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2687:, and 20% do not believe but "sometimes think God exists". Pertaining to other supernatural notions, the Guttman surveys and other polls show that a considerable share hold various such: between 25% and 36%, believe that God revealed the Law and precepts at Sinai, that a higher power guides Jewish history, that the Jews are a chosen people and that there is a soul that survives death. Only disbelief in the
5110:
2592:. Although their standard of observance is low by Orthodox standards, many of the ostensibly secular exhibit an array of religious acts that would mark them off as fairly religious in the American context. Though the term is misleading, "secular" is the common label to identify people who do not consistently practice the ritual behavior mandated by Orthodox Judaism.
2672:, are part of Jewish-Israeli lifestyle and lack an overt religious connotation, the "totally nonobservant" often perform some. In the 1999 Guttman survey, only a third of them did not practice any of the ten common rituals studied. At the other end, Yaacov Yadgar and Charles Liebman estimated in 2009 that about 25% of the
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are regarded as crucial by the vast majority. When "separation of religion and state" is used in the
Israeli context, it is mostly understood as a wish to abolish the many laws curtailing personal freedom, not actual separation. This innate tension led to a state of affairs dubbed by Professor
79:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
2564:
is used to identify Jews who observe fewer traditional practices than the other, more religious, Jewish subgroups (apart from that, the term may also be used as a derogatory epithet by observant Jews, or to be associated with
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Israelis usually regard themselves as "traditional" regardless of lifestyle and conviction. Among
Mizrahim and Sephardim, those who aspire to emulate the European-descended also tend to adopt the label
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literally means "secular", many scholars argue it is problematic in translation. Professor Yoav Peled preferred to render it as "nonobservant." Kenneth D. Wald and Samuel Shye commented that:
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food and the like, considerably liberalized the public sphere, but barely affected religious legislation and did not introduce principled secularism into the political arena.
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Israeli social scientists measure levels of religiosity/secularity among Jews in terms of practice, not faith, and use the category of "totally nonobservant" to identify the
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or "traditional", is highly porous. Surveys demonstrated that it is not reliant on objective levels of belief or ritual observance, but mainly on socioethnic lines:
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for other reasons, likely since they had been highly influenced by
European colonial powers and certain aspects of enlightenment. Many surveys offer to the
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in the common sense of the word is rather rare in the country. Orthodoxy plays a central role in defining national identity, and religious issues like
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Israelis, either native or post-Soviet immigrants, tend to describe themselves as "secular" even when they observe or believe quite substantially, and
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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were "somewhat observant", and a negligible minority stated "observance to great extent". As many ritual behaviours, like setting a
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2699:. Denominational identification, as known among American and other Western Jews, is mostly irrelevant in the Israeli context (
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Hebrew
Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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It is essential to recall that secularity in Israel is defined in reaction to the extremely stringent demands of
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polls, ranged from a minimum of 21.4% to a maximum of 28.4% of the entire sample, or roughly two-thirds of all
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numbered between a maximum of 45% in 2005 and a minimum of 41.4% in 2009. In 2018, the figure was 43.2%.
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entail a conscious rejection of Jewish religious identity or even necessarily connote indifference
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2625:-descended Jews, such as those who emigrated from Iraq and Algeria, have labelled themselves as
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Stephen Sharot as "secularization without secularism": since the 1990s, the demand of both
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have no equivalent category in the
American Jewish community). Yet, when asked in the 2015
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In matters of faith, four surveys between 2009 and 2019 imply that on average, 60% of the
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survey, the most comprehensive on the matter, 46% of all respondents reported they were
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2966:, מהגרים, מתיישבים, ילידים: המדינה והחברה בישראל – בין ריבוי תרבויות למלחמות תרבות.
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A Portrait of
Israeli Jews: Beliefs, Observance, and Values of Israeli Jews, 2009
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2016:
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2522:. The other three subgroups on the scale of Jewish-Israeli religiosity are the
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2902:. Iyunim B'tkumat Yisrael. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 2004. p. 1-2.
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2810:"Secular-Jewish Identity and the Condition of Secular Judaism in Israel"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
17:
3033:
Between State and
Synagogue: The Secularization of Contemporary Israel
2858:
Israel's Jewish
Identity Crisis: State and Politics in the Middle East
2664:, stated they were "totally nonobservant". Almost all the rest of the
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2732:
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1990:
1975:
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2860:. Cambridge University Press, 2020. p. 71; Ilan Troen (April 2016).
3446:
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3018:. Wayne State University Press, 2011. pp. 232-234; Yaacov Yadgar,
998:
427:
331:
300:
2820:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 149–170.
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are highly observant, on par with the more religious subgroups.
2622:
150:
76:
3450:
3070:
2736:
populace, and oppose further religious legislation in Israel,
37:
3063:. Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. Vol 7, No. 1, March 2008.
3051:
Seculars in a
Religious Society: Fertility of Jews in Israel
2885:
The
Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies
2916:
Jewishness of Israelis, The Responses to the Guttman Report
3016:
Comparative Perspectives on Judaisms and Jewish Identities
2637:". Between 2002 and 2018, those who identified as such in
3035:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. xi-xii, 37, etc.
2660:. About 16% of the entire sample, virtually all of them
2899:
Jewish Practice and Popular Culture in Israeli Society
2832:
Definition: p. 2, beliefs and practice: pp. 10-11, 30.
2818:
Religion or Ethnicity? Jewish Identities in Evolution
2719:. 64% did not identify with any particular movement.
3022:. State University of New York Press, 2017. pp. 189.
2518:, designating the least religious segment among the
2014:
1995:
418:
72:
4909:
4774:
4646:
4520:
4414:
3945:
3634:
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3506:
3413:
3379:
3351:
3299:
3266:
3243:
3178:
3169:
3104:
3060:
Religion for the Secular: the new Israeli rabbinate
2633:the sub-category of "not very religious/tending to
3054:. Submission to the EAPS Conference, October 2011.
2932:. Israeli Democracy Institute, 2012. pp. 30, 33, .
2946:מי שמאמין: המספרים שמאחורי האמונה בחברה הישראלית
2870:, Vol. 53, Issue 2. p. 2; Yoav and Hurit Peled,
2981:Comparisons between Jews in Israel and the U.S.
2695:closely correlates with self-identification as
2582:
2683:respondents believe in God, 20% are convinced
97:accompanying your translation by providing an
63:Click for important translation instructions.
55:expand this article with text translated from
3462:
3082:
2466:
8:
3020:Sovereign Jews: Israel, Zionism, and Judaism
4951:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
2800:
2798:
2796:
710:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3631:
3469:
3455:
3447:
3175:
3089:
3075:
3067:
2711:respondents identified as Orthodox, 5% as
2473:
2459:
2323:
1964:
1037:
844:
449:
318:
137:
3498:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4997:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2887:. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 50.
2792:
2374:
2326:
2152:
2099:
2066:
2043:
1967:
1833:
1721:
1695:
1530:
1324:
1099:
1071:
930:
764:
693:
593:
508:
452:
372:
349:
321:
149:
2872:The Religionization of Israeli Society
2753:Israelis for consumer activity on the
2707:survey of Israeli society, 23% of the
2548:' survey, 43.2% of Jews identified as
7:
2998:Israel’s Religiously Divided Society
2918:. SUNY Press, 2012. pp. 66, 130-131.
2910:
2908:
2840:
2838:
2546:Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
2507:
2495:
5147:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew
4944:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
4924:American Jewish Historical Society
25:
501:Historical population comparisons
5108:
5095:
5094:
2914:Charles S. Liebman, Elihu Katz,
2896:Charles Liebman, Yaacov Yadgar.
1145:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1059:Historical population by country
42:
5016:Relations with other religions
2600:category and the nearest, the
133:Least religious Jews in Israel
107:You may also add the template
1:
5003:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
2874:. Routledge, 2018. pp. 14-15.
716:Christianity and Judaism
4934:Leo Baeck Institute New York
4929:American Sephardi Federation
2596:The demarcation between the
3757:Constantinopolitan Karaites
2757:(technically illegal), non-
2015:
1996:
1723:Latin America and Caribbean
419:
120:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
5163:
4985:National Library of Israel
3626:Zionism, race and genetics
3339:The Church of Almighty God
2328:Jewish political movements
2025:Conversion to Judaism
71:Machine translation, like
26:
5083:
4939:Yeshiva University Museum
4919:Center for Jewish History
3488:
3314:Hebrew Christian movement
2883:Phil Zuckerman (editor),
2863:Secular Judaism in Israel
2808:; Yadgar, Yaacov (2009).
2730:, fear the growth of the
2726:are often hostile to the
2588:and does not necessarily
2560:In the Israeli parlance,
731:Hinduism and Judaism
109:{{Translated|he|חילונים}}
57:the corresponding article
5142:Social history of Israel
3531:Ancient Israel and Judah
557:Temple in Jerusalem
250:Bar and bat mitzvah
27:Not to be confused with
3907:North African Sephardim
3880:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3219:Melkite Greek Catholic
519:Twelve Tribes of Israel
118:For more guidance, see
5137:Demographics of Israel
5010:Holocaust Encyclopedia
4980:Jewish Virtual Library
2594:
2540:, "ultra-religious" ("
4957:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4739:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
3924:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3674:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
2621:. Nevertheless, some
1265:São Tomé and Príncipe
1260:Republic of the Congo
654:Second Temple Judaism
525:Kingdom of Judah
496:Modern historiography
91:copyright attribution
3536:Second Temple period
2771:Irreligion in Israel
2367:World Agudath Israel
1508:United Arab Emirates
595:Second Temple period
585:Babylonian captivity
33:Secularism in Israel
29:Irreligion in Israel
4974:Jewish Encyclopedia
4719:Hekhalot literature
4530:Religious movements
4065:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3382:Abrahamic religions
3319:Jehovah's Witnesses
3003:Pew Research Center
2985:Pew Research Center
2806:Liebman, Charles S.
2705:Pew Research Center
2534:, "religious"; and
2510:; "secular"), is a
660:Hellenistic Judaism
238:Land of Israel
197:Principles of faith
5115:Judaism portal
5051:Jews and Halloween
5046:Jews and Christmas
4436:Rabbinic authority
4188:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3621:Xueta Christianity
3526:Origins of Judaism
3493:Outline of Judaism
3291:Ethiopian Tewahedo
3276:Armenian Apostolic
3268:Oriental Orthodoxy
3098:Religion in Israel
2954:, 2 November 2019.
2776:Religion in Israel
2650:completely secular
2221:Jewish Koine Greek
1763:Dominican Republic
1044:Judaism by country
723:Jews and Christmas
578:Assyrian captivity
99:interlanguage link
5124:
5123:
5090:extinct languages
4991:YIVO Encyclopedia
4766:Hebrew literature
4734:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4574:Reconstructionist
4252:Judaeo-Portuguese
3941:
3940:
3897:Eastern Sephardim
3541:Synagogal Judaism
3444:
3443:
3347:
3346:
3329:Messianic Judaism
3245:Eastern Orthodoxy
3198:Chaldean Catholic
3193:Armenian Catholic
3048:Barbara S. Okun,
2964:Baruch Kimmerling
2781:Jewish secularism
2528:, "traditional";
2483:
2482:
2432:
2431:
2180:
2179:
1927:Reconstructionist
1871:
1870:
1023:
1022:
830:
829:
667:Jewish–Roman wars
615:Hasmonean dynasty
531:Kingdom of Israel
435:
434:
131:
130:
64:
16:(Redirected from
5154:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5098:
5097:
4230:Judeo-Golpaygani
3831:Palestinian Jews
3806:Alexandrian Jews
3762:Crimean Karaites
3679:Unterlander Jews
3632:
3546:Rabbinic Judaism
3471:
3464:
3457:
3448:
3258:Russian Orthodox
3176:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3014:Stephen Sharot,
3012:
3006:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2961:
2955:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2919:
2912:
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2888:
2881:
2875:
2854:
2848:
2845:ICBS 2018 Survey
2842:
2833:
2831:
2802:
2586:Orthodox Judaism
2544:"). In the 2018
2509:
2497:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2324:
2205:
2026:
2020:
2001:
1965:
1912:
1859:New Zealand
1811:
1774:El Salvador
1764:
1696:Northern America
1688:
1282:
1038:
949:Crimean Karaites
845:
823:
821:
742:
740:
732:
726:
717:
705:Rabbinic Judaism
686:
680:
674:
662:
650:
616:
609:Maccabean Revolt
586:
579:
573:
565:
558:
552:
544:
526:
450:
424:
319:
251:
239:
138:
110:
104:
77:Google Translate
62:
46:
45:
38:
21:
5162:
5161:
5157:
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5151:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5109:
5107:
5079:
4905:
4770:
4642:
4516:
4410:
4225:Judeo-Borujerdi
4200:Judeo-Malayalam
4146:Judeo-Aragonese
4117:Lishanid Noshan
3949:
3937:
3669:Oberlander Jews
3630:
3560:
3502:
3484:
3475:
3445:
3440:
3409:
3375:
3343:
3295:
3286:Coptic Orthodox
3281:Syriac Orthodox
3262:
3239:
3235:Syriac Catholic
3165:
3100:
3095:
3057:Adam Ferziger,
3045:
3040:
3039:
3031:Guy ben-Porat,
3030:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3005:, 8 March 2016.
2995:
2991:
2987:, 8 March 2016.
2978:
2974:
2970:, 2004. p. 191.
2962:
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2856:Yaacov Yadgar,
2855:
2851:
2843:
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2828:
2804:
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2794:
2789:
2767:
2728:state rabbinate
2558:
2512:social category
2479:
2434:
2433:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2301:Judeo-Malayalam
2281:Judaeo-Georgian
2201:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2082:Yiddish theatre
2024:
1962:
1952:
1951:
1910:
1883:
1873:
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1809:
1762:
1686:
1280:
1064:Genetic studies
1035:
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1024:
842:
832:
831:
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818:
738:
737:
730:
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697:and Middle Ages
695:Rabbinic period
682:
676:
669:
657:
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614:
584:
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560:
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542:in Judaism
539:
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316:
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305:
249:
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182:
134:
127:
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23:
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5:
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5068:
5063:
5057:non-Christian
5055:
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5028:
5013:
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4778:
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4771:
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4763:
4758:
4756:Shulchan Aruch
4753:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4744:Sefer Yetzirah
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4724:Pardes Rimonim
4721:
4714:Kabbalah texts
4711:
4710:
4709:
4704:
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4683:
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4507:Land of Israel
4504:
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4409:
4408:
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4399:
4394:
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4383:Judeo-Alsatian
4375:
4374:
4373:
4366:
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4356:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
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4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Judeo-Hamedani
4232:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4210:Judaeo-Occitan
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
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4190:
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4151:Jewish English
4148:
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4139:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4082:Judaeo-Aramaic
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4070:Judeo-Tunisian
4067:
4062:
4060:Judeo-Moroccan
4057:
4056:
4055:
4053:Judeo-Baghdadi
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
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3909:
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3902:Livornese Jews
3899:
3889:
3884:
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3698:
3688:
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3671:
3666:
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3649:Afrikaner-Jode
3640:
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3303:
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3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3272:
3270:
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3260:
3255:
3253:Greek Orthodox
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3231:
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3225:
3217:
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3101:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
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3055:
3044:
3043:External links
3041:
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2654:Guttman Center
2652:. In the 2009
2557:
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2542:ultra-Orthodox
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2362:Territorialism
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2028:
2021:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1963:
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1120:Bilad-el-Sudan
1117:
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1103:
1097:
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1073:Land of Israel
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931:Related groups
928:
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828:
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800:
795:
790:
788:Jewish atheism
785:
780:
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761:
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739:Islamic–Jewish
734:
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707:
699:
698:
691:
690:
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688:
664:
651:
623:
618:
611:
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604:Yehud Medinata
598:
597:
591:
590:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
553:
545:
533:
528:
521:
513:
512:
510:Ancient Israel
506:
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503:
498:
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488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Land of Israel
463:
455:
454:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
432:
431:
430:
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421:Shulchan Aruch
416:
411:
406:
401:
393:
392:
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385:
377:
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187:God in Judaism
183:
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158:
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147:
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132:
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116:
105:
83:
80:
69:
66:
52:
51:
50:
48:
41:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5159:
5148:
5145:
5143:
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5116:
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5067:
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5042:
5041:Protestantism
5039:
5037:
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5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
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4992:
4988:
4986:
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4981:
4978:
4976:
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4959:
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4908:
4902:
4899:
4895:
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4887:
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4885:
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4880:
4877:
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4865:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4854:
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4779:
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4773:
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4757:
4754:
4750:
4747:
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4730:
4729:Sefer HaBahir
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
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4656:Sifrei Kodesh
4654:
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4639:
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4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4513:
4512:Who is a Jew?
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4479:
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4466:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Chosen people
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4398:
4397:Scots-Yiddish
4395:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4370:Klezmer-loshn
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Judeo-Shirazi
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4215:Judeo-Persian
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Judeo-Marathi
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:Judeo-Italian
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Judeo-Amazigh
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Hadhrami Jews
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Mountain Jews
3824:
3822:
3821:Egyptian Jews
3819:
3817:
3816:Bukharan Jews
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3604:Lists of Jews
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3405:Black Hebrews
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3301:Protestantism
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2942:Shmuel Rosner
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2847:, p. 82 (76).
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2827:9780813544502
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Gitelman, Zvi
2811:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2693:World to Come
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:Jewish public
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Judeo-Aramaic
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Judeo-Italian
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2256:Ghardaïa Sign
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:Denominations
1877:
1876:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:United States
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Guinea-Bissau
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Lists of Jews
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
835:
824:
816:
814:
811:
809:
808:The Holocaust
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
735:
733:
728:
724:
718:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
700:
696:
692:
685:
679:
673:
668:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
596:
592:
587:
582:
580:
575:
571:
567:
564:
559:
554:
550:
546:
543:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
514:
511:
507:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
440:
429:
426:
423:
422:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Mishneh Torah
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
375:
371:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
352:
348:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:
320:
315:
310:
309:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
247:
245:
242:
240:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
198:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
181:
176:
175:
170:
169:Who is a Jew?
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
136:
121:
117:
114:
106:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
68:
67:
60:
58:
53:You can help
49:
40:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5106:
5099:
5085:
5008:
5001:
4989:
4972:
4955:
4789:perspectives
4623:Samaritanism
4584:Neo-Hasidism
4564:Conservative
4478:Names of God
4387:
4368:
4178:Judaeo-Greek
4173:Judeo-Gascon
4112:Lishán Didán
4107:Lishana Deni
4075:Judeo-Yemeni
4043:Judeo-Arabic
3917:Meshuchrarim
3836:Persian Jews
3769:Kurdish Jews
3747:Kaifeng Jews
3696:Beta Abraham
3659:Galitzianers
3614:Antisemitism
3589:Israeli Jews
3574:Assimilation
3400:Samaritanism
3395:Baháʼí Faith
3171:Christianity
3150:
3136:Conservative
3058:
3049:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3010:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2959:
2949:
2937:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2817:
2750:
2746:
2731:
2723:
2721:
2717:Conservative
2708:
2700:
2696:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2618:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2561:
2559:
2549:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2425:Post-Zionism
2296:Judeo-Berber
2291:Judeo-Arabic
2251:Judeo-Gascon
2035:
1998:Pidyon haben
1917:Conservative
1463:Saudi Arabia
1281:South Africa
1270:Sierra Leone
1092:Israeli Jews
1006:Mosaic Arabs
959:Kaifeng Jews
820:Arab–Israeli
793:Emancipation
672:Great Revolt
481:Anti-Judaism
476:Antisemitism
471:Name "Judea"
266:Baal teshuva
135:
95:edit summary
86:
54:
5031:Catholicism
4613:Hellenistic
4451:Eschatology
4389:Lachoudisch
4314:Lotegorisch
4292:Lachoudisch
4282:Koiné Greek
4195:Judeo-Latin
4132:Palestinian
4026:Palestinian
3875:Mustaʿravim
3801:Afghan Jews
3789:Berber Jews
3713:Bene Israel
3701:Falash Mura
3691:Beta Israel
3609:Persecution
3551:Middle Ages
3436:Neopaganism
3180:Catholicism
2556:Definitions
2420:Revisionist
2410:Neo-Zionism
2017:Zeved habat
1810:Puerto Rico
1636:Netherlands
1468:South Korea
1453:Philippines
1333:Afghanistan
1200:Ivory Coast
974:Crypto-Jews
939:Bnei Anusim
918:Bene Israel
883:Beta Israel
840:Communities
747:Middle Ages
486:Persecution
261:Bereavement
5131:Categories
5026:Anabaptism
4968:Jew (word)
4835:Leadership
4648:Literature
4633:Secularism
4579:Humanistic
4446:Conversion
4416:Philosophy
4257:Judeo-Urdu
4021:Babylonian
3866:Saada Jews
3851:Adeni Jews
3644:Ashkenazim
3599:Samaritans
3566:Population
3521:Israelites
3431:Irreligion
2787:References
2742:conversion
2738:secularism
2715:and 2% as
2567:secularism
2508:חִלּוֹנִים
2498:), plural
2405:Maximalism
2357:Secularism
2337:Autonomism
2154:Literature
1947:Humanistic
1551:Azerbaijan
1513:Uzbekistan
1488:Tajikistan
1408:Kyrgyzstan
1393:Kazakhstan
1240:Mozambique
1215:Madagascar
1135:Cape Verde
1087:New Yishuv
1082:Old Yishuv
1033:Population
1011:Subbotniks
969:Samaritans
908:Romanyotim
851:Ashkenazim
798:Old Yishuv
778:Sabbateans
765:Modern era
757:Golden Age
684:Bar Kokhba
404:Beit Yosef
271:Philosophy
5088:indicate
5036:Mormonism
5021:Christian
4901:Symbolism
4889:Synagogue
4869:Mythology
4830:Education
4801:Astronomy
4784:Astrology
4601:relations
4406:Zarphatic
4354:Galitzish
4156:Yeshivish
4033:Catalanic
3996:Samaritan
3971:Ashkenazi
3952:Diasporic
3947:Languages
3892:Sephardim
3887:Romaniote
3774:Krymchaks
3708:Desi Jews
3584:Buddhists
3371:Ahmadiyya
3228:Jerusalem
3213:Jerusalem
3203:Maronites
3129:Sepharadi
3119:Ashkenazi
2606:Ashkenazi
2496:חִלּוֹנִי
2415:Religious
2271:Zarphatic
2261:Bukharian
2231:Judeo-Tat
2216:Yeshivish
2190:Languages
2145:Sephardic
2135:Israelite
2125:Ethiopian
2115:Ashkenazi
2054:Religious
1844:Australia
1826:Venezuela
1732:Argentina
1714:Greenland
1626:Lithuania
1478:Sri Lanka
1473:Singapore
1398:Kurdistan
1363:Indonesia
1353:Hong Kong
1306:Abayudaya
1230:Mauritius
964:Igbo Jews
954:Krymchaks
873:Sephardim
741:relations
635:Sadducees
631:Pharisees
621:Sanhedrin
536:Jerusalem
296:Synagogue
164:Etymology
113:talk page
59:in Hebrew
5101:Category
5071:Hinduism
5061:Buddhism
4963:Genetics
4879:Politics
4852:Marriage
4811:Holidays
4806:Calendar
4687:Rabbinic
4663:/Hebrew
4608:Haymanot
4535:Orthodox
4522:Branches
4495:Kabbalah
4490:Haskalah
4468:Holiness
4344:dialects
4324:Shassagh
4287:Krymchak
4267:Kayliñña
4161:Yinglish
4137:Galilean
4127:Talmudic
4122:Biblical
4097:Betanure
4016:Biblical
4011:Mishnaic
4006:Medieval
3991:Tiberian
3986:Yemenite
3976:Sephardi
3912:Paradesi
3856:Ḥabbanim
3846:Teimanim
3811:Baghdadi
3784:Maghrebi
3752:Karaites
3730:Gruzínim
3718:Kochinim
3636:Diaspora
3594:Karaites
3579:Atheists
3516:Timeline
3426:Hinduism
3421:Buddhism
3334:Templers
3324:Lutheran
3309:Anglican
3156:Haymanot
3146:Masortim
3114:Orthodox
2765:See also
2691:and the
2685:atheists
2643:masortim
2631:masortim
2614:Sephardi
2525:masortim
2442:Category
2400:Kahanism
2347:Feminism
2319:Politics
2203:Biblical
2173:American
2120:Bukharan
2110:American
2010:Shidduch
1986:Clothing
1942:Haymanot
1888:Orthodox
1816:Suriname
1799:Paraguay
1752:Colombia
1651:Portugal
1561:Bulgaria
1498:Thailand
1448:Pakistan
1428:Mongolia
1423:Malaysia
1343:Cambodia
1317:Zimbabwe
1292:Tanzania
1170:Eswatini
1160:Ethiopia
1150:Djibouti
1130:Cameroon
1125:Botswana
1054:Diaspora
1016:Noahides
989:Marranos
913:Cochinim
898:Bukharim
888:Gruzinim
878:Teimanim
868:Mizrahim
856:Galician
822:conflict
783:Hasidism
773:Haskalah
678:Diaspora
549:timeline
461:Timeline
374:Rabbinic
281:Kabbalah
256:Marriage
232:Tzedakah
222:Holidays
180:Religion
143:a series
141:Part of
89:provide
5086:Italics
4911:Studies
4857:Divorce
4823:Kashrut
4818:Cuisine
4776:Culture
4707:Midrash
4702:Tosefta
4692:Mishnah
4680:Ketuvim
4675:Nevi'im
4638:Schisms
4628:Science
4618:Karaite
4589:Renewal
4550:Litvaks
4545:Hasidic
4500:Sefirot
4485:Halakha
4456:Messiah
4429:Mitzvah
4424:Beliefs
4378:Western
4364:Poylish
4359:Litvish
4349:Eastern
4339:Yiddish
4334:Shuadit
4319:Qwareña
4307:Tetuani
4302:Haketia
4277:Knaanic
4272:Kivruli
4220:Bukhori
4166:Heblish
4102:Hulaulá
4092:Barzani
4048:Yahudic
3981:Mizrahi
3841:Urfalim
3796:Mizrahi
3740:Neofiti
3735:Italkim
3664:Lita'im
3556:Zionism
3508:History
3482:Judaism
3390:Druzism
3161:Karaite
3124:Hasidic
3106:Judaism
2968:Am Oved
2951:Ma'ariv
2868:Society
2816:(ed.).
2755:Sabbath
2747:masorti
2724:hilonim
2701:hilonim
2689:Messiah
2674:hilonim
2670:Mezuzah
2610:Mizrahi
2602:masorti
2576:Though
2571:hilonim
2537:haredim
2500:hilonim
2385:General
2376:Zionism
2352:Leftism
2342:Bundism
2266:Knaanic
2226:Yevanic
2211:Yiddish
2168:Yiddish
2163:Israeli
2140:Mizrahi
2130:Israeli
2101:Cuisine
2077:Ancient
2059:Secular
2005:Kashrut
1981:Wedding
1968:Customs
1960:Culture
1937:Science
1932:Renewal
1922:Karaite
1903:Hasidic
1835:Oceania
1821:Uruguay
1789:Jamaica
1769:Ecuador
1737:Bolivia
1681:Ukraine
1656:Romania
1631:Moldova
1611:Hungary
1601:Germany
1596:Georgia
1586:Finland
1581:Estonia
1576:Denmark
1571:Czechia
1556:Belarus
1546:Austria
1541:Armenia
1518:Vietnam
1433:Myanmar
1418:Lebanon
1338:Bahrain
1297:Tunisia
1275:Somalia
1250:Nigeria
1245:Namibia
1235:Morocco
1165:Eritrea
1110:Algeria
994:Neofiti
903:Italkim
893:Juhurim
803:Zionism
752:Khazars
647:Sicarii
643:Zealots
639:Essenes
626:Schisms
491:Leaders
453:General
445:History
388:Tosefta
383:Midrash
360:Mishnah
342:Ketuvim
337:Nevi'im
286:Customs
217:Shabbat
212:Halakha
204: (
202:Mitzvot
189: (
155:Judaism
111:to the
93:in the
18:Hilonim
4894:Hazzan
4884:Prayer
4761:Siddur
4697:Talmud
4661:Tanakh
4596:Neolog
4569:Reform
4557:Modern
4540:Haredi
4463:Ethics
4329:Shassi
4297:Ladino
4262:Karaim
4245:Juhuri
4087:Targum
4001:Signed
3966:Modern
3961:Hebrew
3929:Xuetes
3725:Dönmeh
3684:Yekkes
3380:Other
3151:Hiloni
3141:Reform
2824:
2759:kosher
2751:hiloni
2733:haredi
2722:While
2713:Reform
2709:hiloni
2697:hiloni
2681:hiloni
2666:hiloni
2662:hiloni
2658:hiloni
2635:hiloni
2627:hiloni
2619:hiloni
2598:hiloni
2578:hiloni
2562:hiloni
2550:hiloni
2531:datiim
2516:Israel
2504:Hebrew
2492:Hebrew
2487:Hiloni
2447:Portal
2306:Domari
2236:Shassi
2197:Hebrew
2092:Humour
2036:Hiloni
2031:Aliyah
1991:Niddah
1976:Minyan
1911:Reform
1898:Haredi
1893:Modern
1794:Mexico
1779:Guyana
1742:Brazil
1704:Canada
1676:Sweden
1666:Serbia
1661:Russia
1646:Poland
1641:Norway
1621:Latvia
1606:Greece
1591:France
1566:Cyprus
1532:Europe
1503:Turkey
1493:Taiwan
1403:Kuwait
1388:Jordan
1378:Israel
1312:Zambia
1302:Uganda
1220:Malawi
1190:Guinea
1180:Gambia
1115:Angola
1101:Africa
984:Dönmeh
979:Anusim
923:Berber
861:Litvak
813:Israel
719:
656:
570:Second
538:
399:Targum
365:Gemara
351:Talmud
323:Tanakh
276:Ethics
227:Prayer
5066:Islam
4874:Names
4864:Music
4845:Rebbe
4840:Rabbi
4794:Monen
4749:Zohar
4670:Torah
4665:Bible
3779:Lemba
3654:Chuts
3414:Other
3361:Sunni
3353:Islam
3208:Haifa
3188:Latin
2812:. In
2395:Labor
2390:Green
2087:Dance
2045:Music
1864:Palau
1784:Haiti
1747:Chile
1671:Spain
1616:Italy
1523:Yemen
1483:Syria
1458:Qatar
1438:Nepal
1383:Japan
1358:India
1348:China
1287:Sudan
1210:Libya
1205:Kenya
1185:Ghana
1175:Gabon
1155:Egypt
1140:Benin
999:Xueta
944:Lemba
563:First
428:Zohar
332:Torah
314:Texts
301:Rabbi
291:Rites
191:names
73:DeepL
3480:and
3478:Jews
3366:Shia
3223:Akka
2822:ISBN
2749:and
2639:ICBS
2623:MENA
2612:and
1854:Guam
1849:Fiji
1804:Peru
1757:Cuba
1443:Oman
1413:Laos
1373:Iraq
1368:Iran
1325:Asia
1254:Igbo
1225:Mali
244:Brit
153:and
151:Jews
87:must
85:You
4473:God
2514:in
2068:Art
414:Tur
206:613
75:or
61:.
31:or
5133::
3001:.
2948:.
2944:,
2907:^
2866:,
2837:^
2795:^
2645:.
2552:.
2506::
2494::
681:,
675:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
145:on
3954:)
3950:(
3470:e
3463:t
3456:v
3090:e
3083:t
3076:v
2830:.
2502:(
2490:(
2474:e
2467:t
2460:v
1308:)
1304:(
1256:)
1252:(
725:)
721:(
687:)
670:(
663:)
658:(
649:)
629:(
572:)
561:(
551:)
540:(
208:)
193:)
122:.
115:.
35:.
20:)
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