396:
weakness, selling out, or any other psychological explanation. The very act of choosing, spread widely enough and freely enough, creates a power law distribution." This explains, among other things, the dynamics (and ultimately the success) of tools like wikis where there is a disproportionate amount of participation by an extremely small percentage of the overall users, while the vast majority contribute little or nothing.
374:
A social tool is only as good as the job it is meant for, and it must be a tool that the user actually wants to use. Here the author switches focus away from the types of tools to the types of groups (large and small) that the tools are designed to support. Small groups tend to be more tightly knit
395:
Shirky says that "in systems where many people are free to choose between many options, a small subset of the whole will get a disproportionate amount of traffic (or attention, or income), even if no members of the system actively work towards such an outcome. This has nothing to do with moral
251:
that the internet allows. With blogging and photo-sharing websites, anyone can publish an article or photo that they have created. This creates a mass amateurization of journalism and photography, requiring a new definition of what credentials make someone a journalist, photographer, or news
350:
The first challenge to creating an effective promise is that the claim on the users' time for a particular activity must be greater than the activity the users are already doing. A second challenge is that social tools be satisfying to the individual user. Shirky suggests three strategies for
243:
Online social tools, Shirky argues, allow groups to form around activities 'whose costs are higher than the potential value,' for institutions. Shirky further argues that the successful creation of online groups relies on successful fusion of a, 'plausible promise, an effective tool, and an
442:
for excluding "older citizens, the poor, and the illiterate". Brabazon also argues that the "assumption that 'we' can learn about technology from technology - without attention to user-generated contexts rather than content - is the gaping, stunning silence of Shirky's argument".
259:, Clay Shirky revised some of his own work by saying that "democratic legitimation is itself enough to regard aggregate public opinion as being clearly binding on the government." Shirky uses the example of the prioritization of a campaign to legalize medical marijuana on
29:
312:
The author argues that social tools drastically reduce transaction costs and organizing overhead, allowing loosely structured groups with limited managerial oversight to operate under the
Coasean Floor. As an example, he cites
383:
The author argues that the bargain is the most complex characteristic of the successful forming of groups using social tools, because it is both less explicit than promise and tool, and it requires more input by the
184:
in his analysis. According to Shirky, the book is about "what happens when people are given the tools to do things together, without needing traditional organizational structures". The title of the work alludes to
263:, stating that while it was a 'net positive,' for democracy, it was not an absolute positive. He concedes that public pressure via the Internet could be another implementation method for special interest groups.
239:--because an institution expends resources to manage resources, there is a gap between what those institutions are capable of in theory and in practice, and the larger the institution, the greater those costs."
244:
acceptable bargain for the user.' However, Shirky warns that this system should not be interpreted as a recipe for the successful use of social tools as the interaction between the components is too complex.
292:
to explain the nature and limits of firms. From these theories, Shirky derives two terms that represent the constraints under which these traditional institutions operate: Coasean
Ceiling and Coasean Floor.
331:
In
Chapter Eleven, "Promise, Tool, Bargain", Shirky states that each success story of using social tools to form groups contained within the book is an example of the complex fusion of 'a plausible
300:
institutions which grow too large hit the ceiling and become so unwieldy that the transaction costs of managing a standard institutional form prevent it from working well and it just breaks down.
421:
In a 2009 review, NYTimes.com contributor Liesl
Schillinger called the book "eloquent and accessible" and encouraged readers to buy the book, which had recently been released in paperback.
235:" institution lives in a kind of contradiction: it exists to take advantage of group effort, but some of its resources are drained away by directing that effort. Call this the
308:
The point below which there isn't enough profit from transactions for a particular type of activity to meet the overhead costs of setting up a traditional institution.
219:, and online collaboration platforms like Knowledge (XXG), support group conversation and group action in a way that could previously only be achieved through
785:
223:. Shirky argues that with the advent of online social tools, groups can form without previous restrictions of time and cost, in the same way the
109:
641:
760:
545:
414:
reviewer
Dibbell found it "as crisply argued and as enlightening a book about the Internet as has been written" and that the
326:
317:, which allows groups to organically form around themes of images without the transaction costs of managerial oversight.
775:
131:
765:
687:
489:
670:
252:
reporter. This mass amateurization threatens to change the way news is spread throughout different media outlets.
780:
770:
718:
744:
435:
426:
277:
723:
600:
699:
248:
410:
declared the book one of the two "most reviewed" books over the Easter weekend, noting that the
575:
579:
289:
116:
104:
256:
142:
199:
and considers the impacts of self-organizing movements on culture, politics, and business.
549:
276:
In
Chapter Two, "Sharing Anchors Community", the author uses theories from the 1937 paper
728:
568:
406:
224:
195:
186:
169:
649:
754:
431:
67:
542:
28:
732:
605:
285:
220:
181:
173:
281:
190:
161:
57:
39:
260:
207:
In the book, Shirky recounts how social tools, such as blogging software like
583:
458:
452:
389:
228:
208:
88:
380:
Bargain: What to expect and what is expected of someone who joins the group
418:
reviewer Stuart
Jeffries called it "terrifically clever" and "harrowing".
123:
165:
392:: A predictable imbalance in the use and traffic of communications tools
212:
177:
314:
231:
increased communications between individuals. Shirky observes that:
216:
554:
Democratic legitimation via the web is not enough', says Clay Shirky
22:
Here Comes
Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations
570:
Here Comes
Everybody: the Power of Organizing without Organizations
157:
Here Comes
Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations
704:
Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organization
117:
143:
476:
601:"Ars Book Review: "Here Comes Everybody" by Clay Shirky"
371:
Tool: Overcoming challenges to coordination of the group
172:
and organization. The author considers examples such as
164:
published by Penguin Press in 2008 on the effect of the
141:
129:
115:
103:
95:
83:
73:
63:
53:
45:
35:
567:
255:However, after publication, in an interview with
675:Most reviewed: Here Comes Everybody and We-think
642:"Shirky: Power Laws, Weblogs, and Inequality"
8:
490:"Author sees profit in empowering Web users"
21:
27:
20:
479:Clay Shirky’s Writings About the Internet
247:Shirky also discusses the possibility of
227:increased individual expression, and the
688:"Gutenberg Is Dead; Long Live Gutenberg
469:
347:Promise: Why someone would join a group
627:
595:
593:
375:and conversational than large groups.
7:
189:, a recurring and central figure in
786:Works about the information economy
14:
434:, professor of Media Studies at
288:which introduces the concept of
690:," NYTimes.com. March 12, 2009.
574:. New York: Penguion. p.
327:Uses and gratifications theory
215:, file sharing platforms like
1:
272:Coasean Ceiling/Coasean Floor
747:- the author's official blog
358:Make joining the group easy
802:
719:New York Times book review
351:handling these challenges.
324:
26:
724:Ars Technica book review
706:published April 03, 2008
677:published March 25, 2008
556:published March 02, 2009
16:2008 book by Clay Shirky
455:, informal organization
364:Subdivide the community
761:2008 non-fiction books
700:Times Higher Education
436:University of Brighton
427:Times Higher Education
390:Power Law Distribution
321:Promise, Tool, Bargain
278:The Nature of the Firm
241:
566:Shirky, Clay (2008).
361:Create personal value
237:institutional dilemma
233:
686:Schillinger, Liesl.
440:Here Comes Everybody
339:, and an acceptable
776:Penguin Press books
284:–winning economist
249:mass amateurization
23:
766:Community building
745:Clay Shirky Weblog
548:2009-02-06 at the
477:Clay Shirky's site
494:The Seattle Times
401:Critical response
343:with the users.'
290:transaction costs
153:
152:
149:HM851 .S5465 2008
110:978-1-59420-153-0
79:February 28, 2008
793:
781:Technology books
707:
697:
691:
684:
678:
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
648:. Archived from
637:
631:
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
597:
588:
587:
573:
563:
557:
543:Journalism.co.uk
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
497:
486:
480:
474:
257:Journalism.co.uk
145:
119:
75:Publication date
31:
24:
801:
800:
796:
795:
794:
792:
791:
790:
771:Group processes
751:
750:
741:
715:
713:Further reading
710:
698:
694:
685:
681:
669:
665:
655:
653:
652:on July 7, 2004
639:
638:
634:
626:
622:
612:
610:
609:. April 3, 2008
599:
598:
591:
565:
564:
560:
550:Wayback Machine
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
514:
510:
505:
501:
488:
487:
483:
475:
471:
467:
449:
403:
335:, an effective
329:
323:
297:Coasean Ceiling
274:
269:
205:
174:Knowledge (XXG)
134:
84:Media type
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
799:
797:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
753:
752:
749:
748:
740:
739:External links
737:
736:
735:
726:
721:
714:
711:
709:
708:
692:
679:
671:The Bookseller
663:
632:
620:
589:
558:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
481:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
456:
448:
445:
438:, criticizes
407:The Bookseller
402:
399:
398:
397:
393:
386:
385:
381:
377:
376:
372:
368:
367:
366:
365:
362:
359:
353:
352:
348:
322:
319:
310:
309:
306:
302:
301:
298:
273:
270:
268:
265:
225:printing press
204:
201:
196:Finnegans Wake
170:group dynamics
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
135:
130:
127:
126:
121:
113:
112:
107:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
85:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
798:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
746:
743:
742:
738:
734:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
712:
705:
701:
696:
693:
689:
683:
680:
676:
672:
667:
664:
651:
647:
643:
640:Clay Shirky.
636:
633:
630:, p. 45.
629:
624:
621:
608:
607:
602:
596:
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
572:
571:
562:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
539:
536:
530:
527:
521:
518:
512:
509:
503:
500:
495:
491:
485:
482:
478:
473:
470:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:
437:
433:
432:Tara Brabazon
429:
428:
422:
419:
417:
413:
409:
408:
400:
394:
391:
388:
387:
382:
379:
378:
373:
370:
369:
363:
360:
357:
356:
355:
354:
349:
346:
345:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
320:
318:
316:
307:
305:Coasean Floor
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
294:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
266:
264:
262:
258:
253:
250:
245:
240:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
197:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:is a book by
159:
158:
148:
146:
144:LC Class
140:
136:
133:
132:Dewey Decimal
128:
125:
122:
120:
114:
111:
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
69:
68:Penguin Group
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
41:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
733:The Guardian
703:
695:
682:
674:
666:
654:. Retrieved
650:the original
645:
635:
623:
611:. Retrieved
606:Ars Technica
604:
569:
561:
553:
538:
533:Shirky, p.41
529:
524:Shirky p.260
520:
511:
506:Shirky, p.21
502:
493:
484:
472:
439:
425:
423:
420:
415:
411:
405:
404:
340:
336:
332:
330:
311:
286:Ronald Coase
275:
267:Key concepts
254:
246:
242:
236:
234:
221:institutions
206:
194:
182:social media
180:, and other
156:
155:
154:
137:303.48/33 22
18:
656:October 25,
628:Shirky 2008
613:January 16,
552:Interview:
515:Shirky p.31
412:Telegraph's
282:Nobel Prize
191:James Joyce
162:Clay Shirky
58:Non-fiction
40:Clay Shirky
755:Categories
646:shirky.com
465:References
325:See also:
261:Change.gov
168:on modern
584:168716646
459:Flash mob
453:Adhocracy
229:telephone
209:WordPress
124:168716646
64:Publisher
702:Review:
673:article
546:Archived
447:See also
416:Guardian
203:Synopsis
166:Internet
89:Hardback
46:Language
424:In the
341:bargain
333:promise
213:Twitter
178:MySpace
87:Print (
49:English
729:Review
582:
315:Flickr
217:Flickr
99:327 pp
36:Author
384:user.
96:Pages
54:Genre
658:2015
615:2014
580:OCLC
337:tool
211:and
118:OCLC
105:ISBN
731:by
280:by
193:'s
187:HCE
757::
644:.
603:.
592:^
578:.
576:44
492:.
430:,
176:,
660:.
617:.
586:.
496:.
91:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
