO
323:ISBN
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478:EoL
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452:AFD
355:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
