4763:
Pashtoons, who claim to have migrated to Hazara
Division from Afghanistan during the eighteenth century. Many other mother- tongue speakers of Hindko are Swati Pathans, who are said to have formerly spoken Pashto while living in the lower Swat valley. After migrating across the Indus River into Hazara Division, which Ahmed dates around A.D. 1515, the Swatis adopted the Hindko language. There are also Pashtoons belonging to three other groups, the Yusufzai, the Jadun and the Tarin, who have replaced Pashto with Hindko. Many speakers of Hindko belong to groups other than the Pashtoons: Some of these are Saiyids, said to have come to the area in the early centuries of Islamic history, many of whom live in the Peshawar area. Large numbers of Hindko speakers are Avans, particularly in Attock District and Hazara Division. Still others belong to groups of Moughals, Bulghadris, Turks and Qureshis. In Jammun significant numbers of Gujars have adopted Hindko as their first language.
301:
2245:'daughter'. This tone is realised as high falling in Kohati and the eastern subdialect of Awankari, but as high in the northwestern Awankari subdialect. Like Kohati, the variety of Peshawar has high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates. However, it has also developed a distinct tone on stressed vowels after historic voiced aspirates, like northern Hindko and Majhi, with a similar loss of aspiration and voicing. But in contrast to Majhi, this tone is also high falling, and it is distinguished by the accompanying
4567:
3996:
3583:, " Sarkhail" and "Tarey" and a number of occasional publications. Late professor Zahoor Ahmad Awan of Peshawar city, the author of 61 books and publications, was the founding-chairman of the board. Now the board is headed by Ejaz Ahmad Qureshi. The board has published first Hindko dictionary and several other books on a variety of topics. With head office in Peshawar, the organisation has regional offices in other cities of the province where Hindko is spoken and understood.
3514:
2266:
71:
4690:
the
Pakistani state realized when the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The loudest opposition to the renaming came from Hindkowans who feared being submerged in the Pashtun identity of the newly named state. It also prompted calls for a separate state for Hindko speakers.
4145:
Hindko to mean) was spoken. Hindko, Grierson stated, was the main language of the Hazara division and was also spoken in
Peshawar. ... Also, scholars post-Grierson understood Hindko to mean the "language of the people of Hind, i.e. India" and not the Hindus, which was a term used for a religious community.
2122:'hindrances'. In this variety of Hindko, as well as in the Hindko of Tanawal, there are nasal counterparts for all, or almost all, of the long vowels, but none for the short vowels. In Awankari and the Hindko of Abbottabad, on the other hand, there is contrastive nasalisation for short vowels as well:
4359:
The outer languages descend from various sources: The
Eastern group from Magadhi Prakrit, Marathi from Maharastri Prakrit (which was a sub-division of Ardha-Māgadhi Prakrit, leaning more towards Māgadhi than Sauraseni), while Sindhi and Lahnda, whose early histories are not entirely clear, seem to be
788:
the cities of Kohat and
Peshawar, on the other hand, it is Hindko that is in a weaker position. With the exodus of the Hindko-speaking Hindus and Sikhs after Partitition and the consequent influx of Pashtuns into the vacated areas of the urban economy, there have been signs of a shift towards Pashto.
787:
and number of speakers, Hindko is dominant and growing in the north-east; in Hazara for example, it is displacing Pashto as the language in use among the Swati
Pathans, and in the Neelam Valley of Azad Jammu & Kashmir it is gaining ground at the expense of the minority languages like Kashmiri. In
644:
code: hno) for the dialects of Hazara, and
Southern Hindko (ISO 639-3: hnd) for the remaining varieties. This grouping finds support in the results of the intelligibility testing done by Rensch, which also found out that the southern dialects are more widely understood throughout the Hindko area than
3574:
The
Gandhara Hindko Board is a leading organisation that has been active in the preservation and promotion of the Hindko and culture since 1993. The board was launched in Peshawar in year 1993 to preserve and promote Hindko —the second most spoken of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. It
4762:
Members of a variety of ethnic groups speak the language called Hindko. A large number of Hindko speakers in Hazara
Division (Mansehra and Abbottabad Districts) are Pashtoons. Some of those speak Hindko as a second language; many others speak it as their mother tongue. These include the Tahir Kheli
2229:
The variety spoken to the north-east, in Neelam Valley, has preserved voiced aspirates at the start of the word, so presumably the low tone is not established there. However, there are observations of its appearance in the speech of the residents of the main villages along the highway, likely under
4689:
In India, Hindko is little known, and while there are Hindko speakers in parts of Jammu and
Kashmir as well as among other communities who migrated to India post Partition, by and large it has been absorbed under the broad umbrella of Punjabi...There is also a strong sense of a Hindko identity, as
4204:
The India of the ancient times extended from the Hindukush (Hindu meaning Indian, Kush meaning Koh or a mountain)... Apart from the names of places and streams there are many other words also which have 'Hind' as their adjectival parts. ... Hindko (the language of Peshawar and Abbotabad), Hindwana
3618:
Many organisations like Bazm-e-Ilm-o-Fun Abbottabad and Halqa-e-Yaraan Shinkyari promote Hindko and literature. Asif Saqib, Sufi Abdur Rasheed, Fazal-e-Akbar Kamal, Sharif Hussain Shah, Muhammad Farid, Yahya Khalid, Nazir Kasalvi, and Muhammad Hanif have contributed a lot in this regard. Sultan
2153:
when adjacent to a nasal consonant. In the varieties of Tanawal and Kashmir both long and short vowels can be nasalised in this way, but only if they precede the nasal consonant: 'washing', 'crying'. In the Hindko of Abbottabad, a vowel at the end of some words can be nasalised if it follows a
4835:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
4273:
Shackle suggests Hindko simply means "Indian language" and describes it as a "collective label for the variety of Indo-Aryan dialects either alongside or in vicinity of Pushto in the northwest of the country". Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, represented in nearly
4144:
The south and west of Lahnda territory he identified as the Seraiki region (though he didn't use the word Seraiki, his description of the tongue matches it), and the northern half as the Hindko region. This was the area, he stated, where the "language of the Hindus" (that is what he interpreted
4836:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
4274:
one-fifth (18.7%) of the province's total households. ... The Influence of Pushto on Hazara appears to have become more pronounced, due in part to an Influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who formerly held key trading positions and who departed at independence.
1787:'fiancée', and in the Hindko of Kashmir, and in both cases it is found only in the middle or at the end of the word. In the main subdialect of Awankari, the velar nasal is only found before velar stops, and similarly, it is not among the phonemes identified for the Hindko of Abbottabad.
324:
2090:). Which of the many (typically around a dozen) overt vowel combinations should be seen as representing an underlying single segment (a diphthong) rather than simply a sequence of two separate underlying vowels, has varied with the analysis used and the dialect studied.
3619:
Sakoon has written the First Hindko dictionary that has been published by Gandhara Hindko Board. Sultan Sakoon stands out for his literary contribution as he is a prolific writer and his books including those on Hindko proverbs and Hindko riddles have been published.
703:
community who became established there during the Sikh Empire in the first half of the 19th century. Most of them have emigrated since the rise of the Taliban, and the total population of Sikhs, Hindko-speaking or not, is estimated at around 300 families (as of 2018).
3586:
In 2003 the Gandhara Hindko Board published first a Hindko dictionary which was compiled by a prominent linguists from Abbottabad, Sultan Sakoon. The board published a second more comprehensive Hindko dictionary in 2007 prepared by Elahi Bakhsh Awan of the
783:. In most Hindko-speaking areas, speakers of Pashto live in the same or neighbouring communities (although this is less true in Abbottabad and Kaghan Valley). The relationship between Hindko and its neighbours is not one of stable bilingualism. In terms of
4182:
as used in Pakistan refers to speakers of Indo-Aryan languages who live among the primarily Iranian Pashtuns of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). The origins of the term refer merely to "Indian speaking" rather than to any particular ethnic
3606:
and Aurangzeb Ghaznavi are main people of this organisation. The Idara has published the first Hindko translation of the Quran by Haider Zaman Haider and the first Ph.D. thesis on Hindko by E.B.A. Awan. A monthly magazine
6180:
Sohail, Ayesha; Rehman, Khawaja A.; Kiani, Zafeer Hussain (2016). "Language divergence caused by LoC: a case study of District Kupwara (Jammu & Kashmir) and District Neelum (Azad Jammu & Kashmir)".
329:
325:
327:
5590:
5495:
presents a different, much more detailed analysis, where tone is treated as a feature of the whole phrase, not the individual word, and where the exact phonetic realisation may vary significantly.
2154:
nasal consonant. In the Awankari dialect, vowels can be allophonically nasalised both before and after a nasal consonant, but in either case the effect will depend on the position of stress (see
385:
There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on
2233:
The southern Hindko varieties have similarly developed tone, but only when the voiced aspirate followed the stressed vowel; voiced aspirates preceding the stress have remained unchanged: thus
3611:
is also published regularly from Peshawar under supervision of Aurangzeb Ghaznavi. In Karachi Syed Mehboob is working for the promotion of Hindko. His articles are frequently published in
427:
The name "Hindko" means "the Indian language" or "language of Hind", and refers to the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent, in contrast to the neighbouring
6211:
5509:
4668:
4123:
2071:'filth'. Length is strongly contrastive and the long vowels are generally twice as long as the corresponding short vowels. The Awankari dialect distinguishes between open and close "o" (
328:
4391:
The Outer branch includes Lahnda spoken in West Punjab, Sindhi, Marathi, Briya Bahari (including its dialect Maithili), Bengali and Assamese. They are derived from Sauraseni Prakrit.
728:. A large number of Hindko speakers in the Hazara Division are Pashtuns. Some of those speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. These include the
397:
in the northeast. In the 2017 census of Pakistan, 5.1 million people declared their language to be Hindko, while a 2020 estimate placed the number of speakers at 7 million.
5565:
4722:
1805:. The Awankari dialect, as spoken by Muslims (and not Hindus) and described by Bahri in the 1930s, has a distinctive retroflex lateral, which, however, appears to be in
1764:, but it is phonemic in Awankari and Tanoli; in both dialects it can occur in the middle and at the end of a word, as illustrated by the following examples from Tanoli:
1662:
are found in loans (for example from Persian), but also in native words, often as positional allophones of the corresponding stop. Some documented instances include:
3952:
8986:
8367:
6239:
1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213–34. London: Curzon
9021:
6531:
4024:
is a "collective label" which "embraces dialects of very different groups, not all of which are even geographically contiguous.". For the ethnic diversity, see
6048:. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics.
4068:
5586:
8950:
6304:
712:
There is no generic name for the speakers of Hindko because they belong to diverse ethnic groups and tend to identify themselves by the larger families or
5301:, pp. 100–11) presents an acoustic analysis of the same variety with yet different results. An exhaustive catalogue of vowel sequences is found in
326:
9001:
5999:
Dialectics of Linguistic Elicitation: Textuality, language ideology and consultant interventions in linguistic fieldwork among urban Hindko speakers
4379:
9011:
4347:
5293:, pp. 220ff) features a phonemic analysis for the Hazara Hindko of Tanawal; a similar analysis with different conclusions is carried out by
8996:
6203:
5505:
4676:
4131:
6260:
6170:
6030:
5943:
5749:
5714:
5534:
4341:
1892:
2138:'knot'). Peshawari and Kohati presumably follow the pattern of Awankari but have historically lost nasalisation from the round vowels (like
2190:'tongue'. If it followed the stressed vowel, then it would lead to a high tone and lose its aspiration and, if word-initial, its voicing:
8360:
2182:, if a voiced aspirate preceded the stressed vowel, it would lose its aspiration and cause the appearance of a high tone on that vowel:
1531:
1150:
1049:
648:
Hindko dialects gradually transition into other varieties of Lahnda and Punjabi to the south. For example, to the southwest across the
9006:
6524:
6149:(1983). "Language, Dialect and Local Identity in Northern Pakistan". In Wolfgang-Peter Zingel; Stephanie Zingel-Avé Lallemant (eds.).
4645:
1903:
8060:
6053:
4241:
4171:
3561:
2218:'bitter'). According to preliminary observations on the Hazara Hindko variety of Abbottabad, the low tone is less prominent than in
168:
5916:
5668:
A detailed study based on the dialect of the city of Peshawar. A version was published in 1994 by Idara Farogh-e-Hindko, Peshawar.
550:
and the one that is promoted as a standardised literary language. It has a wide dialectal base and has undergone the influence of
8414:
1421:
1306:
5559:
1619:) in the varieties of Hazara. For the stop consonants of most varieties of Hindko there is a three-way contrast between voiced (
476:
Varieties of Hindko are primarily spoken in a core area in the district of Attock in the northwestern corner of the province of
6297:
5960:
5867:
5787:
4714:
4205:(water-melon), Indi maran (a wrestling skill), Hindvi (language other than Persian and Arabic spoken or written by locals) etc.
2307:
1941:
1919:
1389:
1025:
300:
8755:
8353:
6930:
6313:
6003:
3539:
1729:
1699:
Generally, the fricatives can be found in all positions: at the start, the middle, or at the end of the word (Tanoli Hindko:
1172:
173:
4750:
2198:'horse'. The same pattern has been reported for Hazara Hindko, with a low rising tone after historically voiced aspirates (
7712:
6747:
6517:
6059:
3945:
1366:
7683:
1752:
is overall shorter than the other nasals, and at least for the Hindko of Abbottabad it has been described as a nasalised
8940:
7503:
7349:
6666:
1932:
1643:). The disappearance of the voiced aspirates from most Hindko varieties has been linked to the development of tone (see
1404:
1397:
1032:
480:, and in two neighbouring regions: in Peshawar to the north-west, and Hazara to the north-east, both in the province of
8246:
8214:
8070:
1868:
1291:
887:
543:
3524:
484:(formerly known as the North-West Frontier Province). The Hindko of Hazara also extends east into nearby regions of
7780:
6290:
4067:, pp. 486, 497, 509: Peshawari is the basis of "an incipient literary standard for the different varieties of
1806:
1559:
1261:
1183:
857:
7217:
5882:
Kiani, Zafeer Hussain; Bukhari, Nadeem; Ahmed, Jamil; Hameed, Nouman (2012). "Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Stops".
3543:
3528:
8991:
8890:
8772:
8219:
7920:
7894:
7333:
6153:. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Orient-Instituts. Vol. 23. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. pp. 175–87.
5956:
A descriptive study of segmental and selected suprasegmental features of Hindko dialect spoken in Tanawal, Hazara
5858:
3862:
2230:
the influence of Majhi and Hazara Hindko, and it has similarly been reported in the villages on the Indian side.
1986:
1602:
1428:
1412:
1056:
1040:
902:
657:
628:
9016:
8115:
6876:
5656:
2166:
Unlike many Indo-Aryan languages, but in common with other Punjabi varieties, Hindko dialects have a system of
1881:
1443:
1359:
1276:
1071:
971:
872:
562:
413:
3760:"Indian" here refers to the historic meaning of India as the northern Indian subcontinent, which was known as
6236:
2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.
3794:
Lexical similarity was calculated on the basis of a 210-item wordlist elicited in the following localities:
3535:
2286:
1345:
1321:
941:
917:
696:
362:
153:
6151:
Pakistan in Its Fourth Decade: Current Political, Social and Economic Situation and Prospects for the 1980s
8848:
8672:
8323:
8192:
7468:
7262:
7079:
6614:
5230:
5226:
5130:
5126:
5002:
4566:
3995:
3907:
3596:
3495:
3491:
3467:
3443:
3439:
3415:
3391:
3387:
3363:
3339:
3315:
3291:
3267:
3243:
3219:
3195:
3171:
3147:
3123:
3099:
3075:
3051:
3027:
3003:
2979:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2907:
2883:
2859:
2835:
2811:
2787:
2763:
2739:
2715:
2691:
2667:
2643:
2619:
2595:
2571:
2547:
2523:
2499:
2475:
2451:
2427:
2403:
2379:
2355:
2331:
2282:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1820:
1813:
1802:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1472:
1436:
1228:
1099:
1064:
986:
700:
692:
158:
4373:
370:
dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several areas in northwestern
8843:
8463:
8448:
8376:
7993:
7806:
7292:
7257:
7252:
7091:
7074:
6594:
5899:
5840:
4641:
1547:
1509:
1502:
1464:
1457:
1352:
1166:
1128:
1121:
1092:
1085:
956:
733:
535:). Rensch's classification based on lexical similarity also assigns to this group the rural dialects of
371:
310:
90:
4331:
5225:, pp. 212–13) states that phonetically the most accurate IPA symbol for the central vowel is not
4618:. The speech of Muzaffarabad is locally called "Hindko", but in its vocabulary it is closer to Pahari.
8925:
8885:
8767:
8281:
8256:
8125:
8095:
7952:
7732:
7722:
7532:
7111:
6540:
4229:
3588:
1373:
1001:
660:– is sometimes also referred to as "Hindko". To the southeast, Hindko is in a dialect continuum with
421:
314:
163:
3854:
661:
8838:
8692:
8597:
8328:
8135:
7856:
7841:
7773:
7747:
7737:
7662:
7379:
7169:
7096:
7069:
6821:
6651:
6158:
6146:
6106:
6074:
1628:
1585:
1383:
1329:
1314:
1299:
1284:
1269:
1223:
1019:
925:
910:
895:
880:
865:
824:
3812:
683:, as well as in some neighbouring countries. Some Hindu Hindkowans and Sikh Hindowans migrated to
8647:
8564:
8140:
8053:
8018:
7790:
7308:
7043:
6733:
6661:
6656:
6134:
5720:
3603:
1581:
1483:
1218:
819:
721:
499:
and a few neighbouring villages in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the three closely related dialects of
481:
465:
375:
245:
79:
5555:
539:. Shackle, however, sees most of them as closely related to the urban variety of Peshawar City.
8177:
8163:
3808:
687:
after the partition of India in 1947. These Hindko speakers in India identify with the broader
8965:
8955:
8935:
8825:
8820:
8587:
8496:
8443:
8400:
8394:
8333:
8147:
7816:
7785:
7763:
7727:
7569:
7527:
7432:
7374:
7139:
7061:
7056:
6965:
6886:
6866:
6788:
6713:
6630:
6563:
6256:
6190:
6166:
6126:
6094:
6049:
6026:
5984:
5939:
5891:
5832:
5811:
5768:
5745:
5710:
5637:
4337:
4237:
4167:
3842:
3834:
3804:
3632:
1964:
1799:
1791:
1597:
1589:
1523:
1250:
1243:
1233:
1142:
846:
839:
829:
765:
623:
to refer to the highlanders, who spoke this language). This variety is also spoken across the
536:
520:
409:
5759:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a). "Acoustics of Hindko Affricate, Nasal, Liquid and Glide Segments".
4902:, pp. 21–22, 26. In some subdialects there is a tendency for the loss of the aspiration.
3591:. He is the author of Sarzamin e Hindko, and Hindko Sautiyat. His three booklets on Hindko
8930:
8865:
8800:
8762:
8750:
8735:
8730:
8707:
8682:
8677:
8627:
8577:
8534:
8516:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8471:
8251:
8241:
8187:
8120:
8023:
7998:
7988:
7967:
7962:
7937:
7876:
7768:
7742:
7705:
7700:
7654:
7600:
7553:
7512:
7463:
7408:
7369:
7318:
7237:
7207:
7154:
7144:
7002:
6997:
6989:
6975:
6925:
6881:
6793:
6599:
6548:
6496:
6457:
6414:
6396:
6327:
6118:
6086:
5737:
5702:
4672:
4127:
3858:
3850:
2179:
2155:
1636:
1577:
1494:
1213:
1208:
1113:
814:
809:
653:
555:
532:
524:
477:
432:
405:
401:
379:
216:
6233:
2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.
5823:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2013). "An Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Vowels".
8905:
8895:
8875:
8870:
8860:
8855:
8815:
8810:
8745:
8740:
8697:
8687:
8662:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8617:
8612:
8592:
8582:
8539:
8476:
8453:
8438:
8296:
8130:
8085:
7972:
7942:
7899:
7851:
7811:
7717:
7667:
7638:
7616:
7548:
7458:
7418:
7384:
7328:
7323:
7282:
7267:
7247:
7242:
7232:
7222:
7212:
7184:
7174:
7164:
7159:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7101:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
6970:
6891:
6816:
6772:
6728:
6723:
6708:
6703:
6646:
6609:
6604:
6447:
6439:
6419:
6391:
6386:
3768:
1760:. For the Hindko of Kashmir it has been asserted to be an allophone of the alveolar nasal
1749:
1745:
1593:
1573:
1451:
1238:
1079:
834:
784:
717:
624:
620:
561:
A separate group is formed in the northeast by the relatively homogeneous dialects of the
528:
500:
145:
100:
597:. Hindko is also spoken further east into Kashmir. It is the predominant language of the
5912:
5125:, pp. 128–30. Word-finally, the velar nasal contrasts with nasal + stop sequences:
2174:. In Punjabi, pitch accent has historically arisen out of the loss of voiced aspirates (
8805:
8795:
8720:
8715:
8652:
8602:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8524:
8433:
8306:
8048:
7957:
7889:
7884:
7866:
7846:
7633:
7626:
7595:
7489:
7437:
7277:
7272:
7227:
7202:
7194:
7149:
7119:
7086:
6937:
6846:
6811:
6803:
6767:
6718:
6584:
6492:
6465:
6368:
6347:
6342:
6090:
5975:
Nawaz, Muhammad; Afsar, Ayaz (2016). "A Phonetic Analysis of Hindko Affricate Sounds".
3602:
The Idara-e-Faroghe Hindko based in Peshawar is another body that is promoting Hindko.
2246:
1817:
1810:
1753:
688:
512:
408:, and has more affinities with the latter than with the former. Differences with other
238:
4251:
could mean 'Indian language' as opposed to Pashto, which belongs to the Iranian group.
291:
8980:
8830:
8291:
7947:
7861:
7836:
7621:
6960:
6861:
6470:
6381:
6376:
6337:
6332:
6138:
5724:
5628:
Akhtar, Raja Nasim; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2007). "The Languages of the Neelam Valley".
4831:
The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
4269:
The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan
2219:
1848:
1009:
994:
979:
964:
949:
598:
574:
508:
306:
5954:
5853:
5781:
1635:). Awankari, Kohati, and the varieties of Neelum Valley of Kashmir also distinguish
8790:
8425:
8286:
7051:
6488:
6018:
5931:
5694:
4749:. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. pp. 10–11.
2167:
2099:
1716:
1711:'branch'), with relatively few exceptions (one being the restriction on word-final
757:
753:
669:
602:
435:
spoken by the Pashtun people. An alternative local name for this language group is
5615:
Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan".
4333:
Language in Indenture: A Sociolinguistic History of Bhojpuri-Hindi in South Africa
6250:
5903:
5844:
4744:
8880:
8622:
7364:
7179:
6682:
6500:
3513:
1862:
1841:
1773:
1724:
1816:(with a varying number of vibrations dependent on the phonetic context), and a
17:
8572:
8529:
7473:
7442:
7413:
6122:
6041:
5530:
4559:
3988:
2150:
2083:
1976:
1855:
1612:
729:
649:
636:
394:
122:
33:
6194:
6130:
6098:
5997:
5988:
5895:
5836:
5815:
5772:
5641:
5587:"The Gandhara Hindko Academy Launched an App of the Hindko language proverbs"
8263:
8172:
8152:
6841:
6836:
6568:
6165:. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 581–621.
4457:, pp. 486, 509); for the emerging prestige of Peshawari in Hazara, see
3762:
3592:
1913:
725:
641:
449:
417:
284:
258:
126:
37:
2222:, and a trace of the aspiration is preserved: for example 'horse' would be
6245:
Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah
5741:
5706:
5506:"Hindko Qaida by Rehmat Aziz Chitrali published by Khowar Academy Chitral"
5269:, pp. 48–53) has a more elaborate classification of vowels by length.
4554:
3983:
2035:. The vowels can be illustrated with the following examples from Tanoli:
274:
267:
8301:
8043:
7394:
6856:
6851:
6831:
6589:
5672:
Bahl, Kalicharan (1957). "A Note on Tones in Western Punjabi (Lahanda)".
3846:
3828:
3798:
2278:
737:
676:
547:
390:
104:
8345:
6044:. In O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (eds.).
8506:
8235:
8106:
7579:
7313:
6826:
6509:
3838:
680:
672:
in Azad Kashmir approximately falling on the boundary between the two.
619:'from the other side', which was the term used by the Kashmiris of the
582:
504:
485:
224:
112:
8945:
8667:
8657:
8501:
7574:
7423:
7398:
6947:
6871:
6762:
6687:
6429:
6357:
5001:, p. 73. There is no such restriction in the Hindko of Tanawal:
4743:
Rensch, Calvin Ross; O'Leary, Clare F.; Hallberg, Calinda E. (1992).
3824:
1809:
with the alveolar lateral. There are two rhotic sounds in Hindko: an
780:
769:
761:
749:
745:
741:
665:
492:
461:
428:
367:
211:
178:
44:
6282:
5802:
Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Akhtar, Raja Nasim (2012). "Hindko Vowel System".
5650:
3918:, pp. 70, 74) (for Azad Kashmir), but an example is adduced by
2265:
2269:"Vaf" is a unique letter of Hindko, and many Indo-Aryan language.
775:
The most common second language for Hindko-speakers in Pakistan is
8959:
8782:
7389:
7287:
6424:
3818:
2264:
713:
684:
516:
496:
322:
220:
108:
70:
8900:
8390:
8090:
7403:
4631:
for a study of a community of Hazara Hindko speakers in Karachi.
776:
551:
8349:
6513:
6286:
6002:(Thesis). United States -- Nevada: University of Nevada, Reno.
3884:
dialect of the Tappa Khālsā group of villages east of the city.
8182:
6277:
5409:
For the characterisation of Punjabi tone as pitch accent, see
4746:
Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari
4715:"Four years on, the voice of Hazara 'martyrs' still resonates"
3946:"TABLE 11 - POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"
3507:
6161:(2003). "Panjabi". In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.).
5915:(Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
4797:
4795:
352:
1691:
at the ends of words after vowels in the Hindko of Kashmir (
5786:(PhD). University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad.
1200:(parentheses indicate phonemes found only in some dialects)
393:
in the northwest, and another one based on the language of
5938:. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press.
4425:
4423:
1684:
word-medially after stressed vowels in Abbottabad Hindko (
716:. However, the Hindko-speaking community belonging to the
6077:(1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab".
5094:
5092:
4934:
4932:
4453:
For its literature and status in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, see
4360:
derived from Apabhramsas which show Sauraseni influence .
3710:
Saaieaan, they showed their thankfulness with Bismillah"
2206:), a high falling tone before historic voiced aspirates (
1744:, Hindko dialects distinguish a varying number of other
634:
The whole dialect continuum of Hindko is partitioned by
6204:"A Precarious State: the Sikh Community in Afghanistan"
5854:"A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Fricatives"
4923:
4048:
4046:
6111:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
5341:
5339:
5294:
5262:
5218:
5214:
3915:
5699:
A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki
3744:
Translation: "Good person gains respect everywhere."
341:
6042:"The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People"
5959:(PhD). International Islamic University, Islamabad.
5687:
Lahndi Phonetics: With Special Reference to Awáṇkárí
5018:
4998:
656:, and at least one of these – the one spoken in the
400:
Hindko to some extent is mutually intelligible with
8918:
8781:
8706:
8563:
8515:
8462:
8424:
8409:
8383:
8272:
8228:
8205:
8161:
8104:
8078:
8069:
8036:
8011:
7981:
7930:
7919:
7912:
7875:
7829:
7799:
7756:
7693:
7682:
7647:
7609:
7588:
7562:
7541:
7520:
7511:
7502:
7482:
7451:
7357:
7348:
7301:
7193:
7110:
7042:
7035:
6988:
6946:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6802:
6781:
6755:
6746:
6696:
6675:
6639:
6623:
6577:
6556:
6547:
6456:
6438:
6405:
6367:
6356:
6320:
6242:
Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.
4263:
4261:
4259:
3772:, the word from which the term "Hindko" is derived.
3615:monthly. He is organiser of Hindko Falahi Forum.
1723:for the Hindko of Kashmir, and Tanawal, but as the
282:
256:
251:
235:
202:
142:
132:
118:
96:
86:
52:
3906:There is uncertainty about the phonemic status of
613:; the name likely originated in the Kashmiri word
5446:
5381:
5326:
5314:
5298:
5297:, pp. 71–73) for a variety of Azad Kashmir;
5258:
5202:
5198:
5142:
5083:
5079:
4974:
4887:
4867:
4542:
3919:
4117:
4115:
4113:
2277:Hindko is generally written in a variety of the
4642:"Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family"
4378:. Samyukta Gowda Saraswata Sabha. p. 218.
4164:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
3718:Hindko has a rich heritage of proverbs (Hindko
3700:"He is the foremost from the world of existence
1719:has been explicitly described as the fricative
4615:
2106:). For example, in the Hindko of Azad Kashmir
668:region of Abbottabad district and the area of
614:
305:The proportion of people with Hindko as their
8361:
6525:
6298:
6208:Australian Institute of International Affairs
5913:Pahari and Pothwari: a sociolinguistic survey
5783:Syllabification and stress patterns in Hindko
5434:
5397:
5357:
5166:
5154:
5067:
4962:
4879:
4863:
4669:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
4124:"The strange and little-known case of Hindko"
3706:Pen carried out the order to write Bismillah
2082:Varieties of Hindko also possess a number of
8:
5852:Haroon-Ur-Rashid; Khan, Abdul Qadir (2014).
5652:The phonology of the verbal phrase in Hindko
4801:
4530:
4193:
4191:
3940:
3938:
3729:
3638:
3474:
3450:
3422:
3398:
3370:
3346:
3322:
3298:
3274:
3250:
3226:
3202:
3178:
3154:
3130:
3106:
3082:
3058:
3034:
3010:
2986:
2962:
2914:
2890:
2866:
2842:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2746:
2722:
2698:
2674:
2650:
2626:
2602:
2578:
2554:
2530:
2506:
2482:
2458:
2434:
2410:
2386:
2362:
2338:
2314:
1677:in the middle or end of words in Peshawari (
439:. A speaker of Hindko may be referred to as
58:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4008:For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see
3542:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2102:(here marked with a tilde above the vowel:
1798:, unlike Punjabi, which additionally has a
8421:
8368:
8354:
8346:
8075:
7927:
7916:
7690:
7517:
7508:
7354:
7039:
6915:
6908:
6752:
6553:
6532:
6518:
6510:
6364:
6305:
6291:
6283:
4859:
3731:
3640:
3476:
3452:
3424:
3400:
3372:
3348:
3324:
3300:
3276:
3252:
3228:
3204:
3180:
3156:
3132:
3108:
3084:
3060:
3036:
3012:
2988:
2964:
2916:
2892:
2868:
2844:
2820:
2796:
2772:
2748:
2724:
2700:
2676:
2652:
2628:
2604:
2580:
2556:
2532:
2508:
2484:
2460:
2436:
2412:
2388:
2364:
2340:
2316:
343:
299:
69:
60:
49:
5911:Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010).
3562:Learn how and when to remove this message
724:are sometimes recognised collectively as
366:) is a cover term for a diverse group of
6109:(1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar".
6079:Transactions of the Philological Society
5422:
5410:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3702:Voice of the unseen exclaimed Bismillah
2291:
2273:is used from loanwords of Pashto origin.
1195:
800:
748:. The other Hindko speakers include the
601:, in the north of Pakistan-administered
542:In a group of its own is Peshawari, the
5488:
5458:
5369:
5170:
4950:
4938:
4911:
4817:
4591:
4494:
4482:
4470:
4454:
4441:
4402:
4317:
4285:
4216:
4104:
4092:
4064:
4037:
4017:
3934:
3894:
3753:
8987:Greater Punjabi languages and dialects
5086:, p. 199) for the nasalised flap.
4833:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
4813:
4786:
4774:
4628:
4603:
4579:
4506:
4458:
4429:
4414:
4301:
4289:
4271:. Christian Study Centre. p. 38.
4080:
4052:
4025:
4013:
4009:
3866:
3575:brings out four regular publications—
464:varieties, Hindko is derived from the
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in Pakistan
9022:Tonal languages in non-tonal families
5701:. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
5475:
5385:
5345:
5330:
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5222:
5194:
5182:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5055:
5042:
5030:
5006:
4986:
4899:
4883:
4847:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4701:
4518:
4313:
4234:A History of Pakistan and Its Origins
3911:
640:into two languages: Northern Hindko (
361:
201:
7:
6183:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5977:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5884:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5825:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5804:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5761:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5630:Kashmir Journal of Language Research
5561:Hindko Matlaa'n: 151 Hindko Proverbs
5492:
5471:
5129:'annoyance', and with other nasals:
4375:History of the Dakshinatya Saraswats
4166:. Infobase Publishing. p. 285.
3958:from the original on 16 January 2024
3785:normally refers to a Hindko speaker.
3689:Is Tahrīr nū̃ paṛah ke Farištiyā̃ ne
3540:adding citations to reliable sources
1600:have been described as pure stops (/
691:. There is also a small diaspora in
546:urban variety spoken in the city of
491:The central dialect group comprises
472:Geographic distribution and dialects
6252:A practical guide to Hindko Grammar
5655:(PhD). SOAS, University of London.
5295:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012
4372:Kudva, Venkataraya Narayan (1972).
3916:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar (2012
2928:(‘/'), (a), (e), (ē), (o), (i), (u)
2170:, which is commonly referred to as
2149:Additionally, vowels get nasalised
1666:before other consonants in Kohati (
6091:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x
5649:Awan, Elahi Bakhsh Akhtar (1974).
5263:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012
5219:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2013
5215:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Akhtar 2012
4667:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
4122:Venkatesh, Karthik (6 July 2019).
3708:When angels read this composition
779:and the second most common one is
565:, which are collectively known as
25:
6267:(based on the Hindko of Peshawar)
6023:Language and politics in Pakistan
5169:, p. 26) for Hazara Hindko,
4648:from the original on 24 July 2012
4644:. Daily Times. 29 December 2003.
3677:Hus ke qalam sir māriyā Bismillah
3673:Fīr Qalam nū̃ hukum e Nawišt hoyā
2098:Hindko dialects possess phonemic
1985:
1963:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1902:
1891:
1880:
1867:
1728:
1606:
1601:
1558:
1530:
1508:
1501:
1482:
1471:
1463:
1456:
1442:
1435:
1427:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1396:
1388:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1328:
1320:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1182:
1171:
1149:
1127:
1120:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1070:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
978:
970:
963:
955:
948:
940:
924:
916:
909:
901:
894:
886:
879:
871:
864:
856:
8238:(unknown further classification)
5019:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014
4999:Haroon-Ur-Rashid & Khan 2014
4725:from the original on 2016-03-05.
4565:
3994:
3653:اس تحریر نوں پڑھ کے فرشتیاں نے
3512:
2110:'animal disease' contrasts with
695:, which includes members of the
374:, primarily in the provinces of
9002:Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
6214:from the original on 2019-10-11
6062:from the original on 2017-05-11
6006:from the original on 2021-09-18
5963:from the original on 2020-02-29
5919:from the original on 2019-10-18
5870:from the original on 2020-02-29
5790:from the original on 2020-02-29
5659:from the original on 2021-04-18
5593:from the original on 2019-06-16
5568:from the original on 2019-06-16
5537:from the original on 2020-04-24
5512:from the original on 2022-07-21
5447:Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016
5082:, pp. 28–29, but see also
4753:from the original on 2024-08-05
4543:Sohail, Rehman & Kiani 2016
4382:from the original on 2023-08-31
4350:from the original on 2023-08-31
4330:Mesthrie, Rajend (2018-09-14).
4198:Sumra, Mahar Abdul Haq (1992).
3880:The exception is the divergent
3693:Sāiyā̃ Šukar guzāriyā Bismillah
3681:Naqšā Loh e Mahfūz dai wic sine
2126:'make one play' contrasts with
1790:Hindko varieties have a single
1715:in the Hindko of Kashmir). The
605:, where it is locally known as
9012:Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
5487:This is the interpretation in
3893:The local pronunciation is ) (
3665:Alif-Awal hai Alam e hast sī o
2156:Awankari dialect § Vowels
1999:Hindko has three short vowels
1:
8997:Languages of Punjab, Pakistan
5996:Pierce, Johnathan F. (2011).
5732:Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016).
5697:; Conners, Thomas J. (2019).
3833:Hazara: three settlements of
3704:The pen was ordered to write
3647:ہس کے قلم سر ماریا بسمہ اللہ
2293:Hindko Perso-Arabic alphabet
2214:), and level tone elsewhere (
573:, with the variety spoken in
4202:. Beacon Books. p. 36.
3910:: it is absent according to
3726:). An example of a proverb:
1974:
1955:
1938:
1911:
1887:
1860:
1596:places of articulation. The
679:in major urban centres like
378:and northwestern regions of
353:
278: – Northern Hindko
271: – Southern Hindko
138:5–7 million (2017–2020)
6025:. Oxford University Press.
5689:. Allahabad: Bharati Press.
5531:"الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او"
3685:Qalam sāf utāriyā Bismillah
3655:سائیاں شکر گزاریا بسمہ اللہ
615:
412:are more pronounced in the
9038:
6040:Rensch, Calvin R. (1992).
5780:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b).
5173:, p. 487) for Kohati.
5167:Bashir & Conners (2019
4616:Lothers & Lothers 2010
3730:
3649:نقشہ لوح محفوظ دے وچ سینے
3645:فیر قلم نوں حکم نوشت ہویا
3641:الف اول ہے عالم ہست سی او
3639:
3475:
3451:
3423:
3399:
3371:
3347:
3323:
3299:
3275:
3251:
3227:
3203:
3179:
3155:
3131:
3107:
3083:
3059:
3035:
3011:
2987:
2963:
2915:
2891:
2867:
2843:
2819:
2795:
2771:
2747:
2723:
2699:
2675:
2651:
2627:
2603:
2579:
2555:
2531:
2507:
2483:
2459:
2435:
2411:
2387:
2363:
2339:
2315:
2146:) at the end of the word.
1807:complementary distribution
342:
59:
42:
31:
9007:Languages of Azad Kashmir
8315:
6483:
6123:10.1017/S0041977X00137401
5859:Acta Linguistica Asiatica
5564:. Gandhara Hindko Board.
5435:Bashir & Conners 2019
5398:Bashir & Conners 2019
5358:Bashir & Conners 2019
5155:Bashir & Conners 2019
5068:Bashir & Conners 2019
4963:Bashir & Conners 2019
4880:Bashir & Conners 2019
4864:Bashir & Conners 2019
4336:. Routledge. p. 15.
4162:West, Barbara A. (2010).
4020:, p. 482): the term
3669:Hātif āp pukārā Bismillah
3651:قلم صاف اتاریا بسمہ اللہ
3643:ہاتف آپ پکاریا بسمہ اللہ
2130:'scatter' (in Awankari),
1912:
1644:
1546:
1522:
1493:
1450:
1382:
1249:
1205:
1165:
1141:
1112:
1078:
1018:
845:
806:
658:Dera Ismail Khan District
627:into Indian-administered
298:
68:
57:
8116:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
6163:The Indo-Aryan languages
5953:Nawaz, Muhammad (2014).
5936:The Indo-Aryan languages
4802:Akhtar & Rehman 2007
4531:Akhtar & Rehman 2007
3920:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b)
2134:'mixing' contrasts with
519:(spoken to the south in
43:Not to be confused with
8941:Pakistani Sign Language
6255:. Trafford Publishing.
5299:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015b
5084:Haroon-Ur-Rashid (2015a
3740:Jidur sir udur sarhanra
2011:, and six long vowels:
1779:is phonemic in Tanoli:
1611:/) in Awankari, but as
645:are the northern ones.
495:(spoken in the city of
389:, the urban variety of
8324:Indo-Iranian languages
5685:Bahri, Hardev (1963).
5382:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5327:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5315:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5259:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5203:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5199:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a
5185:, pp. 116–7, 143.
5143:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
5080:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4975:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4888:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015b
4868:Haroon-Ur-Rashid 2015a
4860:Nawaz & Afsar 2016
3597:University of Peshawar
3595:were published by the
2287:Khowar Academy Chitral
2274:
652:are found dialects of
334:
8377:Languages of Pakistan
7994:Maharashtrian Konkani
6278:Gandhara Hindko Board
6249:Toker, Halil (2014).
6202:Wyeth, Grant (2018).
5742:10.4324/9781315760803
5707:10.1515/9781614512257
2281:. It was created by
2268:
581:, and the variety of
332:
8926:Indo-Aryan languages
8282:Andaman Creole Hindi
7713:Bishnupriya Manipuri
7533:Caribbean Hindustani
6541:Indo-Aryan languages
6159:Shackle, Christopher
6147:Shackle, Christopher
6107:Shackle, Christopher
6075:Shackle, Christopher
5491:, pp. 498–99).
5201:, pp. 198–200;
4953:, pp. 487, 499.
4914:, pp. 487, 498.
4230:Christophe Jaffrelot
3817:Kohati: the city of
3732:جدھر سر ادھر سرہانڑا
3627:An excerpt from the
3589:University of London
3536:improve this section
2283:Rehmat Aziz Chitrali
2118:'meat cutters' with
802:Awankari and Kohati
315:2017 Pakistan Census
32:For the people, see
8415:administrative unit
8329:Nuristani languages
8061:Mitanni superstrate
6667:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
5478:, pp. 189–91).
5470:In the analysis by
5257:, pp. 207–10;
5197:, pp. 180–84;
5113:, pp. 128–129.
5033:, pp. 150–153.
4719:The Express Tribune
4606:, pp. 7–8, 57.
4016:, pp. 18–19);
3599:in the late 1970s.
3332:waw-e-humza-e-dumma
2294:
2257:'congratulations'.
2158:for more details).
1835:
1202:
803:
585:known variously as
8565:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
8384:Official languages
8215:Proto-Indo-Iranian
8096:Early Ardhamagadhi
5674:Indian Linguistics
5461:, pp. 593–94.
5413:, pp. 67–70).
5384:, pp. 92–93;
5333:, pp. 227–32.
5329:, pp. 92–95;
5261:, pp. 76–79;
5221:, pp. 73–78.
4461:, pp. 76–77).
4444:, pp. 497–98.
4417:, pp. 57, 85.
4405:, pp. 484–86.
4083:, pp. 211–14.
3914:(for Tanawal) and
3604:Riffat Akbar Swati
3581:The Gandhara Voice
2292:
2275:
1831:
1681:'swallow (verb)'),
1196:
801:
722:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
482:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
466:Shauraseni Prakrit
376:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
363:[ˈɦɪndkoː]
335:
309:in each Pakistani
8974:
8973:
8914:
8913:
8343:
8342:
8334:Iranian languages
8201:
8200:
8121:Dramatic Prakrits
8032:
8031:
8007:
8006:
7908:
7907:
7825:
7824:
7781:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
7678:
7677:
7498:
7497:
7344:
7343:
7334:list of languages
7031:
7030:
6984:
6983:
6900:
6899:
6742:
6741:
6507:
6506:
6479:
6478:
6314:Punjabi varieties
6262:978-1-4907-2379-2
6172:978-0-7007-1130-7
6046:Hindko and Gujari
6032:978-0-19-577692-8
5945:978-0-521-23420-7
5751:978-1-315-76080-3
5716:978-1-61451-296-7
5437:, pp. 47–48.
5425:, pp. 71–72.
5388:, pp. 227–32
5360:, pp. 44–45.
5281:, pp. 40–46.
5101:, pp. 113–5.
4924:Kiani et al. 2012
4850:, pp. 108–9.
4582:, pp. 58–62.
4563:(26th ed., 2023)
4533:, pp. 68–69.
4432:, pp. 55–56.
4343:978-0-429-78579-5
4095:, pp. 200–1.
4028:, pp. 10–11)
3992:(26th ed., 2023)
3869:, pp. 53–58)
3835:Mansehra District
3805:Peshawar District
3738:Transliteration:
3633:Ahmad Ali Saayein
3572:
3571:
3564:
3501:
3500:
2059:'piece of meat',
1997:
1996:
1800:retroflex lateral
1792:lateral consonant
1572:Hindko contrasts
1570:
1569:
1341:
1257:
1194:
1193:
937:
853:
689:Punjabi community
675:There are Hindko
629:Jammu and Kashmir
537:Peshawar District
521:Pindi Gheb Tehsil
410:Punjabi varieties
351:
333:A Hindko speaker.
330:
321:
320:
16:(Redirected from
9029:
8992:Punjabi dialects
8936:Iranic languages
8931:Dardic languages
8746:Pothwari Punjabi
8517:Gilgit-Baltistan
8422:
8418:
8370:
8363:
8356:
8347:
8220:Proto-Indo-Aryan
8076:
7999:Canarese Konkani
7928:
7917:
7691:
7518:
7509:
7355:
7040:
6916:
6909:
6753:
6554:
6534:
6527:
6520:
6511:
6365:
6328:Standard Punjabi
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6266:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6198:
6176:
6154:
6142:
6102:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6036:
6014:
6012:
6011:
5992:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5949:
5932:Masica, Colin P.
5927:
5925:
5924:
5907:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5848:
5819:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5776:
5755:
5728:
5690:
5681:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5645:
5624:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5502:
5496:
5485:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5407:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5334:
5324:
5318:
5312:
5306:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5252:
5246:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5212:
5206:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5054:See for example
5052:
5046:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4915:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4877:
4871:
4857:
4851:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4827:
4821:
4816:, pp. 4–5;
4811:
4805:
4799:
4790:
4784:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4740:
4727:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4675:. Archived from
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4555:Hindko, Southern
4552:
4546:
4540:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4387:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4327:
4321:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4254:
4253:
4236:. Anthem Press.
4226:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4159:
4148:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4130:. Archived from
4119:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3984:Hindko, Northern
3981:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3923:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3851:Haripur District
3792:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3758:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3662:Transliteration:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3567:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3547:
3516:
3508:
3497:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3445:
3441:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3393:
3389:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3110:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2909:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2861:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2837:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2813:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2765:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2621:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2295:
2279:Punjabi alphabet
2256:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:Standard Punjabi
2177:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2094:Nasalised vowels
2089:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1989:
1967:
1944:
1935:
1922:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1871:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1804:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1746:nasal consonants
1743:
1739:
1732:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1670:'saying' versus
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:Fricatives like
1642:
1637:voiced aspirated
1634:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1605:
1562:
1534:
1512:
1505:
1486:
1475:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1255:
1203:
1201:
1186:
1175:
1153:
1131:
1124:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
992:
989:
982:
977:
974:
967:
962:
959:
952:
947:
944:
935:
928:
923:
920:
913:
908:
905:
898:
893:
890:
883:
878:
875:
868:
863:
860:
851:
804:
618:
556:Standard Punjabi
533:Chakwal District
365:
360:
356:
349:
347:
346:
345:
331:
303:
294:
277:
270:
261:
241:
148:
73:
64:
63:
62:
50:
21:
9037:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9027:
9026:
9017:Hindko language
8977:
8976:
8975:
8970:
8956:Pakistani Hindi
8910:
8777:
8702:
8643:Kohistani Shina
8613:Indus Kohistani
8559:
8511:
8458:
8454:Pahari-Pothwari
8412:
8411:
8410:Other languages
8405:
8379:
8374:
8344:
8339:
8338:
8311:
8274:
8268:
8224:
8207:
8197:
8157:
8100:
8086:Ashokan Prakrit
8065:
8028:
8003:
7977:
7922:
7904:
7871:
7821:
7795:
7752:
7685:
7674:
7643:
7605:
7584:
7558:
7537:
7494:
7478:
7447:
7419:Hyderabadi Urdu
7340:
7297:
7189:
7106:
7027:
6980:
6971:Pahari-Pothwari
6942:
6896:
6877:Pahari Kinnauri
6798:
6777:
6738:
6704:Indus Kohistani
6697:Hazara Division
6692:
6671:
6635:
6619:
6573:
6543:
6538:
6508:
6503:
6475:
6452:
6448:Pahari-Pothwari
6440:Pahari-Pothwari
6434:
6401:
6360:
6352:
6316:
6311:
6274:
6263:
6248:
6230:
6228:Further reading
6225:
6217:
6215:
6201:
6179:
6173:
6157:
6145:
6105:
6073:
6065:
6063:
6056:
6039:
6033:
6017:
6009:
6007:
5995:
5974:
5966:
5964:
5952:
5946:
5930:
5922:
5920:
5910:
5881:
5873:
5871:
5851:
5822:
5801:
5793:
5791:
5779:
5758:
5752:
5731:
5717:
5693:
5684:
5671:
5662:
5660:
5648:
5627:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5596:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5569:
5556:Hindko, Matlaan
5554:
5553:
5549:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5486:
5482:
5474:. But see also
5469:
5465:
5457:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5408:
5404:
5396:
5392:
5380:
5376:
5368:
5364:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5337:
5325:
5321:
5313:
5309:
5289:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5213:
5209:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5165:
5161:
5153:
5149:
5141:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5058:, p. 130).
5053:
5049:
5041:
5037:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5009:, p. 149).
4997:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4937:
4930:
4922:
4918:
4910:
4906:
4898:
4894:
4878:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4846:
4842:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4793:
4789:, pp. 4–5.
4785:
4781:
4773:
4769:
4756:
4754:
4742:
4741:
4730:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4682:
4680:
4679:on 30 June 2022
4666:
4665:
4661:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4553:
4549:
4541:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4521:, pp. 1–4.
4517:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4421:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4385:
4383:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4353:
4351:
4344:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4312:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4288:, p. 482;
4284:
4280:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4244:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4174:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4137:
4135:
4134:on 30 June 2022
4121:
4120:
4111:
4103:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4075:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4012:, p. 53);
4007:
4003:
3993:
3982:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3905:
3901:
3897:, p. 497).
3892:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3776:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3625:
3568:
3557:
3551:
3548:
3533:
3517:
3506:
2263:
2164:
2096:
1829:
1794:: the alveolar
1783:'prayer call',
1750:retroflex nasal
1733:/ in Awankari.
1707:'small stick',
1574:stop consonants
1432:
1408:
1393:
1325:
1310:
1295:
1280:
1265:
1232:
1217:
1199:
1198:
1060:
1036:
1005:
990:
975:
960:
945:
921:
906:
891:
876:
861:
818:
799:
794:
718:Hazara Division
710:
662:Pahari–Pothwari
625:Line of Control
621:Vale of Kashmir
571:Northern Hindko
529:Talagang Tehsil
513:Haripur Tehsils
501:Attock District
474:
433:Iranic language
358:
323:
317:
290:
273:
272:
266:
265:
257:
242:
237:
198:
149:
146:Language family
144:
135:
134:Native speakers
101:Hazara Division
82:
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:Hindko language
15:
12:
11:
5:
9035:
9033:
9025:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8979:
8978:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8963:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8922:
8920:
8919:Related topics
8916:
8915:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8787:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8759:
8758:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8712:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
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8575:
8569:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8468:
8466:
8460:
8459:
8457:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8419:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8278:
8276:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8266:
8261:
8260:
8259:
8254:
8244:
8239:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8211:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
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8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8169:
8167:
8159:
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8155:
8150:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8118:
8112:
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8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8082:
8080:
8073:
8067:
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8051:
8040:
8038:
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8027:
8026:
8021:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8008:
8005:
8004:
8002:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7985:
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7979:
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7976:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
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7925:
7914:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7881:
7879:
7873:
7872:
7870:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7803:
7801:
7797:
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7788:
7783:
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7777:
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7771:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
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7725:
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7715:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7697:
7695:
7688:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7665:
7657:
7651:
7649:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7630:
7629:
7624:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
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7530:
7524:
7522:
7515:
7506:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7479:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7440:
7435:
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7427:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7401:
7392:
7387:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7361:
7359:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7336:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7305:
7303:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7199:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7116:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7087:Lisan ud-Dawat
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7048:
7046:
7037:
7033:
7032:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6994:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6922:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6808:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6750:
6744:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6514:
6505:
6504:
6493:Baahar di boli
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6476:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6454:
6453:
6451:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6436:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6369:Jatki language
6362:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6273:
6272:External links
6270:
6269:
6268:
6261:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6199:
6189:(2): 103–120.
6177:
6171:
6155:
6143:
6117:(3): 482–510.
6103:
6085:(1): 191–210.
6071:
6054:
6037:
6031:
6015:
5993:
5972:
5950:
5944:
5928:
5908:
5890:(2): 135–150.
5879:
5849:
5820:
5799:
5777:
5767:(3): 191–202.
5756:
5750:
5729:
5715:
5691:
5682:
5669:
5646:
5625:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5578:
5547:
5522:
5497:
5480:
5463:
5451:
5449:, p. 109.
5439:
5427:
5415:
5411:Bhardwaj (2016
5402:
5390:
5374:
5372:, p. 500.
5362:
5350:
5335:
5319:
5307:
5283:
5271:
5247:
5245:, p. 199.
5235:
5207:
5187:
5175:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5115:
5103:
5088:
5072:
5060:
5047:
5035:
5023:
5011:
4991:
4989:, p. 149.
4979:
4967:
4955:
4943:
4941:, p. 487.
4928:
4916:
4904:
4892:
4882:, p. 22;
4872:
4866:, p. 22;
4852:
4840:
4822:
4806:
4791:
4779:
4767:
4728:
4721:. 2014-04-12.
4706:
4694:
4659:
4633:
4620:
4608:
4596:
4594:, p. 484.
4584:
4572:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4497:, p. 485.
4487:
4485:, p. 509.
4475:
4473:, p. 497.
4463:
4446:
4434:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4364:
4342:
4322:
4320:, p. 482.
4306:
4294:
4292:, pp. 3–4
4278:
4255:
4242:
4221:
4219:, p. 482.
4209:
4187:
4172:
4149:
4109:
4107:, p. 486.
4097:
4085:
4073:
4057:
4055:, p. 211.
4042:
4040:, p. 198.
4030:
4001:
3969:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3899:
3886:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3855:Singo Di Garhi
3831:
3821:
3815:
3801:
3787:
3774:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3715:
3712:
3624:
3623:Poetry example
3621:
3570:
3569:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2302:
2301:Name of Letter
2299:
2262:
2259:
2247:glottalisation
2210:'leper' <
2176:/bʱdʱɖʱdʒʱɡʱɦ/
2163:
2160:
2151:allophonically
2095:
2092:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1828:
1825:
1818:retroflex flap
1811:alveolar trill
1697:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1623:), voiceless (
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1499:
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1479:
1477:
1468:
1461:
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1416:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1303:
1288:
1273:
1258:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1206:
1197:Hazara Hindko
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
953:
938:
932:
931:
929:
914:
899:
884:
869:
854:
849:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
812:
807:
798:
795:
793:
790:
785:domains of use
709:
708:Social setting
706:
531:, now part of
473:
470:
319:
318:
304:
296:
295:
288:
280:
279:
262:
254:
253:
252:Language codes
249:
248:
243:
239:Writing system
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
227:
214:
209:
204:
200:
199:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
186:
152:
150:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
120:
116:
115:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:Native to
84:
83:
74:
66:
65:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9034:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8836:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8780:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8514:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8461:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8314:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8292:Haflong Hindi
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8279:
8277:
8271:
8265:
8262:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8247:Chinali–Lahul
8245:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8204:
8194:
8193:Khasa Prakrit
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8160:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7828:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7681:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7567:
7565:
7561:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7481:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7469:Chhattisgarhi
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7335:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7263:Rathwi Bareli
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Mahasu Pahari
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6780:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6528:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6482:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6247:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6227:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6061:
6057:
6055:969-8023-13-5
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6034:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6019:Rahman, Tariq
6016:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5973:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:. Routledge.
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5695:Bashir, Elena
5692:
5688:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5579:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5489:Shackle (1980
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5423:Bhardwaj 2016
5419:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5400:, p. 44.
5399:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5348:, p. 61.
5347:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5317:, p. 94.
5316:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5205:, p. 29.
5204:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5171:Shackle (1980
5168:
5163:
5160:
5157:, p. 22.
5156:
5151:
5148:
5145:, p. 28.
5144:
5139:
5136:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5070:, p. 26.
5069:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4977:, p. 25.
4976:
4971:
4968:
4965:, p. 27.
4964:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4810:
4807:
4804:, p. 69.
4803:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4780:
4777:, p. 80.
4776:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4629:Pierce (2011)
4624:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4512:
4509:, p. 56.
4508:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4455:Shackle (1980
4450:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4316:, p. 5;
4315:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4245:
4243:9781843311492
4239:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4173:9781438119137
4169:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:Shackle (1980
4015:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:City; two in
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3699:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3566:
3563:
3555:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3521:This section
3519:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3449:
3448:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3225:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3081:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2304:Transcription
2303:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2237:'more' (<
2231:
2227:
2221:
2220:Majhi Punjabi
2202:'horse' <
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2080:
2047:'yesterday',
2039:'big stone',
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1775:
1772:'pride'. The
1755:
1751:
1747:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1003:
999:
996:
988:
984:
981:
973:
969:
966:
958:
954:
951:
943:
939:
934:
933:
930:
927:
919:
915:
912:
904:
900:
897:
889:
885:
882:
874:
870:
867:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
816:
813:
811:
808:
805:
796:
791:
789:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
643:
639:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:Neelum Valley
596:
592:
588:
587:Tanoli Hindko
584:
580:
576:
575:Kaghan Valley
572:
568:
567:Hazara Hindko
564:
563:Hazara region
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
471:
469:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
355:
339:
316:
312:
308:
307:mother tongue
302:
297:
293:
289:
287:
286:
281:
276:
269:
263:
260:
255:
250:
247:
244:
240:
234:
229:Hazara Hindko
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
207:
206:
205:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
154:Indo-European
151:
147:
141:
137:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
67:
56:
51:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8725:
8607:
8449:Kundal Shahi
8426:Azad Kashmir
8287:Bombay Hindi
8229:Unclassified
8126:Ardhamagadhi
7953:Berar Deccan
7807:Chittagonian
7800:Chittagonian
7293:Vaagri Booli
7258:Pauri Bareli
7253:Palya Bareli
7218:Dhodia–Kukna
7092:Parkari Koli
6955:
6905:Northwestern
6595:Kundal Shahi
6489:Baar di Boli
6485:
6406:
6251:
6216:. Retrieved
6207:
6186:
6182:
6162:
6150:
6114:
6110:
6082:
6078:
6064:. Retrieved
6045:
6022:
6008:. Retrieved
5998:
5983:(1): 65–73.
5980:
5976:
5965:. Retrieved
5955:
5935:
5921:. Retrieved
5887:
5883:
5872:. Retrieved
5863:
5857:
5831:(2): 59–79.
5828:
5824:
5807:
5803:
5792:. Retrieved
5782:
5764:
5760:
5733:
5698:
5686:
5677:
5673:
5661:. Retrieved
5651:
5636:(1): 65–84.
5633:
5629:
5620:
5616:
5608:Bibliography
5595:. Retrieved
5581:
5570:. Retrieved
5560:
5550:
5539:. Retrieved
5525:
5514:. Retrieved
5500:
5483:
5466:
5459:Shackle 2003
5454:
5442:
5430:
5418:
5405:
5393:
5377:
5370:Shackle 1980
5365:
5353:
5322:
5310:
5303:Bahri (1963)
5286:
5274:
5250:
5238:
5210:
5190:
5178:
5162:
5150:
5138:
5118:
5106:
5075:
5063:
5050:
5038:
5026:
5014:
4994:
4982:
4970:
4958:
4951:Shackle 1980
4946:
4939:Shackle 1980
4919:
4912:Shackle 1980
4907:
4895:
4875:
4855:
4843:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4818:Shackle 1983
4809:
4782:
4770:
4761:
4755:. Retrieved
4745:
4718:
4709:
4697:
4688:
4683:24 September
4681:. Retrieved
4677:the original
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4636:
4623:
4611:
4599:
4592:Shackle 1980
4587:
4575:
4558:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4495:Shackle 1980
4490:
4483:Shackle 1980
4478:
4471:Shackle 1980
4466:
4459:Rensch (1992
4449:
4442:Shackle 1980
4437:
4410:
4403:Shackle 1980
4398:
4390:
4384:. Retrieved
4374:
4367:
4358:
4352:. Retrieved
4332:
4325:
4318:Shackle 1980
4309:
4304:, p. 4.
4297:
4286:Shackle 1980
4281:
4272:
4268:
4248:
4247:
4233:
4224:
4217:Shackle 1980
4212:
4203:
4199:
4179:
4177:
4163:
4143:
4136:. Retrieved
4132:the original
4105:Shackle 1980
4100:
4093:Shackle 1979
4088:
4076:
4065:Shackle 1980
4060:
4038:Shackle 1979
4033:
4026:Rensch (1992
4021:
4014:Masica (1991
4010:Rensch (1992
4004:
3987:
3960:. Retrieved
3912:Nawaz (2014)
3902:
3895:Shackle 1980
3889:
3881:
3876:
3813:Pakha Gholam
3797:the city of
3790:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3737:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3698:Translation:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3637:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3558:
3549:
3534:Please help
3522:
3483:
3459:
3431:
3407:
3379:
3355:
3331:
3307:
3283:
3259:
3235:
3211:
3187:
3163:
3139:
3115:
3091:
3067:
3043:
3019:
2995:
2971:
2923:
2899:
2875:
2851:
2827:
2803:
2779:
2755:
2731:
2707:
2683:
2659:
2635:
2611:
2587:
2563:
2539:
2515:
2491:
2467:
2443:
2419:
2395:
2371:
2347:
2323:
2276:
2270:
2255:/vəˈtˀɑ̂ːiː/
2253:'daughter',
2232:
2228:
2171:
2168:pitch accent
2165:
2148:
2100:nasal vowels
2097:
2081:
1998:
1832:
1789:
1768:'straight',
1735:
1717:labio-dental
1698:
1649:
1571:
774:
711:
674:
670:Muzaffarabad
647:
635:
633:
610:
606:
603:Azad Kashmir
594:
590:
586:
578:
570:
566:
560:
541:
490:
475:
459:
454:
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
420:than in the
399:
386:
384:
337:
336:
283:
183:
169:Northwestern
159:Indo-Iranian
75:
29:
8623:Kalasha-mun
8464:Balochistan
8275:and creoles
8257:Lahul Lohar
8136:Maharashtri
7733:Mal Paharia
7723:Kharia Thar
7365:Braj Bhasha
6501:Khalsa bole
5623:(2): 58–80.
5493:Awan (1974)
5476:Bahri (1963
5472:Bahl (1957)
5291:Nawaz (2014
5267:Bahri (1963
5223:Nawaz (2014
5056:Nawaz (2014
4814:Rensch 1992
4787:Rensch 1992
4775:Rensch 1992
4604:Rensch 1992
4580:Rensch 1992
4507:Rensch 1992
4430:Rensch 1992
4415:Rensch 1992
4302:Rensch 1992
4290:Rensch 1992
4200:The Soomras
4081:Rahman 1996
4053:Rahman 1996
3962:26 December
3867:Rensch 1992
3460:hamza-e-yeh
3380:do cašmī he
3308:waw-e-hamza
2114:'arm', and
2075:'soft' vs.
1774:velar nasal
1736:Apart from
1725:approximant
1688:'to look'),
1641:bʱdʱɖʱdʒʱɡʱ
1633:pʰtʰʈʰtʃʰkʰ
1548:Approximant
1167:Approximant
730:Tahirkhelis
693:Afghanistan
664:, with the
544:prestigious
527:(spoken in
507:(spoken in
460:Like other
8981:Categories
8886:Rajasthani
8768:Rajasthani
8598:Gawar-Bati
8573:Burushaski
8530:Burushaski
8178:Apabhraṃśa
8164:Apabhraṃśa
8141:Shauraseni
7857:Bodo Parja
7842:Sambalpuri
7774:Goalpariya
7748:Tanchangya
7738:Noakhailla
7663:Bote-Darai
7474:Fiji Hindi
7443:Sadhukkadi
7414:Judeo-Urdu
7380:Hindustani
7170:Shekhawati
7112:Rajasthani
7097:Saurashtra
6822:Bhadarwahi
6652:Gawar-Bati
6218:2019-10-16
6066:2016-11-05
6010:2020-09-20
5967:2020-02-29
5923:2019-10-18
5904:1370361471
5874:2020-02-29
5845:1628966213
5794:2020-02-29
5663:2020-12-31
5597:2019-06-16
5572:2019-06-16
5541:2019-06-16
5516:2022-07-21
5386:Nawaz 2014
5346:Bahri 1963
5331:Nawaz 2014
5279:Bahri 1963
5255:Nawaz 2014
5243:Nawaz 2014
5195:Nawaz 2014
5183:Bahri 1963
5123:Nawaz 2014
5111:Nawaz 2014
5099:Bahri 1963
5043:Bahri 1963
5031:Nawaz 2014
5007:Nawaz 2014
5005:'plough' (
4987:Nawaz 2014
4900:Bahri 1963
4884:Nawaz 2014
4848:Bahri 1963
4757:2022-07-28
4702:Wyeth 2018
4652:10 October
4560:Ethnologue
4519:Nawaz 2014
4386:2022-08-05
4354:2022-08-13
4314:Nawaz 2014
4138:10 October
4071:'Hindko'".
3989:Ethnologue
3930:References
3552:March 2013
3504:Literature
2324:waḍḍi alif
2178:. Thus in
2084:diphthongs
2063:'Sunday',
2051:'button',
1703:'spoilt',
1686:/deːxɽ̃ɑː/
1613:affricates
797:Consonants
650:Salt Range
637:Ethnologue
503:, Punjab:
414:morphology
395:Abbottabad
350:romanized:
313:as of the
164:Indo-Aryan
123:Hindkowans
34:Hindkowans
8648:Mankiyali
8264:Sheikhgal
8208:languages
8173:Abahattha
8153:Paishachi
8054:Classical
8019:Maldivian
7791:Surjapuri
7757:Kamarupic
7659:Kuswaric
7521:Bhojpuric
7309:Khandeshi
6842:Chambeali
6837:Bilaspuri
6734:Mankiyali
6662:Shumashti
6657:Nangalami
6569:Kishtwari
6486:See also:
6361:(Western)
6195:1028-6640
6139:129436200
6131:0041-977X
6099:0079-1636
5989:1028-6640
5896:1028-6640
5837:1028-6640
5816:1028-6640
5773:1028-6640
5725:203090889
5642:1028-6640
5617:Al-Mushir
4178:The term
3827:City and
3809:Wad Pagga
3781:The term
3763:Hindustan
3593:phonology
3577:Hindkowan
3523:does not
2212:/kóːɽʱaː/
2204:/ɡʱoːɽaː/
2192:/ɡʱoːɽaː/
2079:'shoe').
2067:'thief',
1766:/tɑːɳɑ̃ː/
1695:'write').
1629:aspirated
1586:retroflex
1384:Fricative
1256:voiceless
1229:Post-alv.
1224:Retroflex
1020:Fricative
852:voiceless
825:Retroflex
792:Phonology
764:, Turks,
738:Yusufzais
726:Hazarewal
677:diasporas
642:ISO 639-3
577:known as
455:Hindkuwan
450:Hindkowan
418:phonology
387:Peshawari
285:Glottolog
259:ISO 639-3
246:Shahmukhi
208:Peshawari
127:Hazarewal
119:Ethnicity
80:Shahmukhi
38:Hazarewal
8966:Chagatai
8849:Wadiyara
8826:Jandavra
8821:Gujarati
8756:dialects
8678:Shekhani
8588:Chilisso
8497:Khetrani
8487:Hazaragi
8444:Kashmiri
8395:national
8320:See also
8302:Nefamese
8297:Nagamese
8188:Kamarupi
8148:Gāndhārī
8105:Middle (
8044:Sanskrit
7982:Konkanic
7931:Marathic
7921:Marathi–
7913:Southern
7817:Rohingya
7786:Rangpuri
7764:Assamese
7728:Kurmukar
7706:dialects
7686:Kamarupa
7570:Maithili
7563:Maithili
7528:Bhojpuri
7433:Kannauji
7395:Hinglish
7375:Haryanvi
7140:Dhundari
7080:Wadiyara
7062:Jandavra
7057:Gujarati
7044:Gujarati
6966:Khetrani
6931:dialects
6887:Sirmauri
6867:Jaunsari
6857:Mandeali
6852:Pangwali
6832:Bhateali
6789:Garhwali
6748:Northern
6714:Chilisso
6590:Brokskat
6564:Kashmiri
6557:Kashmiri
6497:Derawali
6415:Awankari
6397:Shahpuri
6212:Archived
6060:Archived
6021:(1996).
6004:Archived
5961:Archived
5934:(1991).
5917:Archived
5900:ProQuest
5868:Archived
5841:ProQuest
5788:Archived
5680:: 30–34.
5657:Archived
5591:Archived
5589:. 2018.
5566:Archived
5558:(2015).
5535:Archived
5510:Archived
4751:Archived
4723:Archived
4646:Archived
4380:Archived
4348:Archived
4232:(2004).
3953:Archived
3882:Khālsavī
3847:Mansehra
3829:Talagang
3823:Attock:
3799:Peshawar
3714:Proverbs
3484:waḍḍi ye
2261:Alphabet
2224:/kòːɽaː/
2216:/koːɽaː/
2208:/kóːɽaː/
2200:/kòːɽaː/
2196:/kòːɽaː/
2184:/dʒiːbʱ/
2128:/kʰɪ̃ɖɑ/
2124:/kʰɪɖɑː/
2120:/toːkẽː/
2116:/toːkeː/
2077:/pɔːlɑː/
2073:/poːlɑː/
2069:/kuːɽɑː/
2057:/bæːrɑː/
2055:'what',
2049:/biːɽɑː/
2043:'pain',
1705:/ləxxət/
1674:'said'),
1672:/ɑːkhɑː/
1668:/ɑːxdɑː/
1598:palatals
1582:alveolar
1219:Alveolar
820:Alveolar
766:Qureshis
548:Peshawar
525:Awankari
391:Peshawar
372:Pakistan
311:District
292:hind1271
217:Awankari
203:Dialects
105:Peshawar
91:Pakistan
8951:Persian
8866:Marwari
8844:Parkari
8801:Bengali
8763:Saraiki
8751:Punjabi
8736:Marwari
8731:Kabutra
8683:Torwali
8633:Kamviri
8628:Kalkoti
8578:Badeshi
8535:Dawoodi
8507:Wanetsi
8492:Jadgali
8482:Dehwari
8472:Balochi
8401:English
8273:Pidgins
8252:Chinali
8242:Bazigar
8236:Badeshi
8131:Magadhi
8107:Prakrit
8024:Sinhala
8012:Insular
7989:Konkani
7968:Katkari
7963:Phudagi
7943:Varhadi
7938:Marathi
7923:Konkani
7895:Bhunjia
7769:Kamrupi
7743:Sylheti
7701:Bengali
7694:Bengali
7655:Kumhali
7622:Kochila
7610:Tharuic
7601:Kurmali
7589:Sadanic
7580:Bajjika
7554:Khortha
7504:Eastern
7464:Bagheli
7452:Eastern
7409:Deccani
7385:Kauravi
7370:Bundeli
7358:Western
7350:Central
7319:Dawoodi
7314:Lambadi
7238:Bhilori
7208:Bhilali
7155:Marwari
7145:Harauti
7075:Parkari
7036:Western
7003:Kholosi
6998:Jadgali
6976:Saraiki
6926:Punjabi
6919:Eastern
6912:Punjabi
6882:Hinduri
6827:Churahi
6804:Western
6794:Kumaoni
6782:Central
6756:Eastern
6683:Kalasha
6676:Chitral
6631:Pashayi
6624:Pashayi
6600:Kalkoti
6458:Saraiki
6420:Chhachi
6392:Lubanki
6387:Jhangvi
6321:Eastern
5734:Panjabi
5133:'moon'.
5131:/tʃənn/
5127:/kə̃ŋɡ/
3843:Sherpur
3839:Balakot
3720:matlaan
3609:Faroogh
3544:removed
3529:sources
3432:coṭī ye
3356:coṭī he
2241:), but
2188:/dʒíːb/
2136:/ɡə̃́ɖ/
2065:/tʃoːr/
2037:/tʃɪpp/
1849:Central
1701:/xrɑːb/
1679:/nɪɣʊl/
1639:stops (
1590:palatal
1576:at the
1524:Lateral
1251:Plosive
1244:Glottal
1234:Palatal
1143:Lateral
847:Plosive
840:Glottal
830:Palatal
770:Gujjars
762:Tanolis
758:Mughals
750:Sayyids
746:Tareens
742:Jadoons
681:Karachi
654:Saraiki
595:Tinauli
583:Tanawal
579:Kaghani
505:Chacchi
486:Kashmir
445:Hindkun
406:Saraiki
402:Punjabi
264:Either:
225:Chacchi
174:Punjabi
113:Potohar
8946:Arabic
8906:Vaghri
8896:Sindhi
8891:Rangri
8876:Mewari
8871:Memoni
8861:Loarki
8856:Kutchi
8816:Goaria
8811:Dhatki
8773:Rangri
8741:Mewari
8726:Hindko
8708:Punjab
8698:Yidgha
8688:Ushoji
8668:Pashto
8663:Palula
8658:Ormuri
8638:Khowar
8618:Kalami
8608:Hindko
8593:Dameli
8583:Bateri
8540:Khowar
8502:Pashto
8477:Brahui
8439:Gujari
8206:Proto-
8162:Late (
8071:Middle
7973:Kadodi
7900:Nahari
7877:Halbic
7852:Bhatri
7812:Chakma
7718:Hajong
7684:Gauda–
7668:Danwar
7648:Others
7639:Musasa
7575:Angika
7549:Magahi
7542:Magahi
7513:Bihari
7483:Others
7459:Awadhi
7424:Rekhta
7399:Urdish
7329:Romani
7324:Domari
7302:Others
7283:Vasavi
7268:Pardhi
7248:Magari
7243:Mawchi
7233:Bauria
7223:Dhanki
7213:Chodri
7185:Nimadi
7175:Dhatki
7165:Mewari
7160:Mewati
7135:Gujari
7130:Loarki
7125:Goaria
7102:Vaghri
7023:Sindhi
7018:Memoni
7013:Luwati
7008:Kutchi
6990:Sindhi
6956:Hindko
6948:Lahnda
6892:Sarazi
6872:Kullui
6817:Kangri
6773:Nepali
6763:Doteli
6729:Tirahi
6724:Kalami
6709:Bateri
6688:Khowar
6647:Dameli
6610:Palula
6605:Ushoji
6549:Dardic
6466:Riasti
6430:Kohati
6407:Hindko
6358:Lahnda
6348:Puadhi
6343:Malwai
6259:
6193:
6169:
6137:
6129:
6097:
6052:
6029:
5987:
5942:
5902:
5894:
5843:
5835:
5814:
5771:
5748:
5723:
5713:
5640:
5003:/rɑ:ɦ/
4340:
4249:Hindko
4240:
4183:group.
4180:Hindko
4170:
4022:Hindko
3861:(near
3859:Jammun
3825:Attock
3803:rural
3783:Hindki
3722:, sg.
3613:Farogh
2298:Letter
2251:/tˀîː/
2243:/dʱiː/
2235:/ʋə́d/
2112:/bɑ̃ː/
2086:(like
2061:/tɑːr/
2045:/kəll/
2041:/dʊxx/
1833:Vowels
1827:Vowels
1785:/mɑːŋ/
1781:/bɑːŋ/
1770:/mɑːɳ/
1748:. The
1709:/ʃɑːx/
1627:) and
1625:ptʈtʃk
1621:bdɖdʒɡ
1617:/tʃdʒ/
1578:labial
1495:Rhotic
1433:
1409:
1394:
1340:voiced
1326:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1266:
1214:Dental
1209:Labial
1114:Rhotic
1061:
1037:
1006:
991:
976:
961:
946:
936:voiced
922:
907:
892:
877:
862:
815:Dental
810:Labial
781:Pashto
734:Swatis
714:castes
666:Galyat
616:apārim
591:Tanoli
523:) and
509:Attock
493:Kohati
478:Punjab
462:Lahnda
441:Hindki
437:Hindki
429:Pashto
422:syntax
380:Punjab
368:Lahnda
354:Hindko
338:Hindko
212:Kohati
184:Hindko
179:Lahnda
97:Region
76:Hindko
53:Hindko
45:Hindki
8960:Hindi
8839:Kachi
8835:Koli
8806:Bhaya
8796:Bagri
8783:Sindh
8721:Dogri
8716:Bagri
8693:Wazir
8653:Munji
8603:Gowro
8555:Wakhi
8550:Shina
8545:Purgi
8525:Balti
8434:Dogri
8307:Vedda
8079:Early
8049:Vedic
7958:Varli
7890:Kamar
7885:Halbi
7867:Kupia
7847:Desia
7634:Majhi
7627:Buksa
7617:Tharu
7596:Sadri
7490:Parya
7438:Sansi
7390:Hindi
7288:Wagdi
7278:Kalto
7273:Gamit
7228:Dubli
7203:Bhili
7150:Malvi
7120:Bagri
7070:Kachi
7066:Koli
6938:Sansi
6847:Gaddi
6812:Dogri
6768:Jumli
6719:Gowro
6640:Kunar
6585:Shina
6578:Shina
6471:Thali
6425:Ghebi
6377:Dhani
6338:Majhi
6333:Doabi
6135:S2CID
5866:(3).
5810:(2).
5721:S2CID
3956:(PDF)
3949:(PDF)
3908:/æ͂ː/
3863:Ghazi
3819:Kohat
3748:Notes
3724:matal
3629:Kalām
3408:hamza
2524:/t͡ʃ/
2500:/d͡ʒ/
2194:>
2186:>
2132:/ɡəɖ/
2108:/bɑː/
2053:/keː/
1863:Close
1842:Front
1693:/lɪx/
1645:below
1594:velar
1452:Nasal
1239:Velar
1080:Nasal
835:Velar
754:Awans
697:Hindu
685:India
611:Pārim
607:Parmi
517:Ghebi
497:Kohat
447:, or
431:, an
344:ہندکو
221:Ghebi
109:Kohat
61:ہندکو
8901:Urdu
8831:Jogi
8673:Sawi
8413:(by
8391:Urdu
8091:Pāli
7948:Andh
7862:Reli
7837:Odia
7830:Odia
7404:Urdu
7195:Bhil
6961:Inku
6615:Sawi
6382:Inku
6257:ISBN
6191:ISSN
6167:ISBN
6127:ISSN
6095:ISSN
6050:ISBN
6027:ISBN
5985:ISSN
5940:ISBN
5892:ISSN
5833:ISSN
5812:ISSN
5769:ISSN
5746:ISBN
5711:ISBN
5638:ISSN
5229:but
4685:2019
4673:Mint
4654:2019
4627:See
4338:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4168:ISBN
4140:2019
4128:Mint
4069:NWFP
3964:2022
3857:and
3845:and
3811:and
3769:Hind
3527:any
3525:cite
3488:e, ē
3468:/æː/
3436:y, ī
3392:/◌ʱ/
3388:/◌ʰ/
3316:/ʔu/
3236:ngun
2972:ǧain
2924:‘ain
2900:zo'e
2876:to'e
2852:zvād
2828:svād
2348:alif
2239:vədʱ
2172:tone
2162:Tone
2088:/ai/
2033:/uː/
2031:and
2029:/oː/
2025:/ɑː/
2021:/æː/
2017:/eː/
2013:/iː/
2007:and
1977:Open
1856:Back
1758:/ɽ̃/
1754:flap
1740:and
1658:and
1592:and
777:Urdu
768:and
744:and
701:Sikh
699:and
609:(or
554:and
552:Urdu
511:and
416:and
404:and
359:IPA:
125:and
36:and
8791:Aer
8183:Elu
8037:Old
7052:Aer
6119:doi
6087:doi
5738:doi
5703:doi
5231:/ɐ/
5227:/ə/
4557:at
3986:at
3865:) (
3766:or
3631:of
3538:by
3496:/ɛ/
3492:/e/
3444:/i/
3440:/j/
3416:/ʔ/
3364:/ɦ/
3340:/ʊ/
3292:/ʋ/
3284:wāw
3268:/ɳ/
3260:ṇūn
3244:/ŋ/
3220:/ɲ/
3212:ñun
3196:/ɲ/
3188:ñun
3172:/n/
3164:nūn
3148:/m/
3140:mīm
3124:/l/
3116:lām
3100:/g/
3092:gāf
3076:/k/
3068:kāf
3052:/v/
3044:vāf
3028:/q/
3020:qāf
3004:/f/
2980:/ɣ/
2956:/ʊ/
2952:/ɪ/
2948:/o/
2944:/ɛ/
2940:/e/
2936:/ə/
2932:/∅/
2908:/z/
2904:(z)
2884:/t/
2880:(t)
2860:/z/
2856:(z)
2836:/s/
2832:(s)
2812:/ʃ/
2804:šīn
2788:/s/
2780:sīn
2764:/ɕ/
2740:/z/
2716:/ɽ/
2692:/r/
2668:/z/
2664:(z)
2660:zāl
2644:/ɖ/
2636:ḍāl
2620:/d/
2612:dāl
2596:/ʄ/
2572:/x/
2548:/h/
2492:jīm
2476:/s/
2452:/ʈ/
2428:/t/
2404:/p/
2380:/b/
2356:/a/
2332:/ə/
2308:IPA
2285:at
2271:Vaf
2144:/o/
2142:or
2140:/u/
2009:/ə/
2005:/ʊ/
2001:/ɪ/
1914:Mid
1821:/ɽ/
1814:/r/
1803:/ɭ/
1796:/l/
1777:/ŋ/
1762:/n/
1742:/n/
1738:/m/
1721:/v/
1660:/ɣ/
1656:/x/
1652:/f/
1647:).
1315:tʃʰ
720:of
593:or
569:or
515:),
457:).
275:hno
268:hnd
78:in
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8881:Od
7180:Od
6499:,
6495:,
6491:,
6210:.
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5265:;
5217:;
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3579:,
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3384:_h
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2226:.
2104:ɑ̃
2027:,
2023:,
2019:,
2015:,
2003:,
1987:ɑː
1942:æː
1933:oː
1920:eː
1882:uː
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1756::
1713:/ɦ
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1588:,
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1476:)
1367:dʒ
1330:kʰ
1307:tʃ
1300:ʈʰ
1285:tʰ
1270:pʰ
1010:ɡʱ
995:ɟʱ
980:ɖʱ
965:dʱ
950:bʱ
926:kʰ
911:cʰ
896:ʈʰ
881:tʰ
866:pʰ
772:.
760:,
756:,
752:,
740:,
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3216:ñ
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3192:ñ
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3000:f
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2808:š
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2629:ڈ
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2605:د
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2328:ā
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1965:ə
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1470:(
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1458:m
1444:ɦ
1437:ɣ
1429:x
1422:ʃ
1413:z
1405:s
1398:v
1390:f
1374:ɡ
1360:ɖ
1353:d
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1322:k
1292:ʈ
1277:t
1262:p
1231:/
1216:/
1184:j
1173:ʋ
1151:l
1129:ɽ
1122:r
1100:ɳ
1093:n
1086:m
1072:ɦ
1065:ɣ
1057:x
1050:ɕ
1041:z
1033:s
1026:f
1002:ɡ
987:ɟ
972:ɖ
957:d
942:b
918:k
903:c
888:ʈ
873:t
858:p
817:/
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40:.
20:)
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