325:, was a major producer of the FireMaster range of PBB-based flame retardants. FireMaster BP-6 (a yellow-brown powder) is a mixture of many different PBB congeners with 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl and 2,2',3,4,4',5,5'-heptabromobiphenyl being significant constituents by mass (60-80% and 12-25%, respectively). FireMaster FF-1 (a white powder) is FireMaster BP-6 with the addition of 2% calcium silicate as an anti-caking agent. Mixed bromochlorobiphenyls and polybrominated naphthalenes, as well as lower brominated compounds formed by incomplete bromination, have also been found as minor constituents of FireMaster products.
31:
306:
202:
group. Michigan dairy farmers exposed to PBBs had significant immune system abnormalities including reduced numbers of circulating blood lymphocytes, increases in lymphocytes with no detectable surface markers, and reduced functional response to specific test antigens. Some residents complained of
377:
magazine staff members
Richard Lehnert and Bonnie Pollard broke the news of the contamination. The magazine continued coverage of the issue until the eventual bankruptcy proceedings of the farm cooperative responsible for the accidental contamination and subsequent distribution of the feed. These
1491:
360:
then consumed this feed, became contaminated with PBBs and the carcasses were disposed of in landfill sites throughout the state. In 1976, the
Michigan Department of Community Health established a PBB registry to gather and analyze data on exposed residents. It now resides at the
156:
3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (but not the non-coplanar stereoisomer) in genetically susceptible mice is known to cause immunotoxicity and disorders related to the central nervous system, and even at doses as low as 2.5 mg/kg, excess neonatal fatalities are observed
425:. These include three exposure groups – all people who lived on the quarantined farms, people who received food from these farms and workers (and their families) engaged in PBB manufacture – as well as 725 people with low-level PBB exposure.
1084:
Landrigan, Philip J.; Wilcox, Kenneth R.; Silva, Joseph; Humphrey, Harold E. B.; Kauffman, Carol; Heath, Clark W. (1979). "Cohort Study of
Michigan Residents Exposed to Polybrominated Biphenyls: Epidemiologic and Immunologic Findings".
491:
in
February 2003. RoHS legislation lists PBBs as a "restricted substance" group. Other countries followed suit, resulting most recently in restriction dates instituted in China on March 1, 2007, and South Korea on July 1, 2007.
444:
by weight (26.9 μg/kg) in farm residents, 17.1 in recipients, 43.0 ppb in workers, and 3.4 ppb in the low exposure group. No associations could be established between serum PBB levels and symptom prevalence rates.
1486:
227:, although no deterioration in memory performance was found in PBB-exposed workers in tests conducted several years after final PBB exposure, and there was also no correlation of performance with PBB concentration.
1261:
468:
were studied in 34 persons with highest PBB levels (mean: 787 ppb), and in 56 with low levels (mean: 2.8 ppb). No statistically significant differences in lymphocyte function were noted.
286:
674:
Bekesi JG, Holland JF, Anderson HA, Fischbein AS, Rom W, Wolff MS, Selikoff IJ (1978). "Lymphocyte function of
Michigan dairy farmers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls".
1254:
558:
1247:
717:
Bahn AK, Mills JL, Snyder PJ, Gann PH, Houten L, Bialik O, Hollmann L, Utiger RD (1980-01-03). "Hypothyroidism in workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls".
484:
66:
752:
GG Brown; RC Preisman; MD Anderson; RK Nixon; JL Isbister & HA Price (1981). "Memory performance of chemical workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls".
223:, though it could not be clearly established that PBBs were the cause of these health problems. Workers who were exposed to PBB during PBB production suffered
1501:
294:
1349:
1230:
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234:, in consumers of the contaminated food. Some workers exposed to PBBs by breathing and skin contact for days to months also developed acne.
237:
Studies in animals exposed to large amounts of PBBs for a short period or to smaller amounts over a longer period show that PBBs can cause
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However, as of 2015 these studies are still ongoing, and 40 years later adverse reproductive-system effects (as measured by the
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996:
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Noting the possible hazards on the environment, however, PBBs were listed as one of six controlled substances under the
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114:
867:. United Nations Environment Programme. International Labour Organisation. World Health Organization: Geneva. 1994
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1281:
1270:
988:
165:
62:
54:
865:"Environmental Health Criteria 152: Polybrominated biphenyls: IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety"
402:("Slaughter") portrays a similar, but fictionalized account. One year elapsed before the animals were culled.
1354:
1168:
Metrecia L. Terrella; Kathleen P. Hartnetta; Hyeyeun Limb; Julie Wirthc & Michele Marcu (January 2015).
625:
Blanck HM, Marcus M, Tolbert PE, Rubin C, Henderson AK, Hertzberg VS, Zhang RH, Cameron L (November 2000).
521:
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of the newborns) continue to be found in the grandchildren of those who consumed tainted farm products.
398:
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627:"Age at menarche and tanner stage in girls exposed in utero and postnatally to polybrominated biphenyl"
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540:
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195:
888:
Carter, Luther J (1976-04-16). "Michigan's PBB incident: Chemical Mix-Up Leads to
Disaster".
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Persistent organic pollutants under the
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
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below). A study of 327 girls aged 5–24 years in
Michigan found those who were exposed
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110:
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30:
1148:"40 years after toxic mix-up, researchers continue to study Michiganders poisoned by PBB"
938:. Department of Earth Resources and Science, University of Michigan-Flint. Archived from
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Curran CP, Miller KA, Dalton TP, Vorhees CV, Miller ML, Shertzer HG, Nebert DW (2006).
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This incident is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for
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is from 5–10 mg/kg). The mechanism of toxicity is cellular oxidative stress by
65:. While once widely used commercially, PBBs are now controlled substances under the
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All were queried concerning 17 symptoms and conditions possibly related to PBBs.
340:, United States because the MCC plant also produced a feed precursor ingredient,
17:
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578:"Environmental politics and science: the case of PBB contamination in Michigan"
69:, which limits their use in electrical and electronic products sold in the EU.
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413:, which "remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed".
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There is evidence that pre- and post-natal exposure to PBB in girls leads to
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There is stronger evidence that PBBs may have caused skin problems, such as
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A study was undertaken on 4,545 people to determine the effects of PBBs on
1170:"Maternal exposure to brominated flame retardants and infant Apgar scores"
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in human beings, but it has been observed that they can lead to cancer in
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797:"FireMaster BP-6: Fractionation, Metabolic and Enzyme Induction Studies"
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PBBs usually exist as colorless to off-white solids. PBBs soften at 72
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186:, United States who consumed PBB-contaminated animal products (see
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A number of substituted PBBs found application in medicine, namely
1150:. Michigan Public Media, The Regents of the University of Michigan
1018:"Uncertain Inheritance: Epigenetics and the Poisoning of Michigan"
357:
304:
254:
94:
29:
559:"Our Stolen Future: PBB exposure affects age of puberty in girls"
117:
group. They are added to plastics used in products such as home
1243:
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also suggests that PBBs are possibly carcinogenic to humans.
289:
has determined that PBBs may reasonably be anticipated to be
1487:
Persistent organic pollutants under the
Stockholm Convention
344:, which was sold to the feed manufacturer. Some 1.5 million
1038:
David
Weinstock, Michigan Farmer managing editor, 1988-1991
281:
exposed to very high concentrations of PBBs. Based on such
513:"Genetic Differences in Lethality of Newborn Mice Treated
313:
Before the 1970s, PBBs were widely used commercially as a
53:, are a group of manufactured chemicals that consist of
81:
and decompose above 300 degrees Celsius. They have low
369:, and is maintained by epidemiologist Michele Marcus.
287:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
933:"PBB Contamination of Cattle Feed in Michigan, 1973"
517:
with Coplanar versus Non-Coplanar Hexabromobiphenyl"
1280:
378:events were also portrayed in the 1981 documentary
198:found had an earlier age at menarche compared to a
1282:
332:of FireMaster BP-6 were accidentally mixed with
273:It is not known for certain if PBBs could cause
133:cabinets, etc. to make them difficult to burn.
1079:
1077:
1075:
965:Civic Empowerment in an Age of Corporate Greed
1255:
883:
881:
485:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
309:Structure of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexabromobiphenyl
67:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
8:
506:
504:
850:
848:
295:International Agency for Research on Cancer
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1087:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
795:Safe S, Kohli J, Crawford A (April 1978).
1201:
1114:
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534:
317:. Michigan Chemical Corporation (MCC) in
409:'s half-hearted approval in 1976 of the
178:Early studies on the effects of PBBs on
500:
382:by Jeff Jackson, the true-fiction film
194:to PBBs at or above a level of 7
396:by Joyce Egginton. A 1978 episode of
61:core. Their chlorine analogs are the
34:Structure of polybrominated biphenyls
7:
1048:Hanson, David J. (15 January 2007).
1502:1973 disasters in the United States
1228:Aftermath of Michigan Contamination
301:Michigan PBB contamination incident
253:effects, as well as effects on the
1107:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1979.tb56611.x
963:Lorenz, Edward C. (1 April 2012).
432:was drawn and analyzed for PBB by
25:
1355:Modified low-density lipoproteins
1287:Tooltip Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
1194:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.08.007
801:Environmental Health Perspectives
440:PBB levels were found to be 26.9
336:that was distributed to farms in
328:In summer 1973, several thousand
1360:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1060:(3). American Chemical Society.
644:10.1097/00001648-200011000-00005
1054:Chemical & Engineering News
997:Rollins School of Public Health
487:(RoHS), which was enacted into
464:responses to three nonspecific
363:Rollins School of Public Health
1332:polychlorinated dibenzodioxins
269:Possibility of carcinogenicity
1:
1450:Receptor/signaling modulators
323:Velsicol Chemical Corporation
910:10.1126/science.192.4236.240
411:Toxic Substances Control Act
187:
731:10.1056/NEJM198001033020105
27:Group of chemical compounds
1528:
321:, which was then owned by
115:brominated flame retardant
1512:Presidency of Gerald Ford
1441:
1271:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
1146:Rebecca Williams (2014).
1066:10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044
394:The Poisoning of Michigan
166:aryl hydrocarbon receptor
152:Exposure to the coplanar
182:concerned the people in
39:Polybrominated biphenyls
1507:1973 in the environment
774:10.1126/science.6262920
448:To evaluate peripheral
97:. They are degraded by
1386:Tapinarof (benvitimod)
931:Susan Dykstra (2010).
696:10.1126/science.204005
522:Toxicological Sciences
310:
85:, are very soluble in
35:
1328:aromatic hydrocarbons
1050:"Those Were The Days"
993:Michigan PBB Registry
594:10.2105/AJPH.73.3.302
536:10.1093/toxsci/kfj048
479:Bans and restrictions
308:
119:electrical appliances
33:
1472:Endocrine disruptors
1364:3-methylcholanthrene
582:Am. J. Public Health
47:brominated biphenyls
1433:Cyproterone acetate
1315:Dietary carotenoids
1186:2015Chmsp.118..178T
1099:1979NYASA.320..284L
902:1976Sci...192..240C
766:1981Sci...212.1413B
760:(4501): 1413–1415.
688:1978Sci...199.1207B
682:(4334): 1207–1209.
319:St. Louis, Michigan
175:at an earlier age.
93:, and insoluble in
1233:2015-12-28 at the
576:Reich M R (1983).
434:gas chromatography
392:, and in the book
311:
51:polybromobiphenyls
36:
1459:
1458:
1423:7-Ketocholesterol
989:"Other Resources"
974:978-1-60917-322-7
896:(4236): 240–243.
460:quantitation and
109:PBBs are used as
57:derivatives of a
18:Hexabromobiphenyl
16:(Redirected from
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1477:Flame retardants
1380:β-naphthoflavone
1309:prostaglandin G2
1298:Arachidonic acid
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367:Emory University
213:loss of appetite
111:flame retardants
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315:flame retardant
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188:history of PBBs
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79:degrees Celsius
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73:Characteristics
55:polyhalogenated
45:), also called
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514:
489:European Law
482:
470:
447:
430:Venous blood
427:
423:human beings
420:
404:
397:
393:
383:
379:
372:
371:
356:, and 1,470
327:
312:
283:animal tests
272:
236:
229:
200:case-control
191:
180:human beings
177:
170:
168:activation.
154:stereoisomer
151:
142:bromofenofos
135:
108:
76:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:
1482:Bromoarenes
1404:derivatives
1368:benzopyrene
1325:Halogenated
1301:metabolites
1180:: 178–186.
1174:Chemosphere
807:: 147–152.
473:Apgar score
407:Gerald Ford
291:carcinogens
239:weight loss
105:Application
1466:Categories
1408:indigo dye
1401:Tryptophan
1305:lipoxin A4
1274:modulators
1154:2014-11-13
949:2021-06-08
871:2008-02-08
496:References
452:function,
450:lymphocyte
390:Ron Howard
380:Cattlegate
217:joint pain
138:bromophene
1497:Biphenyls
1428:CH-223191
1412:indirubin
1395:bilirubin
1344:biphenyls
1320:Flutamide
1295:Agonists:
399:Lou Grant
388:starring
348:, 30,000
1445:See also
1231:Archived
1212:25203650
1133:24596749
1020:. Undark
918:17831151
661:31607825
653:11055623
545:16291824
515:In Utero
466:mitogens
462:in vitro
352:, 5,900
346:chickens
338:Michigan
279:lab mice
221:lethargy
192:in utero
184:Michigan
173:menarche
123:textiles
99:UV light
59:biphenyl
1406:(e.g.,
1393:(e.g.,
1378:(e.g.,
1362:(e.g.,
1334:(e.g.,
1330:(e.g.,
1303:(e.g.,
1203:4249940
1182:Bibcode
1095:Bibcode
1024:12 June
1002:8 March
898:Bibcode
890:Science
830:1637472
821:3428754
782:6262920
762:Bibcode
754:Science
739:6243165
684:Bibcode
676:Science
612:6297323
603:1650578
436:. Mean
259:kidneys
247:nervous
129:foams,
127:plastic
113:of the
91:toluene
87:benzene
1210:
1200:
1131:
1125:222186
1123:
971:
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839:209968
837:
827:
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780:
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704:204005
702:
659:
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610:
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543:
458:B cell
350:cattle
330:pounds
293:. The
285:, the
275:cancer
261:, and
205:nausea
131:laptop
1129:S2CID
943:(PDF)
936:(PDF)
817:JSTOR
657:S2CID
438:serum
358:sheep
255:liver
95:water
1336:TCDD
1208:PMID
1121:PMID
1026:2018
1004:2023
969:ISBN
914:PMID
835:PMID
778:PMID
735:PMID
700:PMID
649:PMID
608:PMID
541:PMID
456:and
354:pigs
249:and
232:acne
219:and
140:and
89:and
63:PCBs
43:PBBs
1350:ΙΤΕ
1338:),
1283:AhR
1198:PMC
1190:doi
1178:118
1111:hdl
1103:doi
1091:320
1062:doi
906:doi
894:192
825:PMC
809:doi
770:doi
758:212
727:doi
723:302
692:doi
680:199
639:doi
598:PMC
590:doi
531:doi
442:ppb
365:at
196:ppb
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