135:
1448:
190:
69:
17:
2311:) mode can be used. This mode exploits the relation between the kinetic energy of a photoelectron and its position inside the detector. If the detector energy range is wide enough, and if the photoemission signal collected from all the channels is sufficiently strong, the photoemission spectrum can be obtained in one single shot from the image of the detector.
2303:) mode, the voltages of the two hemispheres – and hence the pass energy – are held fixed; at the same time, the voltages applied to the electrostatic lenses are swept in such a way that each channel counts electrons with the selected kinetic energy for the selected amount of time. In order to reduce the acquisition time per spectrum, the so-called
1443:
As can be seen in the pictures of calculated electron trajectories, the finite slit width maps directly into energy detection channels (thus confusing the real energy spread with the beam width). The angular spread, while also worsening the energy resolution, shows some focusing as the equal negative
2262:
also improve the resolution, but then the electron transmission probability is reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio deteriorates accordingly. The electrostatic lenses in front of the analyzer have two main purposes: they collect and focus the incoming photoelectrons into the entrance slit of the
59:
It consists of two concentric conductive hemispheres that serve as electrodes that bend the trajectories of the electrons entering a narrow slit at one end so that their final radii depend on their kinetic energy. The analyzer, therefore, provides a mapping from kinetic energies to positions on a
1451:
Distance from the central trajectory at the exit of a hemispherical electron energy analyzer depending on the electron's kinetic energy, initial position within the 1 mm slit, and the angle at which it enters the radial field after passing through the slit. Dispersion is nearly linear in energy,
1767:
1032:
on the other side of the hemispheres will register only the electrons of a single kinetic energy. The detection can, however, be parallelized because of nearly linear dependence of the final radii on the kinetic energy. In the past, several discrete electron detectors
997:
130:
held at proper voltages. In such a system, the electrons are linearly dispersed, depending on their kinetic energy, along the direction connecting the entrance and the exit slit, while the electrons with the same energy are first-order focused.
2198:
865:
134:
1985:
1447:
595:
2070:
406:
730:
189:
1655:
1541:
1598:
1438:
138:
Calculated trajectories for three different kinetic energies and four starting positions within the slit. Slit width maps directly into energy detection channels, worsening the resolution.
1275:
193:
Calculated trajectories for five different kinetic energies and five initial angles. Initial angular spread, dependent on the chosen slit and aperture width, worsens the energy resolution.
184:
876:
1144:
2233:. However, technical problems related to the size of the analyzer put a limit on its actual value, and most analyzers have it in the range of 100–200 mm. Lower pass energies
1484:
1899:
771:
2290:
2260:
2231:
1030:
657:
1072:
2110:
1858:
1647:
1618:
1096:
444:
2118:
1798:
625:
249:
222:
128:
101:
2090:
1838:
1818:
1452:
linear in initial position, and quadratic in angle. The latter two map into energy channels of the detector, spoiling the resolution. Data was calculated for R
779:
37:
251:, are applied to the inner and outer hemispheres, respectively, the electric potential in the region between the two electrodes follows from the
1904:
452:
1990:
68:
32:
is a type of electron energy spectrometer generally used for applications where high energy resolution is needed—different varieties of
261:
2479:
49:
16:
662:
41:
1762:{\displaystyle r_{\pi }\approx R_{\textrm {P}}(1+2\varepsilon -\sigma -2\alpha ^{2}+2\varepsilon ^{2}-6\alpha ^{2}\varepsilon )}
2442:
Hadjarab, F.; J.L. Erskine (1985). "Image properties of the hemispherical analyzer applied to multichannel energy detection".
2522:
53:
1489:
76:
An ideal hemispherical analyzer consists of two concentric hemispherical electrodes (inner and outer hemispheres) of radii
1987:
at the detector side. But there, this additional width is interpreted as energy dispersion, which is, to the first order,
1546:
1038:
45:
1284:
2503:
1152:
992:{\displaystyle V_{1}-V_{2}={\frac {1}{e}}\left({\frac {R_{2}}{R_{1}}}-{\frac {R_{1}}{R_{2}}}\right)E_{\textrm {P}}}
141:
411:
The electric field, pointing radially from the center of the hemispheres out, has the familiar planetary motion
1101:
2395:"Imaging properties of hemispherical electrostatic energy analyzers for high resolution momentum microscopy"
1463:
1863:
33:
739:
252:
2112:, of the incoming photoelectrons, which is itself dependent on the width of the aperture and slit, is
2348:
2266:
2236:
2207:
1006:
633:
2072:. It follows that the instrumental energy resolution, given as a function of the width of the slit,
2497:
2372:
1460:
When these deviations from the central trajectory are expressed in terms of the small parameters
1051:
2485:
2475:
2424:
2416:
2364:
2320:
2193:{\displaystyle \Delta E=E_{\textrm {P}}\left({\frac {w}{2R_{\textrm {P}}}}+\alpha ^{2}\right)}
733:
2095:
1843:
1623:
1603:
1081:
414:
2451:
2406:
2356:
1776:
603:
227:
200:
106:
79:
1042:
2393:
Tusche, Christian; Chen, Ying-Jiun; Schneider, Claus M.; Kirschner, Jürgen (2019-11-01).
2352:
2075:
1823:
1803:
2360:
1620:
itself is small (of the order of 1°), the final radius of the electron's trajectory,
2516:
2455:
2376:
2263:
analyzer, and they decelerate the electrons to the range of kinetic energies around
860:{\displaystyle V(r)={\frac {E_{\textrm {P}}}{e}}{\frac {R_{\textrm {P}}}{r}}+const.}
2411:
2394:
1075:
1146:
to account for the finite aperture and slit widths (typically 0.1 to 5 mm):
1034:
2471:
Practical surface analysis : by auger and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2420:
2368:
2489:
2428:
600:
The voltages are set in such a way that the electrons with kinetic energy
1980:{\displaystyle |\Delta r_{\pi }|_{\sigma ,\alpha }=w+2R_{P}\,\alpha ^{2}}
590:{\displaystyle |\mathbf {E} (r)|=-\left\cdot {\frac {R_{1}R_{2}}{r^{2}}}}
2469:
1456:=100 mm. Note orders of magnitude different scales on the vertical axes.
2065:{\displaystyle |\Delta r_{\pi }|_{\varepsilon }=2R_{P}\,\Delta E/E_{P}}
1820:
wide, they would be imaged on the other end of the analyzer as a spot
1098:
with respect to the normal to the entrance, and for the initial radii
2474:. Briggs, D. (David), 1948-, Seah, M. P. Chichester: Wiley. 1983.
2339:
Roy, D.; Tremblay, D. (1990). "Design of electron spectrometers".
1446:
1048:
In general, these trajectories are described in polar coordinates
188:
133:
67:
15:
870:
The potential difference between the two hemispheres needs to be
401:{\displaystyle V(r)=-\left\cdot {\frac {R_{1}R_{2}}{r}}+const.}
725:{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {P}}={\tfrac {1}{2}}(R_{1}+R_{2})}
1901:
is acquired, and a single energy channel is smeared over
1840:
wide. If their maximal angular spread at the entrance is
72:
Main parts of a hemispherical electron energy analyzer.
2444:
Journal of
Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena
1320:
682:
2269:
2239:
2210:
2121:
2098:
2078:
1993:
1907:
1866:
1846:
1826:
1806:
1779:
1658:
1626:
1606:
1549:
1536:{\displaystyle E_{k}=(1+\varepsilon )E_{\textrm {P}}}
1492:
1466:
1287:
1155:
1104:
1084:
1054:
1009:
879:
782:
742:
665:
636:
606:
455:
417:
264:
230:
203:
144:
109:
82:
1444:
and positive deviations map to the same final spot.
2284:
2254:
2225:
2192:
2104:
2084:
2064:
1979:
1893:
1852:
1832:
1812:
1800:were entering the analyzer through a slit that is
1792:
1761:
1641:
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1535:
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1138:
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991:
859:
765:
724:
651:
619:
589:
438:
400:
243:
216:
178:
122:
95:
2204:The analyzer resolution improves with increasing
1593:{\displaystyle r_{0}=(1+\sigma )R_{\textrm {P}}}
736:along the path is imposed by the electric field
1433:{\displaystyle c^{2}=R_{\textrm {P}}\left^{-1}}
1270:{\displaystyle r(\varphi )=r_{0}\,\left^{-1}}
8:
179:{\displaystyle \rho =r_{0}-R_{\textrm {P}}}
2410:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2245:
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2238:
2216:
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2018:
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2006:
1994:
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1747:
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1605:
1583:
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1554:
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1339:
1338:
1327:
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1319:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1286:
1258:
1247:
1201:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1154:
1139:{\displaystyle r_{0}\equiv r(\varphi =0)}
1109:
1103:
1083:
1053:
1015:
1014:
1008:
982:
981:
964:
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235:
229:
208:
202:
169:
168:
155:
143:
114:
108:
87:
81:
48:(AES) or in imaging applications such as
38:angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
2331:
2292:, in order to increase the resolution.
659:follow a circular trajectory of radius
20:Hemispherical electron energy analyzer.
2495:
1003:A single pointlike detector at radius
26:hemispherical electron energy analyzer
7:
2388:
2386:
1479:{\displaystyle \varepsilon ,\sigma }
1078:for electrons impinging at an angle
2092:, and the maximal incidence angle,
1894:{\displaystyle 2R_{P}\,\alpha ^{2}}
2122:
2041:
1999:
1913:
14:
1773:If electrons of one fixed energy
766:{\displaystyle -e\mathbf {E} (r)}
50:photoemission electron microscopy
30:hemispherical deflection analyzer
750:
462:
42:X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
2285:{\displaystyle E_{\textrm {P}}}
2255:{\displaystyle E_{\textrm {P}}}
2226:{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {P}}}
1045:and camera detection prevail.
1025:{\displaystyle R_{\textrm {P}}}
652:{\displaystyle E_{\textrm {P}}}
2412:10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112815
2341:Reports on Progress in Physics
2014:
1995:
1928:
1909:
1756:
1684:
1636:
1630:
1575:
1563:
1518:
1506:
1207:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1133:
1121:
792:
786:
760:
754:
719:
693:
476:
472:
466:
457:
274:
268:
54:low-energy electron microscopy
1:
2456:10.1016/0368-2048(85)80021-9
2361:10.1088/0034-4885/53/12/003
46:Auger electron spectroscopy
2539:
2295:When acquiring spectra in
1860:, an additional width of
1600:, and having in mind that
1067:{\displaystyle r,\varphi }
2105:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1853:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1642:{\displaystyle r(\pi )}
1613:{\displaystyle \alpha }
1091:{\displaystyle \alpha }
627:equal to the so-called
439:{\displaystyle 1/r^{2}}
2502:: CS1 maint: others (
2286:
2256:
2227:
2194:
2106:
2086:
2066:
1981:
1895:
1854:
1834:
1814:
1794:
1763:
1649:, can be expressed as
1643:
1614:
1594:
1537:
1480:
1457:
1434:
1271:
1140:
1092:
1068:
1043:phosphorescent screens
1026:
993:
861:
773:. With this in mind,
767:
726:
653:
621:
591:
440:
402:
245:
218:
194:
186:
180:
124:
97:
73:
21:
2523:Electron spectroscopy
2287:
2257:
2228:
2195:
2107:
2087:
2067:
1982:
1896:
1855:
1835:
1815:
1795:
1793:{\displaystyle E_{k}}
1764:
1644:
1615:
1595:
1538:
1481:
1450:
1435:
1272:
1141:
1093:
1074:for the plane of the
1069:
1037:) were used, but now
1027:
994:
862:
768:
727:
654:
622:
620:{\displaystyle E_{k}}
592:
441:
403:
246:
244:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
219:
217:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
192:
181:
137:
125:
123:{\displaystyle R_{2}}
98:
96:{\displaystyle R_{1}}
71:
34:electron spectroscopy
19:
2267:
2237:
2208:
2119:
2096:
2076:
1991:
1905:
1864:
1844:
1824:
1804:
1777:
1656:
1624:
1604:
1547:
1490:
1464:
1285:
1153:
1102:
1082:
1052:
1007:
877:
780:
740:
663:
634:
604:
453:
415:
262:
228:
201:
142:
107:
80:
2353:1990RPPh...53.1621R
1039:microchannel plates
197:When two voltages,
2282:
2252:
2223:
2190:
2102:
2082:
2062:
1977:
1891:
1850:
1830:
1810:
1790:
1759:
1639:
1610:
1590:
1533:
1476:
1458:
1430:
1347:
1267:
1136:
1088:
1064:
1022:
989:
857:
763:
722:
691:
649:
617:
587:
436:
398:
241:
214:
195:
187:
176:
120:
93:
74:
22:
2347:(12): 1621–1674.
2321:Mass spectrometry
2278:
2248:
2219:
2170:
2165:
2139:
2085:{\displaystyle w}
1833:{\displaystyle w}
1813:{\displaystyle w}
1680:
1586:
1529:
1407:
1346:
1342:
1330:
1309:
1018:
985:
970:
943:
914:
834:
827:
815:
808:
734:centripetal force
690:
674:
645:
585:
542:
375:
339:
172:
2530:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2390:
2381:
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2336:
2291:
2289:
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2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2149:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1878:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1719:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1502:
1501:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1368:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1206:
1205:
1180:
1179:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1114:
1113:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
998:
996:
995:
990:
988:
987:
986:
983:
976:
972:
971:
969:
968:
959:
958:
949:
944:
942:
941:
932:
931:
922:
915:
907:
902:
901:
889:
888:
866:
864:
863:
858:
835:
830:
829:
828:
825:
818:
816:
811:
810:
809:
806:
799:
772:
770:
769:
764:
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731:
729:
728:
723:
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717:
705:
704:
692:
683:
677:
676:
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672:
658:
656:
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650:
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349:
344:
340:
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324:
323:
313:
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311:
299:
298:
288:
253:Laplace equation
250:
248:
247:
242:
240:
239:
223:
221:
220:
215:
213:
212:
185:
183:
182:
177:
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159:
129:
127:
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121:
119:
118:
102:
100:
99:
94:
92:
91:
2538:
2537:
2533:
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2527:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2494:
2482:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2399:Ultramicroscopy
2392:
2391:
2384:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2175:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2131:
2117:
2116:
2094:
2093:
2074:
2073:
2052:
2030:
2012:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1967:
1956:
1926:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1881:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1842:
1841:
1822:
1821:
1802:
1801:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1743:
1727:
1711:
1672:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1622:
1621:
1602:
1601:
1578:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1521:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1359:
1349:
1334:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1243:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1151:
1150:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1080:
1079:
1050:
1049:
1010:
1005:
1004:
977:
960:
950:
933:
923:
920:
916:
893:
880:
875:
874:
819:
800:
778:
777:
738:
737:
709:
696:
666:
661:
660:
637:
632:
631:
607:
602:
601:
575:
564:
554:
553:
531:
518:
517:
506:
493:
492:
486:
451:
450:
426:
413:
412:
361:
351:
350:
328:
315:
314:
303:
290:
289:
283:
260:
259:
231:
226:
225:
204:
199:
198:
164:
151:
140:
139:
110:
105:
104:
83:
78:
77:
66:
12:
11:
5:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2480:
2461:
2434:
2382:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2273:
2243:
2214:
2202:
2201:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2101:
2081:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1849:
1829:
1809:
1787:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1609:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1453:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1337:
1325:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1087:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1013:
1001:
1000:
980:
975:
967:
963:
957:
953:
947:
940:
936:
930:
926:
919:
913:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
887:
883:
868:
867:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
833:
822:
814:
803:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
762:
759:
756:
752:
748:
745:
721:
716:
712:
708:
703:
699:
695:
689:
686:
680:
669:
640:
614:
610:
598:
597:
582:
578:
571:
567:
561:
557:
550:
546:
538:
534:
530:
525:
521:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
459:
433:
429:
424:
420:
409:
408:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
374:
368:
364:
358:
354:
347:
343:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
310:
306:
302:
297:
293:
286:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
238:
234:
211:
207:
167:
163:
158:
154:
150:
147:
117:
113:
90:
86:
65:
62:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2535:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:0-471-26279-X
2477:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
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2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
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2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
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2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2271:
2241:
2212:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2079:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1917:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1847:
1827:
1807:
1785:
1781:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1633:
1627:
1607:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1449:
1445:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1335:
1323:
1315:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1278:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1085:
1077:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1011:
978:
973:
965:
961:
955:
951:
945:
938:
934:
928:
924:
917:
911:
908:
903:
898:
894:
890:
885:
881:
873:
872:
871:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
831:
820:
812:
801:
795:
789:
783:
776:
775:
774:
757:
746:
743:
735:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
687:
684:
678:
667:
638:
630:
612:
608:
580:
576:
569:
565:
559:
555:
548:
544:
536:
532:
528:
523:
519:
511:
507:
503:
498:
494:
487:
483:
480:
469:
449:
448:
447:
431:
427:
422:
418:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
372:
366:
362:
356:
352:
345:
341:
333:
329:
325:
320:
316:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
284:
280:
277:
271:
265:
258:
257:
256:
254:
236:
232:
209:
205:
191:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
145:
136:
132:
115:
111:
88:
84:
70:
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
2470:
2464:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2402:
2398:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2203:
1772:
1459:
1442:
1076:great circle
1047:
1035:channeltrons
1002:
869:
628:
599:
410:
196:
75:
58:
29:
25:
23:
1486:defined as
629:pass energy
52:(PEEM) and
2450:(3): 227.
2405:: 112815.
2327:References
60:detector.
44:(XPS) and
40:(ARPES),
2498:cite book
2421:0304-3991
2377:250872079
2369:0034-4885
2177:α
2123:Δ
2100:α
2042:Δ
2020:ε
2008:π
2000:Δ
1969:α
1940:α
1934:σ
1922:π
1914:Δ
1883:α
1848:α
1754:ε
1745:α
1738:−
1729:ε
1713:α
1706:−
1703:σ
1700:−
1697:ε
1670:≈
1665:π
1634:π
1608:α
1573:σ
1516:ε
1474:σ
1468:ε
1423:−
1397:−
1376:−
1373:α
1370:
1260:−
1238:φ
1235:
1229:α
1226:
1220:−
1217:φ
1214:
1195:−
1163:φ
1125:φ
1116:≡
1086:α
1062:φ
946:−
891:−
744:−
549:⋅
529:−
504:−
484:−
346:⋅
326:−
301:−
281:−
162:−
146:ρ
2517:Category
2429:31325896
2315:See also
2305:snapshot
2301:scanning
64:Function
56:(LEEM).
36:such as
2490:9556397
2349:Bibcode
2488:
2478:
2427:
2419:
2375:
2367:
732:. The
2373:S2CID
2309:fixed
2297:swept
1279:where
1041:with
446:form
2504:link
2486:OCLC
2476:ISBN
2425:PMID
2417:ISSN
2365:ISSN
2307:(or
2299:(or
224:and
103:and
2452:doi
2407:doi
2403:206
2357:doi
1361:cos
1232:sin
1223:tan
1211:cos
28:or
2519::
2500:}}
2496:{{
2484:.
2448:36
2446:.
2423:.
2415:.
2401:.
2397:.
2385:^
2371:.
2363:.
2355:.
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2343:.
1543:,
255::
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2004:r
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545:]
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89:1
85:R
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