898:. His value was too high; one conjecture being that this was due to air between the graphite pieces with the nitrogen having high neutron absorption. However the experimental setup involved a sphere of Siemens electro-graphite submerged in water, no air being present. The error in fast neutron cross-section was due to impurities in the Siemens product: "even the Siemens electro-Graphite contained Barium and Cadmium, both ravenous neutron-absorbers." In any event, there were so few staff or groups that they could not repeat experiments to check results, although in fact a separate group at Gottingen, led by Wilhelm Hanle, determined the cause of Bothe's error: "Hanle's own measurements would show that carbon, properly prepared, would in fact work perfectly well as a moderator, but at a cost of production in industrial quantities ruled prohibitive by Army Ordnance".
2387:
44:
890:, Bothe, and up to 6 members from his staff by 1942, worked on the experimental determination of atomic constants, the energy distribution of fission fragments, and nuclear cross sections. Bothe's erroneous experimental results on the absorption of neutrons in graphite were central in the German decision to favor
692:
in
September 1938, however, further financing then became problematic. In these times, Gentner continued his research on the nuclear photoeffect, with the aid of the Van de Graaff generator, which had been upgraded to produce energies just under 1 MeV. When his line of research was completed with the
719:
had built in Paris. While it had been built, it was not yet operational. In
September 1940, Gentner received orders to form a group to put the cyclotron into operation. Hermann DÀnzer from the University of Frankfurt participated in this effort. While in Paris, Gentner was able to free both Frédéric
556:
launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists. While Lenard was retired from the
University of Heidelberg, he still had significant influence there. In 1934, Lenard had managed to get Bothe relieved of his directorship of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the University of
386:
In May 1914, Bothe volunteered for service in the German cavalry. He was taken prisoner by the
Russians and incarcerated in Russia for five years. While there, he learned the Russian language and worked on theoretical physics problems related to his doctoral studies. He returned to Germany in 1920,
589:), had offered the directorship to Bothe to ward off the possibility of his emigration. Bothe held the directorship of the Institute for Physics at the KWImF until his death in 1957. While at the KWImF, Bothe held an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, which he held until 1946.
766:
It was during 1941 that Bothe had acquired all the necessary funding to complete construction of the cyclotron. The magnet was delivered in March 1943, and the first beam of deuteron was emitted in
December. The inauguration ceremony for the cyclotron was held on 2 June 1944. While there had been
620:
In 1938, Bothe and
Gentner published on the energy dependence of the nuclear photo-effect. This was the first clear evidence that nuclear absorption spectra are accumulative and continuous, an effect known as the dipolar giant nuclear resonance. This was explained theoretically a decade later by
382:
had been appointed director of the new
Laboratory for Radioactivity there in 1912. At the PTR, Bothe was an assistant to Geiger from 1913 to 1920, a scientific member of Geiger's staff from 1920 to 1927, and from 1927 to 1930 he succeeded Geiger as director of the Laboratory for Radioactivity.
232:
4180:
2091:
The
Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926â1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932â1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory
325:
In 1946, in addition to his directorship of the
Physics Institute at the KWImf, he was reinstated as a professor at the University of Heidelberg. From 1956 to 1957, he was a member of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in Germany.
540:
and both atomic and nuclear physics. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability, even though its two most prominent supporters were the
4250:
503:
255:
158:
921:(uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). Also, the project was then essentially split up between nine institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. Bothe's
4245:
4210:
1105:
As a result of his incarceration in Russia during World War I as a prisoner of war, he met
Barbara Below, whom he married in 1920. They had two children. She preceded him in death by some years.
4200:
1801:
In 1930 Bothe, in collaboration with H. Becker, bombarded beryllium of mass 9 (and also boron and lithium) with alpha rays derived from polonium, and obtained a new form of radiation ...
1637:
The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900â1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties.
4240:
4215:
4195:
4185:
1205:. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied
3932:
909:(important for the war) designation and funding continued from the military. However, the German nuclear power project was then broken down into the following main areas:
4220:
2421:
672:
312:
movement. To preclude his emigration from Germany, he was appointed director of the Physics Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (KWImF) in
4235:
1121:
2345:
2076:
1127:
901:
By late 1941 it was apparent that the nuclear energy project would not make a decisive contribution to ending the war effort in the near term. HWA control of the
4205:
4002:
2038:, pp. 363â364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Diebner and Döpel. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
1133:
316:. There, he built the first operational cyclotron in Germany. Furthermore, he became a principal in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the
2245:
1078:, was to be spun off to become a full fledged institute of the MPG. The decision to proceed was made in May 1958. Gentner was named the director of the
1879:
A History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research: 1929â1939: Walther Bothe and the Physics Institute: The Early Years of Nuclear Physics
693:
Li (p, gamma) and the B (p, gamma) reactions, and on the nuclear isomer Br, Gentner devoted his full effort to the building of the planned cyclotron.
566:
202:
4230:
4225:
334:
395:
275:
from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied
122:
4255:
4175:
2486:
2148:, see the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entries for the HWA and the RFR in Appendix B. Also see p. 372 and footnote No. 50 on p. 372.
4165:
3925:
1210:
926:
4038:
2099:
701:
374:
2414:
1191:
871:
1086:
at the University of Heidelberg. Bothe had not lived to see the final establishment of the MPIK, as he had died in February of that year.
4190:
1155:
2430:
745:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
3918:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2020:
1644:
4160:
2123:
1988:
1541:
1165:"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith". Bothe received half of the prize; the other half was awarded to
1038:
850:
715:
After the armistice between France and Germany in the summer of 1940, Bothe and Gentner received orders to inspect the cyclotron
724:, who had been arrested and detained. At the end of the winter of 1941/1942, the cyclotron was operational with a 7-MeV beam of
4170:
2407:
3974:
2538:
2060:
1964:
329:
In the year after Bothe's death, his Physics Institute at the KWImF was elevated to the status of a new institute under the
975:
At the end of World War II, the Allies had seized the cyclotron at Heidelberg. In 1949, its control was returned to Bothe.
925:
was one of the nine institutes. The other eight institutes or facilities were: the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the
1218:
1201:
776:
696:
To facilitate the construction of the cyclotron, at the end of 1938 and into 1939, with the help of a fellowship from the
351:
372:
In 1913, Bothe joined the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute; today, the
3670:
3594:
2621:
990:(DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were:
826:
425:
2696:
1214:
791:
658:
582:
716:
3313:
3078:
1578:
1289:
Die Neutronenvermehrung bei schnellen und langsamen Neutronen in 38 und die DiffusionslÀnge in 38 Metall und Wasser
944:
2257:
There were 50-odd volumes of the FIAT Reviews of German Science, which covered the period 1930 to 1946 â cited by
1213:
for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the
1066:), and with the Senate of the MPG to establish a new institute under their auspices. Essentially, Walther Bothe's
403:
288:
4052:
3970:
3481:
2373:
1672:
1093:. However, Bothe's impatience with Nazi policies in Germany brought him under suspicion and investigation by the
3951:
3441:
3389:
3237:
2361:
1695:
1536:
1062:
303:
248:
198:
801:(HWA, Army Ordnance Office) squeezed out the RFR and took over the effort. Under the control of the HWA, the
4073:
3509:
3497:
3421:
3293:
2855:
2704:
2645:
1436:
649:
148:
1753:
4013:
3525:
3493:
3154:
2970:
2863:
2562:
2434:
1896:
1162:
542:
460:
407:
292:
2175:
Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen
1877:
636:. Images from the cloud chamber were used by Bothe, Gentner, and Maier-Leibnitz to publish, in 1940, the
593:
went with Bothe and worked with him there until 1941. To his staff, Bothe recruited scientists including
3786:
3602:
3473:
3405:
3317:
3253:
2597:
938:
686:, the KWG, and various other research oriented agencies. Initial promises led to ordering a magnet from
466:
440:
in 1928, Bothe and FrÀnz correlated reaction products of nuclear interactions to nuclear energy levels.
299:
194:
1082:(MPIK, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics) on 1 October, and he also received the position as an
648:
By the end of 1937, the rapid successes Bothe and Gentner had with the building and research uses of a
1282:
Messungen an einem Gemisch von 38-Oxyd und âWasser; der Vermehrungsfakto K unde der Resonanzeinfang w.
1023:
749:
4155:
4150:
4058:
4046:
3702:
3634:
3289:
3050:
2922:
2786:
2743:
2684:
2530:
1785:
1773:
Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi: The birth and development of coincidence methods in cosmic-ray physics
1560:
1139:
1015:
956:
598:
444:
190:
112:
704:) in Berkeley, California. As a result of the visit, Gentner formed a cooperative relationship with
3738:
3614:
3233:
3110:
3070:
3030:
2774:
2770:
2665:
2582:
2510:
2192:
1491:
1264:
1011:
858:
810:
785:
614:
394:
in the Laboratory for Radioactivity there. In 1924, Bothe published on his coincidence method. The
276:
130:
345:
Bothe was born to Friedrich Bothe and Charlotte Hartung. From 1908 to 1912, Bothe studied at the
3770:
3562:
3505:
3449:
3437:
3393:
3337:
3329:
3249:
3229:
2394:
2339:
2070:
1057:
862:
663:
590:
586:
519:
330:
261:
126:
3898:
3521:
2450:
705:
260:; 8 January 1891 â 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist known for the development of
905:
was relinquished to the RFR in July 1942. The nuclear energy project thereafter maintained its
432:
In 1927, Bothe began the study of the transmutation of light elements through bombardment with
3994:
3778:
3726:
3674:
3658:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3461:
3413:
3409:
3365:
3305:
3281:
3221:
3194:
3062:
3054:
3026:
2839:
2735:
2526:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2119:
2095:
2056:
2016:
1984:
1960:
1640:
1632:
1362:
1172:
991:
895:
846:
622:
537:
767:
other cyclotrons under construction, Bothe's was the first operational cyclotron in Germany.
322:(Uranium Club), which was started in 1939 under the supervision of the Army Ordnance Office.
3983:
3862:
3818:
3814:
3477:
3465:
3381:
3373:
3126:
3118:
3082:
3018:
3010:
2962:
2871:
2782:
2712:
2518:
1247:
1149:
1003:
948:
854:
594:
574:
265:
209:
153:
1258:
Einige Eigenschaften des U und der Bremsstoffe. Zusammenfassender Bericht ĂŒber die Arbeiten
231:
3890:
3882:
3846:
3710:
3690:
3598:
3537:
3429:
3377:
3353:
3269:
3261:
3198:
3170:
3086:
2990:
2802:
2629:
2470:
2458:
2399:
1206:
1034:
995:
797:
528:
433:
308:
17:
3006:
2554:
2395:
Annotated Bibliography for Walter Bothe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1440:
Volume 25, Issue 8, 126â126 (1937). Received 9 February 1937. Institutional affiliation:
1421:Ăber das Wesen des Comptoneffekts: ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Theories der Strahlung
1028:
842:
754:
2369:, Nobelprize.org (1954). Due to Bothe's illness, this lecture was not delivered orally.
1727:
Walther Bothe's contributions to the understanding of the wave-particle duality of light
518:(Physical and Radiological Institute) at the University of Heidelberg. It was then that
3866:
3858:
3850:
3782:
3766:
3758:
3682:
3666:
3642:
3626:
3533:
3513:
3453:
3217:
3094:
2978:
2954:
2906:
2847:
2762:
2692:
2653:
2613:
2578:
2494:
2386:
1019:
830:
709:
700:, Gentner was sent to Radiation Laboratory of the University of California (today, the
549:
545:
511:
487:
399:
280:
455:. The study of cosmic radiation would be conducted by Bothe for the rest of his life.
4144:
3959:
3894:
3842:
3834:
3810:
3754:
3750:
3730:
3714:
3686:
3618:
3397:
3361:
3245:
3182:
3130:
3066:
3046:
2982:
2930:
2910:
2879:
2502:
2462:
2280:
1942:
1928:
1628:
1358:
1042:
838:
834:
721:
633:
626:
71:
2173:
1317:
Absorption thermischer Neutronen und die Vermehrung schneller Neutronen in Beryllium
3878:
3874:
3830:
3798:
3794:
3646:
3630:
3325:
3297:
3277:
3166:
3146:
3138:
2966:
2887:
2794:
2661:
2570:
2546:
2474:
2258:
1573:
822:
806:
602:
533:
523:
420:
415:
93:
43:
298:
In 1930, he became a full professor and director of the physics department at the
2113:
1978:
3942:
3826:
3742:
3654:
3610:
3570:
3349:
3345:
3265:
3178:
3150:
2950:
2918:
2720:
2478:
1388:
Ein Weg zur experimentellen NachprĂŒfung der Theorie von Bohr, Kramers und Slater
1268:
Die Wirkungsquerschnitte von 38 fĂŒr thermische Neutronen aus Diffusionsmessungen
914:
891:
814:
606:
452:
448:
391:
379:
302:. In 1932, he became director of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the
284:
272:
67:
809:, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe,
406:
of light. Bothe's coincidence method and his applications of it earned him the
3802:
3718:
3698:
3541:
3489:
3102:
3038:
2994:
2831:
2747:
2637:
2605:
2282:
Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich
1726:
1366:
1354:
1075:
1007:
999:
688:
610:
578:
570:
536:
and against theoretical physics, especially against modern physics, including
437:
356:
318:
313:
214:
89:
3910:
3190:
3162:
2998:
1049:
818:
737:
725:
682:
653:
617:(1939â1941). Also included on his staff were Peter Jensen and Erwin FĂŒnfer.
471:
359:'s teaching assistant. He was awarded his doctorate, in 1914, under Planck.
180:
4181:
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
451:
who were guests in Bothe's laboratory at the PTR, Bothe began the study of
390:
On his return from Russia, Bothe continued his employment at the PTR under
1089:
Bothe was a German patriot who did not give excuses for his work with the
968:
From 1946 to 1957, in addition to his position at the KWImF, Bothe was an
4021:
2938:
2381:
1166:
640:, which became a standard reference for identifying scattered particles.
483:
27:
German nuclear physicist and Nobel Prize shared with Max Born (1891â1957)
1498:
FIAT Review of German Science 1939â1945, Volumes 13 and 14 (Klemm, 1948)
1861:
Das Physikalische und Radiologische Institut der UniversitÀt Heidelberg
1094:
910:
733:
729:
491:
479:
176:
1485:
Der Streufehler bei der Ausmessung von Nebelkammerbahnen im Magnetfeld
783:(Uranium Club), began in the spring of 1939 under the auspices of the
656:. By November, a report had already been sent to the President of the
1108:
Bothe was an accomplished painter and musician; he played the piano.
601:(1936 â ?) â who had done his doctorate with the Nobel Laureate
1772:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
805:
had its first meeting on 16 September. The meeting was organized by
2322:
German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939â1949
865:, Erwin FĂŒnfer, and Peter Jensen were soon drawn into work for the
557:
Heidelberg, whereupon Bothe was able to become the Director of the
419:
at the University of Berlin, which means that he had completed his
565:(KWImF, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the
501:
475:
2265:, 1996, pp. 393â395. FIAT: Field Information Agencies, Technical.
470:. That year, Bothe and his collaborator Herbert Becker bombarded
760:
526:
became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the concept of
502:
3914:
2403:
2303:
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
736:
were irradiated with the beam, and the byproducts were sent to
1983:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 138â140.
1324:
Maschinen mit Ausnutzung der Spaltung durch schnelle Neutronen
2376:
and the Physics Institute: the Early Years of Nuclear Physics
1675:
and the Physics Institute: the Early Years of Nuclear Physics
1144:
1952 â Knight of the Order of Merit for Sciences and the Arts
748:), in Berlin. In mid-1942, Gentner's successor in Paris, was
1310:
Versuche mit einer Schichtenanordnung von Wasser und PrÀp 38
4251:
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
2053:
Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany
486:
and observed a new form of penetrating radiation. In 1932,
744:(KWIC, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, today, the
625:, Helmut Steinwedel, Peter Jensen, Michael Goldhaber, and
2118:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. p. 141.
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
837:. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1410:
Experimentelles zur Theorie von Bohr, Kramers und Slater
795:(REM, Reich Ministry of Education). By 1 September, the
306:. He was driven out of this position by elements of the
291:
of radiation, for which he would receive a share of the
2015:. Westport, CT & London: Meckler. pp. 27, 28.
1957:
Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb
1296:
Die Absorption thermischer Neutronen in Elektrographit
1241:
Die Abmessungen von Maschinen mit rĂŒcksteuendem Mantel
337:. Its main building was later named Bothe laboratory.
1048:
At the end of 1957, Gentner was in negotiations with
1227:
Die DiffusionslĂ€ge fĂŒr thermische Neutronen in Kohle
4246:
Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
4211:
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
4037:
4012:
3993:
3969:
3950:
3551:
3208:
2897:
2675:
2441:
2115:
Heavy water and the wartime race for nuclear energy
1980:
Heavy water and the wartime race for nuclear energy
943:, the Second Experimental Physics Institute at the
573:, replacing Karl W. Hauser, who had recently died.
224:
208:
186:
172:
144:
136:
118:
108:
100:
78:
53:
34:
2301:Hentschel, Klaus; Hentschel, Ann M., eds. (1996).
2279:
2178:. Max-Planck Institut fĂŒr Wissenschaftsgeschichte.
1446:Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂŒr medizinische Forschung
563:Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂŒr medizinische Forschung
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1374:O und U und 40 cm KohlerĂŒckstreumantel (B7)
978:During 1956 and 1957, Bothe was a member of the
917:production, uranium isotope separation, and the
673:Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
436:. From a joint investigation with H. FrÀnz and
413:In 1925, while still at the PTR, Bothe became a
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1432:Herstellung neuer Isotope durch Kernphotoeffekt
1399:Theoretische Betrachtungen ĂŒber den Photoeffekt
279:to the study of nuclear reactions, such as the
4201:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
1510:Die Streuung von Elektronen in schrÀgen Folien
1072:Max-Planck Institut fĂŒr medizinische Forschung
567:Max-Planck Institut fĂŒr medizinische Forschung
464:and director of the physics department at the
4003:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
3926:
2415:
2089:Mehra, Jagdish and Rechenberg, Helmut (2001)
1140:Grand Cross of the Order for Federal Services
986:(Commission II "Research and Growth") of the
532:took on more favor as well as fervor; it was
8:
2244:were the cover names for uranium oxide; see
1345:Schichtenversuche mit Variation der U- und D
1045:was also a member of the group during 1957.
666:), and Bothe began securing funds from the
632:Also in 1938, Maier-Leibnitz built a Wilson
4241:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia
4216:Academic staff of the University of Giessen
4196:Scientists from the Province of Brandenburg
4186:Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
2046:
2044:
1851:, Appendix F; see the entry of Fleischmann.
1251:Die Energie der Spaltungsneutronen aus Uran
984:Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs"
937:, the Physical Chemistry Department of the
522:became a teaching assistant to Bothe. When
3933:
3919:
3911:
2422:
2408:
2400:
2385:
2344:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2013:Atomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939-1945
853:. With Bothe being one of the principals,
42:
31:
1199:), an internal publication of the German
662:(KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society; today, the
203:Max Planck Institute for Medical Research
2188:Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics
1503:Theorie des Doppellinsen-b-Spektrometers
1189:The following reports were published in
941:, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fĂŒr Physik
585:(KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, today the
516:Physikalische und Radiologische Institut
335:Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics
4221:Academic staff of Heidelberg University
2168:
2166:
1715:, Appendix F; see the entry for Geiger.
1552:
1517:Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen. T. 2
1478:Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen. T. 1
1370:Bericht ĂŒber einen Versuch mit 1.5 to D
1303:Resonanzeinfang an einer UranoberflÀche
1275:Resonanzeinfang an einer UranoberflÀche
1234:Die Abmessungen endlicher Uranmaschinen
982:(Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the
4236:German prisoners of war in World War I
2337:
2068:
1898:Rudolf Fleischmann 1.5.1903 â 3.2.2002
1606:, Appendix F; see the entry for Bothe.
1308:Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld
1287:Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld
1280:Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld
1273:Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld
1211:United States Atomic Energy Commission
1116:Bothe was awarded a number of honors:
927:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
869:. Their research was published in the
789:(RFR, Reich Research Council) of the
702:Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
638:Atlas of Typical Cloud Chamber Images
375:Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
247:
7:
4206:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2210:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
1192:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
945:Georg-August University of Göttingen
872:Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte
652:had led them to consider building a
159:Pour le MĂ©rite for Sciences and Arts
1515:Walther Bothe and Siegfried FlĂŒgge
1476:Walther Bothe and Siegfried FlĂŒgge
1427:Volume 32, Number 9, 639â663 (1925)
1338:Die Forschungsmittel der Kernphysik
1197:Research Reports in Nuclear Physics
1156:Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
877:Research Reports in Nuclear Physics
396:BotheâGeiger coincidence experiment
123:BotheâGeiger coincidence experiment
1080:Max-Planck Institut fĂŒr Kernphysik
935:Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fĂŒr Chemie
746:Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
742:Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂŒr Chemie
25:
1786:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"
1561:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"
1405:Volume 26, Number 1, 74â84 (1924)
1215:Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center
1128:Academy of Sciences of Heidelberg
972:at the University of Heidelberg.
933:(testing station) in Gottow, the
490:identified this radiation as the
271:He served in the military during
2208:, Appendix E; see the entry for
1876:States, David M. (28 June 2001)
1865:Heidelberger Neueste Nachrichten
1542:German inventors and discoverers
1522:Karl H. Bauer and Walther Bothe
1122:Academy of Sciences of Göttingen
467:Justus Liebig-UniversitĂ€t GieĂen
230:
4231:Winners of the Max Planck Medal
4226:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
2367:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954
1759:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954
1701:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954
1496:Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays
1457:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954
1343:Walther Bothe and Erwin FĂŒnfer
1315:Walther Bothe and Erwin FĂŒnfer
1301:Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen
1294:Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen
670:(Helmholtz Society; today, the
561:(Institute for Physics) of the
443:In 1929, in collaboration with
378:), where he stayed until 1930.
4256:Max Planck Institute directors
4176:20th-century German physicists
2262:
2205:
2145:
2035:
2011:Ermenc, Joseph J, ed. (1989).
1903:Nachrufe â Auszug aus Jahrbuch
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1724:Fick, Dieter and Kant, Horst
1712:
1603:
1471:Der Physiker und sein Werkzeug
1419:Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger
1408:Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger
1394:Volume 26, Number 1, 44 (1924)
1386:Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger
605:and was highly recommended by
352:Humboldt-UniversitÀt zu Berlin
347:Friedrich-Wilhelms-UniversitÀt
1:
4166:20th-century German inventors
1219:American Institute of Physics
1039:Carl Friedrich von WeizsÀcker
851:Carl Friedrich von WeizsÀcker
777:German nuclear energy project
680:(Baden Ministry of Culture),
577:, Director of the KWImF, and
510:In 1932, Bothe had succeeded
423:, and, in 1929, he became an
2055:. Oxford. pp. 164â169.
1132:Corresponding Member of the
426:ausserordentlicher Professor
2278:Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977).
2221:
2157:
1925:Wolfgang Gentner: 1906â1980
1895:Landwehr, Gottfried (2002)
1175:, asteroid named after him.
1063:Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft
953:II. Physikalisches Institut
792:Reichserziehungsministerium
678:Badischen Kultusministerium
659:Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft
583:Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft
241:Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe
4272:
4191:Nobel laureates in Physics
2051:Macrakis, Kristie (1993).
1946:(University of Frankfurt).
543:Nobel Laureates in Physics
482:with alpha particles from
48:Walther Bothe in the 1950s
18:Herbert Becker (physicist)
4068:
4053:Frederick Chapman Robbins
2286:. Yale University Press.
1943:Hermann DĂ€nzer: 1904â1987
1867:Volume 56 (7 March 1913).
1416:Volume 13, 440â441 (1925)
1134:Saxon Academy of Sciences
879:); see below the section
229:
220:
165:
41:
1537:Elastic recoil detection
1430:W. Bothe and W. Gentner
988:Deutschen Atomkommission
304:University of Heidelberg
199:University of Heidelberg
4161:People from Oranienburg
1754:Walther Bothe Biography
1579:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1524:Vom Atom zum Weltsystem
1459:, Nobelprize.org (1954)
1437:Die Naturwissenschaften
1414:Die Naturwissenschaften
1351:G-206 (6 December 1943)
1326:G-128 (7 December 1941)
1054:Max-Planck Gesellschaft
980:Arbeitskreis Kernphysik
650:Van de Graaff generator
333:and it then became the
149:Nobel Prize for Physics
4171:German Nobel laureates
4074:Nobel Prize recipients
4039:Physiology or Medicine
2435:Nobel Prize in Physics
2362:The Coincidence Method
1955:Powers, Thomas (1993)
1929:UniversitÀt Heidelberg
1696:The Coincidence Method
1693:Bothe, Walther (1954)
1453:The Coincidence Method
1376:G-300 (3 January 1945)
1331:Ăber StahlenschutzwĂ€ne
1319:G-81 (10 October 1941)
1298:G-71 (20 January 1941)
1270:G-67 (20 January 1941)
1163:Nobel Prize in Physics
1084:ordentlicher Professor
970:ordentlicher Professor
698:Helmholtz-Gesellschaft
668:Helmholtz-Gesellschaft
644:First German cyclotron
507:
461:ordentlicher Professor
458:In 1930, he became an
408:Nobel Prize in Physics
387:with a Russian bride.
293:Nobel Prize in Physics
249:[ËvaltÉËboËtÉ]
2320:Walker, Mark (1993).
939:University of Hamburg
717:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
505:
404:waveâparticle duality
300:University of Giessen
289:waveâparticle duality
245:German pronunciation:
195:University of Giessen
4059:Thomas Huckle Weller
4047:John Franklin Enders
2112:Dahl, Per F (1999).
1977:Dahl, Per F (1999).
1923:Ulrich Schmidt-Rohr
1333:G-204 (29 June 1943)
1312:G-74 (28 April 1941)
1260:G-66 (28 March 1941)
1016:Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
957:University of Vienna
779:, also known as the
599:Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
277:coincidence circuits
191:University of Berlin
113:University of Berlin
2172:Kant, Horst (2002)
1442:Institut fĂŒr Physik
1381:Selected literature
1291:G-70 (11 July 1941)
1277:G-68 (8 March 1940)
1265:Arnold Flammersfeld
1243:G-14 (17 July 1941)
1236:G-13 (28 June 1940)
1150:Max-Planck-Medaille
1068:Institut fĂŒr Physik
1060:, successor of the
1052:, President of the
1012:Willibald Jentschke
923:Institut fĂŒr Physik
859:Arnold Flammersfeld
786:Reichsforschungsrat
615:Arnold Flammersfeld
581:, President of the
559:Institut fĂŒr Physik
514:as Director of the
355:). In 1913, he was
262:coincidence methods
131:Coincidence circuit
2384:on Nobelprize.org
2193:Innovations Report
1490:Walther Bothe and
1340:G-205 (5 May 1943)
1305:G-72 (12 May 1941)
1284:G-69 (26 May 1941)
1263:Walther Bothe and
1246:Walther Bothe and
1058:Max Planck Society
863:Rudolf Fleischmann
664:Max Planck Society
587:Max Planck Society
520:Rudolf Fleischmann
508:
331:Max Planck Society
127:Coincidence method
4138:
4137:
3908:
3907:
2378:, Nobelprize.org.
2261:in Document 117,
2100:978-0-387-95086-0
1761:, Nobelprize.org.
1703:, Nobelprize.org.
1677:, Nobelprize.org.
1633:Helmut Rechenberg
1519:(Dieterich, 1953)
1480:(Dieterich, 1948)
1365:, O. Ritter, and
1363:Werner Heisenberg
1357:, Walther Bothe,
1253:G-17 (9 May 1940)
1229:G12 (7 June 1940)
1173:19178 Walterbothe
998:(vice-chairman),
992:Werner Heisenberg
896:neutron moderator
847:Werner Heisenberg
720:Joliot-Curie and
623:J. Hans D. Jensen
538:quantum mechanics
445:Werner Kolhörster
238:
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167:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1361:, Erwin FĂŒnfer,
1248:Wolfgang Gentner
1209:and sent to the
1185:Internal reports
1032:
1024:Wolfgang Riezler
1004:Wolfgang Gentner
949:Auergesellschaft
881:Internal Reports
855:Wolfgang Gentner
827:Gerhard Hoffmann
811:Siegfried FlĂŒgge
758:
750:Wolfgang Riezler
595:Wolfgang Gentner
575:Ludolf von Krehl
552:. Supporters of
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2331:0-521-43804-7
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2324:. Cambridge.
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2018:
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630:
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627:Edward Teller
624:
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597:(1936â1945),
596:
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99:
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91:
81:
77:
73:
72:German Empire
69:
56:
52:
45:
40:
36:Walther Bothe
33:
30:
19:
4104:
4027:
3338:von Klitzing
3330:Van der Meer
2942:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2321:
2302:
2281:
2272:Bibliography
2259:Max von Laue
2253:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2160:, pp. 49â53.
2153:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:07-5030-6335
2114:
2107:
2090:
2085:
2052:
2031:
2012:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1990:07-5030-6335
1979:
1972:
1956:
1951:
1941:
1940:Jörg Kummer
1936:
1924:
1905:pp. 326â328.
1902:
1897:
1891:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1800:
1793:. Retrieved
1789:
1780:
1771:
1766:
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1720:
1708:
1700:
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1107:
1104:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1047:
994:(chairman),
987:
983:
979:
977:
974:
969:
967:
954:
942:
934:
930:
922:
919:Uranmaschine
918:
906:
902:
900:
887:
885:
880:
876:
870:
866:
843:Robert Döpel
823:Paul Harteck
807:Kurt Diebner
802:
796:
790:
784:
780:
774:
771:Uranium Club
765:
741:
714:
697:
695:
687:
681:
677:
671:
667:
657:
647:
637:
631:
619:
603:James Franck
562:
558:
553:
534:anti-Semitic
527:
524:Adolf Hitler
515:
509:
465:
459:
457:
442:
431:
424:
421:Habilitation
416:Privatdozent
414:
412:
398:studied the
389:
385:
373:
371:
350:
349:(today, the
346:
344:
328:
324:
317:
307:
297:
270:
240:
239:
187:Institutions
166:
94:West Germany
84:(1957-02-08)
29:
4156:1957 deaths
4151:1891 births
3943:Nobel Prize
3382:Steinberger
3298:K. Siegbahn
3290:Bloembergen
3011:Chamberlain
2744:Schrödinger
2654:M. Siegbahn
2583:W. H. Bragg
2579:W. L. Bragg
2234:PrÀparat 38
1027: [
915:heavy water
892:heavy water
815:Hans Geiger
753: [
683:I.G. Farben
621:physicists
607:Robert Pohl
591:Fleischmann
453:cosmic rays
449:Bruno Rossi
392:Hans Geiger
380:Hans Geiger
368:Early years
285:cosmic rays
273:World War I
101:Nationality
68:Oranienburg
4145:Categories
3971:Literature
3899:L'Huillier
3863:Hasselmann
3819:Strickland
3787:Kosterlitz
3711:Perlmutter
3450:Brockhouse
3155:Schrieffer
3027:Hofstadter
2979:C. N. Yang
2736:Heisenberg
2713:De Broglie
2224:, 268â274.
2094:Springer.
2092:1942â1999.
2062:0195070100
1965:0306810115
1639:Springer,
1494:(editors)
1367:Karl Wirtz
1355:Fritz Bopp
1202:Uranverein
1091:Uranverein
1076:Heidelberg
1008:Otto Haxel
1000:Fritz Bopp
964:PostâWW II
951:, and the
929:, the HWA
903:Uranverein
888:Uranverein
867:Uranverein
803:Uranverein
781:Uranverein
611:Georg Joos
579:Max Planck
571:Heidelberg
498:Heidelberg
438:Heinz Pose
357:Max Planck
319:Uranverein
314:Heidelberg
287:, and the
215:Max Planck
90:Heidelberg
60:1891-01-08
4030:(Germany)
3952:Chemistry
3945:laureates
3883:Zeilinger
3703:Novoselov
3671:Kobayashi
3595:Abrikosov
3442:J. Taylor
3422:de Gennes
3414:R. Taylor
3306:K. Wilson
3254:R. Wilson
3238:Van Vleck
3209:1976â2000
3199:Rainwater
3195:Mottelson
3171:Josephson
3119:Gell-Mann
3083:Schwinger
3071:Prokhorov
3031:Mössbauer
2991:Cherenkov
2983:T. D. Lee
2907:Cockcroft
2898:1951â1975
2697:C. Wilson
2676:1926â1950
2622:Guillaume
2511:Michelson
2471:Becquerel
2442:1901â1925
2431:Laureates
2340:cite book
2263:Hentschel
2206:Hentschel
2146:Hentschel
2071:cite book
2036:Hentschel
1967:. p. 357.
1959:. Knopf.
1849:Hentschel
1837:Beyerchen
1825:Beyerchen
1813:Beyerchen
1713:Hentschel
1604:Hentschel
1136:, Leipzig
1050:Otto Hahn
819:Otto Hahn
738:Otto Hahn
726:deuterons
654:cyclotron
472:beryllium
410:in 1954.
341:Education
295:in 1954.
264:to study
225:Signature
181:chemistry
4022:Max Born
3891:Agostini
3779:Thouless
3771:McDonald
3759:Nakamura
3727:Wineland
3659:GrĂŒnberg
3615:Politzer
3599:Ginzburg
3587:Giacconi
3567:Ketterle
3522:'t Hooft
3506:Laughlin
3498:Phillips
3478:Osheroff
3406:Friedman
3378:Schwartz
3374:Lederman
3294:Schawlow
3270:Weinberg
3079:Tomonaga
2971:Brattain
2963:Shockley
2872:Blackett
2864:Appleton
2856:Bridgman
2803:Lawrence
2783:Davisson
2763:Chadwick
2646:Millikan
2630:Einstein
2519:Lippmann
2487:Rayleigh
2479:M. Curie
2475:P. Curie
1795:23 March
1647:. p. 608
1531:See also
1425:Z. Phys.
1403:Z. Phys.
1392:Z. Phys.
1349:O-Dicken
1217:and the
1167:Max Born
1101:Personal
886:For the
484:polonium
402:and the
4014:Physics
3879:Clauser
3843:Penrose
3827:Peebles
3783:Haldane
3751:Akasaki
3739:Englert
3731:Haroche
3715:Schmidt
3675:Maskawa
3627:Glauber
3619:Wilczek
3603:Leggett
3583:Koshiba
3563:Cornell
3554:present
3538:Kroemer
3534:Alferov
3526:Veltman
3510:Störmer
3430:Charpak
3410:Kendall
3394:Dehmelt
3362:Bednorz
3262:Glashow
3250:Penzias
3246:Kapitsa
3218:Richter
3191:A. Bohr
3167:Giaever
3147:Bardeen
3111:Alvarez
3095:Kastler
3087:Feynman
2967:Bardeen
2931:Zernike
2923:Purcell
2693:Compton
2638:N. Bohr
2527:Marconi
2459:Lorentz
2451:Röntgen
2433:of the
2238:38-Oxyd
2131:12 July
1996:12 July
1635:(2001)
1576:at the
1444:at the
1161:1954 â
1153:of the
1147:1953 â
1095:Gestapo
1070:at the
955:at the
911:uranium
740:at the
734:thorium
730:Uranium
689:Siemens
676:), the
492:neutron
480:lithium
429:there.
177:Physics
3895:Krausz
3889:2023:
3875:Aspect
3873:2022:
3867:Manabe
3859:Parisi
3857:2021:
3847:Genzel
3841:2020:
3835:Queloz
3825:2019:
3815:Mourou
3811:Ashkin
3809:2018:
3803:Thorne
3799:Barish
3793:2017:
3777:2016:
3767:Kajita
3765:2015:
3749:2014:
3737:2013:
3725:2012:
3709:2011:
3697:2010:
3681:2009:
3665:2008:
3653:2007:
3643:Mather
3641:2006:
3635:HĂ€nsch
3625:2005:
3609:2004:
3593:2003:
3577:2002:
3571:Wieman
3561:2001:
3532:2000:
3520:1999:
3504:1998:
3488:1997:
3474:D. Lee
3472:1996:
3466:Reines
3460:1995:
3448:1994:
3436:1993:
3428:1992:
3420:1991:
3404:1990:
3390:Ramsey
3388:1989:
3372:1988:
3366:MĂŒller
3360:1987:
3354:Rohrer
3350:Binnig
3344:1986:
3336:1985:
3326:Rubbia
3324:1984:
3318:Fowler
3312:1983:
3304:1982:
3288:1981:
3278:Cronin
3276:1980:
3260:1979:
3244:1978:
3228:1977:
3216:1976:
3189:1975:
3183:Hewish
3177:1974:
3161:1973:
3151:Cooper
3145:1972:
3137:1971:
3127:Alfvén
3125:1970:
3117:1969:
3109:1968:
3101:1967:
3093:1966:
3077:1965:
3063:Townes
3061:1964:
3055:Jensen
3047:Wigner
3045:1963:
3039:Landau
3037:1962:
3025:1961:
3019:Glaser
3017:1960:
3005:1959:
2989:1958:
2977:1957:
2961:1956:
2949:1955:
2937:1954:
2929:1953:
2917:1952:
2911:Walton
2905:1951:
2888:Powell
2886:1950:
2880:Yukawa
2878:1949:
2870:1948:
2862:1947:
2854:1946:
2846:1945:
2838:1944:
2830:1943:
2801:1939:
2793:1938:
2781:1937:
2769:1936:
2761:1935:
2742:1933:
2734:1932:
2719:1930:
2711:1929:
2703:1928:
2691:1927:
2685:Perrin
2683:1926:
2662:Franck
2660:1925:
2652:1924:
2644:1923:
2636:1922:
2628:1921:
2620:1920:
2612:1919:
2606:Planck
2604:1918:
2598:Barkla
2596:1917:
2577:1915:
2569:1914:
2561:1913:
2553:1912:
2545:1911:
2537:1910:
2525:1909:
2517:1908:
2509:1907:
2501:1906:
2495:Lenard
2493:1905:
2485:1904:
2469:1903:
2463:Zeeman
2457:1902:
2449:1901:
2328:
2309:
2290:
2240:, and
2222:Walker
2158:Walker
2122:
2098:
2059:
2019:
1987:
1963:
1643:
1631:, and
1112:Honors
1056:(MPG,
1037:, and
947:, the
849:, and
833:, and
613:, and
569:), in
478:, and
363:Career
173:Fields
161:(1952)
156:(1953)
151:(1954)
145:Awards
137:Spouse
104:German
4105:1954
3995:Peace
3941:1954
3831:Mayor
3795:Weiss
3755:Amano
3743:Higgs
3719:Riess
3691:Smith
3687:Boyle
3667:Nambu
3647:Smoot
3611:Gross
3579:Davis
3552:2001â
3542:Kilby
3454:Shull
3438:Hulse
3346:Ruska
3282:Fitch
3266:Salam
3163:Esaki
3139:Gabor
3103:Bethe
3067:Basov
3007:SegrĂš
2995:Frank
2955:Kusch
2943:Bothe
2919:Bloch
2848:Pauli
2832:Stern
2795:Fermi
2748:Dirac
2721:Raman
2666:Hertz
2614:Stark
2555:Dalén
2531:Braun
1548:Notes
1464:Books
1180:Works
1074:, in
1031:]
894:as a
759:from
757:]
476:boron
4130:1959
4125:1958
4120:1957
4115:1956
4110:1955
4100:1953
4095:1952
4090:1951
4085:1950
4080:1949
3975:1954
3851:Ghez
3699:Geim
3655:Fert
3631:Hall
3514:Tsui
3462:Perl
3398:Paul
3234:Mott
3222:Ting
3179:Ryle
3131:NĂ©el
2999:Tamm
2951:Lamb
2939:Born
2840:Rabi
2824:1942
2817:1941
2810:1940
2771:Hess
2755:1934
2728:1931
2590:1916
2571:Laue
2547:Wien
2346:link
2326:ISBN
2307:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2133:2019
2120:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2077:link
2057:ISBN
2017:ISBN
1998:2019
1985:ISBN
1961:ISBN
1797:2023
1641:ISBN
913:and
775:The
761:Bonn
732:and
708:and
609:and
548:and
447:and
79:Died
54:Born
3683:Kao
3490:Chu
4147::
3897:/
3893:/
3881:/
3877:/
3865:/
3861:/
3849:/
3845:/
3833:/
3829:/
3817:/
3813:/
3801:/
3797:/
3785:/
3781:/
3769:/
3757:/
3753:/
3741:/
3729:/
3717:/
3713:/
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3689:/
3685:/
3673:/
3669:/
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