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Schudson said the
Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways. But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided. Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his
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The actual name used can be almost anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A common practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name. This helps editors remember the name, by associating it with the information that is visible to
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Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could
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Some or all of the footnotes can also be defined within the reference section/list, and invoked in the page content. This keeps those citations in one central location for easier maintenance and avoids cluttering the text. This is purely a source code changeĀ ā the actual display of the citation in
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is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: . This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation. If you are using the
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You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.
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wherever the list is desired. Once the page is published and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.
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Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|name=fn2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=fn1|Very long footnote 1}} {{efn|name=fn2|Very long footnote 2}} }}
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Compared to the reference lists on properly formatted pages, an AGRL can be confusing to both readers and editors. But it is easily corrected by adding reference list markup such as the following. Add it at the position where the reference list would normally appear.
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in favor of the option described above, which is better suited to flexible formatting for a variety of display screen sizes, ranging from mobile phones and tablets to wide-screen "cinema" displays. Forcing a fixed number of columns has been disabled in mobile view.
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Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group.
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put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant.
3404:; or it can be placed in the first footnote to cite the source (with the initial relevant page number). The remaining footnotes will use shortened citations (these usually contain the author's last name, the date of publication, and the relevant page number).
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tags but no reference list markup used to display an error, except on talk and user pages. In recent versions of
Knowledge (XXG), the error no longer appears; instead an automatically generated reference list (AGRL) is displayed at the bottom of the page.
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The number of columns will automatically be adjusted to the width of the display. It should be used only when necessary, as both the tag and the template have built-in auto-formatting capabilities providing a useful default display in most scenarios.
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section for
Knowledge (XXG) articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Knowledge (XXG)-specific manner of documenting an article's sources and providing tangential information, and should not be confused with the general concept of
3431:{{Cite book |last=Schudson |first=Michael |title=The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life |publisher=Simon & Schuster |date=1998 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ |isbn=0-684-82729-8}}</ref: -->
280:(wikitext) to edit most pages. The directions on this page, especially about what codes to type to produce formatting effects, are predominantly geared toward wikitext editing. For instructions on editing with VisualEditor, see
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Note that the Visual Editor is unable to create or edit list-defined references, and cannot show the reference text in preview or in the list-creation dialog for re-use of references. This will hamper users of the Visual
3090:: With named references you only need to add the details once. For each use after the first you just need to re-use the reference name. Doing this will not cause the inline superscript to display a custom name.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote 3}} {{notelist-lr}}
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|name=fn1|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|name=fn1}} {{notelist}}
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Consectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote 3}} {{notelist}}
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Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as
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Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like
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footnote, reference) matches and links to the note marker label located in the main text and the label in front of the note's text in the appropriate group's list. There can be
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Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be , the second would be and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: , .
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If the note's text has a reference name that is used more than once, the labels will still match, but the clickable alpha characters that toggle the note's display will be
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desktop site and have
Javascript enabled, then hovering your cursor over a footnote marker (or touching it on touch devices) will show a pop-up box containing the footnote.
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{r|g=nb|r=A footnote.{{r|r=A reference for the footnote.}}}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}}
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will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.
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under the heading "Preview of references", although you will still not be able to see named references whose definition is outside the section you are editing.
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Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:
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markup simpler. These templates also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference, or citations can be nested.
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There are several predefined groups that can have a reference list styled so that the label (a superscripted character within square brackets, e.g., ) of an
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To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the
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regardless of their order within the list. All references in reference list must be referenced in the content, otherwise an error message will be shown.
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes. How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.
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You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.
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3434:{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/: -->
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Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add
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is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.
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displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup
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For a single-use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Consectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.
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This part of the text requires clarification, whereas the entire text is cited. And this needs even more clarification.
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The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wiki markup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the
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Note that when you use the visual editor, you will not be able to add, remove, or change list-defined references.
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If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:
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Only certain types of material on the
English Knowledge (XXG) are required to have an inline citation. There is
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right after the footnote marker replacing the "page" with the appropriate page number or numbers. For example:
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The superscript numeral "1" in square brackets at the end of this sentence is an example of a footnote marker.
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3432:{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/: -->
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contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be
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This is starter content. This is expert content. And more starter content. And more expert content.
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in articles that have at least one citation somewhere else. For biographies of living persons, use
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Schudson said the
Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson": -->
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Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.
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In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:
897:''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref: -->
633:''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref: -->
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the note's label, with links to the multiple locations of its marker in the main text. See
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How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name="JumpingFrogs"/: -->
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It explains concepts or processes used by the
Knowledge (XXG) community. It is not one of
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and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
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Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard
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be enclosed in quotes, else a cite error will occur. Otherwise, quotes are optional.
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In some cases, a page has more than one reference list. Until 2014, multiple uses of
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The number of columns to use is up to the editor, but some major practices include:
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref: -->
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Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters
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Care should be taken when deleting references to avoid creating a cite error. See
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may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.
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that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.
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Ref tags should follow any punctuation (usually a period), not precede it; see
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Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source
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The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:
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The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
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Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name="Jukeboxes"/: -->
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may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on
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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources Ā§Ā Citing multiple pages of the same source
688:'''', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref: -->
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is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive.
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The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name="LazyDog"/: -->
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The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks (
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template can be used to add a reference list to a specific discussion.
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These predefined note and citation groups have templates that make the
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The reference list group name does not need to be enclosed in quotes.
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This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note: -->
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If the footnote marker group name includes a space, the group name
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Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
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The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:
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If the note text contains an "=" sign, precede the note text with
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44:"WP:FN" redirects here. For the fringe theories noticeboard, see
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some, but insufficient, inline citations to support the material
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in the Notes, References and other similarly purposed sections.
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Columns are not supported by
Internet Explorer 9 and below; see
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481:. There should be no space between the punctuation and the tag:
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You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using
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software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements
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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources Ā§Ā Variation in citation methods
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And this needs even more clarification.<ref group=note: -->
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Layout Ā§Ā Notes and references
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software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of
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And more starter content.<ref name="manchester2002" /: -->
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in the order that they are first referred to in the content,
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The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
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The references will be numbered, and appear in the output,
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And more expert content.<ref name="lexington2004" /: -->
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be purely numeric; the software will accept something like
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Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Music Ā§Ā Images and notation
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This is starter content.<ref name="manchester2002": -->
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does not exactly match one of the predefined values; use
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may need to be referenced. Because of limitations in the
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This is more content.<ref name="manchester2002" /: -->
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Instructions on this page may not work with VisualEditor.
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The Good
Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life
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For
Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes, see
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This is expert content.<ref name="lexington2004": -->
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Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:
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711:, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18
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433:, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18
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references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources
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of a page, the footnotes list will be visible when you
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tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.
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no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence
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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources/Further considerations
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parameters, which work the same as the parameters in
1333:(FirstĀ ed.). Manchester: Flexible Minds. 2002. p.Ā 18.
1265:(FirstĀ ed.). Manchester: Flexible Minds. 2002. p.Ā 18.
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The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:
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Named references can also be defined in the notelist
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30:For the official guideline on citing sources, see
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1807:This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref: -->
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1539:NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011)
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154:Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:
51:"WP:NOTES" redirects here. For hatnotes, see
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46:Knowledge (XXG):Fringe theories/Noticeboard
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977:parameter; that bug has been fixed and the
3698:. For biographies of living persons, use
1584:Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.
1520:Ebola virus disease (06:28, 23 June 2013)
617:will not work in footnotes. For example:
3588:
3580:
3319:Reference lists: automatically generated
2579:
1019:Footnotes: using a source more than once
786:
769:host-names are currently not supported.
348:
344:
90:Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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282:Knowledge (XXG):VisualEditor/User guide
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3407:A less common approach is to attach a
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37:For help with citation templates, see
4084:Converting between references formats
2540:
1179:) or a double straight quote symbol (
565:Content of the reference</ref: -->
531:Content of the reference</ref: -->
497:Content of the reference</ref: -->
343:Clicking on the backlink or pressing
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3505:compactly combines the functions of
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4099:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
4038:Referencing without using templates
4033:Referencing with citation templates
3633:
3619:
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2396:Listed separately from the citation
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1167:Inclusion of any other characters,
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973:on the same page required use of a
465:
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3650:Template: Unreferenced/doc Ā§Ā Usage
2875:. Do not enclose values in quotes.
191:When you must use inline citations
25:
3694:should be added to articles with
896:This is page content.<ref: -->
729:URLs must begin with a supported
687:This is page content.<ref: -->
632:This is page content.<ref: -->
411:This is page content.<ref: -->
3384:Help:References and page numbers
1837:This is the jukeboxes reference.
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981:parameter may safely be removed.
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71:
4089:Reference display customization
3644:Flagging inadequate referencing
3555:Tools that can be used are the
2767:I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
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2023:being optional parameters. The
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1828:This is the lazy dog reference.
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5077:Ask for help on your talk page
3671:currently in the article. For
3577:Knowledge (XXG):RefToolbar/2.0
3392:One common approach is to use
3170:Multiple backlink labels (see
1606:Source name, access date, etc.
1597:Source name, access date, etc.
1078:To invoke the named footnote:
540:Wrong (tag before punctuation)
32:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources
1:
3856:Biographies of living persons
3740:is specifically for articles
3673:biographies of living persons
3533:<ref name="Schudson"/: -->
3525:<ref name="Schudson"/: -->
2568:and the first point below in
2212:A reference for the footnote.
2130:A reference for the footnote.
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2482:Footnotes: predefined groups
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5108:Knowledge (XXG) editor help
4723:References and page numbers
4383:Who writes Knowledge (XXG)?
4363:What Knowledge (XXG) is not
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4028:Introduction to referencing
3832:Knowledge (XXG) referencing
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2569:
2511:For technical details, see
1804:<ref name="LazyDog": -->
866:Reference lists: the basics
276:or classic editing through
5124:
4502:"The rules are principles"
4487:Simplified Manual of Style
4230:Knowledge (XXG) help pages
4043:Referencing dos and don'ts
3647:
3574:
3561:User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js
3464:Schudson, Michael (1998).
3381:
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898:==References== {{reflist}}
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4708:Referencing for beginners
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4188:Parenthetical referencing
4023:Citations quick reference
3990:Punctuation and footnotes
3780:Knowledge (XXG):Help desk
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4841:Simple vandalism cleanup
4477:Avoiding common mistakes
4472:Advice for young editors
3942:Citation Style Vancouver
3470:. Simon & Schuster.
3340:
2647:(for nested references)
2635:(for nested references)
2586:Footnote marker template
1725:
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1574:Lorem ipsum.<ref: -->
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1394:Avoiding common mistakes
1331:LibreOffice for Starters
1263:LibreOffice for Starters
919:LibreOffice For Starters
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518:Content of the reference
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3654:Template:Citation style
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5103:Knowledge (XXG) how-to
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4048:Citing Knowledge (XXG)
3602:Issues and limitations
3594:
3586:
3529:{{r|Schudson|p=241-3}}
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5003:(Encyclopedia proper)
4330:About Knowledge (XXG)
3786:Template:Editor tools
3725:BLP unsourced section
3632:does not work within
3618:does not work within
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3237:<references /: -->
3206:<references /: -->
3025:With named references
2819:note 1 note 2 note 3
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2513:Help:Cite link labels
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1000:<references /: -->
986:<references /: -->
615:template substitution
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248:<references /: -->
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2715:A B C D E F G H I J
2689:a b c d e f g h i j
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2322:Content</ref: -->
1901:WP:Nesting footnotes
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1728:<references: -->
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530:...text<ref: -->
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356:Footnotes in action
235:<references: -->
176:shortened footnotes
4868:WP search protocol
4863:User contributions
4829:Email confirmation
4555:Graphics tutorials
4519:Your first article
4497:"Ignore all rules"
4461:to Knowledge (XXG)
4010:Help for beginners
3962:Citation templates
3914:Referencing styles
3595:
3587:
3550:preview your edits
3398:References section
3093:
3023:
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1557:
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207:Citation templates
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4196:
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4000:Nesting footnotes
3904:Combining sources
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4713:Citation Style 1
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3937:Citation Style 2
3932:Citation Style 1
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5070:Missing Manual
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5013:Editor's index
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4627:Disambiguation
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4612:Categorization
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4586:Dos and don'ts
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4523:article wizard
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4514:Tip of the day
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4341:Administration
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3887:General advice
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4057:Advanced help
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