High-heeled shoe - Knowledge (XXG)

340: 355: 593: 577: 946:, in 4 cm heels and in 10 cm heels. Surface electrodes were placed on the muscle mass of the women's spines and their feet to measure the electrical activity of muscles at different points of movement. The study results indicated an increase in both cervical and lumbar muscle activation as heel height increased: the cervical spine, the neck assists in maintaining head stability and postural control in the body. The usage of high heels shifts the body's center of mass, which requires the spine to adjust itself to maintain balance. The researchers mentioned that these results would increase local muscle fatigue over time, which could lead to muscle swelling, decreased muscle movement, and, in extreme cases of overuse, tissue deformation. 1102: 103: 247: 613: 1131: 744: 1082: 867: 848:. The experimental group also demonstrated a more significant strain on the muscle fascicles while walking in heels because of the flexed position the foot is forced into. The researchers estimated that when wearing heels, the estimated fascicle strains were approximately three times higher, and the fascicle strain rate was about six times higher. Additionally, they concluded that the long-term usage of high heels could increase the risk of injuries such as strain, discomfort, and muscle fatigue. 198: 927: 886: 461: 651:, argues that high heels accentuate "sex-specific aspects of female gait," artificially increasing a woman's femininity. Likewise, many see the arching of a woman's back facilitated by wearing high heels as an imitation of a signal of a woman's willingness to be courted by a man. Despite the sexual connotations, heels are considered both fashionable and professional dress for women in most cases, the latter especially if accompanied by a 339: 490:

photography and films, the Western fashion of women's high heels began to spread globally. In the early post-war period, brown and white pumps with cutouts or ankle straps combined with an open toe were some of the most fashionable women's heels. For many women in the West, high-heeled shoes began to symbolize professionalism, whereas leather and rubber thick-heeled boots for men came to be associated with militarism and masculinity.

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had broken the law, but by this time the company had already changed its terms of employment. The petition was rejected by the government in April 2017 as they stated that existing legislation was "adequate". Existing legislation in the UK allows women to be required to wear high heels, but only if it is considered a job requirement and men in the same job are required to dress to an "equivalent level of smartness".

855: 363: 395:, other members of society began donning high heels, and some elite members ordered their heels to be made even higher to distinguish themselves from the lower classes. As women began to wear heeled shoes in the mid-to-late 17th century, societal trends moved to distinguish men's heels from women's heels. By the 18th century, men wore thick heels, while women wore thin ones. Over the course of the 494: 4481: 576: 1117:

heels. A nine-year-old is about half an adult's height, and a toddler about a quarter; so, relative to body height, a 2-inch (5 cm) heel on an adult would be a one-inch heel on the nine-year-old, and a half-inch heel on the toddler, though whether this translates to comparable health harms is not known.

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pressure resulting in increased discomfort levels and peak patellofemoral joint stress. The researchers also mentioned that the long-term usage of high heels may lead to repetitive overstress of the joint, which may result in an increase in pain and, eventually, patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis and

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in France for wearing flat shoes, including a woman physically unable to wear heels due to an operation on one of her feet. The women complained that the policy of the festival on women's footwear was unjust. Festival organizers later responded that there was no official policy on footwear and stated

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Some feminist scholars have argued that men's views on the culture of high heels are problematic: A sizable proportion of men regard the cultural expectation for women in professional environments to wear high heels as unproblematic. However, it has not been popular for men to wear tall and thin high

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investigated the effects of increased heel height on foot pressure using forty-five female participants walking across a pressure plate in various heel heights. A biokinetics software was used to analyze the exact pressure locations on and along each participants' foot. The researchers concluded that

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Wearing high-heeled shoes is strongly associated with injury, including injury requiring hospital care. There is evidence that high-heel-wearers fall more often, especially with heels higher than 2.5 cm, even if they were not wearing high heels at the time of the fall. Wearing high heels is also

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and high social status. Towards the end of the century, the trend began to spread to women's fashion. By the 18th century, high-heeled shoes had split along gender lines. By this time, heels for men were chunky squares attached to riding boots or tall formal dress boots, while women's high heels were

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length and strain. The control group consisted of women who wore heels for less than ten hours weekly and the experimental group consisted of women who wore heels for a minimum of forty hours weekly for at least two years. The experimental group was told to walk down a walkway barefoot and in heels.

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and American Rhythm shoes are open-toed, strapped heels that are an average of 2.5 to 3 inches in height. These shoes have the least sturdy heel because International Latin and American Rhythm styles are performed on the ball of the foot. This style of shoe is designed with a flexible sole to allow

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was sent home without pay after she refused to follow the dress code of the firm Portico. Thorp launched an online petition calling for the UK government to "make it illegal for a company to require women to wear high heels at work". Two parliamentary committees in January 2017 decided that Portico

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led many countries to ration materials that were previously used to make shoes. Materials such as silk, rubber, and leather were prioritized for military use. Heels began to be replaced with cork and wooden-soled shoes. Due to the post-war increase in international communication, especially through

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control. In this study, the participants were told to wear either a low or high heel and walk on a treadmill at a low and high speed. As a result of this experiment, the researchers argued that as heel height increased, the sway velocity of the bodies increased, which also modified the position of

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stress during walking. The study consisted of eleven participants wearing tracking and reflective markers as they walked across a 10-meter force-plated walkway in low, medium, and high heels. The study argued that as the height of the heel increased, the ball of the foot experienced an increase in

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Heels went out of fashion starting around 1810, and then in 1860, they surged in popularity, with an average height of about two and a half inches. The Pinetto heel and the Cromwell heel were both introduced during this time. Their production was also increased with the invention and eventual mass

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The design of the high French heels from the late 1600s to around the 1720s placed the wearer's body weight on the ball of the foot and was decorated with lace or braided fabric. From the 1730s to the 1740s, wide heels with an upturned toe and a buckle fastening became popular. The 1750s and 1760s

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High heels are also sometimes marketed to children, and some schools encourage children to wear them. 18% of injuries from wearing high heels were in children, and 4% in under-tens, in a 2002–2012 US survey. A 2016 medical review on high-heeled shoes expressed concern about children's use of high

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campaign in Japan collected nearly 20,000 signatures on a petition for a ban on mandatory high heels. The government said that they had no plans to change. The Japanese Minister of Labor has stated that it is acceptable for companies and others to require women to wear high heels as long as it is

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authors. Some have argued that "high-heeled shoes, perhaps more than any other item of clothing, are seen as the ultimate symbol of being a woman." Modern high heels with thin and long heels often serve to emphasize the wearer's arched back and extended buttocks. This "natural courting pose" has

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when wearing heels, and 55% of women said they felt the worst overall back pain when wearing the highest heel. The same study argues that as heel height increases, the body is forced to take on an increasingly unnatural posture to maintain its center of gravity. This changed position places more

399:, men's heels began to concentrate on either practical riding boots or tall leather boots worn for status. In the late 1780s, the societal implications of wearing high and thin heels became fixed: high, thin heels represented femininity and the supposed superficiality and extravagance of women. 636:

In the Western world, high-heeled shoes exist in two highly gendered and parallel tracks: highly fashionable and variable women's shoes with thin long heels, and practical, relatively uniform men's shoes in a riding boot style, with thick, relatively short heels. Heels are often described as a

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Few dress codes require women to wear high heels, and some medical organizations have called for a ban on such dress codes. There have been many protests by women workers against such policies. Laws regarding dress codes that require women to wear high heels in the workplace vary.

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heels since the late 17th century. Thus, since some women report that high heels are often painful to walk in, and commonly result in negative side effects to joints and veins after prolonged use, many have argued that it is unreasonable of men to support such a cultural norm.

655:. Some researchers argue that high heels have become part of the female workplace uniform and operate in a much larger and complex set of display rules. High heels are considered to pose a dilemma to women as they bring them sexual benefits but are detrimental to their health. 766:, the actual heel was often a piece of steel wrapped in some material. This enabled designers to make heels taller and skinnier without them snapping. The soles below the ball of the foot of ballroom shoes can also be made of materials like smooth leather, suede, or plastic. 243:. Wearing heels became associated with wealth because of its traditional connection with horseback riding, which was expensive and time-consuming. This practical use of the heel set the standard for most horseback riding shoes throughout history and into the present day. 513:

posters, the women in which were almost always pictured wearing high heels. In the minds of many men at war, and later, in American society at large, this led to an increase in the strength of the relationship between high heels and female sexuality. The tall, skinny

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the knee joint, requiring the muscles of the leg to realign the entire body, especially the hips, along the line of gravity. As the body's weight shifted forward, the hips were taken out of alignment, and the knee joints experienced stress to adjust to the shift.

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in 1968, protestors symbolically threw a number of feminine products into a "freedom trash can." These included high heels, which were among items the protestors called "instruments of female torture" and accouterments of what they perceived to be enforced

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Some research indicates that a possible consequence of wearing high heels is increasing pressure in one's veins. Experiments suggest that the higher the heel, the "higher venous pressure in the leg." This means that after repeated use of high heels,

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and making the buttocks more prominent, forcing the abdomen in and pushing the breasts out. They can also cause instability as they force women to dance on their toes and lean on their partner, which adds to the fluidity of the movements.

1093:. Some academics have suggested that by wearing high heels for such a brief period and making a point of acting like they do not know how to walk properly, these men reinforce the stereotype that only women can or should wear high heels. 518:

was invented in 1950, and quickly became an emblem of female sexuality. There was a weakening of the stiletto style during the late 1960s, early 1970s, and 1990s when block heels were more prominent, followed by a revival in the 2000s.

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and other undesirable symptoms are much more likely to appear in the legs. Other research supports the claim that wearing high heels can lead to numerous long-term effects, including accidental trauma to multiple areas of the body.

1155:. While dancing the Argentine tango, women often wear pointed heels ranging in height from 2 to 4 inches. More advanced dancers typically choose higher heels. The heels can have a significant impact on the posture of a dancer by 157:; however, a thick high heel on a boot or clog was still socially acceptable for men. Until the 1950s, shoe heels were typically made of wood, but in recent years they have been made of a variety of materials including 1142:

dancing shoes are specific to the dance style being performed. International Standard ballroom shoes for women are closed-toed shoes with a sturdy 2-to-2.5-inch heel because steps are performed using the foot's heel.

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in the early 17th century. Men wore them to imply their upper-class status; only someone who did not have to work could afford, both financially and practically, to wear such extravagant shoes. Royalty such as King

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introduced a skinnier, higher heel. The 1790s continued this trend but saw more experimentation with color. Additionally, during this period, there was no difference between the right and left shoes.

239:. Heeled shoes also ensured the safety of Persian arrow-shooting riders, while standing up on galloping horses. This utility of the heel for horseback riders has been preserved in the Western 840:

In contrast, the control group walked barefoot as cameras recorded their movements to calculate muscle fascicle lengths. The data showed that wearing heels shortened the size of the medial

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Pantaloon – "similar to Pantaloon pants: the top lift part of the heel is spread out as it extends to the bottom part of the heel, and the waistline of the heel curves inward naturally."

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Morris, Paul; Jenny White; Edward Morrison; Kayleigh Fisher (May 2013). "High Heels are Supernormal Stimuli: How Wearing High Heels Affects Judgments of Female Attractiveness".

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There are many types of high heels in varying styles, heights, and materials. High heels have been used in various ways to convey nationality, professional affiliation,

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Cuban – similar to the continental heel, but not curved, generally medium height. Unlike the setback heel, the Cuban heel slopes away from the back surface of the shoe.

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around the 1850s. With sewing machines, yields increased as machines could quickly and cheaply "position the heel, stitch the upper, and attach the upper to the sole."

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Pazhoohi, F.; Doyle, J.F.; Macedo, A.F.; Arantes, J. (2017). "Arching the Back (Lumbar Curvature) as a Female Sexual Proceptivity Signal: an Eye-Tracking Study".

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were introduced. At the same time, cork and wood were utilized as cheap resources in times of war. After the World Wars, and the increase in production of

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Cronin, Neil J.; Barrett, Rod S.; Carty, Christopher P. (15 March 2012). "Long-term use of high-heeled shoes alters the neuromechanics of human walking".

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narrow, pointy, and often attached to slipper-like dress shoes (similar to modern heels). By the 20th century, high heels with a slim profile represented

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Stacked – usually layers of leather 5 mm thick stacked together and trimmed to match the shape of the heel. These are commonly known as block heels.

2153: 647:, as well as other media sources that primarily portray women in a sexual way often do so using high heels. Paul Morris, a psychology researcher at the 758:

High heels have been made from a wide variety of materials throughout history. In the early years, leather and cowhide were preferred. Later, silk and

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in such shoes is raised above the ball of the foot. High heels cause the legs to appear longer, make the wearer appear taller, and accentuate the

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of the foot. Additionally, they found that the highest heel heights caused constant pressure that could not be evenly dispersed across the foot.

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Ho, Kai-Yu; Blanchette, Mark G.; Powers, Christopher M. (2012). "The influence of heel height on patellofemoral joint kinetics during walking".

2073:"The 2016 HIGh Heels: Health effects And psychosexual BenefITS (HIGH HABITS) study: systematic review of reviews and additional primary studies" 866: 2736: 1850: 1821: 1486: 1453: 1400: 990:

amended workplace legislation to prevent employers from requiring women to wear high heels at work. Other Canadian provinces followed suit.

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In a 2016 study from Sahmyook University in Korea, researchers investigated the effects of high heels on the activation of muscles in the

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Angle – "the surface of the base of the heel is straight until reaching the waistline, and it looks like the shape of the Korean letter ¬"

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that would have applied the same penalties to the use of high heels and other cosmetic devices as would have been applied in the case of

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Snow, Rebecca E.; Williams, Keith R.; Holmes, George B. (1992). "The Effects of Wearing High Heeled Shoes on Pedal Pressure in Women".

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shoe, with high heel, showing position of foot bones (vertical black marks on the x-ray are nails used to hold the sole and heel on)

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pointed feet. Lastly, American Smooth shoes are closed-toed, flexible-soled shoes that range in heel height from 2 to 2.5 inches.

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in 1947 – a slim, elegant heel, newly created by putting steel in the heel. This enabled the heel to be skinny without snapping.

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It has been argued by some union leaders that high heels in the workplace should be subject to a health and safety assessment.

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In the West, high-heeled shoes are often regarded as an emblem of femininity, and thus have been the subject of analysis by

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Tedeschi Filho, Wagner; Dezzotti, Nei R.A.; Joviliano, Edvaldo E.; Moriya, Takachi; Piccinato, Carlos Eli (October 2012).

1230: 792: 972:, California, heels over 2 inches high with less than one square inch of bearing surface can be worn only with a permit. 829: 696: 290:

law later limited the height to three inches—but this regulation was widely ignored. At the end of the Elizabethan era,

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Setback – similar to the continental heel, but the surface of the back of the heel is straight, forming a right angle.

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portions of the spine. Thirteen women were recruited to walk down a walkway in three different testing conditions:

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but some women wore platform shoes elevated—like many chopine—at the center of the sole rather than at the heels.

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Continental – 7.5 mm, with the upper part of the chest of the heel spreading towards the center of the shoe.

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Lee, Chang-Min; Jeong, Eun-Hee; Freivalds, Andris (2001). "Biomechanical effects of wearing high-heeled shoes".

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In a 2012 study, Kai-Yu Ho, Mark Blanchette, and Christopher Powers investigated the impact of heel height on

2157: 1205:. Dancers can add cushioning to the soles of their dancing shoes or inserts to ease the pain during dancing. 3292: 1081: 3315: 2837: 2860: 835:

In a 2012 study, researchers examined the risk long-time high heel wearers would have in regards to calf

3114: 2529:"Effects of the height of shoe heels on muscle activation of cervical and lumbar spine in healthy women" 2179: 67: 1089:

A Mile in Her Shoes is a series of marches in which men wear red high heels and walk a mile to protest

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Some dance-related injuries are attributable to the use of heels. In particular, shoes with a narrow

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deformity. The high heel shifts weight forwards, putting additional pressure on the sides of the toes

396: 177: 4484: 3945: 3716: 3604: 3450: 2472:"The effects of shoe heel height and gait velocity on position sense of the knee joint and balance" 1676: 1179:

with the fusion of vogue movements and is performed using stilettos or high heels. Dancers such as

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under or around their shoes to raise themselves out of the dirty and excrement-filled streets. The

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forbade companies from mandating that female employees wear high heels at work in September 2017.

804:, which may explain why some of the women complained of severe back pain at a higher heel length. 4336: 3814: 3343: 3192: 3092: 2980: 2945: 2737:"Employers can force women to wear high heels as Government rejects campaign to ban the practice" 2431: 2337: 2251: 2053: 935: 449: 441: 287: 173: 1922:

In the year 1770 an act was introduced into Parliament against hoops, false hair, high heels...

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in ancient Egypt also elevated themselves by wearing heels to keep blood away from their feet.

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were introduced for riding. These originally had relatively low heels, but by the time of the

2129: 1966: 1390: 4394: 3910: 3824: 3566: 3551: 3546: 3476: 3235: 3219: 3084: 2972: 2937: 2556: 2540: 2499: 2483: 2407: 2364: 2313: 2278: 2235: 2094: 2084: 2045: 1790: 1648: 1600: 1590: 1542: 1534: 1358: 1348: 1295: 1265: 1192: 1106: 1067: 987: 926: 817: 460: 1427: 197: 4108: 4088: 3950: 3940: 3935: 3850: 3676: 3614: 3387: 3208:"Muscle activation of paraspinal muscles in different types of high heels during standing" 2906: 1755: 1337:"Muscle activation of paraspinal muscles in different types of high heels during standing" 1240: 1152: 1027: 845: 836: 796: 752: 687: 583: 445: 402: 379: 141:. High heels have been an important statement piece of fashion for centuries in the West. 3188: 4523: 4285: 4280: 4265: 4078: 4033: 4015: 3809: 3766: 3599: 3407: 3240: 3207: 3189:"Yanis Marshall – The Choreographer – Zumanity: Rated Cirque – Ep. 1- Cirque Du Soleil" 2561: 2528: 2504: 2471: 2099: 2072: 1794: 1547: 1522: 1363: 1336: 1285: 1255: 1202: 1180: 1164: 1139: 1085:

A Mile in Her Shoes: men walk a mile in high heels to support domestic violence victims

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Footwear that raises the heel of the wearer's foot significantly higher than the toes

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combined this with the shoe, reaching heights up to 30 inches (76 cm) by 1430.

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Jang, Il-Yong; Kang, Da-Haeng; Jeon, Jae-Keun; Jun, Hyun-Ju; Lee, Joon-Hee (2016).

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necessary and appropriate for the job, with reference to socially accepted norms.

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in Korea conducted a study to examine increased heel height and gait velocity on

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which do not fit around the toes, but displace them from their natural position.

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an increase in heel height leads to an increase in pressure beneath each of the

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Littig, Beate (2013). "On high heels: A radiography of doing Argentine tango".

1695: 1523:"High-heeled shoes and musculoskeletal injuries: a narrative systematic review" 391:

introduced the red heel to the court of French nobility. As the shoes became a

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to wider fashion use. In early 17th-century Europe, high heels were a sign of

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Dow, Bonnie J. (Spring 2003). "Feminism, Miss America, and Media Mythology".

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Jellema, AH; Huysmans, T; Hartholt, K; van der Cammen, TJM (September 2019).

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stacked heels for men of up to two inches were common. A 17th-century law in

4439: 4351: 4295: 4255: 4190: 4058: 3920: 3885: 3829: 3754: 3696: 3571: 3501: 3397: 3358: 1176: 1031: 1013: 748: 559: 384: 3249: 2941: 2570: 2513: 2427: 2384: 2108: 1662: 1614: 1556: 1454:"BBC Radio 4 – Radio 4 in Four – Nine show-stopping facts about high heels" 1372: 2976: 2333: 17: 4459: 4449: 4429: 4315: 4305: 4185: 4146: 3995: 3747: 3691: 3624: 3531: 3521: 3417: 3331: 2712: 2688:"British Woman's Revolt Against High Heels Becomes a Cause in Parliament" 2487: 1022: 943: 724: 652: 2761:"Canadian province makes it illegal to require women to wear high heels" 2544: 2180:"Italian Translation of "stiletto" | Collins English-Italian Dictionary" 2154:"Attitude and Altitude: A Short History of Shoes | Britannica Blog" 144:

High heels spread from equestrian origins with the 10th century Persian

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deal primarily with Europe and the United States and do not represent a

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In 2015, a group of women were turned away from a film premiere at the

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Reynaud, Bérénice (January 2002). "These Shoes are Made for Walking".

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Crossing Gender Boundaries: Fashion to Create, Disrupt and Transcend

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if they lured men into marriage via the use of high-heeled shoes.

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Bridges, Tristan S. (2010). "Men Just Weren't Made to do This".

3015:"Emily Blunt on Cannes heels row: 'everybody should wear flats'" 824: 343: 259: 235:, a kind of boot with heels, to ensure their feet stayed in the 122: 118: 3304: 1886:

Wade, Lisa. "From Manly to Sexy: The History of the High Heel"

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In 2016, scientists from the Department of Physical Therapy at

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Bar – had jewelry or other decorative aspects; associated with

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Stabb, Jo Ann. "The Early 20th Century Through World War II"

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Platformed footwear has a long history dating as far back as

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Park, Kisu; Kim, Young; Chung, Yijung; Hwang, Sujin (2016).

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Ed. Valarie Steele. Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2010. Web.

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depicts an Indian woman's feet clad in raised shoes called

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from the original on 18 November 2021 – via YouTube.

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High heels can have the effect of sexualizing the wearer.

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Duffett, Judith (October 1968). "WLM vs. Miss America".

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Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe,

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A non-traditional ballroom dance that uses heels is the

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Wearing high-heeled shoes is associated with developing

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notably began wearing red-heeled shoes. In 12th-century

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Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe

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Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe

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specializes in choreography that blends the styles of

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Wearing high heels is associated with greater risk of

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edited by Jose Blanco, vol. 3 ABC-CLIO, pp. 330-332.

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A modern style of dance called heels choreography or

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that they would remind red carpet officials of this.

4122: 4113: 1428:"Standing TALL: The Curious History of Men in Heels" 4407: 4365: 4324: 4228: 4024: 3868: 3838: 3780: 3725: 3669: 3662: 3585: 3514: 3459: 3426: 3368: 795:of 200 women found that 58% of women complained of 727:— first mentioned in a newspaper in September 1953. 677:Chunky – have a thick heel, frequently paired with 3013: 2735: 522:For men, high heeled boots made a comeback in the 1384: 1382: 30:"High Heels" redirects here. For other uses, see 1867:"Brief Introduction of Manchu High-heeled Shoes" 2930:Afterall: A Journal of Art, Context and Enquiry 2816:"Philippines bans mandatory high heels at work" 2454:"Footwear: The Primary Cause of Foot Disorders" 414:In Britain in 1770, an act was introduced into 302:announced that women would be subjected to the 250:Closeup of padukas on an Indian medieval statue 2271:International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 3316: 3137:A History of Medical Scientists on High Heels 2658:"Heel-loving Sturgeon steps into shoe debate" 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1138:Many styles of dance are performed in heels. 889:High-heeled shoes almost always have pointed 52:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 1475:Ravindra S. Goonetilleke (6 November 2012). 374:Modern high heels were brought to Europe by 1521:Barnish, MS; Barnish, J (13 January 2016). 358:Persian women's heeled shoes in Safavid era 4480: 4362: 3666: 3423: 3323: 3309: 3301: 2447: 2445: 1918:Manners, and Customs of the English Nation 1843:Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia 1814:Feet and Footwear: A Cultural Encyclopedia 747:Women's high-heeled shoes with dyed black 723:– tall, skinny heel—the name taken from a 690:with heel up to 170 mm (6.5 in). 278:in Europe, both men and women wore wooden 3239: 2560: 2503: 2098: 2088: 1816:. Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. p. 311. 1721: 1719: 1717: 1652: 1604: 1594: 1546: 1434:. Bata Shoe Museum, Toronto, Canada. 2017 1362: 1352: 978:In the UK in 2016 temporary receptionist 90:Learn how and when to remove this message 3141:International Journal of Health Services 3000:Voice of the Women's Liberation Movement 2209:The Postwar Period into the 21st Century 2071:Barnish M, Morgan HM, Barnish J (2018). 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 353: 2604:"High heels 'should be banned at work'" 1971:. Parkstone International. p. 72. 1308: 1183:specialize in dancing with high heels. 986:In April 2017 the Canadian province of 850: 572: 180:, development of foot deformities, and 2610:from the original on 23 September 2009 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1728:"Why did men stop wearing high heels?" 1677:"High Heels' Damage to the Human Foot" 1193:Dance and health § Risks of dance 807:In a 1992 study, researchers from the 598:Same shoe from above, showing pointed 3408:Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) 2748:from the original on 12 January 2022. 2586:"Carmel high heel ban makes Ripley's" 2221: 2219: 2217: 2203:Schwartz, Jessica. "Stiletto Heels". 2021:Elizabeth Hawkins (25 October 2017). 1999: 1997: 1995: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1920:, James Blackwood, pp. 261–262, 1898: 1896: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1026:sometimes been analyzed as a form of 387:wore heels, and his predecessor King 7: 3158:"Dance Centre Myway – Стили / Heels" 3026:from the original on 12 January 2022 2859:Hollingsworth, Julia (4 June 2019). 1422: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1201:can squeeze tightly enough to cause 3212:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 3187:YANIS MARSHALL (28 December 2015). 3113:. ballroomguide.com. Archived from 2533:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2476:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2452:Rossi, William A. (February 2001). 2228:European Journal of Women's Studies 1837:Margo DeMello (10 September 2009). 1726:Kremer, William (25 January 2013). 1694:Mollerup, Per (30 September 2019). 1389:Reilly, Andrew; Barry, Ben (2020). 1341:Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2038:Evolutionary Psychological Science 1946:Shawcross, Rebecca. "High Heels." 1795:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.006 800:pressure and tension on the lower 224:Starting in the 10th century, the 25: 2814:Yi, Beh Lih (25 September 2017). 2656:McIntosh, Lindsay (16 May 2016). 2584:Bell, Diane (11 September 2014). 2207:, edited by Jose Blanco, vol. 4: 2023:"Why arched backs are attractive" 1395:. Intellect Books. pp. 98–. 4479: 2759:Collig, Pádraig (8 April 2017). 2128:, Palmer Higgs Pty Ltd, p. 1902:Blanco F José, et al., editors. 865: 853: 611: 591: 575: 432:similar in appearance to modern 121:with an upward-angled sole. The 43: 2629:Johnston, Chris (12 May 2016). 2412:10.1152/japplphysiol.01402.2011 1596:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.06.002 809:University of California, Davis 2686:Bilefsky, Dan (6 March 2017). 2369:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.03.008 2009:Gale Virtual Reference Library 1948:The Berg Companion to Fashion. 1126:Styles of dance that use heels 667:Annabelle – 7-cm platform heel 641:for women, and magazines like 1: 3135:Linder and Saltzman (1998), " 2965:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2905:. 5 June 2019. Archived from 2734:Yorke, Harr (21 April 2017). 2400:Journal of Applied Physiology 2283:10.1016/s0169-8141(01)00038-5 1700:. MIT Press. pp. 76–77. 1134:Standard ballroom tango shoes 860:Diagram of an Achilles tendon 793:Pennsylvania State University 602:too narrow for the toes, and 202: 1783:Evolution and Human Behavior 1481:. CRC Press. pp. 542–. 830:patellofemoral pain syndrome 4465: 4211: 4167: 4123: 4114: 3896:Cross country running shoes 3753: 3630: 1641:Journal of Vascular Surgery 1539:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010053 905:Balance control of the body 901:, a deformity of the foot. 813:Thomas Jefferson University 791:A 2001 survey conducted by 705:Pinet – straight and skinny 201:European heeled shoes from 106:A pair of high-heeled shoes 66:, discuss the issue on the 32:High Heels (disambiguation) 4540: 2898:職場でハイヒール強制「業務上必要なら」厚労相が容認 2318:10.1177/107110079201300206 1276:Locomotor effects of shoes 1190: 1065: 509:saw the popularization of 450:the famous British general 29: 4477: 3338: 2715:. BBC News. 21 April 2017 2090:10.1186/s12889-017-4573-4 2050:10.1007/s40806-017-0123-7 1845:. ABC-CLIO. p. 323. 1758:. "Feet of Engineering". 1654:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.01.039 875:of the foot in high heels 481:During the 20th century, 406:Typical 18th-century shoe 304:same treatment as witches 258:in the 11th century, the 3288:"How to Wear High Heels" 3089:10.1177/0891243209356924 2897: 2240:10.1177/1350506813496397 2122:Maxfield, Clare (2004), 1710:– via IEEE Xplore. 649:University of Portsmouth 3268:"High Heel Shoe museum" 2675:(subscription required) 2590:San Diego Union-Tribune 1478:The Science of Footwear 1432:Google Arts and Culture 1105:Children's high-heeled 930:Spinal column curvature 730:Wedge – popularized by 618:World War II poster of 3869:Sport-related footwear 3441:Prince Albert slippers 3206:Han, Dongwook (2015). 2942:10.1086/aft.6.20711475 2840:. Reuters. 6 June 2019 1808:Margo DeMello (2009). 1335:Han, Dongwook (2015). 1135: 1113: 1086: 1018: 931: 894: 755: 751:fur, by Inuk designer 502: 465: 407: 371: 359: 351: 346:men's heeled shoes in 251: 206: 107: 3733:Australian work boots 2977:10.1353/rap.2003.0028 2184:collinsdictionary.com 1916:John Brookes (1859), 1133: 1104: 1084: 1016: 929: 888: 788:(only women tested). 746: 558:became popular among 496: 464:1850's sewing machine 463: 405: 365: 357: 342: 249: 200: 105: 4519:High-heeled footwear 4509:21st-century fashion 4504:20th-century fashion 3946:Mountaineering boots 3472:High-heeled footwear 3451:Venetian-style shoes 3077:Gender & Society 2488:10.1589/jpts.28.2482 2160:on 25 September 2015 1965:Klaus, Carl (2011). 1055:Cannes Film Festival 1043:Miss America protest 782:musculoskeletal pain 686:Cromwell – based on 505:The era surrounding 266:, a statue from the 178:musculoskeletal pain 72:create a new article 64:improve this article 4485:List of shoe styles 4229:Historical footwear 3815:Over-the-knee boots 3605:Cantabrian albarcas 2545:10.1589/jpts.28.956 1681:healthcare.utah.edu 1145:International Latin 1077:A Mile in Her Shoes 911:Sahmyook University 732:Salvatore Ferragamo 436:were popular among 4337:Blake construction 4181:Peshawari chappals 4142:Kolhapuri chappals 3344:Abandoned footwear 3274:on 21 January 2020 3224:10.1589/jpts.27.67 2795:. 30 November 2018 2692:The New York Times 2357:Gait & Posture 1888:The Society Pages. 1354:10.1589/jpts.27.67 1199:space for the toes 1157:tilting the pelvis 1136: 1114: 1087: 1030:in service of the 1019: 932: 895: 756: 530:, associated with 503: 469:production of the 466: 442:Battle of Waterloo 408: 376:Persian emissaries 372: 360: 352: 252: 207: 108: 4491: 4490: 4403: 4402: 4325:Shoe construction 3864: 3863: 3522:Driving moccasins 3510: 3509: 2903:The Asahi Shimbun 2077:BMC Public Health 1852:978-0-313-35715-2 1823:978-0-313-35714-5 1683:. 7 January 2016. 1488:978-1-4398-3569-2 1402:978-1-78938-115-3 1091:domestic violence 970:Carmel-by-the-Sea 501:high-heeled shoes 296:English Civil War 111:High-heeled shoes 100: 99: 92: 74:, as appropriate. 16:(Redirected from 4531: 4483: 4482: 4470: 4363: 4216: 4172: 4128: 4119: 3941:Motorcycle boots 3936:Minimalist shoes 3851:Wellington boots 3825:Thigh-high boots 3758: 3677:Ammunition boots 3667: 3635: 3567:Tiger-head shoes 3547:Self-tying shoes 3424: 3388:Brothel creepers 3325: 3318: 3311: 3302: 3297: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3270:. 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Archived from 2150: 2144: 2142: 2125:Getting Gorgeous 2119: 2113: 2112: 2102: 2092: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2018: 2012: 2001: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1962: 1951: 1944: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1891: 1890:5 February 2013. 1884: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1834: 1828: 1827: 1810:"Sumptuary laws" 1805: 1799: 1798: 1778: 1763: 1756:Trufelman, Avery 1753: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1723: 1712: 1711: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1647:(4): 1039–1044. 1632: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1598: 1574: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1518: 1493: 1492: 1472: 1466: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1424: 1407: 1406: 1386: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1356: 1332: 1266:High heel policy 1241:Thigh-high boots 1068:High heel policy 1041:At the feminist 988:British Columbia 922:Postural effects 869: 857: 818:metatarsal bones 780:associated with 615: 595: 579: 446:Wellington Boots 204: 117:, are a type of 113:, also known as 95: 88: 84: 81: 75: 47: 46: 39: 21: 4539: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4473: 4399: 4361: 4320: 4281:Flowerpot shoes 4224: 4020: 4016:Wrestling shoes 3860: 3834: 3810:Knee-high boots 3776: 3767:Steel-toe boots 3721: 3658: 3587:Wooden footwear 3581: 3506: 3455: 3422: 3364: 3363: 3334: 3329: 3296:. 20 July 2012. 3286: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3022:. 19 May 2015. 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2901:(in Japanese). 2899: 2895: 2894: 2890: 2880: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2718: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2583: 2582: 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846:Achilles tendon 837:Muscle fascicle 797:lower back pain 777: 775:Injury and pain 772: 753:Nicole Camphaug 741: 725:long thin knife 688:Oliver Cromwell 661: 634: 627: 626:) in high heels 616: 607: 596: 587: 584:US Marine Corps 580: 479: 458: 448:popularized by 380:Abbas the Great 337: 319:, most wealthy 276:Medieval period 195: 190: 132: 96: 85: 79: 76: 61: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4537: 4535: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4390:Stiletto heels 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4276:Duckbill shoes 4273: 4268: 4266:Chinese styles 4263: 4261:Cavalier boots 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4217: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4164: 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