336:, pumping of water, or compressing air or hydrogen. The position of the electric generator is a distinguishing feature among systems. Flying the generator aloft is done in a variety of ways. Keeping the generator at the mooring region is another large design option. The option in one system of a generator aloft and at the ground station has been used where a small generator operates electronic devices aloft while the ground generator is the big worker to make electricity for significant loads.
230:
live human operator or by smart computer programs. Some systems have built sensors in the aircraft body that report parameters like position, relative position to other parts. Kite control units (KCU) have involved more than steering; tether reeling speeds and directions can be adjusted in response to tether tensions and needs of the system during a power-generating phase or return-non-power-generating phase. Kite control parts vary widely.
374:) is based on the use of a sail surface elevated by the climbing force of an aerostatic balloon connected to the ground by a cable used also for energy transmission. The wind present at high altitudes creates a horizontal push on the sail which in its movement transmits this energy to the ground via the connecting cable. At the end of its movement forward, the sail surface is reduced allowing it to move upwind with reduced energy waste.
1375:; total craft weighed 64 lb. From left to right the people: Hasso Nibbe, Alan Fien, Grahame Levitt, and Bryan Roberts; all were employees of the University of Sydney. Site: Mt. Pleasant Farm at Marulan in New South Wales. Wind: approximately 15 knots. AWECS inventor David H. Shepard after much correspondence finally met face-to-face in 2006 Professor Bryan Roberts; such are part of the foundations of HAWPA company Sky WindPower.
149:
electricity aloft or at ground station, conversion to laser or microwave for power beaming to other aircraft or ground receivers. Energy generated by a high-altitude system may be used aloft or sent to the ground surface by conducting cables, mechanical force through a tether, rotation of endless line loop, movement of changed chemicals, flow of high-pressure gases, flow of low-pressure gases, or laser or microwave power beams.
301:
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203:(spherical as well as shaped kytoons), bladed turbines, airfoils, airfoil matrices, drogues, variable drogues, spiral airfoils, Darrieus turbines, Magnus-effect VAWT blimps, multiple-rotor complexes, fabric Jalbert-parafoil kites, uni-blade turbines, flipwings, tethers, bridles, string loops, wafting blades, undulating forms, and piezoelectric materials, and more.
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increase, costs increase, turbulence exposure changes, likelihood of having the system fly in more than one directional strata of winds increases, and the costs of operation changes. HAWP systems that are flown must climb through all intermediate altitudes up to final working altitudesâbeing at first a low- and then a high- altitude device.
416:
the cable system. No such systems are known to be in use, though patents teach these methods. When non-cabled bridges are the foundation for holding wind turbines high above the ground, then these are grouped with conventional towered turbines and are outside the intent of HAWP where the tethering an airborne system is foundational.
312:
606:
research and development centers frequently are dependent on blade autorotation: SkyMill Energy, Joby Energy, Sky
Windpower, BaseLoad Energy, Magenn Power, and Makani Power are making and testing airborne wind energy conversion systems (AWECS) that employ autorotation of blades to drive the shafts of
443:
There have been several periods of high interest in HAWP before the contemporary activity. The first period had a high focus on pulling carriages over the lands and capturing atmospheric electricity and lightning for human use. The second period was in the 1970s and 1980s when research and investment
229:
HAWP aircraft need to be controlled. Solutions in built systems have control mechanisms variously situated. Some systems are passive, or active, or a mix. When a kite steering unit (KSU) is lofted, the KSU may be robotic and self-contained; a KSU may be operated from the ground via radio-control by a
206:
When a scheme's purpose is to propel ships and boats, the objects tether-placed in the wind will tend to have most of the captured energy be in useful tension in the main tether. The aloft working bodies will be operated to maintain useful tension even while the ship is moving. This is the method for
148:
for regenerative soaring, sailplanes with turbines, or other airfoils, including multiple-point building- or terrain-enabled holdings. Once the mechanical energy is derived from the wind's kinetic energy, then many options are available for using that mechanical energy: direct traction, conversion to
415:
Conceptually, two adjacent mountains (natural or terrain-enabled) or artificial buildings or towers (urban or artificial) could have a wind turbine suspended between them by use of cables. When HAWP is cabled between two mountain tops across a valley, the HAWP device is not airborne, but borne up by
168:
In each range of altitudes there are altitude-specific concerns being addressed by researchers and developers. As altitude increases, tethers increase in length, the temperature of the air changes, and vulnerability to atmospheric lightning changes. With increasing altitude, exposure to liabilities
460:
Early centuries of kiting demonstrated that the kite is a rotary engine that rotates its tether part about its mooring point and causes hands and arms to move because of the energy captured from higher winds into the mechanical device. The tension in the lofted devices performs the work of lifting
461:
and pulling body parts and things. Airborne wind energy (AWE) for HAWP was birthed thousands of years ago; naming what happened and developing the implied potentials of tethered aircraft for doing special works is what is occurring in AWE HAWP. What is "low" for some workers is "high" for others.
322:
A research on airborne wind turbine technology innovations reveals that the âKite type AWTsâ technique, the most common type, has high scope of growth in the future; it has contributed for about 44% of the total airborne wind energy during 2008â2012. The kite type AWTs extract energy through wind
161:
increases as the cube of velocity (the velocity-cubed law), assuming other parameters remaining the same, doubling a wind's velocity gives 2=8 times the power; tripling the velocity gives 3=27 times the available power. With steadier and more predictable winds, high-altitude wind has an advantage
344:
The âCarouselâ configuration several kites fly at a constant height and higher altitudes, pulling in rotation a generator that moves on a wide circular rail. For a large
Carousel system, the power obtained can be calculated as of the order of GW, exposing a law that see the power attainable as a
288:
are being used as lifters or turbines themselves. Combinations of LTA and HTA devices in one system are being built and flown to capture HAWP. Even a family of free-flight airborne devices are represented in the literature that capture the kinetic energy of high-altitude winds (beginning with a
550:
April 3, 1977, invention declared. On
September 21, 1979, Douglas Selsam notarized his kite-lifted endless chain of airfoils HAWP system, generic type that would later show in Dutch astronaut Wubbo Ockels' device called LadderMill described in a patent of 1997. Douglas Selsam conceived his
448:(ROI) has been the key parameter; that ROI remains in focus in the current development activity while in the background is the renewable and sustainable energy movement supporting wind power of any kind; but HAWP must compete on ROI with conventional towered solutions. A test center at
401:
Wind Fisher is developing cross-wind capable Magnus effect balloons which generate electricity with ground based generators operating a pumping cycle with a pair of helium inflated, lighter-than-air cylindrical wings. The company, based near
Grenoble, is currently testing a 1.7m span
381:
The LTA Windpower PowerShip uses lift from both an aerostat and wings. It operates close to neutral buoyancy and doesn't require a winch. Power is generated by turbines with the propellers on the trailing edge of the wings. The system is designed to be able to take off and land
405:
An open source concept, released in 2023, proposed a helium-filled balloon with attached sails, which create pressure and drive the rotation of the system around its horizontal axis. The kinetic energy is transferred to a generator on the ground through ropes in circular
276:, chemical changes, or compression of gases. Traction is a big direct use of the mechanical energy as in tugging cargo ships and kiteboarders. There are several methods of getting the mechanical energy from the wind's kinetic energy. Lighter-than-air (LTA) moored
331:
Electricity generation is just one of the options for capturing mechanical energy; however, this option dominates the focus of professionals aiming to supply large amounts of energy to commerce and utilities. A long array of secondary options include tugging
353:
One method of keeping working HAWP systems aloft is to use buoyant aerostats whether or not the electric generator is lifted or left on the ground. The aerostats are usually, but not always, shaped to achieve a kiting lifting effect. Recharging leaked
397:
of a spinning cylinder (aerial platform). Like a kite, the pulling force produced by the aerial platform will unwind the cable and generate electricity on the ground. In the recovery phase it rewinds the cable with no Magnus effect in the aerial
1365:
PJ Shepard places year at 1986 at best memory. Bryan
Roberts recalls the photograph was at his session in May 1986. In the photograph the powered craft was almost in autorotation; actual electricity generation was done briefly in another test.
910:
reported that they have progress on a tethered circling turbine glider-like craft that is powered at times and unpowered at times during energy generation. Report was at HAWP 2009 conference at
Cleanteach Innovation Center in November
120:
The term high-altitude wind power (HAWP) has been used to refer to AWE systems. However, semantically HAWP might also include wind energy conversion systems that are somehow positioned at a large height from the ground or sea surface.
377:
The Magenn aerostat is a vertical-axis wind turbine held with its axis horizontal by bridling the axis traverse to the wind so that Magnus-effect lift obtains during autorotation; the electricity is generated with end-hub
358:
receives various solutions. In case of productive winds the aerostats are typically blown down by the aerodynamic drag applied on the wide and unavoidable
Reynolds surface excluding them de facto from the HAWP category.
388:
Airship power turbine by
William J. Mouton, Jr., and David F. Thompson: Their system integrated the turbine within the central portion of a near-toroidal aerostat, like putting a turbine in the hole of an aerostat
162:
over wind near the ground. Being able to locate HAWP to effective altitudes and using the vertical dimension of airspace for wind farming brings further advantage using high-altitude winds for generating energy.
477:
George Pocock's book âThe
Aeropleustic Artâ or 'Navigation in the Air by the Use of Kites or Buoyant Sails' was published. Pocock described use of kites for land and sea travel. The book was republished several
526:
that describes the feasibility of free-flight coupled non-ground-moored kites to capture differences in wind strata to travel across continents; such HAWP is the subject of Dale C. Kramer's contemporary patent
1370:
is available where electric generation was effected. The shown craft had two rotating hubs; at each hub radiated a lifting rotor blade and a shorter streamlined blade with a counter-balancing mass at its tip
392:
The HAWE system is developed from Tiago Pardal's idea. This system consists of a pumping cycle similar to that of kite systems. In the generation phase, the pulling force increases 5â10 times due to the
371:
1116:
Funneled-Wind
Turbine Aircraft Application for patent Patent application: Pub. No.: US 2008/0290665 A1, Publication date:November 27, 2008. Inventor: Lynn Potter of Barstow, California (US).
1771:
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The paradise within the reach of all men, without labor. Volumes 1-2 By John Adolphus Etzler. "We might extend the application of power to the heights of the clouds, by means of kites."
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examples a completed bridge holding wind turbines high above the ground; as the turbines are not tethered into the wind, this examples a twin-tower non-tethered non-airborne arrangement.
741:
Roberts, Bryan R.; Shepard, David H.; Caldeira, Ken; Cannon, M. Elizabeth; Eccles, Da G.; Grenier, Albert J.; Freidin, Jonathan F. (2007). "Harnessing High-Altitude Wind Power".
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Stanley Biszak instructed using potential energy in free-flight for converting ambient winds impacting turbine to drive electric generator to charge batteries.
165:
High-altitude wind generators can be adjusted in height and position to maximize energy return, which is impractical with fixed tower-mounted wind generators.
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on April 3, 1977. On the Selsam notarized disclosure of invention was placed a date of Sept. 20, while the notary placed the final signing on Sept. 21, 1979.
1234:
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WO/1992020917 Free Rotor by JACK, Colin, Humphry, Bruce (one man). Colin Jack. Colin Bruce. Multi-rotors are treated. Faired tethers are recognized. 1992.
682:
500:
Aloys van Gries stands as a strong early patentee of high-altitude wind power; he taught various kite systems for use in generating electricity in his
632:
1684:
385:
Airbine proposes to lift wind turbines into the air by use of aerostats; the electricity would return to ground loads by way of conductive tether.
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turbines suspended at high altitudes using kites such as multi-tethered kite, kite and dual purpose circular fan, rotary wing kites etc.
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1704:
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well describes key dynamics of HAWP used for tugging ships by kites. John Gay's: or Work for Boys. Chapter XVIII in the Summer volume.
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435:, runaway-wing procedures, over-powering controls, appropriate mooring, and more form the safety environment for HAWP systems.
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resource has been prepared for all points on Earth. A similar atlas of global assessment was developed at Joby Energy.
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Lighter than air wind energy conversion system by William R. Benoit, filed Oct 24,1980, and issued: Sep 21, 1982.
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Airship power turbine, US Patent 4166596 by William J. Mouton, Jr., and David F. Thompson, filed April 28, 1978.
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function of the diameter raised to the fifth power, while the increment of cost of the generator is linear.
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by the use of aerodynamic or aerostatic lift devices. AWE technology is able to harvest high altitude
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generators to make electricity at altitude and send the electricity to earth via conductive tethers.
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431:, emergency procedures, system inspections, visibility marking of system parts and its tethers,
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powerkiting sports. This sector of HAWP is the most installed method. Folklore suggests that
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Winds at higher altitudes become steadier, more persistent, and of higher velocity. Because
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Direct use or generation of wind energy by the use of aerodynamic or aerostatic lift devices
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1235:"Vil lokke internasjonale konkurrenter til nytt norsk testsenter for flyvende vindkraft"
855:
754:
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Bryan Roberts' AWE HAWP rotor generates electricity and lifts itself in tethered flight.
569:
Professor Bryan Roberts begins giromill gyrocopter-type HAWP wind generator development.
1948:
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KiteGen project control as key technology for a quantum leap in wind energy generators
1937:
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Mechanics of classical kite buggying or how Mr. Pocock gained 9 m/s by his Charvolant
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John Gay's Work for Boys. Four volumes. The summer volume had Chapter XVIII titled
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flourished; a drop in oil price resulted in no significant installations of HAWP.
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The Power of the Wind: Cube of Wind Speed by the Danish Wind Industry Association
501:
1659:
1046:"KiteGen: Investment rounds, top customers, partners and investors | i3 Connect"
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504:: Durch Drachen getragene Windkraftmaschine zur Nutzbarmachung von Hoehenwinden
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A possible flight path of the kite airborne wind turbine. Image source:
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High Altitude Wind Resource Modeling & Analyses, Archan Padmanabhan
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Tapping High Altitude Wind, 'Ladder' of Kites Viewed as Energy Source
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70:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Assessing the Viability of High Altitude Wind Resources in Ireland
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John Adolphus Etzler saw HAWP blossoming at least for traction.
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The principle of the kite airborne wind turbine. Image source:
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Vance, E. Wind power: High hopes. Nature 460, 564â566 (2009).
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via rotary kite sets exploiting Tensile Rotary Power Transfer.
35:
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Flight Without Fuel - Regenerative Soaring Feasibility Study
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Miles Loyd publishes an article on the crosswind kite power.
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Robert's Rotorcraft photograph of experiment in Australia.
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Methods of capturing kinetic energy of high-altitude winds
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used traction mode to travel in vehicles over land roads.
1030:. Scope e-Knowledge Center Pvt Ltd. 2013. Archived from
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by M. Canale, L. Fagiano, M. Milanese, and M. Ippolito.
59:
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540:
there are sketches and a photograph of a model of the
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Auto-oriented Wind Harnessing Buoyant Aerial Tramway
370:
The TWIND system ( International patent application
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602:is the basis of a large sector of AWE technology.
289:description in 1967 by Richard Miller in his book
124:Various mechanisms are proposed for capturing the
518:
1004:SwissKitePower; designer of KCU was Corey Houle.
975:that well described HAWP kite-tugging dynamics.
827:Anne Quéméré, the Oceankite and Extreme Weather
452:provides independent verification of research.
187:Energy can be captured from the wind by kites,
966:
964:
215:was a leader in tugging vehicles by traction.
30:"HAWP" redirects here. For the webseries, see
1461:
1431:a glossary of terms and links to HAWP systems
1028:"Airborne Wind Turbines â A Technical Report"
874:Global Assessment of High-Altitude Wind Power
8:
327:Electric generator position in a HAWP system
293:) and a contemporary patent application by
1468:
1454:
1446:
683:List of airborne wind energy organizations
297:, soaring sailplane competitor, inventor.
105:) is the direct use or generation of wind
633:Airborne Wind Energy Industry Association
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
950:KiteShip - Innovation in Tethered Flight
310:
299:
117:, which use a rotor mounted on a tower.
733:
1442:, Colm OâGairbhith for Carbon Tracking
1412:Airborne Wind Energy Participants List
743:IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion
1435:AWESystems.info list of organizations
153:High-altitude wind for power purposes
7:
1898:
1373:Professor plans flying power station
1233:Ramsdal, Roald (22 September 2017).
1181:Michailidis, Giannis (2023-01-09),
1417:TU Delft kite power research group
1184:High-Altitude-Wind-Turbine-Concept
439:Challenges as an emerging industry
284:. Heavier-than-air (HTA) tethered
248:of the device may be converted to
211:used the traction method of HAWP.
25:
538:Primer for Those Who Would Govern
516:Richard Miller, former editor of
1909:
1897:
1886:
1885:
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1352:J. Energy, 1980, vol. 4., no. 3.
1162:"LinkedIn Post by Garrett Smith"
617:
524:Without Visible Means of Support
291:Without Visible Means of Support
234:Methods of converting the energy
40:
1400:https://doi.org/10.1038/460564a
1215:Pocockâs âThe Aeropleustic Artâ
1:
1782:Blade element momentum theory
1772:2020s in wind power research
896:Windswept and Interested ltd
536:In the appendix of his book
1792:Energy return on investment
1299:"M.E.A. - Mankind's Future"
402:heavier-than-air prototype.
280:are employed as lifters of
66:the claims made and adding
1965:
1203:Bahrain World Trade Center
237:
222:
29:
1867:
1839:Variable renewable energy
522:magazine, published book
32:Hey Ash, Whatcha Playin'?
18:High-altitude wind energy
1859:Wind resource assessment
718:Wind resource assessment
678:Linear Generation system
604:High altitude wind power
456:Early references to HAWP
921:Piezoelectric materials
798:Wind Turbines on Mounts
763:10.1109/TEC.2006.889603
625:Renewable energy portal
544:from the Oberth Museum.
159:power available in wind
1854:Wind profile power law
1849:Wind power forecasting
713:Wind profile power law
319:
308:
1880:Wind power portal
1137:"HAWE system Omnidea"
638:Airborne wind turbine
314:
303:
172:An atlas of the high-
1685:Consulting companies
1493:Airborne wind energy
1259:The Aeropleustic Art
653:Crosswind kite power
446:Return on investment
411:Non-airborne systems
240:Crosswind kite power
225:Kite control systems
99:Airborne wind energy
1944:Airborne wind power
1914:Additional portals:
1844:Virtual power plant
1677:Wind power industry
1555:Lists of wind farms
1429:Energy Kite Systems
1288:filed June 3, 1943.
755:2007ITEnC..22..136R
349:Aerostat-based HAWP
1422:2013-04-03 at the
1341:BBC News, SciTech.
1330:Selsam Innovations
1317:2006-07-15 at the
1264:2006-12-09 at the
1220:2011-07-23 at the
1092:2008-12-11 at the
1087:Magenn Power, Inc.
1074:2009-12-16 at the
991:2011-08-10 at the
955:2010-03-05 at the
937:2017-04-20 at the
908:Makani Power, Inc.
861:2009-10-31 at the
843:2008-12-09 at the
814:2010-01-05 at the
542:Kite Power Station
502:DE 656194 C patent
340:Carousel generator
320:
309:
51:possibly contains
1931:
1930:
1523:on public display
1385:Energykitesystems
1286:US Patent 2368630
838:Wind Power Curves
658:Kite applications
433:electrical safety
372:PCT/W02010/015720
365:US Patent 4350897
268:, pushes, pulls,
246:mechanical energy
209:Benjamin Franklin
128:of winds such as
113:, in contrast to
96:
95:
88:
53:original research
16:(Redirected from
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1918:Renewable energy
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49:This article
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1819:Hybrid power
1588:Aerodynamics
1492:
1393:Bibliography
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1307:
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1254:
1244:23 September
1242:. Retrieved
1228:
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1188:, retrieved
1183:
1176:
1165:. Retrieved
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:the original
1131:
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1111:
1100:
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1064:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
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1032:the original
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723:Wind turbine
600:Autorotation
598:
595:Autorotation
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73:
50:
932:Joby Energy
382:unattended.
378:generators.
356:lifting gas
258:electricity
195:, tethered
191:, tethered
1938:Categories
1824:Laddermill
1777:Betz's law
1722:including
1655:Yaw system
1547:Wind farms
1498:By country
1485:Wind power
1477:Wind power
1190:2023-02-22
1167:2022-11-11
1147:2015-02-26
1055:2018-09-10
729:References
708:Wind power
673:Laddermill
668:Kite types
588:Free Rotor
238:See also:
223:See also:
197:sailplanes
177:wind power
76:April 2019
60:improve it
973:Kite-Ship
703:Wind farm
648:Betz' law
492:Kite-Ship
425:Lightning
398:platform.
278:aerostats
274:microwave
201:aerostats
138:aerostats
64:verifying
1892:Category
1765:Concepts
1731:Goldwind
1695:Software
1648:Darrieus
1643:Savonius
1608:Floating
1593:Airborne
1535:panemone
1530:Windmill
1518:Turbines
1513:Offshore
1420:Archived
1315:Archived
1262:Archived
1218:Archived
1090:Archived
1072:Archived
989:Archived
953:Archived
935:Archived
859:Archived
841:Archived
812:Archived
809:SkySails
643:Altitude
611:See also
561:drawings
286:airfoils
282:turbines
219:Controls
174:altitude
146:turbines
1904:Commons
1741:Senvion
1718:GE Wind
1713:Enercon
1660:bearing
1613:Nacelle
1503:History
1368:A video
771:1833299
751:Bibcode
693:Turbine
663:KiteGen
519:Soaring
406:motion.
266:tension
193:gliders
189:kytoons
142:gliders
134:kytoons
58:Please
1923:Energy
1756:Vestas
1751:Suzlon
1736:Nordex
1623:QBlade
1603:Design
769:
688:Tether
478:times.
420:Safety
389:donut.
107:energy
1949:Kites
1665:drive
1628:Small
1069:TWIND
911:2009.
767:S2CID
557:notes
531:1973?
488:1864?
270:laser
262:light
254:sound
130:kites
111:winds
1814:HVDC
1802:grid
1246:2017
698:Wind
585:1992
579:1986
573:1980
567:1979
559:and
548:1977
514:1967
508:1943
498:1935
482:1833
475:1827
466:1796
250:heat
244:The
759:doi
103:AWE
62:by
1940::
1237:.
1048:.
963:^
790:^
765:.
757:.
747:22
745:.
427:,
272:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
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199:,
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132:,
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1462:t
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1301:.
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773:.
761::
753::
563:.
101:(
89:)
83:(
78:)
74:(
56:.
20:)
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