History of the Jews in Philadelphia

644: 540:, a weekly journal published in Philadelphia in 1889 for the Presbyterian community, the editor wrote: "In Philadelphia we are likely to have a Jewish section, where emigrants from Eastern Europe will congregate. From Fifth Street to the Delaware River and south of Lombard Street these foreign Jews are crowding in, and being very poor, the Hebrew Charities are drawn upon heavily." The Jewish press saw a more confined quarter, extending from Spruce Street in the north to Christian Street in the South and from 3rd Street to 6th Street east to west. This was at a time when sweatshops were moving south from Kensington to Northern Liberties and then south of Market Street to Bank and Strawberry Streets. At this time, German-Jewish wholesale clothiers, like Snellenberg's, had their businesses on N. 3rd Street between Market and Arch streets. Many of these buildings stand today. 552:

Jewish quarter. Many concentrated around the eastern end of South Street for three primary reasons: rent was inexpensive; housing was near the sweatshops; and the neighborhood was near the Emigrant Depot at the foot of Washington Avenue and the Delaware River. Prior to 1900, few Jews lived south of Washington Avenue. The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia was bordered by Polish immigrants and Irish to the east, by African-Americans to the west and Italians to the southwest and, to the south, by Irish. Crossing well defined boundaries was dangerous for the immigrants. Curbside and pushcart markets were established; teams of horses flying over cobblestone streets made daily runs to the Dock Street wholesale market. Many Jewish immigrants opened businesses on Dock Street, that continue to operate to the present day including

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across Washington Avenue and within just a few years they lived in great numbers south of Washington Avenue and east of Broad Street. Many Jews in the clothing trade prospered during the 1920s and moved to West Philadelphia and Strawberry Mansion. After Congress cut off immigration from Eastern Europe in 1924, the old Jewish quarter began to die out. Although its demise was slowed, first by the Depression and then by the effects of World War II, outward movement from the quarter accelerated after the war ended. Today, there are four synagogues operating in the original Jewish quarter.

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federation as originally formed embraced nine institutions—the Jewish Hospital Association, Jewish Foster Home, Society of United Hebrew Charities, Hebrew Education Society, Orphans' Guardians, Jewish Maternity Association, Jewish Immigration Society, Young Women's Union, and Hebrew Sunday-School Society. Later, the National Farm School, the National Jewish Hospital for Consumptives (at Denver), and the Alliance Israélite Universelle became beneficiaries. The income of the Federation (1903) was $ 123,039, with a membership of 1,916.

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Simon, which built the Fidelity Building on Broad Street. The sanctuary seats 1,640 people below star burst skylights. Its stained glass windows are one of the few remaining collections from the renowned D'Ascenzo Studio. The majestic bronze-and-enamel doors of the Torah ark grace the bimah. The D'Ascenzo Studio also designed the sanctuary's walls, ceiling, and dome, along with the carpet and ornamentation. The Broad Street Foyer houses the Leon J. and Julia S. Obermayer Collection of Jewish ritual art. More than 500 objects of

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moved to Independence Mall, close to its original site, together with the National Museum of American Jewish History. The building opened on July 4, 1976, the Nation's Bicentennial. In August 2010, the National Museum of American Jewish History moved to new building at 5th and Market Streets. The synagogue is now the sole inhabitant of the current building. The former exhibit space is now the Social Hall, decorated with paintings dating from the 1700s to the present from the Archives. There is also an exhibit in the lobby.

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instead of a dinner, and it proved such a success financially that it was thought expedient to continue this form of entertainment; the Hebrew Charity-Ball Association was formed in consequence of this determination, and annual balls were given with great success until 1901, when they were discontinued owing to the establishment of the Federation of Jewish Charities. As of 2019, The Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia (JFGP) has its headquarters in the Jewish Community Services Building in

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presidency of Adolph Eichholz. Its building is situated in North Broad street. The Young Women's Union was originally a branch of the Hebrew Education Society, and was organized through the efforts of Mrs. Fanny Binswanger Hoffman on February 5, 1885; the object of the union is to educate the younger children of immigrant Jews. It maintained a kindergarten, day-nursery, sewing-school, etc. Mrs. Julia Friedberger Eschner was president.

815: 2912: 613:. It moved into present space around the 1910s, making it historically significant as the oldest building in Philadelphia that was originally constructed as a synagogue and has been in continuous use as such. With the departure of much of the neighborhood's Jewish population in the mid-twentieth century, the congregation was no longer able to support a full-time rabbi and frequently lacked a 1623: 425:(later, architect of City Hall of Philadelphia). Many Jews moved to the area between Broad and 16th Streets, north of Girard Avenue. A new building was constructed at Broad and York Streets in 1909, flanked by Gratz and Dropsie Colleges. Samuel Elkin and Henry G. Freeman Jr. donated $ 100,000; $ 40,500 for the site, $ 59,000 for the building in memory of Abraham and Eve Elkin. 1523:

of Jewish Immigrants"; Louis E. Levy was president. In 1903, 5,310 Jewish immigrants arrived at the port of Philadelphia. In general, they quickly became prosperous; many had entered the learned professions, and they built synagogues and hospitals in the southern portion of the city, where most of them resided. They had many synagogues and ḥebras, the most important being the

2622: 643: 268: 341:, agreed to pay one-fourth the cost. A lot was purchased in Cherry street, near Third street, and a suitable building erected. The governor of Pennsylvania and his official family were invited to attend the dedication ceremonies, which were held on September 13, 1782. At this time the congregation had over 100 members; its officers were Jonas Phillips (president), 2396: 565:

and after night fall or in the early hours of the night until the nocturnal preparations for the next day begin, it is almost wholly deserted." The first Yiddish theatre was in the center of the quarter, located at the corner of 5th and Gaskill Streets. It was here that actors of the Yiddish theatre performed,

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was its president in 1904. The Garrick, the Progress, and the Franklin are other Jewish clubs. The Golden Slipper Club was founded in the early 1920s by a group of Jewish Masons who formed a card club and used the winnings to support families in need of basic necessities such as milk and coal. Golden

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took place; thousands of Jews forced to emigrate took up their residence in Philadelphia; at the present time they constitute a majority of the Jewish population. A society for the protection of immigrants arriving from the Slavonic provinces was organized October 5, 1884, and called the "Association

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Markets were located along S. 2nd Street, the Washington Market along Bainbridge Street from 3rd to 5th Streets and in the 4th Street pushcart market. Sweatshops in the quarter numbered over one hundred. On the 300 block of Lombard Street alone there were five sweatshops. After 1900, Jews moved south

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When immigrant steamers from Liverpool would arrive, trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad backed down onto the piers of the American Line to whisk away immigrants on their journeys to Chicago and places out west. A size-able number of Russian-Jewish immigrants stayed in Philadelphia and settled in the

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The Society Hachnasath Orechim, or Wayfarers' Lodge, was organized November 16, 1890, and chartered April 29, 1891; it was one of the most active charitable associations in Philadelphia. The Hebrew Literature Society, founded in 1885, opened a new building at 310 Catherine street. The Home for Hebrew

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wrote: "On South Street many "neat" stores have been built and indications point to the further improvement of that old down-town avenue of retail trade." Dock Street, the wholesale food market of its day, "is not a handsome street; it is old, full of crude commercial bustle in the hours of the day,

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In Philadelphia there were in 1904, not including lodges, over 160 Jewish organizations, of which over 50 are synagogues; the remainder consisting of hospitals, foster homes, Sunday-schools, benevolent associations, colleges, young men's Hebrew associations, social clubs, literary societies, etc. (A

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was elected associate rabbi, but he resigned in 1902 to take up a rabbinical position in Pittsburg. The congregation supported a free public library and a reading-room prior to the opening of Philadelphia's Free Library. Senior Rabbis of Keneseth Israel since 1923 when Krauskopf died include William

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In 1901, Lewis Elkin bequeathed $ 2,000,000 (today $ 73,250,000) to the city of Philadelphia for the support of superannuated female school-teachers. This is the largest bequest for a charitable object yet made by a Jewish resident of the city. Simon Muhr among other benefactions left a bequest for

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The congregation soon outgrew its building and replaced it with the current structure, completed in 1928. Inspired by the great synagogue of Florence, Italy, Rodeph Shalom is one of the few synagogues in this country that retains the Byzantine-Moorish style. It was designed by the firm of Simon and

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and had served in a like capacity in New York during the British occupation. He ministered to the Congregation Mickvé Israel until his death in Sept., 1811. As a result of the departure of its members, in 1788 the congregation encountered financial difficulties. A subscription list was started to

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In 1964, the Six Million Jewish Martyrs statue, the first public memorial in the United States in remembrance of the Holocaust, was unveiled at 16th Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway. In 2018, The Horwitz-Wasserman Holocaust Memorial Plaza was unveiled at the same site. In 1976, Mikveh Israel

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Mikveh Israel erected its first building in 1782 on Cherry Alley, as well as a parsonage, school, mikvah, and oven for Matza baking for Passover. A commemorative marker stands at that place. When the building became inadequate, the synagogue built a larger synagogue on the same site designed by

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The United Hebrew Charities, a union of six institutions, was organized in 1869, with Simon W. Arnold as its first president. Max Herzberg is president. The combination of the principal charitable societies of Philadelphia was formed on March 17, 1901; Jacob Gimbel was its first president. The

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were held early in the 19th century; subscription lists were constantly being formed. A ball was given in 1843 in aid of three societies. In 1853 and in 1854 dinners were given in aid of the Hebrew Charitable Fund, at which many noted citizens were present. The year following, a ball was given

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The Young Men's Hebrew Association, an outgrowth of a former institution—the Hebrew Association—was organized May 12, 1875, with Mayer Sulzberger as president. The object of the association is "to promote a higher culture among young men"; its membership in 1904 numbered over 1,000, under the

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Slipper Club and Charities exists in 2020 to perform philanthropic work through its Camp, Gems for seniors, and Club for people in the region who share its values of Charity, Good Fellowship & Loyalty. Golden Slipper will celebrate 100 years of service to the Philadelphia region in 2022.

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In 1876, in commemoration of the centennial of American Independence, the Order B'nai B'rith and Israelites of America erected in Fairmount Park a statue representing Religious Liberty. It was designed by Moses Ezekiel, and was the first public monument erected by Jews in the United States.

169:. Several Jewish families had immigrated to Philadelphia by 1734, as recorded by German traveler von Beck who listed them among the religious sects of the town. Nathan Levy purchased ground for Jewish burial in 1738, obtained the grant on September 25, 1740, and is cared for by 559:

Central to the new immigrant neighborhood was South Street, called "the great Street for Polish Jews and huckstering of every variety." Some writers called it the Russian quarter because so many of the newcomers were from the Imperial Russian Empire. In 1887, the

1567:. The present Jewish Publication Society of America, a national organization, with headquarters at Philadelphia, was formed June 3, 1888; Morris Newburger was its first president. The society has published many works of value, including Israel Zangwill's 609:, and is supported by a lay led leadership board who act as stewards of the historic building. The congregation was established in 1874 as the "Russian Shul" following a wave of immigration to the Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia at the time, fleeing from 584:, 527 Lombard Street (built in 1910 and still continuing to operate and maintain a congregation), and nearby B'nai Rueben, 6th & Kater Streets (built in 1905 but used for commercial purposes since 1956, and converted residential in 2014)—survive. 494:

was organized March 21, 1847. Its first Reader was B. H. Gotthelf, who held services in a hall at No. 528 N Second Street. The Reform movement, which had originated in Germany, soon extended itself to America, and L. Naumberg, Solomon Deutsch, and

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from around the world dating back to the 18th century are on display. The Philadelphia Jewish Museum gallery, dedicated to Jacob Gutman, sponsors three to four exhibits of contemporary Jewish art each year, and is open for public viewing.

185:. Leading up to the conflict, several Jewish merchants and other citizens of Philadelphia signed the Non-Importation Resolutions. By doing so, they agreed "not to have any goods shipped from Great Britain until after the repeal of the 499:(1861–66) furthered its progress in this congregation. The first marked change in the character of the liturgy took place in 1856. Samuel Hirsch succeeded to the rabbinate in 1866; he introduced many changes in the service. In 1887 1548:

There are several Jewish social organizations. The Mercantile Club was established November 10, 1853, and incorporated April 17, 1869. Louis Bomeisler was its first president. The club occupies a building in North Broad street;

345:, Solomon Marache, Solomon Myers Cohen, and Simon Nathan. On November 25, 1783, New York was evacuated by the British, and many of the members of the congregation returned to their former homes. The congregation also started 1562:

The original Jewish Publication Society was established in Philadelphia November 9, 1845, Abraham Hart being its first president. The society owed its existence to Isaac Leeser. It published eleven works, including two by

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treasurer, a subscription was started "in order to support our holy worship and establish it on a more solid foundation." The number of Jewish residents in Philadelphia was suddenly increased at the outbreak of the

2611: 421:, a leading architect, which was completed in 1825. Prior to the Civil War (1861-1865) as the Jewish population grew and prospered, an elegant building was constructed on 7th Street, north of Arch designed by 208:, the following Jews agreed to accept the colonial paper money sanctioned by the king in lieu of gold and silver: Solomon Aaron, Joseph Solomon Kohn, Solomon Marache, Moses Mordecai, Barnard Soliman, and 466:

to worship in a manner consistent with their shared religious background. At first, services were held in various locations in Olde Philadelphia. In 1866, the congregation built its first sanctuary.

1982: 1597:, founded in 1975, exhibits contemporary art that illuminates the Jewish experience. The Old City Jewish Arts Center, a gallery created in 2005, explores Judaism through the language of the arts. 1573:; a new translation of the Bible was started in the early 20th century, the Book of Psalms having already been issued by 1904. In 1904, Mayer Sulzberger was chairman of the publication committee; 352:

It is estimated that in 1775, the city of Philadelphia had a population of approximately 35,000 of whom 300 were Jewish. Mikveh Israel counted among its members revolutionary patriots including

3143: 741:– First Jew in the English colonies to hold a judicial position, arrived in Philadelphia about 1710 where he engaged in trade with native peoples and eventually owned property in the town. 573:. In the 1890s, the S. 4th Street vegetable and meat market was started on the sidewalks; it eventually grew into the fabled S. 4th Street pushcart market, still remembered till this day. 1012: 455: 2604: 1641: 281:, the first Jewish congregation in Philadelphia, had its beginnings about 1745 and is believed to have worshiped in a small house in Sterling Alley. In 1761, owing to the influx of 528:

In the early years of Eastern European Jewish mass immigration in the 1880s, a size-able Jewish quarter was established in a well-defined area of old Philadelphia, today known as

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was Aaron Levy, and his loans, like nearly all the others, were never fully repaid. At the close of the war the Jewish population of Philadelphia amounted to almost 500. In 1801,

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was first published on April 15, 1887 and currently serves as the city's sole Jewish newspaper. It is the second oldest Jewish newspaper published today in the United States.

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Catalogue No. 908: A collection of valuable Americana gathered by the late Moses Polock, Esq., the oldest bookseller in the United States, sold by order of the administrator

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congregation established in the Western Hemisphere. In the last decade of the 18th century, a small group of Orthodox Jews from Germany, the Netherlands and Poland formed a

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and traces its origins to 1856 when banker, philanthropist and communal leader Hyman Gratz, and the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia (established in 1849 by

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at Philadelphia in 1779; Solomon Bush was major of the Pennsylvania militia; Col. Isaac Franks served with distinction in the war, as did Philip Moses, Russell and

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From a period immediately after the Revolutionary war efforts have been made to collect money for the charitable organizations by appealing to the general public.

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became the largest in Philadelphia. It had about 700 members in 1904. Its synagogue was situated on Broad Street, above Columbia Avenue from 1892 to 1957. In 1893

2916: 1448:(1875-1886), published under the editorship of Alfred T. Jones. There were several daily papers published in Yiddish in the past, with the most notable being the 255:

helped establish the Female Association for the Relief of Women and Children in Reduced Circumstances, which helped women whose families were suffering after the

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The building in Cherry Alley, which had sufficed for the few families in the city, became inadequate, and steps were taken to secure a more commodious building.

1415:. It was printed from the press of Andrew Stewart in 1763. The first Hebrew Bible that appeared in the United States was published in Philadelphia in 1814 by 2986: 2971: 71: 46: 2862: 2734: 447:) joined together to establish a trust to create a Hebrew teachers college. The amount of the endowment was nearly $ 200,000, worth $ 6.4 million in 2019. 318:(September 1776). The congregation removed from the house in Sterling Alley and then occupied quarters in Cherry Alley, between Third and Fourth streets. 247:

made loans to individuals in Congress, which were never repaid; his services as a financial agent during the war were invaluable. Another creditor of the

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was conspicuous for his loyalty to the British cause, being the English agent in charge of the prisoners; his daughter, Rebecca Franks, took part in the "

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Annals of Philadelphia: Being a collection of memoirs, anecdotes, & incidents of the city and its inhabitants from the days of the Pilgrim founders

3153: 2589: 2504: 1428: 628: 114: 3148: 2803: 2759: 2626: 470:, considered the most talented and exciting Philadelphia architect of his time, designed a Moorish-style synagogue on Broad and Mt. Vernon Streets. 2941: 2889: 2877: 2808: 544:

Orphans, The Jewish Sheltering Home for the Homeless and Aged, the Mount Sinai Hospital Association, the Pannonia Beneficial Association, and the

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were all situated in the southern portion of the city. In addition, the newcomers have many social, political, and literary organizations.

197:, Hyman Levy Jr., Mathias Bush, Moses Mordecai, Michael Gratz, and Barnard Gratz. The last two were brothers who had left Upper Silesia in 107: 2288: 2820: 504: 491: 2934: 2837: 2660: 2497: 1666: 1325:(1880-1954) – Mayor of Philadelphia from 1941 to 1952. Born to Jewish parents, but converted to the Episcopalian faith as a young man. 962:(1806-1868) – Publisher, helped found the Jewish press of America and produced the first Jewish translation of the Bible into English. 672: 2830: 2798: 2776: 1760: 1594: 892:(1857-1924) – Rabbi, helped establish the Federation of Jewish Philanthropies and the Philadelphia Rabbinical Association in 1901. 631:, 412 Lombard Street, acquired the former Universality Church building in 1889 and continues as an active Conservative synagogue. 2897: 2729: 66: 503:

was elected rabbi; and contributed much to the success and standing of this congregation. It was during his incumbency that the

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during the British occupancy of Philadelphia. The majority of the Jews of the city, however, supported the American cause. Col.

2991: 2781: 2724: 2707: 1503: 627:, 418 Spruce Street, renovated and uses the historic building previously home to the Roumanian Shul from 1910 until the 1960s. 76: 51: 413:

was elected minister and continued in that capacity until his death in 1817; he was succeeded in 1824 by Abraham Israel Keys.

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since at least the 1650s. The first Jewish resident of the city on record was Jonas Aaron whose name appears in 1703 in the

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was elected president of the United States the Congregation Mickvé Israel, together with the congregations of New York,

37: 2314: 482: 3096: 3091: 3060: 2793: 1115: 533: 297:, the question of building a synagogue was raised, but nothing was then accomplished in that direction. In 1773, when 282: 228: 333:

of the reorganized congregation. The estimate for the new building was £600, and the subscription being inadequate,

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Rosenbach, A. S. W., "Notes on the First Settlement of Jews in Pennsylvania, 1655-1703", No. 5, pp. 191–198.

1750: 1482: 1220: 1139: 695: 603: 162: 732: 3034: 2142: 2137: 1661: 1656: 1346: 1316: 1216: 315: 1369: 1791: 3024: 2414: 1416: 1246: 712: 216: 209: 190: 1701: 1226: 1185: 905: 624: 610: 410: 346: 3112: 2467:, "Notes on the History of the Earliest German Jewish Congregation in America", No. 9, pp. 123–127. 2354: 1713: 1651: 1250: 971: 652: 496: 475: 405:. From this time on the congregation was ceaseless in its religious and charitable activities, and when 322: 2458:

Jastrow, Morris Jr., "Notes on the Jews of Philadelphia, From Published Annals", No. 1, pp. 49–61.

2005: 1468: 553: 409:'s incumbency began, in 1829, it was, perhaps, the best-known synagogue in the United States. In 1815 3122: 2186: 2083: 1528: 1332: 1059: 1050:(1810-1885) – Publisher, philanthropist, briefly president of the Jewish Congregation Mickvéh Israel. 545: 338: 302: 248: 2409: 2108: 761: 3086: 2511: 2473: 2439: 2010: 1614: 1456: 1298: 1262: 1255: 1102: 985: 895: 767: 738: 383: 342: 307: 298: 2485: 2374: 2264: 2133: 1292: 1232: 1143: 1075: 921: 833: 722: 570: 382:

recalled the Rev. Gershom Mendez Seixas to New York, Congregation Mickvé Israel elected the Rev.

372: 2369: 189:." This was officially adopted on October 25, 1765. The Jewish signers included Benjamin Levy, 17: 1756: 1408: 1035: 751: 676: 656: 422: 402: 398: 364: 2238:"He Could Be Our First Jewish President. But First He Needs to Beat a Christian Nationalist" 1850:

For a listing of the wholesale clothiers and sweatshops on Bank and Strawberry Streets, see

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Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia headquarters in Jewish Community Services Building

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The Jews of Philadelphia: Their history from the earliest settlements to the present time

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list of local organizations was published in the "American Jewish Year Book" for 5661 .)

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in 1843. It was edited by him it until his death in 1868 and for one year thereafter by

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The earliest publication relating to the Jews published in Philadelphia was a sermon by

212:. Of these, Moses Mordecai and David Franks had signed the Non-Importation Resolutions. 3011: 2405: 2214: 2057: 1628: 1322: 953: 927: 852: 825: 773: 353: 240: 186: 814: 3137: 2400: 1564: 1550: 1328: 1133: 1041: 1029: 1008: 991: 979: 909: 796: 467: 440: 428: 271: 252: 1078:(1876-1952) – American collector, scholar, and seller of rare books and manuscripts. 1486: 1433: 1386: 1382: 1356: 1342: 1336: 1306: 1288: 1270: 1240: 1152: 1119: 1069: 1047: 1016: 959: 606: 599: 529: 444: 436: 406: 357: 334: 244: 232: 224: 150: 146: 2322: 1813: 1372:(1746-1831) – Founder and director of early Philadelphia charitable organizations. 725:(1704-1853) – Merchant, established first Jewish cemetery in Philadelphia in 1740. 2926: 1590: 915: 842: 779: 728: 566: 326: 294: 290: 194: 2164: 1957: 617:

for Shabbat services. In the early 21st century, it became affiliated with the

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Fifty Years' Work of the Hebrew Education Society of Philadelphia, 1848-1898

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delivered by his preceptor David Hirchel Frankel, and translated from the

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From Immigrant to Ethnic Culture: American Yiddish in South Philadelphia

2399: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2182:"He's Shabbat observant, he keeps kosher and he's just won Pennsylvania" 1229:(1895-?) – Suffragist jailed for protesting in front of the White House. 2032: 1477: 1440:. The paper went defunct in 1869. Other now defunct newspapers include 1146: 941: 876: 866: 856: 846: 829: 388: 286: 198: 2996: 1519: 1390: 1274: 1105:(1857-1948) – Physician, professor of medicine and prominent Zionist. 1063: 937: 931: 688: 668: 618: 614: 463: 375:, sent a congratulatory address, to which Washington replied (1790). 81: 2289:"Philadelphia's 'Jewish Exponent' to Celebrate Its 75th Anniversary" 397:

meet the existing debts, and among those who contributed to it were

1841:, Vol. LIX, No. 9, March 2, 1889 (Presbyterian Historical Society). 1331:(1930-2012) – District Attorney of Philadelphia from 1966 to 1974. 587: 1467: 1432:

was the first Jewish newspaper published in Philadelphia, founded

1136:(1792-1862) – Naval officer, real estate investor, philanthropist. 998: 790: 642: 586: 512:

Fineshriber, Bertram W. Korn, Simeon Maslin and Lance J. Sussman.

481: 330: 266: 2579: 2344: 912:. Published the first Jewish sermon printed in the United States. 274:

educator and philanthropist, member of congregation Mikveh Israel

2006:"Honoring Survivors at Holocaust Remembrance Ceremony (Updated)" 1917: 783: 687:, such as the Philadelphia Community Kollel, founded in 2001 in 142: 2930: 2593: 2584: 2574: 2569: 1099:, first president of the Philadelphia Ophthalmological Society. 486:

Keneseth Israel's current building in Elkins Park, Pennsylvania

975: 918:(1954-) – First female rabbi ordained in Conservative Judaism. 1531:

was rabbi of this and the associated congregations in 1904.

1062:(1785-1851) – Sheriff, playwright, diplomat, journalist and 2564: 2109:"2019 Jewish Population Study of Greater Philadelphia Area" 621:

movement and is now one of its two Center City synagogues.

1702:"Notes on the Jews of Philadelphia, From Published Annals" 2210:"Shabbat-touting Shapiro wins Pennsylvania governor race" 181:

Many Jews in Philadelphia took a prominent part in the

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Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

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Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society

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Jewish history in the United States (pre-20th century)

1188:(1761-1831) – Lawyer, one of the incorporators of the 1155:(1740-1785) – Businessman, prime financier during the 3071:

United German Hungarians of Philadelphia and Vicinity

754:(1890-2002) – Polish-born painter who was one of the 1897:

Perrine, William (January 27, 1919). "Dock Street".

1886:. Philadelphia: Walther Printing House. p. 176. 1689:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 3105: 3079: 3048: 3010: 2964: 2315:"Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia Offices" 902:in Philadelphia from 1784 until his death in 1811. 2498:Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania 1056:(1905-2003) – Marxist journalist and pamphleteer. 1005:and pioneer of Italian Jewish Studies in America. 770:(1832-1901) – German born conductor and composer. 3144:Historic Jewish communities in the United States 694:Many Haredim in Philadelphia primarily live in 1914:History of the Yiddish Theatre in Philadelphia 1869:The Life of Michael Valentine Ball (1868-1945) 671:community exists in Philadelphia as well. The 2942: 2605: 1871:. Warren, PA: Privately printed. p. 167. 580:Two buildings originally built as synagogues— 431:, a private, coeducational Jewish college in 115: 8: 1755:. University of Delaware Press. p. 50. 1718:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1708:(1). American Jewish Historical Society: 49. 1593:affiliated museum, was founded in 1976. The 2370:"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Identity" 2149:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography 1359:(1934-) – City Council Member, (1980-1996). 1315:– Mayor of Philadelphia from 1992 to 2000. 715:(1720-1794) – Merchant and Loyalist in the 392:of the Spanish and Portuguese synagogue in 386:in his stead. The latter had officiated as 3066:National Museum of American Jewish History 2949: 2935: 2927: 2612: 2598: 2590: 2585:Congregation Shivtei Yeshuron-Ezras Israel 2534:Archives of the Congregation Mickvé Israel 1983:"Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Philadelphia" 1587:National Museum of American Jewish History 1044:(1781-1869) – Educator and philanthropist. 122: 108: 28: 2565:Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia 1429:The Occident and American Jewish Advocate 1172:(1843-1923) – Judge, newspaper publisher. 2628:History of the Jews in the United States 1265:(1808-1860) – Served three terms in the 956:and founder of the National Farm School. 813: 675:was founded in 1953. It is led by Rabbi 524:Eastern European Immigration (1881-1924) 337:, the banker and financial agent of the 204:In 1777, just after the outbreak of the 201:about 1755 and settled in Philadelphia. 2432:The Jews in Philadelphia, prior to 1800 2368:Rothstein, Edward (November 11, 2010). 2236:Otterbein, Holly (September 16, 2022). 2180:Ben-David, Daniel (November 10, 2022). 1856:. JWT of Philadelphia, Inc. Appendix B. 1736:The Jews in Philadelphia, prior to 1800 1678: 952:(1858-1923) – Rabbi, author, leader of 702:Notable Jews from the Philadelphia area 36: 2345:"National Register Information System" 1711: 1687:"The Jewish Community of Philadelphia" 1237:United States House of Representatives 940:, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and 731:(1757-1781) – Merchant, signer of the 691:, and the Northeast Community Kollel. 458:was founded in 1795, and is the first 310:by the influx of Jewish patriots from 1190:Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 1178:(1757-1826) – Lawyer, trustee of the 223:," the famous fête given in honor of 7: 2350:National Register of Historic Places 2084:"Aish Chaim Attracts Young Families" 1933:"The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia" 1508:National Register of Historic Places 1142:(1835-1921) – Lawyer, historian and 1038:(1855-1918) – Author and suffragist. 329:, was requested to act as the first 1962:Historic Congregation B'nai Abraham 1920:. (Unpublished Yiddish typescript). 1818:Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel 1253:, subject of 2006 documentary film 908:(1771-1817) – Religious leader and 799:(1922-2013) – Painter and sculptor. 596:Historic Congregation B'Nai Abraham 505:Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel 492:Reform Congregation Keneseth Israel 2490:History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884 2208:Lapin, Andrew (November 9, 2022). 1918:Yiddisher Visnshaftlikher Institut 1884:Happenings in Ye Olde Philadelphia 1867:Ball, Edward L., ed. (June 2003). 1854:The Jewish Quarter of Philadelphia 1667:History of the Jews in Makhachkala 1534: 1506:, built in 1899, was added to the 1502:general educational purposes. The 683:also. The community also includes 673:Talmudical Yeshiva of Philadelphia 25: 2529:. Hebrew Education Society. 1899. 2488:& Westcott, Thompson (1884). 2408:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 2082:Saffren, Jarrad (March 3, 2022). 2062:The Philadelphia Community Kollel 1595:Philadelphia Museum of Jewish Art 1419:, the printer being William Fry. 314:, which had been captured by the 3154:Jews and Judaism in Philadelphia 2911: 2910: 2633: 2620: 2418:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 2394: 2004:Schucht, Eric (April 26, 2019). 1621: 1607: 1514:Association of Jewish Immigrants 1442:The Jewish Index (1872-1873) and 974:(1745-1816) – First native-born 325:, who had fled from New York to 161:Jewish traders have operated in 137:can trace their history back to 3149:Jewish-American history by city 1931:Boonin, Harry (March 5, 2008). 1518:In 1882, the great exodus from 1504:Simon Muhr Work Training School 988:(1860-1935) – Writer and Rabbi. 855:(1885-1966) – President of the 18:History of Jews in Philadelphia 2958:Ethnic history of Philadelphia 1752:George Washington and the Jews 1647:Jewish history in Pennsylvania 1535:Young Men's Hebrew Association 1205:(1870-1956) – Politician from 828:- Executive Vice President of 1: 1899:Philadelphia Evening Bulletin 1700:Jastrow, Morris, Jr. (1893). 1351:Pennsylvania Attorney General 1303:U.S. House of Representatives 1285:U.S. House of Representatives 1267:U.S. House of Representatives 845:(1817-1896) – Founder of the 451:German Immigration and Reform 3056:Friendly Sons of St. Patrick 2580:Congregation Keneseth Israel 2531:(Containing many portraits.) 2448:(The most complete account.) 2430:Rosenbach, Hyman P. (1883). 1734:Rosenbach, Hyman P. (1883). 1301:(1811-1884) – Member of the 1283:(1827-1905) – Member of the 1235:(1891-1946) – Member of the 1128:American War of Independence 1097:American Medical Association 380:Congregation Shearith Israel 167:American Historical Register 3097:1964 Philadelphia race riot 3092:Philadelphia nativist riots 3061:Institute for Colored Youth 2480:. E.L. Carey & A. Hart. 2163:Davis & Harvey (1904). 1882:Walther, Rudoph J. (1925). 1249:– Three-time candidate for 733:Non-Importation Resolutions 283:Spanish and Portuguese Jews 3170: 2575:Congregation Mikveh Israel 2570:Congregation Rodeph Shalom 1912:Tierkel, David B. (1934). 1749:Hirschfeld, Fritz (2005). 1558:Jewish Publication Society 1525:Congregation B'nai Abraham 1211:2nd congressional district 1180:University of Pennsylvania 1157:American Revolutionary War 1013:Congregation Rodeph Shalom 900:Congregation Mikveh Israel 717:American Revolutionary War 629:Congregation Kesher Israel 582:Congregation B'nai Abraham 456:Congregation Rodeph Shalom 279:Congregation Mikveh Israel 263:Congregation Mikveh Israel 257:American Revolutionary War 206:American Revolutionary War 177:In the War of Independence 171:Congregation Mikveh Israel 3118:Philadelphia Jewish Voice 2908: 2643: 2551:Stanford University Press 2519:American Jewish Year Book 2293:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 1852:Boonin, Harry D. (1999). 1581:Museums and Art Galleries 1221:Philadelphia City Council 1219:(1914-2005) – Lawyer and 1140:Joseph George Rosengarten 1095:, founding member of the 1032:(1854-1911) – Journalist. 865:(1920-2015) – Founder of 163:southeastern Pennsylvania 38:Ethnicity in Philadelphia 2492:. L. H. Everts & Co. 2152:. New York: D. Appleton. 1662:Religion in Philadelphia 1657:List of Jewish Americans 1370:Rebecca Machado Phillips 1347:Governor of Pennsylvania 1317:Governor of Pennsylvania 978:religious leader in the 356:, the Gratz family, and 2415:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1937:The Philly History Blog 1493:United Hebrew Charities 1011:(1833-1882) – Rabbi of 1003:Mikveh Israel Synagogue 898:(1738-1811) – Rabbi of 847:Gimbel Brothers Company 2853:Southern United States 2143:"Hassler, Simon" 2113:Berman Jewish DataBank 1570:Children of the Ghetto 1473: 1182:for twenty-four years. 906:Emanuel Nunes Carvalho 821: 776:(1921-2016) – Actress. 764:(1906-1971) – Painter. 659: 625:Society Hill Synagogue 592: 554:M. Levin & Co, Inc 487: 411:Emanuel Nunes Carvalho 360:who financed the war. 347:Mikveh Israel Cemetery 275: 229:David Salisbury Franks 3113:Philadelphia Demokrat 2977:Hispanics and Latinos 2355:National Park Service 1652:Jews in New York City 1471: 1333:United States Senator 1251:Mayor of Philadelphia 972:Gershom Mendes Seixas 817: 782:(1891-1955) – Stage, 679:, and formerly Rabbi 653:Aharon Leib Shteinman 646: 590: 485: 476:Jewish ceremonial art 323:Gershom Mendes Seixas 270: 215:During the conflict, 149:since the arrival of 57:Hispanics and Latinos 3123:Philadelphia Tribune 2187:The Jewish Chronicle 2058:"18th Annual Dinner" 1529:Bernard L. Levinthal 1227:Rose Gratz Fishstein 1223:member for 26 years. 1209:who represented the 1060:Mordecai Manuel Noah 936:A Dictionary of the 832:, Chief of Staff of 546:Central Talmud Torah 339:Continental Congress 249:Continental Congress 135:Jews in Philadelphia 3087:Lombard Street riot 2512:The Jewish Exponent 2325:on January 20, 2014 2268:Jewish Encyclopedia 2088:The Jewish Exponent 2011:The Jewish Exponent 1820:. J Village Network 1615:Philadelphia portal 1527:, founded in 1882; 1457:The Jewish Exponent 1450:Jewish Evening Post 1299:Henry Myer Phillips 1273:. Considered first 1263:Lewis Charles Levin 1256:The Shame of a City 1103:Solomon Solis-Cohen 986:Henry Samuel Morais 968:(1865-1917) – Rabbi 934:scholar, author of 924:– Rabbi and author. 896:Jacob Raphael Cohen 384:Jacob Raphael Cohen 308:American Revolution 183:War of Independence 32:Part of a series on 2545:Peltz, R. (1997). 2446:. The Levytype Co. 2375:The New York Times 2265:"Jones, Alfred T." 1474: 1339:from 1981 to 2011. 1319:from 2003 to 2011. 1309:from 1856 to 1860. 1293:American Civil War 1243:from 1925 to 1933. 1233:Benjamin M. Golder 1213:from 1915 to 1937. 1076:A. S. W. Rosenbach 1030:Mary Matilda Cohen 1019:from 1859 to 1861. 922:Linda Joy Holtzman 834:Philadelphia Mayor 822: 660: 598:is located in the 593: 571:Boris Thomashevsky 488: 419:William Strickland 276: 3131: 3130: 2987:Italian-Americans 2972:African-Americans 2924: 2923: 2486:Scharf, J. Thomas 2037:Mikveh Israel.org 1464:Jewish Federation 1409:Moses Mendelssohn 1398:Cultural activity 1387:sports talk radio 1118:(1740-1793) – An 1036:Nina Morais Cohen 859:department store. 752:Theresa Bernstein 677:Shmuel Kamenetzky 657:Shmuel Kamenetzky 635:Post World War II 611:Czar Alexander II 423:John McArthur Jr. 403:David Rittenhouse 399:Benjamin Franklin 132: 131: 47:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 3161: 2997:Native Americans 2951: 2944: 2937: 2928: 2914: 2913: 2890:Washington, D.C. 2638: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2614: 2607: 2600: 2591: 2554: 2530: 2493: 2481: 2465:Berkowitz, Henry 2447: 2440:Morais, Henry S. 2435: 2419: 2398: 2397: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2341: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2321:. Archived from 2311: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2295:. March 30, 1962 2285: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2169:. Bicking Print. 2160: 2154: 2153: 2145: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1993:on July 1, 2017. 1989:. Archived from 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1839:The Presbyterian 1836: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1794:on July 24, 2021 1790:. Archived from 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1709: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1438:Mayer Sulzberger 1349:(2023-), Former 1170:Mayer Sulzberger 996:Italian-American 950:Joseph Krauskopf 873:Brian L. Roberts 863:Ralph J. Roberts 819:Brian L. Roberts 806:(1993) – Actor 756:Philadelphia Ten 663:Haredi community 538:The Presbyterian 501:Joseph Krauskopf 157:Colonial History 139:Colonial America 124: 117: 110: 82:Native Americans 29: 21: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3134: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3101: 3075: 3044: 3012:Ethnic enclaves 3006: 2982:Irish-Americans 2960: 2955: 2925: 2920: 2904: 2842:South Carolina 2639: 2634: 2632: 2627: 2618: 2561: 2544: 2541: 2539:Further reading 2525: 2484: 2474:Watson, John F. 2472: 2438: 2434:. Edward Stern. 2429: 2426: 2406:Singer, Isidore 2404: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2380: 2378: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2357:. July 9, 2010. 2343: 2342: 2338: 2328: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2140:, eds. (1892). 2132: 2131: 2127: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1784:"Gratz College" 1782: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1710: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1637:Jewish American 1627: 1622: 1620: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1583: 1577:was president. 1560: 1546: 1537: 1516: 1495: 1466: 1425: 1405: 1400: 1389:personality on 1379: 1366: 1353:from 2017-2023. 1203:Isaac Bacharach 1199: 1166: 1124:Benedict Arnold 1112: 1093:Ophthalmologist 1085: 1026: 966:J. Leonard Levy 890:Henry Berkowitz 886: 812: 804:David Corenswet 748: 709: 704: 665: 637: 526: 509:J. Leonard Levy 453: 303:Solomon Marache 301:was parnas and 265: 237:Benedict Arnold 179: 159: 128: 91: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3040:Italian Market 3037: 3032: 3030:French Quarter 3027: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2818: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2764: 2763: 2762: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2674: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2619: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2559:External links 2557: 2556: 2555: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2523: 2515: 2508: 2501: 2494: 2482: 2470: 2469: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2449: 2436: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2410:"Philadelphia" 2389: 2388: 2360: 2336: 2306: 2280: 2256: 2228: 2215:Jewish Journal 2200: 2172: 2155: 2125: 2100: 2074: 2049: 2024: 1996: 1974: 1949: 1923: 1904: 1889: 1874: 1859: 1843: 1831: 1805: 1775: 1761: 1741: 1725: 1692: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1629:Judaism portal 1618: 1602: 1599: 1582: 1579: 1559: 1556: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1515: 1512: 1494: 1491: 1465: 1462: 1424: 1421: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1354: 1340: 1326: 1323:Bernard Samuel 1320: 1310: 1296: 1278: 1260: 1244: 1230: 1224: 1214: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1183: 1173: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1150: 1137: 1131: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1100: 1091:(1796-1879) – 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1057: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1033: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1006: 994:(1823-1897) – 989: 983: 969: 963: 957: 954:Reform Judaism 947: 930:(1829-1903) – 928:Marcus Jastrow 925: 919: 913: 903: 893: 885: 882: 881: 880: 870: 860: 853:Bernard Gimbel 850: 840: 826:David L. Cohen 811: 808: 801: 800: 794: 777: 774:Sylvia Kauders 771: 765: 762:Stella Drabkin 759: 747: 744: 743: 742: 736: 726: 720: 708: 705: 703: 700: 689:Merion Station 664: 661: 636: 633: 525: 522: 452: 449: 354:Jonas Phillips 264: 261: 241:Benjamin Nones 178: 175: 158: 155: 145:have lived in 130: 129: 127: 126: 119: 112: 104: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 92: 90: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 41: 40: 34: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3166: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3002:Puerto Ricans 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2919: 2918: 2907: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863:Brazos County 2861: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2787:New York City 2785: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2671:San Francisco 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2630: 2623: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2401:public domain 2393: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2324: 2320: 2319:Jewish Philly 2316: 2310: 2307: 2294: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2134:Wilson, J. G. 2129: 2126: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2075: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2038: 2034: 2033:"Our History" 2028: 2025: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1819: 1815: 1814:"Our History" 1809: 1806: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1764: 1762:0-87413-927-9 1758: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1742: 1738:. p. 22. 1737: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1619: 1616: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1565:Grace Aguilar 1557: 1555: 1552: 1551:Clarence Wolf 1543: 1541: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1446:Jewish Record 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1417:Thomas Dobson 1414: 1410: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Arlen Specter 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281:Leonard Myers 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1134:Uriah P. Levy 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1042:Rebecca Gratz 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1009:Henry Vidaver 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 992:Sabato Morais 990: 987: 984: 981: 980:United States 977: 973: 970: 967: 964: 961: 958: 955: 951: 948: 945: 943: 939: 933: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910:lexicographer 907: 904: 901: 897: 894: 891: 888: 887: 883: 878: 874: 871: 868: 864: 861: 858: 854: 851: 848: 844: 841: 838: 835: 831: 827: 824: 823: 820: 816: 809: 807: 805: 798: 797:Sarai Sherman 795: 792: 789: 785: 781: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768:Simon Hassler 766: 763: 760: 757: 753: 750: 749: 745: 740: 739:Isaac Miranda 737: 734: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 714: 711: 710: 706: 701: 699: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647:(L-R) Rabbis 645: 641: 634: 632: 630: 626: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 605: 601: 597: 591:B'Nai Abraham 589: 585: 583: 578: 574: 572: 568: 563: 562:Public Ledger 557: 555: 549: 547: 541: 539: 535: 534:Queen Village 531: 523: 521: 517: 513: 510: 506: 502: 498: 497:David Einhorn 493: 484: 480: 477: 471: 469: 468:Frank Furness 465: 461: 457: 450: 448: 446: 442: 441:Rebecca Gratz 438: 434: 430: 429:Gratz College 426: 424: 420: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 391: 390: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 343:Michael Gratz 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 304: 300: 299:Bernard Gratz 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 273: 272:Rebecca Gratz 269: 262: 260: 258: 254: 253:Rebecca Gratz 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 202: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 176: 174: 172: 168: 164: 156: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 125: 120: 118: 113: 111: 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 96: 95: 94: 88: 87:Puerto Ricans 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 53: 50: 48: 45: 44: 43: 42: 39: 35: 31: 30: 27: 19: 3049:Institutions 3020:Black Bottom 2915: 2826:Philadelphia 2825: 2821:Pennsylvania 2631: 2625: 2546: 2526: 2517: 2510: 2505:The Occident 2503: 2496: 2489: 2477: 2452: 2443: 2431: 2424:Bibliography 2413: 2379:. 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